DOCSLIB.ORG

Emerging Approaches for Fluorescence-Based Newborn Screening of Mucopolysaccharidoses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

diagnostics Review Emerging Approaches for Fluorescence-Based Newborn Screening of Mucopolysaccharidoses Rajendra Singh, Shaileja Chopra, Carrie Graham, Melissa Langer, Rainer Ng, Anirudh J. Ullal and Vamsee K. Pamula * Baebies, Inc., P.O. Box 14403, Durham, NC 27709, USA; [email protected] (R.S.); [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (C.G.); [email protected] (M.L.); [email protected] (R.N.); [email protected] (A.J.U.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 January 2020; Accepted: 7 May 2020; Published: 11 May 2020 Abstract: Interest in newborn screening for mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) is growing, due in part to ongoing efforts to develop new therapies for these disorders and new screening assays to identify increased risk for the individual MPSs on the basis of deficiency in the cognate enzyme. Existing tests for MPSs utilize either fluorescence or mass spectrometry detection methods to measure biomarkers of disease (e.g., enzyme function or glycosaminoglycans) using either urine or dried blood spot (DBS) samples. There are currently two approaches to fluorescence-based enzyme function assays from DBS: (1) manual reaction mixing, incubation, and termination followed by detection on a microtiter plate reader; and (2) miniaturized automation of these same assay steps using digital microfluidics technology. This article describes the origins of laboratory assays for enzyme activity measurement, the maturation and clinical application of fluorescent enzyme assays for MPS newborn screening, and considerations for future expansion of the technology. Keywords: fluorescence; newborn screening; lysosomal storage disorders; mucopolysaccharidoses 1. Introduction Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a collection of at least 11 rare genetic disorders that are progressive and vary widely in severity. Most affected children appear normal at birth, with symptoms (including coarse facial features; skeletal and joint changes with limitation in movement; and abnormalities in the liver, spleen, heart, and blood vessels) first developing around or after their first birthday. Patients with MPS require timely diagnosis and treatment for better outcomes. Although individually rare (1:40,000 to 1:200,000), the combined incidence of all MPS disorders is around 1 in 25,000 [1]. Tomatsu et al. estimate that as many as 200 babies are born each year in the United States that are affected with one type of MPS [2]. Although rare, these disorders are devastating to children and their families [3]. The 11 recognized types of MPS are each caused by the deficiency of a specific lysosomal enzyme, which results in the progressive accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in tissues throughout the body and produces the clinical phenotype associated with MPS [3–5]. GAGs are heteropolysaccharides composed of repeating disaccharide units with a high negative charge due to the presence of multiple carboxyl groups and sulfate substitutions. The GAGs elevated in MPSs include dermatan sulfate (DS), heparan sulfate (HS), keratan sulfate (KS), and chondroitin 6-sulfate (CS) (Figure1). Hyaluronic acid is a fifth GAG species that is elevated only in mucopolysaccharidosis type IX (also known as Natowicz syndrome and hyaluronidase deficiency). Clinical phenotypes of the various MPSs (summarized in Table1) di ffer on the basis of the specific enzyme deficiency, but usually include facial dysmorphism, hepatosplenomegaly, cardiac, respiratory, Diagnostics 2020, 10, 294; doi:10.3390/diagnostics10050294 www.mdpi.com/journal/diagnostics Diagnostics 2020, 10, 294 2 of 21 and skeletal involvement, and neurological, hematological, and ocular symptoms. Not included in Table1 is MPS IX, an extremely rare form of the disease that was first described in 1996 [6] and is not yet well characterized. Diagnostics 2020, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 21 FigureFigure 1. 1.Select Select examplesexamples ofof glycosaminoglycanglycosaminoglycan breakdownbreakdown by the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) (MPS) enzymes.enzymes. Scissors Scissors indicate indicate the the sites sites cleavedcleaved inin eacheach ofof thethe glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) by by the the various various MPSMPS enzymes. enzymes. HGSNAT HGSNAT (not (not shown) shown) is a transferaseis a transferase that addsthat anadds acetyl an groupacetyl togroup glucosamine to glucosamine residues. residues. GUSB also cleaves dermatan sulfate after GlcA residues are exposed by other enzymes. Gal: GUSB also cleaves dermatan sulfate after GlcA residues are exposed by other enzymes. Gal: galactose; galactose; GlcA: glucuronate; IdoA: iduronate; GlcNAc: N-acetylglucosamine; GalNAc: N- GlcA: glucuronate; IdoA: iduronate; GlcNAc: N-acetylglucosamine; GalNAc: N-acetylgalactosamine; acetylgalactosamine; IDUA: α-iduronidase; IDS: α-iduronide sulfatase; SGSH: N-sulfoglucosamine IDUA: α-iduronidase; IDS: α-iduronide sulfatase; SGSH: N-sulfoglucosamine sulfohydrolase; NAGLU: sulfohydrolase; NAGLU: acetyl α-glucosaminidase; GALNS: N-acetyl galactosamine-6-sulfatase; acetyl α-glucosaminidase; GALNS: N-acetyl galactosamine-6-sulfatase; GLB1: β-galactosidase; ARSB: GLB1: β-galactosidase; ARSB: N-acetyl galactosamine 4-sulfatase; GUSB: β-glucuronidase; GNS: N- N-acetyl galactosamine 4-sulfatase; GUSB: β-glucuronidase; GNS: N-acetyl glucosamine-6-sulfatase; acetyl glucosamine-6-sulfatase; HGSNAT: β-glucosaminide N-acetyl transferase. HGSNAT: β-glucosaminide N-acetyl transferase. ClinicalTable phenotypes 1. Summary ofof MPSthe subtypesvarious MPSs with published (summa fluorescentrized in Table screening 1) differ assays on available. the basis of the specific enzyme deficiency, but usually include facialElevated dysmorphism, hepatosplenomegaly,FDA-Approved cardiac, MPS OMIM# Gene Deficient Enzyme (EC#) Key Disease Features respiratory, and skeletal involvement, and neurological,GAG hematological, and ocular symptoms.Therapies Not MPS I (Hurler, 607014, Corneal clouding, skeletal abnormalities, includedScheie, in Table607015, 1 is IDUAMPS IX, anα-iduronidase extremely (3.2.1.76) rare formDS, of HS the organdisease enlargement, that heartwas disease, first mentaldescribedAldurazyme in 1996 Hurler/Scheie) 607016 retardation, death in childhood [6]MPS and II (Hunter) is not yet300823 well characterized.IDS α-iduronide sulfatase (3.1.6.13) DS, HS Elaprase MPS IIIA N-sulfoglucosamine 252900 SGSH HS (Sanfilippo A) sulfohydrolase (3.10.1.1) MPS IIIB Acetyl α-glucosaminidase 252920 NAGLU HS Profound mental deterioration, (Sanfilippo B) (3.2.1.50) hyperactivity, and mild somatic MPS IIIC α-glucosaminide N-acetyl 252930 HGSNAT HS manifestations (Sanfilippo C) transferase (2.3.1.78) MPS IIID N-acetyl glucosamine-6-sulfatase 252940 GNS HS (Sanfilippo D) (3.1.6.14) MPS IVA N-acetyl galactosamine 253000 GALNS KS, CS Skeletal abnormalities, loose ligaments, Vimzim (Morquio A) -6-sulfatase (3.1.6.4) degenerative joint disease, corneal MPS IVB 253010 GLB1 β-galactosidase (3.2.1.23) KS clouding, heart disease, death in (Morquio B) childhood or young adulthood Corneal clouding, skeletal abnormalities, MPS VI N-acetyl galactosamine 253200 ARSB DS, CS organ enlargement, heart disease, death Naglazyme (Maroteaux-Lamy) 4-sulfatase (3.1.6.1) in childhood Corneal clouding, skeletal abnormalities, MPS VII (Sly) 253220 GUSB β-glucuronidase (3.2.1.31) DS, HS, CS organ enlargement, heart disease, mental Mepsevii retardation, death in childhood GAG abbreviations: dermatan sulfate (DS), heparan sulfate (HS), keratan sulfate (KS), chondroitin sulfate (CS). Diagnostics 2020, 10, 294 3 of 21 2. Overview of Newborn Screening for MPS Disorders Newborn screening (NBS) was first introduced in the United States in the 1960s with a single test for phenylketonuria (PKU), an inherited metabolic disorder that causes elevated levels of phenylalanine in the blood and severe intellectual impairment but that can be effectively treated if identified soon after birth. NBS has subsequently expanded across the United States to include dozens of tests and approximately 45 distinct conditions [7]. All but two of these conditions (congenital hearing loss and critical congenital heart disease) are tested in the public health laboratory setting using a single, small volume blood sample—a dried blood spot (DBS), which is collected by capillary draw from heel-stick of the newborn and dried onto filter paper. This filter paper is also commonly referred to as a “Guthrie card” after Dr. Robert Guthrie who developed the newborn DBS collection technique for PKU screening [8]. DBS offers many advantages over whole blood or isolated leukocyte samples, including simple collection methodologies, ease of transport, and excellent stability for long-term storage [9]. The expansion of NBS has been fueled by the introduction of new therapies, new testing methods, and new technologies [10]. Most notably, the implementation of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) by Millington and colleagues in the early 2000s enabled dozens of small molecule metabolites (<1000 Da in molecular weight, e.g., amino acids and acylcarnitines), indicative of increased risk of over 30 different conditions, to be analyzed using a single punch of the DBS sample (approximately 3.2 mm) [11]. In contrast to this metabolite-based NBS approach, NBS assays for MPSs and other lysosomal storage disorders rely on direct measurement of enzyme activity to detect enzyme deficiency. NBS for MPS I (Hurler/Scheie) was recommended for inclusion on the U.S. Recommended Uniform Screening Panel (RUSP) in 2016 [12], and at the time of writing, 21 states (California, Delaware, Illinois,
Recommended publications
  • Epidemiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses Update

    Epidemiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses Update

    diagnostics Review Epidemiology of Mucopolysaccharidoses Update Betul Celik 1,2 , Saori C. Tomatsu 2 , Shunji Tomatsu 1 and Shaukat A. Khan 1,* 1 Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA; [email protected] (B.C.); [email protected] (S.T.) 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +302-298-7335; Fax: +302-651-6888 Abstract: Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are a group of lysosomal storage disorders caused by a lysosomal enzyme deficiency or malfunction, which leads to the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans in tissues and organs. If not treated at an early stage, patients have various health problems, affecting their quality of life and life-span. Two therapeutic options for MPS are widely used in practice: enzyme replacement therapy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. However, early diagnosis of MPS is crucial, as treatment may be too late to reverse or ameliorate the disease progress. It has been noted that the prevalence of MPS and each subtype varies based on geographic regions and/or ethnic background. Each type of MPS is caused by a wide range of the mutational spectrum, mainly missense mutations. Some mutations were derived from the common founder effect. In the previous study, Khan et al. 2018 have reported the epidemiology of MPS from 22 countries and 16 regions. In this study, we aimed to update the prevalence of MPS across the world. We have collected and investigated 189 publications related to the prevalence of MPS via PubMed as of December 2020. In total, data from 33 countries and 23 regions were compiled and analyzed.
  • Novel Gene Fusions in Glioblastoma Tumor Tissue and Matched Patient Plasma

    Novel Gene Fusions in Glioblastoma Tumor Tissue and Matched Patient Plasma

    cancers Article Novel Gene Fusions in Glioblastoma Tumor Tissue and Matched Patient Plasma 1, 1, 1 1 1 Lan Wang y, Anudeep Yekula y, Koushik Muralidharan , Julia L. Small , Zachary S. Rosh , Keiko M. Kang 1,2, Bob S. Carter 1,* and Leonora Balaj 1,* 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; [email protected] (L.W.); [email protected] (A.Y.); [email protected] (K.M.); [email protected] (J.L.S.); [email protected] (Z.S.R.); [email protected] (K.M.K.) 2 School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92092, USA * Correspondence: [email protected] (B.S.C.); [email protected] (L.B.) These authors contributed equally. y Received: 11 March 2020; Accepted: 7 May 2020; Published: 13 May 2020 Abstract: Sequencing studies have provided novel insights into the heterogeneous molecular landscape of glioblastoma (GBM), unveiling a subset of patients with gene fusions. Tissue biopsy is highly invasive, limited by sampling frequency and incompletely representative of intra-tumor heterogeneity. Extracellular vesicle-based liquid biopsy provides a minimally invasive alternative to diagnose and monitor tumor-specific molecular aberrations in patient biofluids. Here, we used targeted RNA sequencing to screen GBM tissue and the matched plasma of patients (n = 9) for RNA fusion transcripts. We identified two novel fusion transcripts in GBM tissue and five novel fusions in the matched plasma of GBM patients. The fusion transcripts FGFR3-TACC3 and VTI1A-TCF7L2 were detected in both tissue and matched plasma.
  • SUMF1 Enhances Sulfatase Activities in Vivo in Five Sulfatase Deficiencies

    SUMF1 Enhances Sulfatase Activities in Vivo in Five Sulfatase Deficiencies

    SUMF1 enhances sulfatase activities in vivo in five sulfatase deficiencies Alessandro Fraldi, Alessandra Biffi, Alessia Lombardi, Ilaria Visigalli, Stefano Pepe, Carmine Settembre, Edoardo Nusco, Alberto Auricchio, Luigi Naldini, Andrea Ballabio, et al. To cite this version: Alessandro Fraldi, Alessandra Biffi, Alessia Lombardi, Ilaria Visigalli, Stefano Pepe, et al.. SUMF1 enhances sulfatase activities in vivo in five sulfatase deficiencies. Biochemical Journal, Portland Press, 2007, 403 (2), pp.305-312. 10.1042/BJ20061783. hal-00478708 HAL Id: hal-00478708 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00478708 Submitted on 30 Apr 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Biochemical Journal Immediate Publication. Published on 8 Jan 2007 as manuscript BJ20061783 SUMF1 enhances sulfatase activities in vivo in five sulfatase deficiencies Alessandro Fraldi*1, Alessandra Biffi*2,3¥, Alessia Lombardi1, Ilaria Visigalli2, Stefano Pepe1, Carmine Settembre1, Edoardo Nusco1, Alberto Auricchio1, Luigi Naldini2,3, Andrea Ballabio1,4 and Maria Pia Cosma1¥ * These authors contribute equally to this work 1TIGEM, via P Castellino, 111, 80131 Naples, Italy 2San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (HSR-TIGET), H. San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy 3Vita Salute San Raffaele University Medical School, H.
  • Bioinformatics Classification of Mutations in Patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA

    Bioinformatics Classification of Mutations in Patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA

    Metabolic Brain Disease (2019) 34:1577–1594 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-019-00465-6 ORIGINAL ARTICLE Bioinformatics classification of mutations in patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA Himani Tanwar1 & D. Thirumal Kumar1 & C. George Priya Doss1 & Hatem Zayed2 Received: 30 April 2019 /Accepted: 8 July 2019 /Published online: 5 August 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIA, also known as Sanfilippo syndrome type A, is a severe, progressive disease that affects the central nervous system (CNS). MPS IIIA is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner and is caused by a deficiency in the lysosomal enzyme sulfamidase, which is required for the degradation of heparan sulfate. The sulfamidase is produced by the N- sulphoglucosamine sulphohydrolase (SGSH) gene. In MPS IIIA patients, the excess of lysosomal storage of heparan sulfate often leads to mental retardation, hyperactive behavior, and connective tissue impairments, which occur due to various known missense mutations in the SGSH, leading to protein dysfunction. In this study, we focused on three mutations (R74C, S66W, and R245H) based on in silico pathogenic, conservation, and stability prediction tool studies. The three mutations were further subjected to molecular dynamic simulation (MDS) analysis using GROMACS simulation software to observe the structural changes they induced, and all the mutants exhibited maximum deviation patterns compared with the native protein. Conformational changes were observed in the mutants based on various geometrical parameters, such as conformational stability, fluctuation, and compactness, followed by hydrogen bonding, physicochemical properties, principal component analysis (PCA), and salt bridge analyses, which further validated the underlying cause of the protein instability. Additionally, secondary structure and surrounding amino acid analyses further confirmed the above results indicating the loss of protein function in the mutants compared with the native protein.
  • EGL Test Description

    EGL Test Description

    2460 Mountain Industrial Boulevard | Tucker, Georgia 30084 Phone: 470-378-2200 or 855-831-7447 | Fax: 470-378-2250 eglgenetics.com Mucopolysaccharidosis Type III: SGSH, GNS, HGSNAT, and NAGLU Gene Deletion/Duplication Panel Test Code: HV Turnaround time: 2 weeks CPT Codes: 81228 x1 Condition Description Mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III, Sanfilippo syndrome), is a member of a group of inherited metabolic disorders collectively termed mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS's). The MPS's are caused by a deficiency of lysosomal enzymes required for the degradation of mucopolysaccharides or glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) within the lysosome [1]. When functioning normally, the lysosomal enzymes break down these GAGs, however when the enzyme is deficient, the GAGs build up in the lysosomes causing damage to the body's tissues. The MPS's share a chronic progressive course with multisystem involvement and characteristic physical features such as coarse facies, hypertelorism, and coarse hair. The MPS patients are also characterized by developmental regression, hepatosplenomegaly and characteristic laboratory and radiographic abnormalities. Clinical features of MPS III are similar to other MPS's and include hyperactivity, aggressiveness, and developmental delays in childhood. Mental abilities decline as the disease progresses. Involvement of other organ systems tends to be mild and dysmorphic features are more subtle than those observed in other type of mucopolysaccharidosis [1]. MPS III is caused by a deficiency of any of four lysosomal membrane enzymes, which leads to impaired degradation of heparan sulfate. The forms of MPS III are clinically indistinguishable each other and are caused by mutations in distinct genes. All four forms of MPS III result in buildup of the same GAG, heparin sulfate.
  • Vacuolated Lymphocytes, a Clinical Finding in GM1 Gangliosidosis

    Vacuolated Lymphocytes, a Clinical Finding in GM1 Gangliosidosis

    Vacuolated lymphocytes, a clinical finding in GM1 gangliosidosis Linfocitos vacuolados, un hallazgo clínico en la gangliosidosis GM1 10.20960/revmedlab.00018 00018 Caso clínico Vacuolated lymphocytes, a clinical finding in GM1 gangliosidosis Linfocitos vacuolados, un hallazgo clínico en la gangliosidosis GM1 Silvia Montolio Breva1, Rafael Sánchez Parrilla1, Cristina Gutiérrez Fornes1, and María Teresa Sans Mateu2 1Laboratori Clínic ICS Camp de Tarragona. Terres de l’Ebre. Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII. Tarragona, Spain. 2Direcció Clínica Laboratoris ICS Camp de Tarragona. Terres de l'Ebre, Tarragona. Spain Received: 06/04/2020 Accepted: 08/05/2020 Correspondence: Silvia Montolio Breva. Laboratori Clínic ICS Camp de Tarragona. Terres de l’Ebre. Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII. C/ Dr. Mallafrè Guasch, 4, 43005 Tarragona e-mail: [email protected] Conflicts of interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interests. CASE REPORT A 7-month-old infant was brought to the emergency department of our hospital with fever and respiratory distress accompanied by cough and nasal mucus. After clinical assessment, the diagnostic orientation was compatible with pneumonia. Apart from these common symptoms, there were several clinical signs worth mentioning. On physical examination, cherry-red spots were observed all over the thorax, as well as, hypospadias. The results of complementary tests (cranial radiography, abdominal sonography…) also confirmed macrocephaly, hypotonia, ecchymosis and hepatosplenomegaly. Biochemical analysis showed a remarkable increase in the following parameters: Aspartate amino transferase (AST) 114 UI/L (VR: 5-34 UI/L), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 1941 UI/L (VR: 120-246 UI/L) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) 1632 UI/L (VR: 46-116 UI/L).
  • Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIA, and a Child with One SGSH Mutation and One GNS Mutation Is a Carrier

    Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIA, and a Child with One SGSH Mutation and One GNS Mutation Is a Carrier

    Mucopolysaccharidosis type III What is mucopolysaccharidosis type III? Mucopolysaccharidosis type III is an inherited metabolic disease that affects the central nervous system. Individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis type III have defects in one of four different enzymes required for the breakdown of large sugars known as glycosaminoglycans or mucopolysaccharides.1 The four enzymes, sulfamidase, alpha-N- acetylglucosaminidase, N-acetyltransferase, and N-acetylglucosamine-6-sulfatase, are associated with mucopolysaccharidosis types IIIA, IIIB, IIIC, and IIID, respectively.2-5 The signs and symptoms of all subtypes of mucopolysaccharidosis type III are similar and due to the build-up of the large sugar molecular heparan sulfate within lysosomes in cells. Mucopolysaccharidosis type III belongs to a group of diseases called lysosomal storage disorders and is also known as Sanfilippo syndrome.6 What are the symptoms of mucopolysaccharidosis type III and what treatment is available? Symptoms of mucopolysaccharidosis type III vary in severity and age at onset and are progressive. Affected individuals typically show no symptoms at birth.6 Signs and symptoms are typically seen in early childhood and may include:7 • Developmental and speech delays • Progressive cognitive deterioration and behavioral problems • Sleep disturbances • Frequent infections • Cardiac valve disease • Umbilical or groin hernias • Mild hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) • Decline in motor skills • Hearing loss and vision problems • Skeletal problems, including hip dysplasia and
  • GM1 Gangliosidosis and Morquio B Disease

    GM1 Gangliosidosis and Morquio B Disease

    Review Article Journal of Genetic Medicine J Genet Med 2021;18(1):16-23 JGM https://doi.org/10.5734/JGM.2021.18.1.16 ISSN 1226-1769 (Print) 2383-8442 (Online) GLB1-related disorders: GM1 gangliosidosis and Morquio B disease Sung Yoon Cho and Dong-Kyu Jin* Department of Pediatrics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea GLB1-related disorders comprise two phenotypically unique disorders: GM1 gangliosidosis and Morquio B disease. These autosomal recessive disorders are caused by b-galactosidase deficiency. A hallmark of GM1 gangliosidosis is central nervous system degeneration where ganglioside synthesis is highest. The accumulation of keratan sulfate is the suspected cause of the bone findings in Morquio B disease. GM1 gangliosidosis is clinically characterized by a neurodegenerative disorder associat- ed with dysostosis multiplex, while Morquio B disease is characterized by severe skeletal manifestations and the preservation of intelligence. Morquio B disease and GM1 gangliosidosis may be on a continuum of skeletal involvement. There is currently no effective treatment for GLB1-related disorders. Recently, multiple interventions have been developed and there are several ongoing clinical trials. Key words: GM1 gangliosidosis, Mucopolysaccharidoses IVB, Morquio B disease, Beta-galactosidase, GLB1. Introduction ganglioside synthesis is highest. Keratan sulfate accumulation is the suspected causative agent for the bone findings associ- GLB1-related disorders comprise two phenotypically unique ated with Morquio B disease. This review focused on the clinical, disorders, GM1 gangliosidosis (MIM 230500) and Morquio radiographic, and genetic characteristics of these two disorders B disease (mucopolysaccharidosis type IVB, MPS IVB, MIM and introduced recent clinical trials on GLB1-related disorders.
  • Mucopolysaccharidosis I Diagnosing MPS I

    Mucopolysaccharidosis I Diagnosing MPS I

    CME/CE Mucopolysaccharidosis I Diagnosing MPS I Paul Orchard, MD Medical Director, Inherited Metabolic and Storage Disease Program Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation University of Minnesota Medical School Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I) is a Lysosomal Storage Disorder Lysosomal Storage Disorders (>50 identified) Overall Incidence of ~ 1:8,000 MPS Disorders (7 types) Incidence 1:25,000 – 50,000 MPS I Incidence 1:100,000 NIH Rare Disease Database: MPS. 2019. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7065/mucopolysaccharidosis Mucopolysaccharidoses MPS Type Common Name Gene Mutation MPS I Hurler, Hurler-Scheie, Scheie syndrome IDUA MPS II Hunter syndrome IDS MPS III Sanfilippo syndrome GNS, HGSNAT, NAGLU, SGSH MPS IV Morquio syndrome GALNS, GLB1 MPS VI Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome ARSB MPS VII Sly syndrome GUSB NIH Rare Disease Database: MPS. 2019. https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7065/mucopolysaccharidosis What is MPS I? Mucopolysaccharidosis I (MPS I) • Lysosomal “storage disease” • Mutations in a-L-iduronidase (IDUA) gene, leading to: • increased glycosaminoglycans (dermatan sulphate and heparan sulphate) • An autosomal recessive disease • Disease severity and symptom onset varies • Two subtypes • Hurler syndrome (Severe MPS I, or MPS IH) • Attenuated MPS I (previously Scheie, or Hurler-Scheie syndrome • 1 in 100,000 births (Severe MPS I) • 1 in 500,000 births (Attenuated MPS I) Jameson et al. Cochrane Rev. 2016; CD009354. Kabuska et al. Diagnostics. 2020;10: 161. Mucopolysaccharidosis type I. US National Library of Medicine website. Multiple Symptoms Macrosomia Developmental delay Chronic rhinitis/otitis Corneal clouding Obstructive airway disease Hearing loss Umbilical/inguinal hernia Enlarged tongue Skeletal deformities Cardiovascular disease Hepatosplenomegaly Carpal tunnel syndrome Joint stiffness Adapted from Neufeld et al.
  • Discover Dysplasias Gene Panel

    Discover Dysplasias Gene Panel

    Discover Dysplasias Gene Panel Discover Dysplasias tests 109 genes associated with skeletal dysplasias. This list is gathered from various sources, is not designed to be comprehensive, and is provided for reference only. This list is not medical advice and should not be used to make any diagnosis. Refer to lab reports in connection with potential diagnoses. Some genes below may also be associated with non-skeletal dysplasia disorders; those non-skeletal dysplasia disorders are not included on this list. Skeletal Disorders Tested Gene Condition(s) Inheritance ACP5 Spondyloenchondrodysplasia with immune dysregulation (SED) AR ADAMTS10 Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS) AR AGPS Rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata type 3 (RCDP) AR ALPL Hypophosphatasia AD/AR ANKH Craniometaphyseal dysplasia (CMD) AD Mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI), also known as Maroteaux-Lamy ARSB syndrome AR ARSE Chondrodysplasia punctata XLR Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia with joint laxity type 1 (SEMDJL1) B3GALT6 Ehlers-Danlos syndrome progeroid type 2 (EDSP2) AR Multiple joint dislocations, short stature and craniofacial dysmorphism with B3GAT3 or without congenital heart defects (JDSCD) AR Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD) Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TADD), with or without additional BGN features, also known as Meester-Loeys syndrome XL Short stature, facial dysmorphism, and skeletal anomalies with or without BMP2 cardiac anomalies AD Acromesomelic dysplasia AR Brachydactyly type A2 AD BMPR1B Brachydactyly type A1 AD Desbuquois dysplasia CANT1 Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) AR CDC45 Meier-Gorlin syndrome AR This list is gathered from various sources, is not designed to be comprehensive, and is provided for reference only. This list is not medical advice and should not be used to make any diagnosis.
  • Revealing the Action Mechanisms of Dexamethasone on the Birth Weight

    Revealing the Action Mechanisms of Dexamethasone on the Birth Weight

    ® Observational Study Medicine OPEN Revealing the action mechanisms of dexamethasone on the birth weight of infant using RNA-sequencing data of trophoblast cells ∗ Hongkai Shang, MDa, Liping Sun, BMa, Thorsten Braun, MDb, Qi Si, BMa, Jinyi Tong, MMa, Abstract Dexamethasone (DEX) could induce low birth weight of infant, and low birth weight has close associations with glucocorticoid levels, insulin resistance, hypertension, and metabolic syndrome in adulthood. This study was designed to reveal the action mechanisms of DEX on the birth weight of infant. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), trophoblast cells of human placenta were identified and the optimum treatment time of DEX were determined. Trophoblast cells were treated by DEX (DEX group) or ethanol (control group) (each group had 3 samples), and then were performed with RNA-sequencing. Afterward, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by R package, and their potential functions were successively enriched using DAVID database and Enrichr method. Followed by protein–protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed using Cytoscape software. Using Enrichr method and TargetScan software, the transcription factors (TFs) and micorRNAs (miRNAs) targeted the DEGs separately were predicted. Based on MsigDB database, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed. There were 391 DEGs screened from the DEX group. Upregulated SRR and potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 4(KCNJ4) and downregulated GALNT1 separately were enriched in PDZ (an acronym of PSD-95, Dlg, and ZO-1) domain binding and Mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis. In the PPI network, CDK2 and CDK4 had higher degrees. TFs ATF2 and E2F4 and miRNA miR-16 were predicted for the DEGs.
  • Clinica Chimica Acta 436 (2014) 112–120

    Clinica Chimica Acta 436 (2014) 112–120

    Clinica Chimica Acta 436 (2014) 112–120 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Clinica Chimica Acta journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/clinchim Molecular characteristics of patients with glycosaminoglycan storage disorders in Russia Dimitry A. Chistiakov a,b,⁎,KirillV.Savost'anovb, Lyudmila M. Kuzenkova c, Anait K. Gevorkyan d, Alexander A. Pushkov b,AlexeyG.Nikitinb, Alexander V. Pakhomov b,NatoD.Vashakmadzec, Natalia V. Zhurkova b, Tatiana V. Podkletnova c, Nikolai A. Mayansky e, Leila S. Namazova-Baranova d, Alexander A. Baranov f a Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia b Department of Molecular Genetic Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia c Department of Psychoneurology and Psychosomatic Pathology, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia d Institute of Preventive Pediatrics and Rehabilitation, Research Center for Children's Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia e Department of Experimental Immunology and Virology, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Pediatrics, Research Center for Children's Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia f Research Center for Children's Health, 119991 Moscow, Russia article info abstract Article history: Background: The mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are rare genetic disorders caused by mutations in lysosomal Received 3 May 2014 enzymes involved in the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). In this study, we analyzed a total of 48 Received in revised form 16 May 2014 patients including MPSI (n = 6), MPSII (n = 18), MPSIIIA (n = 11), MPSIVA (n = 3), and MPSVI (n = 10). Accepted 18 May 2014 Methods: In MPS patients, urinary GAGs were colorimetrically assayed.