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http://people.smu.edu/rmonagha/third/mfg.html Third Party Lens Manufacturers by Robert Monaghan Related Local Links: Cautionary Tale on Fitting a Tokina Lens to a Minolta Maxxum Camera (Peter Van Eyk) Samigon Lenses Related Links: About Dr. Optiks Camera Mount Adapter FAQ (interchangeable mounts) Canon Camera Museum Chinon 35mm Pages Japan Photography History Kalimar Kalimex 35mm Lenses (post-soviet Ukraine/Czech) Kalimex (Kiev) My View on Mfgers (Klaus Schroiff) Nikon Corp. History Optical Glass Manufacturers Promaster Samsung History Samyang/Phoenix Short History of Japanese Lenses Sicor Optics Sigma Lens Site [02/00] Sigma Lenses Soligor T2 Lenses (for Miranda) [11/2002] Soligor Lenses [11/2002] Spiratone History Tamron Tokina Tokina (UK) Vivitar Third Party Lens Makers U.S. Importer/Distributors Name on Lens Manufacturers (country) Acetar Ace Optical Co. Ltd. (Japan) Actinar Aetna Optix Inc. Adorama Camera Co. Adorama (numerous mfgers) Alto Yamasaki Optical Co. Ltd. (Japan) Angenieux Angenieux Corp. (French) Aragon Photo Clearing Inc. Asanuma Tokina Optical Co. Ltd. (Japan) Bausch and Lomb Inc. Baltar (numerous mfgers) Bushnell Bausch and Lomb Inc. (numerous mfgers) Cambron Cambridge Camera Exchange Inc. Cimko Cima Kogaku Corp. Ltd. (Japan) Coligon Aetna Optix Inc. Congo Yamasaki Optical Co. Ltd. (Japan) CPC Combined Products Corp. CPO Century Precision Optics (USA) Cosina Cosina Inc./Samyang Corp. (Korea) Dejur Photo International Inc. Eitar Reeves Photographic Inc. Enna Europhot Inc. Eyemik Mitake Optical Co. Ltd. (Japan) Hi-Lux Nissin Koki Co. Ltd. (Japan) Kenlock Kenlock Corp. (Japan) Kiev/USA Kiev Arsenal (Ukraine) Kalimex s.r.o. (Czech) Kilfit Heinz Kilfit Munchen Corp. (West Germany?) Kimunor Kimura Seimitsu Kogyo Co. Ltd.(Japan) Kiron Kino Precision Industries Ltd. (Japan) Kowanon Kawakami Seiki Seisakusho Ltd (Japan) Kyvyx Corp. Komura Komura Lens Mfg. Ltd. (Japan) Komuranon Komura Lens Mfg. Ltd. (Japan) Kowa Kowa Co. Ltd. (Japan) Lentar Lenco Products Inc. Cima America Inc. Makina Cima Kogaku Co. Ltd. (Japan) Makinon Makina Optical Co. Ltd.(Japan) Novoflex Aetna Optix Inc. Omnitar Birns and Sawyer Inc. Osawa Osawa Optical Company (Japan) Ozunon Ozone Optical Co. Ltd. (Japan) Panagor Kino Precision Industries Inc. (Japan) Phoenix Samyang Corp. (Korea) Prinz Amcam International Inc. Promaster Tamron (in AF..*) Promura Nissin Kok i Co. Ltd. (Japan) Quantaray Ritz Camera Inc. Rokunar Aetna Optix Inc. Samyang Samyang Corp. (Korea) Samigon Argraph Inc. Sankor Sanko Optical Co. Ltd. (Japan) Seimar Seimax Corp. (Japan) Seimax Seimax Corp. (Japan) Sigma Sigma Corp. (Japan) Sonnagar Wall Street Camera Inc. AIC International Inc. Soligor Soligor Corp. (Japan) Spiratone Co. Spiratone (numerous mfgers) Star-D Uniphot-Levit Corp. Sun Sun Lens Inc. (Japan) Tamron/USA Tamron Tamron Co. Ltd. (Japan) Tamuron Tamuron Co. Ltd. (Japan) Tele-Megor Meyer Go(e)rlitz Co. (East Germany) Telemore Komura Lens Mfg. Ltd. (Japan) Telesor Masel Supply Inc. Tokina Tokina Co. Ltd. (Japan) Vivitar Corp. Vivitar (numerous mfgers) Willoughby Willoughby -Peerless Corp. Zuiko Olympus Optical Co. Ltd. (Japan) Zykkor Pacemark Corp. These Japanese manufacturers would generally be considered to be OEMs: Source: pp.12-4, The Evolution of the Japanese Camera , Philip L. Condax et. al. , 1984. Japanese Manufacturers Asahi Optical Company, Limited (Pentax) Asahi Kogaku Kogyo K.K. Canon Incorporated Kabushiki Kaisha Chinon Industries Inc. Sanshin Seisakusho Fuji Photo Film Company, Limited Fuji Shashin Film K.K. Konica Camera Company Konishiroku Shashin Kogyo K.K. Minolta Camera Company, Limited Chiyoda Kogaku Seiko K.K. Nikon Camera Company Nihon Kogaku Kogyo K.K. Olympus Optical Company Limited Olympus Kogaku Kogyo K.K. Petri Camera Company Petri Camera K.K. Tokyo Optical Company, Limited (Topcon) Tokyo Kogaku Kikai K.K. Tomioka Optical Company Limited (Yashica lenses) Here is a listing of some 22 Japanese third party lenses makers active in Japan in 1984 (not an exhaustive listing, just the better known ones...) Source: P.15, The Evolution of the Japanese Camera , Philip L. Condax et. al., 1984. Japanese Third Party Lens Makers (1984) Brand Name Company Name Alto Yamasaki Optical Co. Ltd. Acetar Ace Optical Co. Ltd. Cimko Cima Kogaku Co. Ltd. Congo Yamasaki Optical Co. Ltd. Eyemik Mitake Optical Co. Ltd. Hi-Lux Nissin Kok i Co. Ltd. Kawanon Kawakami Seiki Seisakusho Ltd. Kenlock Kenlock Corporation Kimunor Kimura Seimitsu Kogyo Co. Ltd. Kiron Kino Precision Industries Ltd. Kowa Kowa Co. Ltd. Makinon Makina Optical Co. Ltd. Ozunon Ozone Optical Co. Ltd. Panagor Kino Precision Industries Ltd. Promura Nissin Koki Co. Ltd. Sankor Sanko Optical Co. Ltd. Seimar Seimax Corp. Seimax Seimax Corp. Sigma Sigma Corp. Sun Sun Lens Inc. Tamuron Tamuron Co. Ltd. Tokina Tokina Optical Co. Ltd. --- Sankeisha and Co. Ltd. --- Nakadai Kogaku Co. Ltd. --- Komine Co. Ltd. Who's Who: OEMs, Third Party Lens Makers, Importers Let's start by reviewing who's who in lens making, focusing on 35mm lenses. Camera makers such as Canon and Nikon make their own lenses, in their own factories, using their own designs and quality control procedures. These lens manufacturers are OEMs (original equipment manufacturers). The lenses which pass their rigorous inspections are stamped with their own maker's name. Those OEM lenses that fail inspection are destroyed or remanufactured (reworked), but they are not sold under anybody else's name or label. I can't rule out the possibility that an OEM could lease or use a third party lens manufacturing line to build their lenses. But if they did, they would certainly have to meet their OEM lens specifications too. They would be branded and sold as Nikon or Canon or whatever lenses, and would be. But it makes no sense for Nikon to make a lens to its specifications and then sell it for a lot less under another brand name. Third party lens makers include such manufacturers as Tokina, Tamron, Sigma, and Samyang. These companies make and design lenses for a variety of camera mounts and bodies. A few of these companies have recently branched out to build camera bodies (Sigma, Samyang). But their main focus is still on lenses. Their hope is that you will be attracted to their lenses for their features and low costs, rather than the OEM's own lens offerings. Importers obviously import these third party lenses into the U.S., but they sometimes add to the name game confusion by adding their own trademark or brand name on their imported lenses. So many wide angle lenses made by Sigma were imported by Spiratone Inc. in the 1970s. They were labeled as Accura or Spiratone brand name lenses. Cambridge Camera Exchange uses the Cambron trademark for its imported lenses (e.g., Vivitar 19mm). Similarly, Quantaray is Ritz Camera's import trademark under which its imported lenses are imported and sold. Brand Names and Branding Without research, you can't be sure if the particular import branded lens is made by Sigma, or Tokina, or some other entity. In many cases, the same lens might be made by several different third party makers over the life of production. However, it is also possible for a lens maker (e.g., Vivitar) to make a lens to a slightly different specification to meet an importer's request. So while your research and mine might suggest that these variously branded lenses are the same lens (e.g., 19mm f3.8), you can't be 100% certain they are optically or mechanically identical. Recently, some third party lens makers have shifted or hollowed out lens making to factories in China, Malaysia, and other Asian countries with low labor rates. Even the OEMs such as Nikon are now assembling some of their cameras and lenses in China and elsewhere. Again, where the lens is made and by whom matters far less than the quality standards both optically and mechanically to which that lens was built. For various reasons, third party manufacturers also try to establish a brand name. The Korean lens maker Samyang has used the Phoenix brand and trademark for some of its lenses imported and sold in the U.S. The same lenses have reportedly been sold under the Samyang, Phoenix, Cosina, and Vivitar names and trademarks. You may only find this out by reading the fine print in a magazine review of the lens (e.g., reviews by Popular Photography ). Tokina Optical Corp. tested the U.S. market under the Asanuma brand name, then switched to using its own name. Vivitar provided many optics for Hanimex brand cameras. Samyang is developing the Phoenix brand name in the U.S. market today. Brands are important to consumers. But it is easier to introduce a new high- end brand name than to remake an older brand's consumer image (cf. Vivitar Series I below). Vivitar is an interesting example of how flexible third party lens makers can be. Vivitar originally made and imported a series of lenses. They poured money into designing and making a highest possible optical quality lens line in the mid-1970s. Vivitar gained some fame for their higher quality Series I lenses in the 1970s and 1980s, especially among the small but picky market of professional users. The company reportedly also selected lenses made by other third party lens makers in Japan. Vivitar imported these lenses under its Vivitar and other importer's lens brand names as a lower tier of consumer oriented lenses. More recently, Vivitar has reportedly focused on lens design (a high value added approach), while outsourcing actual lens construction (e.g., to lesser known third party manufacturer's factories in Japan and China). Personally, I find Vivitar's eclectic approach to provide a challenge in identifying some of the real gems in their earlier lens lineups. While the later Series I lenses could be quite good, the first Series I lenses were often unique optics never duplicated by subsequent designers (e.g., 135mm f/2.3, 28mm f/1.9).