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The Commune of Paris, 1871 THE CITY AID THE IRAIIRDDTS MAIUEL CASTELLI University of California Press Berkeley and Los Angeles, California © 1983 by Manuel Castells Printed in the United States of America 23456789 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Castells, Manuel. The city and the grassroots. 1. Sociology, Urban-Cross-cultural studies. 2. Cities and towns-History-Cross-cultural studies. 3. Social movements-History-Cross-cultural studies. 4. U rbanization-History-Cross-cultural studies. 5. Social change-History-Cross-cultural studies. 1. Title . HT119.C29 1983 307.7 '6 82-40099 ISBN 0-520-04756-7 (U.S.) ISBN 0-520-05617-5 (ppbk) Text set in 11112 pt Plantin Compugraphic The Commune of Paris) 1871 15 have given birth (as it did in Northern Europe) to new municipal oligarchies around a 1 colonialist merchant plutocracy. But such is the fate of all social movements: they break the r old order and inspire a new one that begins to age as soon as it has taken shape. The comuneros f never reached such a stage of maturity. Their history, as for all defeated revolutionaries, was obscured by the brightness oftheir myth. Yet, on the basis ofavailable historical research, the f most innovative and perhaps most lasting aspect oftheir project was the affirmation ofthe free city as a superior for:n. of life and government. As a political revolu~ion, the Corrz.unidades of e Castilla failed. As a cltlzen movement they brought together forever m the collectlve memory 'f of the Spanish people the idea of freedom, the right of municipal self-government, and the e hope for a better life. e f 11 3 e e e Cities and Revolution: The Com m une of Paris, 1 1871 s a Introduction 11 The Commune ofParis has generally been considered, particularly in the Marxist tradition, as 11 the first major proletarian political insurrectionY For Lenin, the experience ofthe Commune n demonstrated at the same time the possibility of a politically orientated working class move­ 11 ment and the necessity of the destruction of the bourgeois state, to be replaced, if the revolution was to last, by a proletarian state. 33 There is in fact a classical debate between the y Leninist view and the libertarian interpretation of the Commune, or in more French terms, v between the Jacobins and the Proudhoniens. 34 Was the Commune a process ofradicalization of ~ 1 republican ideals when confronted with the military defeat ofthe nation and the collapse ofthe 's Second Empire? Was it instead a political revolution furthering the demand for political y freedom into a new institutional organization relying upon the project of a voluntary e federation offree communes? Or should we maintain the Marxist beliefin the potentials ofthe n Commune as a socialist revolution, largely frustrated because of the inability of the Utopian t- liberals to perceive their historical role in the same correct political terms as the active minority of the 'internationalist' socialists? In fact, our research concerns are somewhat different. Without being able in this text either to reconstruct or to assess such a fundamental debate, we want to call attention to other r possible historical meanings of the Commune, some of which are full of significance for our n understanding ofthe urban problem. We are particularly interested in exploring the hypothe­ l­ sis, posed by the great Marxist philosopher, Henri Lefebvre, on the Commune as an urban n revolution. 35 Ifsuch an interpretation is correct, the extraordinary impact ofthe Commune on :t the politics and ideology ofthe labour movement would be an indication ofthe historical rela­ II tionship established between the urban problem and the social movement that holds the €.entral role in the process of capitalist industrialization. Instead of being a retarded continua­ d tIOn ofthe French Revolution36 or the announcement ofthe coming socialist revolution,37 the 16 Cities and People in a Historical Perspective Commune, in this perspective, could be considered as the point ofcontact between the urban contradictions and the emerging labour movement, both in its most archaic aspects (the revolt ofthe Sans Culottes against the abuses ofthe powerful) and in its anticipatory themes (the self­ management of society). This fundamental dimension of the Commune, which Lefebvre has championed, has been largely neglected because ofthe politicization ofthe debate between 1vlarxists and Libertarians in relation to its historical meaning. Yet, the careful consideration of the study of this dimension, and the historical evidence for it, might prove to be extremely helpful for our enterprise ofexploring the changing relationships between city, society, and the state. We will rely for such an analysis on two essential historical sources for the reconstruction ofthe events of the Commune: the classic history by Lissagaray, himself a communard,38 and the extraordinary research on the trials of the communards by Jacques Rougerie, whose preliminary findings were published in 1978. 39 Other works consulted are cited in the endnotes. The Communards Who were the communards? What was the social composition ofthe Commune? At first glance, it appears to have been, on the basis ofTable 3-1 constructed by Rougerie, a workers' insur­ rection unlike the insurgency of 1848 or the resistance to the Coup dJEtat of 185l. Furthermore, after his examination of the files of the trial against the Commune, Rougerie affirms that in almost every case the communard was a salaried person. And ifclerks still were present among the 1871 revolutionaries, the liberal professions, renters, merchants, and clerks altogether account for only 16 per cent of people arrested in relationship with the , ,I' Table 3.1 Occupational activity of Parisians arrested or deported after the Commune of 1871 and after the Coup d'Etat of 1851. (Absolute figures and Proportion over the Basis of 1,000) ," . r 1871 1871 1851 Occupation Arrested Per Thousand Deported Per Thousand Arrested Per Thousand Agriculture 398 11 41 13 32 10 Wood industry 2,791 80 234 77 251 86 Textile & garment 1,348 39 103 34 224 76 Shoes 1,4 96 43 157 51 164 56 Leather 381 11 48 15 27 9 'Travail d'art, article de Paris' (Parisian craft) 2,413 69 221 73 198 67 Printing 925 27 84 27 71 24 Metallurgy 4,135 119 349 115 196 67 Construction 5,458 157 494 163 180 61 Labourers (Journaliers) 5,1 98 149 549 181 149 50 Clerks 2,790 80 295 97 188 64 Domestic servants and janitors 1,699 49 52 17 93 31 Small merchants 1,516 43 104 34 237 81 Liberal professions and businessmen 1)69 33 76 25 380 129 TOTAL 34,722 1,000 3,023 1,000 2,924 1,000 Source: Jacques Rougerie, Proces des Communards (Paris: Gallimard-Archives, 1978). The Commune of Paris) 18 71 17 Table 3.2 C omparison between the occupational 8c tivity of the Parisian popul8tion, of the people who . rged during the Co mmune, and of the people d ep orted after the Paris CO Jnm lll le, J87 1. IDSU ,,_ (Percentages over the T ot8l h gure of e8ch C ategory) Occupational Population People People Activity of Paris (%) Ins llrged (%) Deported (%) Metallurgy 8 12 12 Construction 10 17 18 Labourers (Journa/iers) 20 14 15 Textile and garment and shoes industry 8 9 9 Artisans and printers 10 10 9 Source: J8cques Rougerie, Proces des Corn munards. Commune, while they were 27 per cent in 1851. Thus, most communards were manual workers. But what kind ofworkers? According to Rougerie, they were salaried workers ofthe new industrial activities, and especially of the metallurgy. But if we have a closer look at Rougerie's own data presented in Table 3-2, the picture is somewhat more complex. Among the insurgents the most important group, and most over-represented in relationship to the active Parisian population as a whole, was that ofthe construction workers. They were not representative of the modern industry. In fact they expressed the fantastic urban development and urban renewal activities in Paris during the Second Empire, under the rule of one of the most ambitious city planners in history, Haussmann. If we consider that unskilled labourers (journaliers) accounted for 14 per cent ofthe communards (though under­ represented in relationship to the population), and that many of them were also probably employed in miscellaneous urban services including public works, it appears that Rougerie's conclusion is inadequate since it proceeds from the arbitrary assimilation of metallurgy, construction, and labourers. Only the first activity is related directly to the expansion of the modern industry. The same preponderance of construction workers appears if we consider people deported after the Commune, who were likely to have been the most active. The tradi­ tional artisan activities account for 18 per cent of them, the new industry (metallurgy) for 12 per cent; and activities related to the process of urbanization for 25 per cent to 33 per cent, depending upon the estimate of the population ofjournaliers involved in public wor1<s and urban services. Therefore, if it is true that the great majority of communards were workers, most of them were not industrial proletarians, but traditional artisans and construction workers related to the process of urban growth. Rougerie using a different argument also comes to a similar conclusion after considering the very archaic character of the process of work accomplished by the metallurgical industry. In sum, Rougerie writes, ' ... there are no true artisans, nor true proletarians. We observe an intermediate working class, although somewhat closer to its past. " 10 Thus the use of the term 'worker' is misleading when we really want to determine if the Commune was in fact a major episode in the class struggle between the bourgeoisie and the pro­ letariat over the control of industrialization.
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