240 NEW ZEALANDAvailable JOURNAL on-line at: OF http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/ ECOLOGY, VOL. 32, NO. 2, 2008 FORUM ARTICLE The forgotten 60%: bird ecology and management in New Zealand’s agricultural landscape Catriona J. MacLeod1*, Grant Blackwell2, Henrik Moller2, John Innes3 and Ralph Powlesland4 1Landcare Research, PO Box 40, Lincoln 7640, New Zealand 2Agriculture Research Group on Sustainability, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand 3Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand 4Research, Development and Improvement Division, Department of Conservation, PO Box 10 420, Wellington, New Zealand *Author for correspondence (Email:
[email protected]) Published on-line: 27 August 2008 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Abstract: Production lands make up 58% of Aotearoa New Zealand’s landcover and contribute greatly not only to the national economy but also to patterns and trends in native and introduced avian biodiversity. However, unlike in native forest and other indigenous habitats, birds in agro-ecosystems have received little attention to date. We argue that this is due to (1) a research focus on understanding the causes of the dramatic decline of New Zealand’s critically endangered, endemic species, (2) an adherence to a ‘preservation for intrinsic value’ over a ‘conservation through sustainable use’ paradigm for environmental management, and (3) a historical view of production landscapes as being devoid of endemic and native species and thus of no conservation value. In countering these attitudes, we suggest that the agricultural matrix may contain more native species than many people believe, and that many introduced bird species are key contributors to the social and environmental performance and resilience of these systems.