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Earlv Castles and Rural Settlement Patterns

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Earlv Castles and Rural Settlement Patterns ORE Open Research Exeter TITLE Early castles and rural settlement patterns: insights from Yorkshire and the East Midlands AUTHORS Creighton, O.H JOURNAL Medieval Settlement Research Group Annual Report DEPOSITED IN ORE 22 May 2008 This version available at http://hdl.handle.net/10036/27532 COPYRIGHT AND REUSE Open Research Exeter makes this work available in accordance with publisher policies. A NOTE ON VERSIONS The version presented here may differ from the published version. If citing, you are advised to consult the published version for pagination, volume/issue and date of publication Earlv Castlesand Rural SettlementPatterns: Insights from Yorkshire and the East Midlands by Oliver H Creighton Introduction medievalhunting resources. Second, other castles can bc Traditional castcllology, with its entphasis on understoodas isolatcdhigh-status settlcrncnts within architecturaland militaryanalysis, has often led to thc landscapesthat were also characteriscd,wholly or studyof castlcsin isolationfronr their landscape contexts. partially,by otherforms of disperscdscttlcment. Castles In particular,many syntheticstudies of mcdievalcastles which fall into the secondcategory were thus manorial have consistcntlyfailed to acknowledgethe statusof centresand perhapsworking fanns as wcll as fortiflcd fortified sitcs as working ntanorialcentrcs which sites. contributcdto the devclopn-rentof contcmporary The ringwork or motte and bailcy providedtrcdicval landscapes.Rcccnt studies of thc usagcand rnanipulation lordswith a flexiblephysical tcrnplatc rcadily adapted to of socialspacc within castleplanning, while welcomc, a variety of social and physical geographical havelikewisc failcd to providea broadercontext for the circumstancesand landscapcs, the control of royalfbrests intcrpretationof castlcs. Conversely, landscape was onespecialised 16le which earlycastlcs sorletirnes archaeologistsancl scttlement historians have oftcn fulflllcd.We mustrecognise, howcvcr, the essential social tendedto ovcrlook the rolcs clf castlesas fbrms of andlegal differences betwecn castlc sites associated with settlement.This is dcrnonstratedamply by the mergcrin the managcmcntof royal fbrcstsas opposcdto privatc 1986of the Mcdicval Village RcsearchGroup and seigneurialchases and parks.Castlcs associated with MoatcdSites Research Group to fbrm thc MSRG, while forestsacted as ccntrcsfor the adrninistrationof an area castlcs,as high-statusforms of settlemcnt,have lain underthe jurisdiction of forestlaw throughthe stratcgic beyondthc rcrnitof the rnergedbody and remain thc focus settlementof an appointedofficial. Thcsc sites also of thc CastleStudies Group. This papcr cmphasisesthat castlescan and must be lsolated c6tle slte Early Castlesand Rural Settlement viewed as intcgral componcntswithin medicval Castle associated with hmrleVfamstead settlenrentpattcrns; e ither as elemcnts within the fabric of CNtlc assoclated wUr rcgulalr vrllage villagesand harnletsor as dispersedfbrms of settlernent Castlc associatedwith urcgular village in their own right. Casestudy matcrial drawn fiom thc author'srcscarch in Yorkshircand the EastMidlands C6tle assoclated wlth towr (Creighton1991 .1998; 1999)is uscdto drawattention to some irnportantinterrelationships between castles and rural settlemcntpatterns, and to cxploresome potcntial avenuesfbr fLrturcrcscarch. Figure l3 illustratcsone importantaspect of thc interrelationshipbetween early castle sites (i.e. those with likcly occupationin thc pcriodc. i066-1216)and rural settlementfbrms. What is irnmcdiatelyobvious is that castlcs,in termsof their settings,appear to mirror wider regionaltrcnds in medievalrural settlement development, reflectedin thc markcdclustering of isolatedcastles, and those associatedwith hamletsand both regularand irregularvillages. For instanoe,castles of the Holderness peninsulaare prcdominantlyassociated with irregular villages;the Vale of York is charactcriseclby castlesin close associationwith regular villages, and the Lincolnshirefen-cdge castles arc primarily isolated sitcs. Whileit remainscsscntial not to overlookthe diversity of settlcrncntforms within a givcn area,this obscrvation doescmphasise the statusof castlesas core elements within the distinctivcmedieval rnanorial economies of differentrcgions and sub-rcgions. 0 t00km Castlesas Settlement % -T-i We may define two essentialways in which castles functionedas dispersedfbrms of medievalsettlement. I First, a proportionof tbrtifled siteswere constructedto Figure I3: Ke"y,relntion,ships hetween earlv c'a,stle,sand act as specialisedcentres for the administrationof rural settlement in Yorkshire oncl the East Midlands. 29 I 1 Q Castle r Parish Church o ror.. r lVlmted Manorial Site # .- perish Boundery Figttrc l4: Custle,s,c'hLrrc'hes and moated sites in sotrth Linc'olnshire (uclupteclfrom Heulet, 1977, Figure l5). providedoccasional accommodation for huntingparties Kestevento the west. For instance.the castlesites at andare invariably fbund in isolatedpositions, while those Aslackby(TF 085305),Corby Glen (SK 000251), associatcdwith privatc dccr parks wcrc more often Heydour(TF 007397),Hough-on-the Hill (SK 924464). closelyassociatcd with villagesor hamlets. Stainby(SK 909226)and Wclbournc(SK 968542)are all fully intcgratedwithin villageplans, and indicatethe Typical of theseisolated 'forest' castlesare Sauvey position of castleswithin a fundamentallydifferent Castle,Leics. (SK 787053)and Beaumont Chase, Rutland manorialand social structure. (SK 849004);both the seatsof appointedroyal foresters associatedrespectively with the forestsof Leafieldand Otherregional studies confirm that in certainlandscapes Rutland(Creighton 199J, 3233. 1999,22-23). Three the distributionof castlcsitcs can bc vicwedas partand isolatedcastles on the fringesof SherwoodForest can be parcel of a characteristicallydispersed medieval interpretedin a similarlight: Annesley (SK 509518)and scttlemcntpattern, as in Devon(Higharn 1982,106). Yet Kingshaugh,Notts. (SK 765736),and South Normanton, it is equallypossible that dispersedsettlernent could Derbys.(SK 459568)(Crook 1990, 94-95; Speight 1994). originatethrough schemes of seigncurially-lcdplanning. That castlescould form fortified elementswithin thcsc The statusof other early castlesas isolatedforms of schemeshas been demonstratedin the Vale of settlcmcntin non-nuclcatcdlandscapes is exemplifiedby Montgomery(King andSpurgeon 1965), and it is possiblc a seriesof sitesin south-castLincolnshire. In particular, thatthe castle at Kilton, Cleveland (NZ 703175)may well we rnaynote the landscapecontext of four earlycastles have been plannedin conjunctionwith a seriesof in South Holland and Boston (Figure l4): Fleet farmsteadsin its irnmediatehintcrland (Danicls 1990, (TF 385231 Swineshead(TF 243410).Wrangle ); 46-47).The factthat these pattems lack the conventional (TF 413531);and Wyberton(TF 335410).With the hallmarkof settlementplanning - regularity-should not exceptionof Wyberton,all thesesites arc low wetland detractfrom the fact that they were deliberatecreations mottcs which rcpresent,in morphologicalterms, an by powerful secularlords. It is certainthat parallel intermediateform betweenthe motte and bailey and schemesremain to be identifiedelsewherc and may well moatedmanor. Significantly, the manncr in whichallfour bc characteristicof borderregions in the highlandzone. sitesare isolated fiom looselyagglomerated settlements or arc isolatcdforms of scttlcmcntin their own right, Castlesand DesertedSettlement rnirrorscxactly thc landscapccontext of moatedmanorial The study of intcrrclationshipsbctwccn castlcsand sitesin thesurrounding district. The early castlcs of South deserted settlemcnts can makc two important Hollandwcrc thus intcgralcomponents of a regional contributionsto our understandingof the 16lesof castles economydominated by splitmanors and a relativelyfrce in the developmcnt of rural landscapcs.First, socialstructure (Hcalcy 1971,28);hcre castles clearly morphological plan analysis may arnplify our follow an extantsettlement pattcrn and cconomywhere understandingofthe physicalputtern of'castle-settlement church,settlement and manor wcrc not necessarily relationships,in the absenceof the post-medieval conjoined.This pattcrn contrasts sharply with thegreater alterationsto villageplans that blur the picture elsewhere. integrationof sitcsof lordship(both castles and moats) in Second,it remainsto be identified whether desertcd 30 Figure I 5: Wooclheacl,Rtttland (adapted/rom lVorthants.CRO lvlup lrlo.4 t34/2). settlcmentsassociatcd with castleswere atypical in any Nos 1915.22and 1917.55).The cntirc complexwas way and,in particular,whcther the abandonmentof the formerly encompassedby a spring-fed moat, ancl castlewas a causal,contributory or independentfactor in evidenceof fishpondsto thenorth and south may indicate theproc'e,s.s of scttlement decline. a secondaryphase of manorialexpansion. The medievalfortified site of Woodhead.Rutland The exarnpleof Woodheadserves to indicatcthat srnall (SK 997116)occupics a prominentridgc-top position, foci of settlementassociated with apparentlyisolatcd c. L7km north-eastof the York-StamfordRoman road castlesremain to be identified.A complcxrange of other (Figure3). Despiteits presentisolation as a landscape relationshipsexist between castles and dcsertcd/shified/ feature,the castleappears to havcspawned a dependent shrunkensettlements. For instancc. the closc association hamletor settlement,although its population is subsumed of earlycastles with parishchurches and smallzones of
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