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Hacking the Master Switch? the Role of Infrastructure in Google's
Hacking the Master Switch? The Role of Infrastructure in Google’s Network Neutrality Strategy in the 2000s by John Harris Stevenson A thesis submitteD in conformity with the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto © Copyright by John Harris Stevenson 2017 Hacking the Master Switch? The Role of Infrastructure in Google’s Network Neutrality Strategy in the 2000s John Harris Stevenson Doctor of Philosophy Faculty of Information University of Toronto 2017 Abstract During most of the decade of the 2000s, global Internet company Google Inc. was one of the most prominent public champions of the notion of network neutrality, the network design principle conceived by Tim Wu that all Internet traffic should be treated equally by network operators. However, in 2010, following a series of joint policy statements on network neutrality with telecommunications giant Verizon, Google fell nearly silent on the issue, despite Wu arguing that a neutral Internet was vital to Google’s survival. During this period, Google engaged in a massive expansion of its services and technical infrastructure. My research examines the influence of Google’s systems and service offerings on the company’s approach to network neutrality policy making. Drawing on documentary evidence and network analysis data, I identify Google’s global proprietary networks and server locations worldwide, including over 1500 Google edge caching servers located at Internet service providers. ii I argue that the affordances provided by its systems allowed Google to mitigate potential retail and transit ISP gatekeeping. Drawing on the work of Latour and Callon in Actor– network theory, I posit the existence of at least one actor-network formed among Google and ISPs, centred on an interest in the utility of Google’s edge caching servers and the success of the Android operating system. -
Google Pagerank and Markov Chains
COMP4121 Lecture Notes The PageRank, Markov chains and the Perron Frobenius theory LiC: Aleks Ignjatovic [email protected] THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES School of Computer Science and Engineering The University of New South Wales Sydney 2052, Australia Topic One: the PageRank Please read Chapter 3 of the textbook Networked Life, entitled \How does Google rank webpages?"; other references on the material covered are listed at the end of these lecture notes. 1 Problem: ordering webpages according to their importance Setup: Consider all the webpages on the entire WWW (\World Wide Web") as a directed graph whose nodes are the web pages fPi : Pi 2 WWW g, with a directed edge Pi ! Pj just in case page Pi points to page Pj, i.e. page Pi has a link to page Pj. Problem: Rank all the webpages of the WWW according to their \importance".1 Intuitively, one might feel that if many pages point to a page P0, then P0 should have a high rank, because if one includes on their webpage a link to page P0, then this can be seen as their recommendation of P0. However, this is not a good criterion for several reasons. For example, it can be easily manipulated to increase the rating of any webpage P0, simply by creating a lot of silly web pages which just point to P0; also, if a webpage \generously" points to a very large number of webpages, such \easy to get" recommendation is of dubious value. Thus, we need to refine our strategy how to rank webpages according to their \importance", by doing something which cannot be easily manipulated \locally" (i.e., by any group of people who might collude, even if such a group is sizeable). -
4:30 PM 120 Clemens
Department of Computer Science and Engineering Presents Sheila McIlraith, University of Toronto Semantic Web Services Two trends are emerging in the World Wide Web (WWW). The first is the proliferation of Web Services -- self-contained, Web-accessible software applications and associated distributed systems architectures. The second is the emergence of the "Semantic Web", the vision for a next-generation WWW that is computer interpretable. Today's Web was designed primarily for human use. The vision of Semantic Web Services is to enable reliable, large-scale automation of Web service discovery, invocation, interoperation, composition, monitoring and verification. This will be achieved by describing the properties and capabilities of Web services in an unambiguous, machine-understandable form. In this talk we briefly overview efforts to develop languages and ontologies for describing Web services, focusing on OWL-S, an OWL (Ontology Web Language) ontology for Web services. We follow this with a brief discussion of computational techniques for automating the composition of Web service. Bio: Sheila McIlraith is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science at the University of Toronto. Prior to joining the faculty at U of T in 2004, Dr. McIlraith was a research scientist at Stanford University for six years, and a postdoctoral fellow at Xerox PARC for one. Her current research spans three areas: knowledge representation and reasoning for Web services on the Semantic Web; automated planning and diagnosis; and efficient automated reasoning. Dr. McIlraith has authored over 50 refereed papers. She is an associate editor of the journal Artificial Intelligence and past chair of a number of scholarly meetings including the Third International Semantic Web Conference. -
1. the Content Score Is the Resulting Score Provided by the Indexing Engine Avail
INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO Y DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MONTERREY CAMPUS MONTERREY PROGRAMA DE GRADUADOS EN ELECTRÓNICA, COMPUTACIÓN, INFORMACIÓN Y COMUNICACIONES TECNOLÓGICO DE MONTERREY CONCEPT BASED RANKING IN PERSONAL REPOSITORIES TESIS PRESENTADA COMO REQUISITO PARCIAL PARA OBTENER EL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE: MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN TECNOLOGÍA INFORMÁTICA POR ALBERTO JOAN SAAVEDRA CHOQUE MONTERREY, N. L., DICIEMBRE 2007 Concept Based Ranking in Personal Repositories by Alberto Joan Saavedra Choque Thesis Presented to the Gradúate Program in Electronics, Computing, Information and Communications School This thesis is a partial requirement to obtain the academic degree of Master of Science in Information Technology Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Monterrey December 2007 A Gary, mi hermano Que me motiva a superarme cada día y a mirar las circunstancias desde diversos puntos de vista. A Yolanda, mi mamá Que me apoya incondicionalmente y me acompaño presencialmente durante un período de mi recorrido en este país que me acogió. A Alberto, mi papá Que me orienta cuando lo necesito y es mi punto de referencia para superar los obstáculos que se presentan en el camino. A Pilar, mi mejor amiga Que conoce mejor que nadie el sacrificio realizado durante esta aventura y me mantuvo enfocado en cumplir exitosamente la trayectoria iniciada. A mi abuelito, tíos y primos Que me hicieron sentir a la distancia, el respaldo y el apoyo de toda la familia. Reconocimientos Al Dr. Juan Carlos Lavariega, mi asesor Por su confianza y apoyo en la realización de esta investigación. Al Dr. Raúl Pérez, sinodal y coordinador de la maestría Por su disponibilidad constante y orientación para responder mis consultas Al Dr. -
Bringing Semantics to Web Services with OWL-S
World Wide Web (2007) 10:243–277 DOI 10.1007/s11280-007-0033-x Bringing Semantics to Web Services with OWL-S David Martin & Mark Burstein & Drew McDermott & Sheila McIlraith & Massimo Paolucci & Katia Sycara & Deborah L. McGuinness & Evren Sirin & Naveen Srinivasan Received: 17 July 2005 /Revised: 2 March 2006 / Accepted: 30 March 2007 / Published online: 3 July 2007 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2007 Abstract Current industry standards for describing Web Services focus on ensuring interoperability across diverse platforms, but do not provide a good foundation for automating the use of Web Services. Representational techniques being developed for the Semantic Web can be used to augment these standards. The resulting Web Service specifications enable the development of software programs that can interpret descriptions This work was performed while Paolucci was at the Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Sirin was at the University of Maryland, College Park, and Srinivasan was at the Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University. D. Martin (*) Artificial Intelligence Center, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA e-mail: [email protected] M. Burstein Intelligent Distributed Computing Department, BBN Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA D. McDermott Computer Science Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA S. McIlraith Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M. Paolucci DoCoMo Communications Laboratories Europe, Munich, Germany K. Sycara Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA D. L. McGuinness Knowledge Systems, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA E. Sirin Clark+Parsia, LLC, Arlington, VA, USA N. Srinivasan webMethods, Inc., Fairfax, VA, USA 244 World Wide Web (2007) 10:243–277 of unfamiliar Web Services and then employ those services to satisfy user goals. -
Google: the World's First Information Utility?
BISE – STATE OF THE ART Google: The World’s First Information Utility? The idea of information utilities came to naught in the 70s and 80s, but the world wide web, the Internet, mobile access, and a plethora of access devices have now made information utilities within reach. Google’s business model, IT infrastructure, and innovation strategies have created the capabilities needed for Google to become the world’s first global information utility. But, the difficulty of monetizing utility services and concerns about privacy, which could bring government regulation, might stymie Google’s growth plans. DOI 10.1007/s12599-008-0011-6 a national scale (Sackmann and Nie 1970; the number of users to the point where it The Authors Sackman and Boehm 1972). Not to be left is the dominant search player in both the out, the idea was also promoted by the U.S. and the world. This IT-based strategy Rex Chen Computer Usage Development Institute has allowed Google to reach more than Prof. Kenneth L. Kraemer, PhD in Japan, the British Post Office in the UK, $16 billion in annual revenue, a stock price Prakul Sharma and Bell Canada and the Telecommunica- over $600 per share and a market capital- University of California, Irvine tions Board in Canada (Press 1974). ization of nearly $200 billion. Center for Research on Information The idea was so revolutionary at the Over the next decade, Google plans to Technology and Organization (CRITO) time that at least one critic called for a extend its existing services to the wire- 5251 California Ave., Ste. -
The Commercial Search Engine Industry and Alternatives to The
and Yahoo!), works successfully to hide an increasingly profitable information and advertising industry. Search engine companies, of which there are really only three, have morphed into advertising conglomerates and now serve advertisers, not users, in a mutual, rather delightful, relationship. The advertiser pays the search engine to be affiliated with certain key words; the search company The Commercial Search Engine Industry and provides the sponsored links, which users click on; and traffic is driven to the sites of advertisers. Indeed, users are now universally described as consumers in the Alternatives to the Oligopoly marketplace rhetoric of search engine enterprise; they are the pawns who the business world seeks to manipulate into clicking those links that will ultimately Bettina Fabos - Interactive Media Studies and Journalism, Miami lead to the most profits. University of Ohio In this arrangement, helping users find relevant information is a priority only in This essay details the search engine industry’s transformation into an that, like other commercial media systems (think radio or television), there has to advertising oligopoly. It discusses how librarians, educators, archivists, be some decent content to create a perception that Internet users matter. In fact, activists, and citizens, many of whom are the guardians of indispensable users only matter to the extent that they participate in the commercial system by noncommercial websites and portals, can band together against a sea of knowingly—or unknowingly—clicking on sponsored links.1 Keyword advertising advertising interests and powerful and increasingly overwhelming online generated an unprecedented $3.9 billion in 2004. By 2005 Google’s advertising marketing strategies. -
Link Analysis Google
Introduction to the Use of Link Analysis by Google Amy Langville Carl Meyer Department of Mathematics North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC SIAM Annual Meeting 7/15/04 Outline • Introduction to Information Retrieval (IR) • Link Analysis • PageRank Algorithm Short History of IR IR = search within doc. coll. for particular info. need (query) B. C. cave paintings 7-8th cent. A.D. Beowulf 12th cent. A.D. invention of paper, monks in scriptoriums 1450 Gutenberg’s printing press 1700s Franklin’s public libraries 1872 Dewey’s decimal system 1900s Card catalog 1940s-1950s Computer 1960s Salton’s SMART system 1989 Berner-Lee’s WWW the pre-1998 Web Yahoo • hierarchies of sites • organized by humans Best Search Techniques • word of mouth • expert advice Overall Feeling of Users • Jorge Luis Borges’ 1941 short story, The Library of Babel When it was proclaimed that the Library contained all books, the first impression was one of extravagant happiness. All men felt themselves to be the masters of an intact and secret treasure. There was no personal or world problem whose eloquent solution did not exist in some hexagon. ... As was natural, this inordinate hope was followed by an excessive depression. The certitude that some shelf in some hexagon held precious books and that these precious books were inaccessible, seemed almost intolerable. 1998 ... enter Link Analysis Change in User Attitudes about Web Search Today • “It’s not my homepage, but it might as well be. I use it to ego-surf. I use it to read the news. Anytime I want to find out anything, I use it.” - Matt Groening, creator and executive producer, The Simpsons • “I can’t imagine life without Google News. -
Bringing Semantics to Web Services with OWL-S
World Wide Web (2007) 10:243–277 DOI 10.1007/s11280-007-0033-x Bringing Semantics to Web Services with OWL-S David Martin & Mark Burstein & Drew McDermott & Sheila McIlraith & Massimo Paolucci & Katia Sycara & Deborah L. McGuinness & Evren Sirin & Naveen Srinivasan Received: 17 July 2005 /Revised: 2 March 2006 / Accepted: 30 March 2007 / Published online: 3 July 2007 # Springer Science + Business Media, LLC 2007 Abstract Current industry standards for describing Web Services focus on ensuring interoperability across diverse platforms, but do not provide a good foundation for automating the use of Web Services. Representational techniques being developed for the Semantic Web can be used to augment these standards. The resulting Web Service specifications enable the development of software programs that can interpret descriptions This work was performed while Paolucci was at the Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Sirin was at the University of Maryland, College Park, and Srinivasan was at the Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University. D. Martin (*) Artificial Intelligence Center, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA e-mail: [email protected] M. Burstein Intelligent Distributed Computing Department, BBN Technologies, Cambridge, MA, USA D. McDermott Computer Science Department, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA S. McIlraith Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M. Paolucci DoCoMo Communications Laboratories Europe, Munich, Germany K. Sycara Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA D. L. McGuinness Knowledge Systems, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA E. Sirin Clark+Parsia, LLC, Arlington, VA, USA N. Srinivasan webMethods, Inc., Fairfax, VA, USA 244 World Wide Web (2007) 10:243–277 of unfamiliar Web Services and then employ those services to satisfy user goals. -
Ambitious Form a General Theory of Visual Culture
68 Art Ambitious Form A General Theory Giambologna, Ammanati, and Danti in Florence of Visual Culture Michael W. Cole Whitney Davis Ambitious Form describes the transformation of Italian What is cultural about vision—or visual about culture? sculpture during the neglected half-century between In this ambitious book, Whitney Davis provides new the death of Michelangelo and the rise of Bernini. The answers to these difficult and important questions by book follows the Florentine careers of three major presenting an original framework for understanding sculptors—Giambologna, Bartolomeo Ammanati, and visual culture. Grounded in the theoretical traditions Vincenzo Danti—as they negotiated the politics of the of art history, A General Theory of Visual Culture argues Medici court and eyed one another’s work, setting new that, in a fully consolidated visual culture, artifacts and aims for their art in the process. Only through a com- pictures have been made to be seen in a certain way; parative look at Giambologna and his contemporaries, what Davis calls “visuality” is the visual perspective it argues, can we understand them individually—or from which certain culturally constituted aspects of understand the period in which they worked. artifacts and pictures are visible to informed viewers. Michael Cole shows how the concerns of central In this book, Davis provides a systematic analysis of Italian artists changed during the last decades of the visuality and describes how it comes into being as a Cinquecento. Whereas their predecessors had focused historical form of vision. on specific objects and on the particularities of materi- Expansive in scope, A General Theory of Visual als, late sixteenth-century sculptors turned their atten- Culture draws on art history, aesthetics, the psychology tion to models and design. -
Chenlamkraemer2007crito.Pdf
INTRODUCTION Arguably the most popular search engine available today, Google is widely known for its unparalleled search engine technology, embodied in the web page ranking algorithm, PageRanki and running on an efficient distributed computer system. In fact, the verb “to Google” has ingrained itself in the vernacular as a synonym of “[performing] a web search.”1 The key to Google’s success has been its strategic use of both software and hardware information technologies. The IT infrastructure behind the search engine includes huge storage databases and numerous server farms to produce significant computational processing power. These critical IT components are distributed across multiple independent computers that provide parallel computing resources. This architecture has allowed Google’s business to reach a market capital over $100 billion and become one of the most respected and admirable companies in the world. MARKET ENVIRONMENTS Search Engine Internet search engines were first developed in the early 1990s to facilitate the sharing of information among researchers. The original effort to develop a tool for information search occurred simultaneously across multiple universities is shown in Table 1. Although functionalities of these systems were very limited, they provided the foundation for future web- based search engines. TABLE 1. Early Search Engines Search Engine Name University Year Inventor Archie McGill University 1990 Alan Emtage Veronica University of Nevada 1993 Many students WWW Wanderer Massachusetts Institute of Technology 1993 Matthew Gray Source: Battelle, 2005. Search Industry During the 1990s, the Internet experienced exponential growth with thousands of new web pages being created daily. Online document search became the chief method of navigating the ever- expanding World Wide Web, as Internet users sought useful information among the largely disorganized pages. -
AAAI-15 / IAAI-15 Conference Program January 25 – 30, 2015 Hyatt Regency Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence Twenty-Seventh Conference on Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence AAAI-15 / IAAI-15 Conference Program January 25 – 30, 2015 Hyatt Regency Austin, Austin, Texas, USA Sponsored by the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence Cosponsored by the National Science Foundation, AI Journal, Baidu, Infosys, Microsoft Research, BigML, Disney Research, Google, NSERC Canadian Field Robotics Network, University of Southern California/Information Sciences Institute, Yahoo Labs!, ACM/SIGAI, CRA Computing Community Consortium, and David E. Smith In cooperation with the University of Texas at Austin Computer Science Department, IEEE Robotics and Automation Society, and the RoboCup Federation MORNING AFTERNOON EVENING Sunday, January 25 Student Newcomer Lunch Tutorial Forum Tutorial Forum Workshops / NSF Workshop Workshops / NSF Workshop AAAI/SIGAI DC AAAI/SIGAI DC Monday, January 26 Tutorial Forum Tutorial Forum Speed Dating Workshops Workshops Opening Reception AAAI/SIGAI DC AAAI/SIGAI DC Open House Open House Invited Talks Robotics / RoboCup Robotics / RoboCup Tuesday, January 27 AAAI / IAAI Welcome / AAAI Awards Invited Talks: Bagnell and Etzioni Shaky Celebration AAAI / IAAI Technical Program AAAI / IAAI Technical Program Poster / Demo Session 1 Funding Information Session Senior Member Blue Sky / Doctoral Consortium, What’s Hot Talks / RSS Talks Virtual Agent Demos Robotics / RoboCup / Exhibits Robotics / RoboCup / Exhibits Robotics Demos General Game Playing