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The Effect of Scleral Buckling on Accommodative Amplitude

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Ebrahimiadib et al. Int J Retin Vitr (2020) 6:14 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40942-020-00218-z International Journal of Retina and Vitreous ORIGINAL ARTICLE Open Access The efect of scleral buckling on accommodative amplitude Nazanin Ebrahimiadib1, Narges Hassanpoor1,2,4*, Mohammadreza Niyousha2 and Bobeck Seyed Modjtahedi3 Abstract Purpose: To evaluate the efect of scleral buckling on accommodative amplitude. Design: Non-randomized, prospective, double masked clinical trial in which the fellow eye of patients undergoing scleral buckling served as a control. Methods: Patients who underwent scleral bucking for the management of retinal detachment in at least one eye were enrolled. Accommodative amplitude was measured monocularly 1 month and 3 months post operatively by two masked optometrists using a near-point “push” technique and minus-to-blur technique. Accommodative amplitude in eyes that underwent scleral buckle surgery were compared to their fellow eyes. Buckle type, buckle loca- tion, lens status and age were analyzed. Generalized Estimation Equations (GEE) were used to compare means and percentages between two groups. Results: Seventy-four eyes of 37 patients were included in the study. Median age was 44 years old (range: 31–67 years old) and 68.4% of patients were male (n 24). Two patients required bilateral surgery. Thirty-six of 39 operated eyes (92.3%) were phakic and three were pseudophakic.= In phakic eyes there was a signifcantly higher amplitude of accommodation in operated eyes compared to their fellow eyes at post-operative month one (0.99 diopters, p value 0.002) and three (1.17 diopters, p value 0.001). The diference in accommodative amplitude in post-operative eyes= compared to control eyes did not reach= statistical signifcance in pseudophakic eyes nor did it difer between those who had an encircling band and those with a segmental buckle at both one and 3 months after surgery (p value 0.37 and 0.38, respectively). In those with a segmental buckle, inferior fxation resulted in a larger diference in accommodative= amplitude compared to control eyes than any other location fxation. Age under 40 years old and better post-operative best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) both correlated with greater diference in accommodative amplitude compared to fellow eyes. Conclusion: Compared to fellow eyes not undergoing surgery, those eyes that underwent scleral buckling had a greater accommodative amplitude with larger diferences correlating with better post-operative BCVA and younger age. Keywords: Scleral expansion, Presbyopia, Accommodation, Buckling, Encircling band, Retinal detachment Introduction by Von Helmholz [1, 2] while pulling of the lens equator Te mechanisms responsible for accommodation remain towards the sclera by equatorial zonuleshas also been the- incompletely understood. Contraction of the ciliary mus- orized to induce accomodation [3–6] Attempts manipu- cles resulting in phakic lens steepening was proposed late the sclera to treat presbyopia have evolved and are gaining increasing attention. Tese eforts include scleral expansion including with implantation of band segments *Correspondence: [email protected] 4 Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Qazvin Square, Tehran, Iran of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) which Qazi et al. Full list of author information is available at the end of the article found resulted in modest increases in accommodative © The Author(s) 2020. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creat iveco mmons .org/licen ses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creat iveco mmons .org/publi cdoma in/ zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. Ebrahimiadib et al. Int J Retin Vitr (2020) 6:14 Page 2 of 5 amplitude [1]. Scleral buckling similarly results in expan- surgeon. Segmental buckles covered at least 180 degrees sion of the sclera. Although myopic shifts following scle- of the sclera in most cases. ral buckling surgery are well characterized, less is known Written informed consent was acquired by patients about the efect of this surgery on accommodation. prior to enrollment to the study. Te study adhered to Tis study sought to characterize diferences in accom- the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and Institutional modative amplitude following scleral buckling surgery in Review Board (IRB) approval was attained from the Teh- patients undergoing retinal detachment repair. ran University of Medical Sciences. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS soft- ware (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0., Patients and methods Armonk, NY: IBM Corporation). Descriptive statis- Patients who underwent scleral buckling surgery for reti- tics were used to evaluate the distribution of the data. nal detachment repair in at least one eye between July 1, Continuous data with normal distribution were given 2018 and June 1, 2019 were included in this prospective as mean ± standard deviation or median. Both eyes study. All patients underwent complete ophthalmic eval- of one subject in this paper were included which may uations including manifest refraction post-operatively as cause errors using usual T test analyses considering the well as detailed examinations of the anterior and poste- dependency between two eyes in one subject. Tere- rior segments both pre- and post-operatively. Accom- fore, the other statistical analyses were carried out using modative amplitude was measured monocularly in all STATA software version 14.0 (StataCorp, College Station, patients by both near-point “push” technique and minus- Texas, USA). Generalized estimation equations (GEE) to-blur technique at post-operative months one and were used to compare means and percentages between three [1, 6]. Examinations were independently conducted two groups. A p value of 0.05 or less was considered sta- by two masked optometrists. All patients discontinued tistically signifcant. cycloplegic drugs at least 14 days before assessment of accommodative amplitudes. After evaluation of inter- Results rater agreement level, the mean of both measurements Tirty-seven patients underwent scleral buckling and of accommodative amplitude was used for analysis. Two were included in this study. Tere were 39 eyes in the patients underwent bilateral scleral buckling surgery due buckling group and 35 eyes in the control group (n = 74). to bilateral retinal detachment. Fellow eyes of patients Two patients underwent bilateral scleral buckling and with unilateral surgeries (35 eyes) served as the control both of their eyes were included in the analysis: both in this study. Due to including both eyes of bilateral cases patients were bilaterally phakic with one macula of reti- in the “case” group, we have more study eyes than control nal detachment and one macula on retinal detachment. eyes in this paper. Patients’ age ranged from 31 to 67-years-old (Median: Patients were classifed based on age, lens status, buckle 44). Twenty-four patients (64.8%) were male. Tirty-six type (encircling versus segmental), and buckle location in of 39 eyes in the scleral buckle group (92.3%) were phakic the case of segmental buckles. and 3 eyes (7.7%) were pseudophakic. Patients with a history of prior ocular surgeries (other Level of inter-rater agreement for measurements of than cataract extraction), prior ocular history other than accomodative amplitude were strong (Kappa: 0.83). refractive error, diferent phakic status in each eye, best In phakic eyes, there was a statistically signifcantly corrected visual acuity (BCVA) less than 0.6 logMAR in greater diference in accommodative amplitude com- the fellow eye, 1 month post-operative BCVA less than pared to fellow non-operated eyes at 1 month (0.99 1.0 logMAR in operated eye, failure of primary scleral diopters, p value = 0.002) and 3 months (1.17 diopters, buckle repair, history of diabetes mellitus and/or neuro- p value = 0.001) post-operatively (Tables 1 and 2). Pseu- logic disease that can cause accommodation disability, dophakic eyes did not show a signifcant diference in inability to participate in subjective visual tests, or use accommodative amplitude when compared to control of any topical or systemic medication that could impact eyes (p value = 0.86). accommodation within 2 weeks of measurements. Patients who underwent encircling (band or tire) or Scleral buckles were secured to the scleral using par- segmental buckles (sponge) both had a statistically sig- tial thickness passes of 5–0 mersilene sutures. Te type nifcantly higher accommodative amplitude compared to of buckle and the decision between encircling versus control eyes at one month (p = 0.04 and p = 0.03, respec- segmental buckles were done at the discretion of the tively) and
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