FERTILIZERS AND ENVIRONMENT Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences

VOLUME 66

The titles published in this series are listed at the end a/this volume. Fertilizers and Environment

Proceedings of the International Symposium "Fertilizers and Environment", held in , , 26-29, September, 1994

Edited by C. RODRIGUEZ-BARRUECO

Partly reprinted from Fertilizer Research, Volume 43, Nos. 1-3 (1995/1996).

Ministerio de Industria y Energia . o. M aT.MlNISTERIO DE ~ Iner AGRICULTURA CSIC PESCA Y AUMENTACION Universidad Salamanca

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS DORDRECHTI BOSTON I LONDON Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fertilizers and environment / edited by C. Rodriguez-Barrueco. p. em. -- (Developments in plant and sail sciences; v. 66) Includes index.

1. Ferti lizers--Congresses. 2. Fertilizers--Environmental aspects--Congresses. I. Rodriguez-Barrueco, C. II. Series. S631.3.F478 1995 631.8--dc20 95-35896

ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7210-6 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-009-1586-2 DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-1586-2

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Preface Opening speech Speech delivered at the opening ceremony of the international symposium on 'Fertilizers and Environment' Excmo. Sr. D. Francisco Jambrina Sastre 3 Opening lecture *Heavy metal contaminants in inorganic and organic fertilizers J.J. Mortvedt 5

Session I: FERTILIZERS FOR FOOD PRODUCTION Chairman: M. Ovcharenko, Ministry of and Food, Moscow, Russia

1. The present situation of fertilizer production and use in the world K.F. Isherwood 13

*2. Higher and better yields with less environmental pollution in Egypt through balanced fertilizer use M.M. EI-Fouly, A.F.A. Fawzi 19

*3. Fertigation for minimizing environmental pollution by fertilizers J. Hagin, A. Lowengart 23

*4. The agronomical and physiological efficiency of nitrogen applied for arable crops in Poland E. Fotyma, M. Fotyma 27

*5. Nitrogen balances in long-term field experiments T.Nemeth 31

6. The effect of fertilizers on maize yield under two tillage systems Z. Dumanovic, Z. Videnovic, G. Vasic 39

7. Effect of some nutrients on yield and composition of sugar beet grown in highly calcareous soil B.1.M. Moussa, S. EI-Demerdashe, H.H. EI-Mashhadi 43

8. Nitrogen losses and yield of cauliflower: Effect of the reduction of mineral nitrogen fertilization J. Navarro Pedrefio, R. Moral, 1. Gomez, J. Mataix, C. Ramos 47

* Chapters indicated with an asterisk are reprinted from Fertilizer Research, Volume 43, Nos. 1-3 (1995/1996). Contents

9. The effect of calcium fertilization and liming on the soil improvement and grain yield of winter wheat, com and soybean R. Ognajovic, S. Lomovic, D. Djokic, M. Jelic 51

10. Use of fertilizers in Russia is a factor of soil productivity M. Ovcharenko 55

11. The fertilizer productive action and soil nutrient balance determination A.V. Postnikov 63

Session II: FERTILIZERS FOR FORESTAL PRODUCTION Chairman: J. Lee, Agriculture and Food Development Authority, Wexford, Ireland

*12. Principles of forest fertilisation - illustrated by New Zealand experience I.R. Hunter, W. Smith 65

13. The effect of Al and Mn on growth and mineral composition of Casuarina equisetifolia Forst. R. Kasraei, C. Rodriguez-Barrueco, M. 19ual Arroyo 75

Session III: NUTRIENT CYCLING AND SUSTAINABILITY Chairman: J.J. Neeteson, Res. lnst. for Agrobiology and Soil Fertility, Haren, The Netherlands

*14. Nutrient cycling and sustainability LUng 83

*15. Effect of different rates of N-fertilizers on nodulation, nodule activities and growth of two field grown cvs. of soybean A.M. Abdel Wahab, M.H. Abd-Alla 89

*16. Impact of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium on the growth and P, N and Fe uptake by faba-bean LA. EI-Ghandour, M.A.O. EI-Sharawy, E.M. Abdel-Moniem 95

17. Fertilisation balances in two agiculturally used water catchment areas M. Kiicke, P. Kleeberg 101

18. Tillage (plowing, subsoiling and no-tillage) effect on soil erodibility: I. Runoff and infiltration F.e. Barreiros, F.P. Pires, E.M. Sequeira 109

19. Tillage (plowing, subsoiling and no-tillage) effects on soil erodibility: II. Soil losses by runoff and "splash" F.C. Barreiros, F.P. Pires, E.M. Sequiera 115

*20. Effect of time and rate of nitrogen application on cotton H.B. Setatou, A.D. Simonis 121 21. Stimulation of nodulation, nitrogen fixation and plant growth of faba bean by cobalt and copper additions A.M. Abdel Wahab, M.H. Abd-Alla, A.E. El-Enany 127

Session IVa: MINERAL FERTILIZERS MANAGEMENT Chairman: M.A.C. Fragoso, Estac;:ao Agronomica Nacional, Oeiras,

*22. The role of inorganic fertilizers and their management practices C. Hera 131

*23. Suitability of North Carolina natural phosphate to Polish agriculture M. Fotyma, L. Hammond, K. Kesik 151

*24. Improvement of leguminous vegetables production in calcareous soil by addition of some acidifying materials N.N. Michail, F.S. Faris, M.W.A. Hassan, R.G. Kerlous 155

*25. Nitrogen fertilization management in orchards to reconcile productivity and environmental aspects M. Tagliavini, D. Scudellazi, B. Marangoni, M. Toselli 161

*26. Natural radioactivity in phosphate fertilizers L.c. Scholten, C.W.M. Timmermans 171

*27. Coordinated phosphorus research within a network of six European institutions M. Vanoverstraeten, G. Hanotiaux 177

*28. Plant nutrient sulphur - a review of nutrient balance, environmental impact and fertilizers S.P. Ceccotti 185

*29. Optimisation of nitrogen fertilisation M. Carvalho, G. Basch 195

*30. Plant biomass and fruit yield induction by Ti(IV) in P-stressed pepper crops J.L. Lopez-Moreno, J.L. Gimenez, A. Moreno, J.L. Fuentes, C.F. Alcaraz 199

*31. Improvement of the N fertilizer efficiency with dicyandiamide (dcd) in citrus trees M.D. Serna, F. Legaz, E. Primo-Millo 205

*32. Effect of method of N-application and modified urea on N-15 recovery by rice S.M. Soliman, M.A.S. Abdel Monem 211

33. Response to NH/-N fertilization of Xeric Torriorthent soils from middle Ebro basin (Spain) D. Badia, J.M. Alcafiiz 217

34. Effect of different fertilization systems on variation of soil fertility in long-term trials D. Bogdanovic, M. Ubavic, M. Cuvardic, M. Jarak 223 Contents

35. Effect of soil tillage and N-fertilization on the distribution of nitrate in the soil profile in a long-term wheat-maize biculture S. Hoffmann, T. Kismanyoky 227

36. Improvement of the nitrogen uptake induced by Ti(lV) supply in nitrogen stressed pepper crops J.J. Pastor, MJ. Frutos, M. Carjaval, F. Martinez-Sanchez, e.F. Alcaraz 233

37. Effect of slow-release N-fertilizers on yield and baking quality of winter wheat I. Ragasits, J. Balazs, K. Berecz 237

38. Effect of nitrogen fertilization and plant population on the yield of soybeans A.D. Simonis, H.B. Setatou 241

39. The effect of fertilizers on incidence of the fungus: Microdochium bolleyi causing root rot of maize S. Stojkov, V. Pencic 245

40. Effect of irrigation systems and type of nitrogenous fertilizers in the grain yield and N• uptake on a maize crop A. Vallejo, M.e. Cartagena, R. Caballero, J.A. Diez 249

41. Environmental advantages and disadvantages of different sources of nitrogen in agricul• tural systems D.W. Widjajanto 253

Session IVb: ORGANIC MANURES MANAGEMENT Chairman: C. Cadahia, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Aut6noma, Madrid, Spain

42. Organic manure management and efficiency: Role of organic fertilizers and their manage• ment practices E. Schnug, P. Oswald, S. Haneklaus 259

*43. Soil effects due to sewage sludge application in agriculture H. Hani, A. Siegenthaler, T. Candinas 267

*44. Sub-surface injection of liquid waste P.M.P. Aguas, R. Godwin 275

*45. Reducing N losses (NH3' NzO, Nz) and immobilization from slurry through optimized application techniques P. Dosch, R. Gutser 283

*46. Agricultural use of sewage sludge and its regulation P. Soler-Rovira, J. Soler-Soler, J. Soler-Rovira, A. Polo 291

*47. Cotton fertilization with composts of (sugarbeet) vinasse and agricultural residues E. Madejon, M.J. Diaz, R. Lopez, C. Lozano, F. Cabrera 297 48. The effect of a special organic amendment on the development of pepper plants cultivated in a soil infested with Verticillium dahliae J.M. Garcia-Mina, R. Jordana, J. Aguirreolea, M.A. Hernandez 301

49. Evaluation of easily oxidizable organic matter in greenhouse soils through a biological technique R.O. Pedraza, C.H. Bellone, S.e. de Bellone 305

50. Experimental study on agricultural recycling of LD slag N. Bald.zar, M. Pinto, G. Besga, M. Rodriguez, F.A. L6pez 309

51. Simultaneous use of pulp-mill sludge and poultry manure on rye-grass (Lotium multiflorum Lam.) fertilization J.P. Carneiro, J.Q. Dos Santos 317

52. Leachates from a vermicomposting process. A possible new liquid fertilizer? E. Benitez, C. Elvira, M. Gomez, F. Gallardo-Lara, R. Nogales 323

53. Tobacco-waste obtained from cigarette factories to be used as organic fertilizer A. Re~it Brohi, A. Aydeniz, M.R. Karaman 327

54. Response of barl.'Y to sewage sludge manuring and irrigation in calcareous soils M.S.A. Dahdoh, S. EI-Demerdashe 331

55. Study on nitrogen mineralization in municipal solid waste compost using electroultrafiltration I. Diaz-Marcote, J.A. Diez, A. Polo 337

56. Stabilization of sludges from a diary processing plant using vermicomposting P. Gratelly, E. Benitez, C. Elvira, A. Polo, R. Nogales 341

57. Cattle-slurry - 15N turnover in a long-term lysimeter trial R. Gutser, P. Dosch 345

58. An evaluation of three municipal solid wastes composts H.M.F. Ribeiro, E.F. d'Almeida Duarte, M. BaHio, E. Rola, M.e. Vaz 351

Session Va: FERTILIZER IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT-WATER, AIR Chairman: T. Kismanyoky, Pannon University of Agriculture, Keszthely, Hungary

*59. Effect of agricultural practices on the nitrogen losses to the environment C. Ramos 355

*60. Control of nitrate pollution by application of controlled release fertilizer (CRF), compost and an optimized irrigation system lA. Diez, R. Caballero, A. Bustos, R. Roman, M.e. Cartagena, A. Vallejo 363 Contents

*61. Nitrogen losses by denitrification and leaching in grassland: the effect of cow slurry application I.M. Estavillo, M. Rodriguez, C. Gonzalez-Murua 369

*62. Considerations on main factors which take part in nitrate contamination of ground water in Spain with relationship to other ED countries S. Ruano Criado 375

*63. Phosphate enrichment in the sandy loam soils of West-Flanders, Belgium J. De Smet, G. Hofman, J. Vanderdeelen, M. Van Meirvenne, L. Baert 381

64. Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from soils treated with suspension fertilizers by effect of water draining C. Benitez, E. Bellido, M.M. Dobao, M. Tejada, I.L. Ruiz, I.L. Gonzalez 389

65. Preliminary study of the effect of suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere on solar radiation in Salamanca (Spain) M.R. Fidalgo Martinez, A.M. Garcia Gonzalez, A. Blanco De Pablos 393

66. Dynamics of nutrient transport in a small river of an agricultural water cathment in Northern Germany M. Kiicke, K. Hasenpusch 397

67. Nitrogen leaching in a maize field trial of Lower Mondego Valley (Coimbra)-lysimeters studies M.I.F. Magalhaes-Martins 401

Session Vb: FERTILIZER IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT-SOIL, CROPS Chairman: Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Moscow, Russia

*68. Aluminium phyotoxicity: a challenge for plant scientists I. Barcel6, Ch. Poschenrieder, M.D. Vazquez, B. Gunse 405

*69. Towards zero accumulation of heavy metals in soils: an imperative or a fad? E. Witter 413

70. Phytotoxicity of heavy metals W.H.O. Ernst 423

71. Heavy metal transfer in the food chain to humans H.-I. Hapke 431

72. Dilution effect of plant biomass on plant cadmium concentration as induced by application of phosphate fertilizers S.H. Chien, R.G. Menon 437

73. Thallium concentration in soils and crops and critical values with respect to food chain Ch. Makridis, A. Amberger 443 74. Soil research on heavy metal pollution in a Belgian risk-bearing region with intensive agriculture L. Vanongeval, M. Geypens, H. Vandendriessche 449

75. Effect of pyrite residue amendment on sulphur availability in a calcareous soil cropped with sown pasture M.E. Balsa, M.G. Serrao, M.I.M. Martins, M.A. Castelo-Branco, M.R. Gusmao, M.L. Fernandes 453

76. Estimating the flux of nitrate in a sandy loam soil under com E. Fernandez-Boy, F. Cabrera, lM. Murillo, F. Moreno, lA. Cayuela, lE. Fernandez 457

77. Long term effects of wheat straw incorporation compared with burning on wheat yield and soil properties I. Walter, R. Miralles de Imperial, M. Bigeriego 463

78. Loads on soil due to agricural activities in Hungary O. Palmai 467

79. The effects of pulp-mill sludge on leaching of mineral nitrogen MJ. Cabrita, E. Vasconcelos, F. Cabral 471

80. Alpechin as fertilizer: a new way to limit its phytotoxity I. Franco, F. Gallardo-Lara, M. Hurtarte, M.T. Baca 477

81. Effect of cadmium concentration in the nutrient solution on lettuce growth M.E. Garcia L6pez De Sa 481

82 As and Se in soils and plants from abandoned mining areas of the Salamanca province, Spain A. Garcia Sanchez, I. Santa Regina, N. Rodriguez, O. Jimenez, J.F. Antona 485

83. Incidence of heavy metals in the application of inorganic fertilizers to rice farming soils (Valencia, Spain) E. Gimeno-Garcia, V. Andreu, R. Boluda 491

84. Effect of fertilization and irrigation on the nickel content of peas and soybeans Z. Gyori, J. Prokisch, B. Kovacs, P. Daniel 495

85. The effect of Nand P application on the Mn, Cu and Zn content of the winter wheat Z. Gyori, L. Ruzsanyi, I. Jaszberenyi, I. Vag6, J. Loch 499

86. Effect of cadmium on the distribution of micronutrients in Lactuca spp., maize and pea plants L.E. Hernandez, I. Ramos, R. Carpena-Ruiz, J.J. Lucena, A. Garate 503

87. Irrigation with urban wastewater. I. Yield and soil impact C. Horta-Monteiro, F.C. Pinto, lQ. Santos 509 Contents

88. City refuse compost as a source of micronutrients for plants E. Iglesias-Jimenez 517

89 Agrochemical and technological characteristic features of sewage sludges applications in Russia V. Kasatikov 523

90. Residual effects of sugar beet vinasse on plant growth P. Martin-Olmedo, F. Cabrera, R. Lopez, J.M. Murillo 527

91. Agricultural use of city refuse compost. I. Effect on growth and chemical composition of plants M.C. Mesquita Dos Santos, A.A.G. Refega, R.M.B. Ganho 533

92. Accumulation and transformation of heavy metals (HM) within the 'soil plants' system in prolonged agrochemical trials V.G. Mineev 539

93. Cadmium in inorganic fertilizers J. Soler Soler, J. Soler Rovira 541

94. Lead uptake and distribution in legume species grown on lead-enriched soils M.O. Torres, M.M.P.M. Neto, C. Marques Dos Santos, A. De Varennes 547

95. Effect of different fertilization systems on soil contamination with heavy metals in long• term trials M. Ubavic, D. Bogdanovic, M. Cuvardic 551

Session VI: CODE FOR AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES Chairman: J. Soler Soler, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Madrid, Spain

96. EC policy regarding pollution of agricultural origin: the Nitrates Directive P. Campbell 555

*97. Putting the concept of environmentally balanced fertilizer recommendations into practice on the farm I. Steen 561

*98. Code of best agricultural practices J.e. Ignazi 567

99. Code of Good Agricultural Practice and water pollution J. Soler Rovira, J. Soler Soler, P. Soler Rovira, A. Polo Sanchez 569

Subject index 573 Author index 579 The Organizing Committee

Prof. Dr. C. Rodriguez-Barrueco. IRNA-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain Chairman

Prof. Dr. A. Amberger. Inst. Plant Nutrition, Technical Univ., Munich, Germany Deputy President of CIEC, Co-Chairman

Prof. Dr. G. Nicolas Rodrigo. Universidad de Salamanca, Spain

Prof. Dr. J. BarceI6-Coll. Universidad Aut6noma de Barcelona, Spain

Dr. J.A. Diez-L6pez. C. Ciencias Medio Ambientales; CSIC, Madrid, Spain

Prof. Dr. Ch. Hera. Joint FAO/IAEA Division, Wien, Austria

Local Arrangements Committee

C. Rodriguez-Barrueco N. Martin Diego, Secretary P. Hernandez Cartes L. F. Rodriguez Burrieza M. TapiaCid J. Garcia Talegon A. Gonzalez Nunez M. Igual Arroyo A. Garcia Sanchez E. Iglesias Jimenez N. A. Vicente Hernandez Viajes Y Congresos, Salamanca The Organizing Committee Acknowledges the Sponsorship of:

European Commission Consejo Superi6r de Investigaciones Cientfficas (CSIC) Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca Y Alimentaci6n Ministerio de Industria y Energia DGICYT. Ministerio de Educaci6n y Ciencia Universidad de Salamanca Diputaci6n Provincial de Salamanca Camara de Comercio e Industria de Salamanca Asociaci6n Nacional de Fabricantes de Fertilizantes Mirat, S.A., Salamanca Fertiberia International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA) European Fertilizer Manufacturers Association EI Consejo Britanico Iberdrola Caja Salamanca y Soria Patronato Provincial de Turismo, Salamanca