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English Text of the Department Notification No Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized 1 Publications part of this study India: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Mountain Areas Nepal: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Mountain Areas Pakistan: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Mountain Areas Technical Guidance Report: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Mountain Areas of India, Nepal, and Pakistan Good Practice Options for Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Mountain Areas of India, Nepal, and Pakistan January, 2021 Supporting the Development of Sustainable Solid Waste Management Strategies for the Mountainous Regions of India, Nepal and Pakistan India: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Mountain Areas January 2021 SAR ENB © 2021 The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Some rights reserved This work is a product of the staff of the World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of the World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: “World Bank. 2021. India: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Mountain Areas. Washington, DC: The World Bank.” Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA Fax: 202-522-2625; E-mail: [email protected]. © All photos used in this report are by K-eco. Report design and layout: ShahRukh, SmarTek, Islamabad, Pakistan. Table of Contents Foreword ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������v Acknowledgements ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� vii Abbreviations��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ix Executive Summary ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 1� Introduction ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 1.1 Key Solid Waste Management Challenges in India ..................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Background .............................................................................................................................................................................................................9 1.3 Publications in this Study ............................................................................................................................................................................10 1.4 Overview of this Report .................................................................................................................................................................................11 2� Overview of the Solid Waste Management Sector in India ������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 13 2.1 Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Segregation ................................................................................................................13 2.2 Municipal Solid Waste Composition ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 2.3 Municipal Solid Waste Collection and Transport ........................................................................................................................15 2.4 Municipal Solid Waste Treatment and Disposal .........................................................................................................................16 2.5 The Informal Sector in India ......................................................................................................................................................................18 2.6 Governance and Policy .................................................................................................................................................................................19 2.7 Institutions Related to Solid Waste Management ....................................................................................................................21 2.8 Stakeholders Related to Solid Waste Management ...............................................................................................................24 2.9 Solid Waste Management Financing in India ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 3� Solid Waste Management in Mountain Areas of India �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27 3.1 Solid Waste Management in Himachal Pradesh State ..........................................................................................................30 3.2 Field Study Overview .....................................................................................................................................................................................31 3.3 Location and Geography .............................................................................................................................................................................31 3.4 Field Study Site Descriptions ..................................................................................................................................................................32 3.5 Methodology of the Field Study ............................................................................................................................................................33 3.6 Respondents and Sample Size .............................................................................................................................................................33 3.7 Key Findings from the Field Study ......................................................................................................................................................34 4� Solid Waste Management Challenges in Mountain Areas of India ������������������������������������������������������������45 4.1 What Makes Mountain Areas Unique? .............................................................................................................................................45 4.2 Shared and Diverse Challenges ........................................................................................................................................................... 46 4.3 Shared Challenges with Other Eco-Sensitive Areas ...............................................................................................................47 4.4 Challenges Specific to Mountain Areas of India ...................................................................................................................... 48 i 5� Recommendations and Actions for Solid Waste Management in Mountain Areas of India ��������49 5.1 The Framework to Build Solutions .......................................................................................................................................................50 5.2 Recommendations and Actions ...........................................................................................................................................................53 5.3 Menu of Options for Collection, Transport, and Treatment of Mountain Waste .................................................67 6� Looking Ahead: Role of the World Bank and other Donors ����������������������������������������������������������������������������69 Appendix 1: India Field Study: Waste Sampling Data Summary�������������������������������������������������������������������������73 Appendix 2: India Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 Applicable to Hilly Areas ��������������������������������77 References �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81 Boxes 2�1: SWM in the Indian Himalayan Region ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17 2�2: India Solid Waste Management Rules 2016 specific to hilly areas ���������������������������������������������������� 22 3�1: Tourism
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