Index

Page numbers in italics refer to Figures. Page numbers in bold refer to Tables.

accessory minerals see U-series dating 210Pb deficits 199–201 Achada das Furnas 86, 86, 87, 87, 99, 100 210Pb excesses 201 Adamello batholith (Italy) 162 SO2 flux 201–202 see also Western Adamello Tonalite summary 203–204 Adams, Mount (Cascades, USA) 57, 78, 147 andesitic melts, production of 4–5 A´ gua de Pau volcano 87, 99 antecrysts 90, 161 Aleutians defined 148 U-series ages 147, 164 40Ar/39Ar dating Alid (Eritrea) 147, 163, 164 Tatun Volcanic Group 176 alkali basalt, Sa˜o Miguel 91 Uturuncu lavas allanite dating 142, 143, 161, 164–165 methods 61–62, 63 Altiplano-Puna Magma Body (APMB) 1, 2, 58, 59, 80 results 67–68, 69 Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC) 59 results discussed 78–79 amphiboles Arenal volcano 147, 199 as hydrous minerals 106 assimilation, crustal 215 rim composition 121 Atacama ignimbrite 162 andalusite 43 Aucanquilcha volcano 75–76, 78 Andean Arc 59 autocrysts 161 andesites defined 148 Tatun Volcanic Group Azores archipelago 85–86 geochemistry 177 Sa˜o Miguel basalt fluid inclusion study map 176 methods 90 mineralogy 177–178, 178 results sampling 176, 177 fluid inclusion description 92–96 U-Th-Ra ages geochemistry 91–92 methods of analysis 178–180 sample texture and mineralogy 88, 89,90–91 results 181, 182 results discussed results discussed 182–186 magma ponding 98–99 Tavurvur volcano 17, 18, 19 re-equilibration 96–97 2006 eruption study tectonics or underplating 99–101 methods of analysis 19, 21, 23 geological setting 86–87 results 20, 21, 22,23 map 86 melt inclusions 24–26 seismic records 87 major elements 26–27 volatiles 27–28 backscattered electron (BSE) images, Tavurvur 2006 mineral compositions and textures 23–24 eruption 19, 20, 21, 32, 33 results discussed Baker, Mount (USA) 57, 78 fractional crystallization 27–31 basalt implications for unrest 34–36 mixing and mingling 17–18, 31 mafic-silicic interactions 31–34 Sa˜o Miguel fluid inclusion study 86 pressure-temperature estimates 28 methods 90 eruption history 19 results map 18 fluid inclusion description 92–96 andesitic arc eruptions geochemistry 91–92 Colima, Volca´nde sample texture and mineralogy 88, 89,90–91 eruptive activity (1818–1913) 193 results discussed eruptive activity (1961–2010) 193 magma ponding 98–99 eruptive activity (1998–2010) 190, 191, 192, 192 re-equilibration 96–97 magma geochemistry 192–193 tectonics or underplating 99–101 magma petrology 193 batch of magma, defined 42 Pb–Ra disequilibrium study 193–194 Belfond Tuff (Lesser Antilles) 165 methods 194 Biot number 11, 208, 210, 212, 213, results 194, 195 213, 214, 215 results discussed 194, 196 biotite conduit dynamics 202–203 Fish Canyon Tuff experimental petrology 117, fractionation 196–199 118, 121 magma petrology 203 Uturuncu volcano, 40Ar/39Ar age 67–68

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Bishop Tuff (USA) 2, 150 eruptive activity (1961–2010) 193 U-series age 145, 150–152 eruptive activity (1998–2010) 190, 191, 192, 192 Bolivia magma geochemistry 192–193 Altiplano-Puna Magma Body (APMB) 1, 2, 58, 59, 80 magma petrology 193 Altiplano-Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC) 59 Pb–Ra disequilibrium study 193–194 Uturuncu volcano 57–58 methods 194 digital elevation model 60 results 194, 195 erupted volume estimate 65–67 results discussed 194, 196 geochronology study conduit dynamics 202–203 methods 61–62, 63–64 fractionation 196–199 results magma petrology 203 dating eruptions 67–71, 68, 69 210Pb deficits 199–201 geochemistry and petrology 71–73, 72, 73 210Pb excesses 201 mineral composition 73–74 SO2 flux 201–202 results discussed summary 203–204 eruptive flux 78–79 composition gap 5, 6 magma processes 74–78 conduction, role of 11 summary 79–80 Biot number 208 geological setting 59–60 contact aureole, use in magmatic system study 41 map 58 Western Adamello Tonalite 42–43, 42 Bowen, Norman Levi 1, 2 methods of analysis 43 buoyancy of magma 76, 79 fieldwork 43 neutral 85 phase petrology 43–45 XRF 43 d14C dating 165, 176 results caldera system, unrest 17 thermal model 45–49 Campi Flegrei (Phlegraean Fields, Italy) 17, 132, 137, 147 XRF 52 Cape Ann Granite 107, 108 results discussed 49–51, 53–54 Carnegie Institution, Washington 1 convection, role of 11 Cascades volcanoes 141, 146, 147 Bio number 208 Ceboruco-San Pedro 57 magma interaction 134–136 Central Plateau Member Rhyolites 158–159 convective overturn 76 Central Volcanic Zone (Andes) 59 cooling, melt composition and 2, 3 Cerro Gala´n (Argentina) 162 Coso volcanic field (California), U-series ages Cerro Uturuncu see Uturuncu volcano 146, 161 Changbaishan volcano (China) 161 Cotopaxi (Ecuador), U-series ages 147, 161–162 Chebyshev collocation method 21, 211 Crater Lake lavas 161, 163, 164 Cising, Mount 176, 176, 177 crust-magma interaction 207 effusive eruption lavas crystallization of magma 1 sample mineralogy 177, 178 stages of 165–166 U-Th-Ra ages cumulates, and 210Pb deficits 198 methods of analysis 178–180 results 181, 182 dacites results discussed 182–186 Fish Canyon Tuff 107 clinopyroxene experimental petrology Fish Canyon Tuff experimental petrology 117, 118 methods 109–110 Sa˜o Miguel basalts 90, 91, 92,96–97 results 110–111, 112–114, 115, 116, 117, Tavurvur 2006 eruption 20, 21, 23–24, 25, 26, 28, 31 118, 119 clinopyroxenite, Sa˜o Miguel 91 results discussed 119–128 CO2 in magma U-series age 145, 162 Sa˜o Miguel basalt fluid inclusion study 86 mixing and mingling 17–18, 31 methods 90 Uturuncu volcano 57–58 results digital elevation model 60 fluid inclusion description 92–96 erupted volume estimate 65–67 geochemistry 91–92 geochronology study sample texture and mineralogy 88, 89,90–91 methods 61–62, 63–64 results discussed results magma ponding 98–99 dating eruptions 67–71, 68, 69 re-equilibration 96–97 geochemistry and petrology 71–73, 72, 73 tectonics or underplating 99–101 mineral composition 73–74 Tavurvur 2006 eruption 28 results discussed Uturuncu 79 eruptive flux 78–79 Colima, Volca´nde magma processes 74–78 eruptive activity (1818–1913) 193 summary 79–80

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geological setting 59–60 fumaroles, chemistry 175, 190 map 58 Furnas volcano 87 decompression and ascent 3 deformation in ground, role in volcanic unrest 17 gabbro, Sa˜o Miguel 91 degassing gas bubbles, impact of 11 role in Pb–Ra disequilibria 11, 189, 190 gas release 189 conduit dynamics 202–203 geochemistry magma petrology 203 Fish Canyon Tuff experimental petrology 111, 210Pb deficits 199–200 112–114, 115, 117, 118–121, 120 role of water 106 Sa˜o Miguel basalts 91–92 Tavurvur 2006 eruption 36 Tatun Volcanic Group 177, 177 Delauney triangulation 65, 65 Uturuncu lavas 59, 71–73, 72, 73 density of magma 11 zircon trace elements155, 156, 159, 162 role of density contrasts 134 geochronology see 40Ar/39Ar dating; K-Ar dating; differentiation of magma 1, 76 U-series dating digital elevation models 60, 65, 86 geometry of magma chambers, role of 134, 135 dykes, role of 11, 85, 138 Geophysical Laboratory, Washington 1 geothermal gradient 175 Earthquake Flat eruptions (New Zealand) 165 Germany, Laacher See volcano 147, 160 effusive eruptions 190, 192 Givens, Mount 78 El Hoyazo (Spain) 208, 209 glaciation, effect on magmatic systems 57 see Neogene Volcanic Province (Spain) xenolith study Glass Mountain rhyolite 150, 151 Elba pluton 162 glass (residual) enthalpy, role of Fish Canyon Tuff experimental petrology 118–119, Fish Canyon Tuff experimental petrology 122, 119, 120, 121 124–125 Tavurvur 2006 eruption 26–28 see also heat granitic magma Erebus (Antarctica), U-series ages 147, 166 melting behaviour 107, 108 eruption triggers 134 role of water 106 Eritrea, Alid 147, 163 Grashof number 210 eutectic crystallization 2, 8, 8 ground deformation, role in volcanic unrest 17 exsolution of volatiles 3, 11, 189 Hawaii, U-series ages 147, 164 Fish Canyon Tuff (FCT) 107 3He/4He isotope ratios 164, 165, 175 experimental petrology heat (enthalpy) of system 9 methods 109–110 heat loss, impact of 2 results 110–111, 112–114, 115, 116, heat transfer, for wall rock 210 117, 118, 119 Hf isotope ratio 159, 162 results discussed 119–128 Hood, Mount (Cascades, USA) 147 U-series age 145, 162 hornfels, Adamello contact aureole 43 fissure eruptions 85, 86, 87 host rock see xenolith study fluid dynamics Hualalai (Hawaii) 164 shallow magma chamber modelling Huangzuei, Mount 176, 176, 177 methods 132–134 effusive eruption lavas results 134–136 sample mineralogy 177, 178 results discussed 136–138 U-Th-Ra ages fluid-inclusion microthermometry 85–86 methods of analysis 178–180 methods 90 results 181, 182 results results discussed 182–186 descriptions 92–96 Huckleberry Ridge Tuff 158 geochemistry 91–92 hydrous minerals, role of 106 sample texture and mineralogy 88, 89, 90–91 ignimbrite 105 results discussed Uturuncu 59, 60 magma ponding 98–99 illite crystallinity 43 re-equilibration 96–97 intrusion, thermal evolution of 207 tectonics or underplating 99–101 ion microprobe analysis 142–143, 143 flux Italy see Adamello batholith; Campi Flegrei; magma see magma supply rate Western Adamello Tonalite SO2 see SO2 flux fractional crystallization 2, 85 K-Ar dating 176 impact on Pb–Ra disequilibrium 196 Katmai 57, 147 Tavurvur 2006 eruption 28–31, Kilgore Tuff, U-series age 162 34–36 Kizimen 78

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Kombiu 18,19 megacryst, defined 148 basalt sampling and analysis 21, 22, 23, 24, 27, melt thermometer, two pyroxene-plagioclase 193 27, 28, 29, 30 Mesa Falls Tuff 158 Kos Plateau Tuff 161, 163 metamorphic aureole see contact aureole methane (CH4), fluid inclusions 93 La Pacana (Chile) 145, 162 Mexico see Colima, Volca´nde La/Y ratios 177 microthermometry see fluid-inclusion Laacher See volcano 147, 160, 163 microthermometry Las Tres Virgenes (Mexico) 165 migmatite 43 latent heat of crystallization, impact of 2, 3 mingling Lava Creek Tuff 158 defined 131 Lesser Antilles, U-series ages 146, 147, 165 factors favouring 134–136 liquid line of descent (LLD) 29, 30 mingling and mixing 4, 5 Llullaillaco 78 Tavurvur 2006 eruption 31, 34–36 Long Valley caldera system (California) 17 mixing U-series ages 146, 150–153, 167 defined 131 Lozio shales factors favouring 134 Western Adamello Tonalite contact aureole study Uturuncu magmas 76–78 methods 43 Moho Transition Zone 86, 98, 100 fieldwork 43 monotonous intermediates phase petrology 43–45 defined 105 XRF 43 see also Fish Canyon Tuff results Montserrat 57 thermal model 45–49 mugearite, Sa˜o Miguel 91 XRF 52 mush 1, 2 results discussed 49–51, 53–54 role in magma reservoir 76, 161, 167 geological setting 42–43 map 42 Nazca Plate 59 eNd 60, 77 Mar Menor (Spain) 208, 209 Neogene Volcanic Province (Spain) see Neogene Volcanic Province (Spain) xenolith study xenolith study behaviour magma storage and evolution equations governing 209–210 evidence from fluid inclusions numerical modelling Long Valley case study 150–153 method 210–212 Taupo Volcanic Zone case study results 213–214 153–158 results discussed 214–215 Yellowstone caldera system case study description 208–209 158–161 introduction 207 see also Sa˜o Miguel role of Biot number 208 magma supply rate (flux) 2, 3, 5 New Britain see Rabaul caldera eruptive flux 78–79 New Zealand modelling see Western Adamello Tonalite Okataina Volcanic Centre 141, 146, 147, 153–158, timescale see Uturuncu 163, 164 magmas, interaction of 131, 141 Ruapeho 78 mathematical modelling Taupo Volcanic Centre 153–158 methods 132–134 Taupo Volcanic Zone 2, 146, 153, 157, 160 results 134–136 Ni/V ratio 196 results discussed 136–138 nitrogen (N2), fluid inclusions 93 magmatic system, pictorial representation 4 magnetite, Sa˜o Miguel basalts 90 d18O 60, 158, 162 major elements see geochemistry Okataina Volcanic Centre (New Zealand) 141, 146, 147, Mangakino caldera centre 157 153–158, 163, 164 U-series ages 146 Okinawa Trough 175 mantle melting effects 196, 198 olivine mathematical modelling Kombiu basalts 23, 24, 25, 26 magma system Sa˜o Miguel basalts 90, 94, 96, 98, 99 method 132–134 Ollagu¨e78 results 134–136 orthopyroxene 21, 24, 24, 25–26, 28 results discussed 136–138 oscillatory zoning, plagioclase 193 Mauna Kea (Hawaii) 164 Ostwald ripening 31 Mazama, Mount (USA) 57, 78 overpressure 36, 189 Mazarro´n (Spain) 208, 209 overturning magma 134 see Neogene Volcanic Province (Spain) xenolith study oxygen fugacity, Uturuncu lavas 74

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Papua New Guinea see Rabaul caldera rare earth elements (REE) 177 Parinacota 57, 147 Rayleigh number 211, 212 Pb–Ra disequilibrium study, Colima volcano 11, Rayleigh-Taylor instability 134, 137 189–190, 193–194 Redoubt volcano (Alaska) 164 methods 194 Regia˜o dos Picos 86, 86, 87, 87, 99, 100 results 194, 195 residual melt, composition and evolution of 5–9 results discussed 194, 196 Reynolds number 210, 212 conduit dynamics 202–203 222Rn and degassing 189, 190, 194, 198, 199, 201, 202 fractionation 196–199 Ruapehu (New Zealand) 78 magma petrology 203 Ryukyu Arc 175 210Pb deficits 199–201 210Pb excesses 201 S/Cl in fumarole gases 190 SO2 flux 201–202 Sa˜o Miguel 86 Pe´clet number 210 basalt fluid inclusion study phase equilibria 2 methods 90 phase petrology modelling results Adamello contact aureole fluid inclusion description 92–96 methods 43–45 geochemistry 91–92 results 45–49 sample texture and mineralogy 88, 89,90–91 results discussed 49–54 results discussed phenocryst, defined 148 magma ponding 98–99 Phlegraean Fields (Campi Flegrei, Italy) magmatic re-equilibration 96–97 system 17, 132, 137, 147 tectonics or underplating 99–101 phonolite 133, 1334 geological setting 86–87 plagioclase map 86 Fish Canyon Tuff experimental petrology 117, 118, 121 seismic records 87 Pb–Ra disequilibrium 190, 196 St Helens, Mount, U-series ages 146, 147, 160, 161 Sa˜o Miguel basalts 90, 91 Sakurajima volcano 199 Sr content 193 Salton Buttes (California), U-series ages 146, Tavurvur 2006 eruption 20, 21, 23, 25, 26, 31, 32–34, 161, 163, 165 32, 33 San Juan Mountains 107 Plinian eruptions 190 sanidine, Fish Canyon Tuff experimental plutonic blocks, erupted, zircon dating 163–164 petrology 117, 118 plutons, assembly timescale 41, 162–164 Santorini 17, 57 ponding of magma 101–102 secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) 21, 23 pressure estimates seismic activity, role in volcanic unrest 17 Fish Canyon Tuff 121 Sete Cidades volcano 87, 99 Tavurvur 2006 eruption 28, 29 settling (sinking) of crystals 1 pulse of magma, defined 42 Shamao, Mount 176, 176, 177 Puyehue-Cordon Caulle 147 effusive eruption lavas sample mineralogy 177, 178 Quizapu 147 U-Th-Ra ages methods of analysis 178–180 226Ra results 181, 182 in magnetite dating 176 results discussed 182–186 Tatun Volcanic Group Shasta, Mount (Cascades, USA) 147 methods of analysis 180 shoshonite 133, 134 results 181, 182 silica content, impact of 2 results discussed 182–186 sinking (settling) of crystals 1 see also Pb–Ra disequilibrium study SO2, fluid inclusions 93 Rabalanakaia 18,19 SO2 flux 190, 192 Rabaul caldera 17, 18,19 Colima, Volca´n de 200, 201–202 2006 eruption study Tavurvur 2006 eruption 27–28, 36 methods of analysis 19, 21, 23 Solfatara Plateau flow 159 results 20, 21, 22,23 Soufriere (St Lucia) 163, 164 melt inclusions 24–26 South Sister (Cascades, USA) 146, 147, 160, 161 major elements 26–27 Spain, Neogene Volcanic Province 207, 208 volatiles 27–28 xenolith study mineral compositions and textures 23–24 behaviour results discussed equations governing 209–210 fractional crystallization 27–31 numerical modelling implications for unrest 34–36 method 210–212 mafic-silicic interactions 31–34 results 213–214 pressure-temperature estimates 28 results discussed 214–215

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Spain, Neogene Volcanic Province (Continued ) thermal resistance, Biot number 208 description 208–209 tholeiitic index (THI) 29 introduction 207 thorium isotopic compositions role of Biot number 208 Tatun Volcanic Group squeezing of residual liquid 1 methods of analysis 179–180 Sr, plagioclase content 193 results 181, 182 87Sr/86Sr 60, 72, 77 results discussed 182–186 Sr/Y ratios, Tatun Volcanic Group 177 timescale of magmatic processes storage of magma 10 modelling sulphides, and Pb–Ra disequilibrium 190, 196 methods 132–134 syenite, Sa˜o Miguel 91 results 134–136 results discussed 136–138 Taiwan see Tatun Volcanic Group see also U series dating Tatara-San Pedro 57 titanite 162 Tatun Volcanic Group (TVG, Taiwan) Toba Tuff, U-series ages 146, 161 geochemistry 177 Toconao ignimbrite 162 map 176 trace elements see geochemistry mineralogy 177–178, 178 Turanguna 18,19 sampling 176, 177 U-Th-Ra ages U-series dating 10, 142 methods of analysis 178–180 analytical techniques 142–143 results 181, 182 application to accessory minerals 146, 149–150 results discussed 182–186 Long Valley case study 150–153 Taupo Volcanic Centre (New Zealand), U-series ages Taupo Volcanic Zone case study 153–158 153–158 Yellowstone caldera system case study Taupo Volcanic Zone (New Zealand) 2 158–161 U-series ages 146, 153, 157, 160 application to bulk mineral separates 147 Tavurvur volcano 17, 18, 19 research 2006 eruption study future topics 166–168 methods of analysis 19, 21, 23 past reviews 144–145, 148–149 results 20, 21, 22,23 Tatun Volcanic Group 176–177 melt inclusions 24–26 methods of analysis 178–180 major elements 26–27 results 181, 182 volatiles 27–28 results discussed 182–186 mineral compositions and textures 23–24 U-Th/He dating 164 results discussed underplating 102 fractional crystallization 27–31 Sa˜o Miguel evidence 99–101 implications for unrest 34–36 Unzen (Japan) 145 mafic-silicic interactions 31–34 USA 2, 17 pressure-temperature estimates 28 Cascades 57, 78, 147, 160, 161 eruption history 19 Long Valley 150–153 map 18 Yellowstone caldera system 158–161 temperature see also Fish Canyon Tuff impact of 2, 3 Uturuncu volcano 57–58 estimates digital elevation model 60 Fish Canyon Tuff 121 erupted volume estimate 65–67 Tavurvur 2006 eruption study 28, 29 geochronology study Uturuncu lavas 73–74 methods 61–62, 63–64 measurement with microthermometry see fluid results inclusions dating eruptions 67–71, 68, 69 Tequila 57, 78 geochemistry and petrology 71–73, 72, 73 Terceira Rift 87 mineral composition 73–74 230Th-226Ra 142 results discussed thermal evolution, magma bodies 207 eruptive flux 78–79 thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) 142, 150, magma processes 74–78 152, 154, 155 summary 79–80 trace element analysis (TEA) 162 geological setting 59–60 thermal modelling map 58 for andesites 4–5 for contact aureole Veniaminof (Aleutian Islands) 164 method 43–45 Vesuvius 147 results 45–49 viscosity of magma 11, 105, 137 results discussed 49–54 Fish Canyon Tuff experimental petrology 122 for wall rock 210 Western Adamello Tonalite 51, 53, 53

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volatiles X-ray fluorescence (XRF) exsolution of 3, 11, 189 Adamello contact aureole role of 105–106 methods 43 Tavurvur 2006 eruption 27–28, 36 results 52 volcanic conduit sampling see xenolith study xenocrysts 161 volcanoes, renewed activity 17 defined 148 Vulcan 18,19 xenolith study Vulcanian eruptions 190, 192, 192 Neogene Volcanic Province (Spain) behaviour wall rock see xenolith study equations governing 209–210 water in magma numerical modelling role of 105–106, 107, 108 method 210–212 Tavurvur 2006 eruption 28 results 213–214 Uturuncu 79 results discussed 214–215 see also Sa˜o Miguel fluid inclusion study description 208–209 water saturation, impact of 11 introduction 207 websterite, Sa˜o Miguel 91 role of Biot number 208 wehrlite, Sa˜o Miguel 91 Sa˜o Miguel 90, 91, 99 Western Adamello Tonalite contact aureole study Yellowstone caldera system (USA) 17, 141 methods 43 U-series ages 145, 146, 147, 158–161, 167 fieldwork 43 Yukon-Tanana terrane, U-series age 161 phase petrology 43–45 XRF 43 zircon ages, U-series 10, 142, 143, 148, results 149–150 thermal model 45–49 eruptions 164–165 XRF 52 plutons and plutonic blocks 162–164 results discussed 49–51, 53–54 volcanic systems 161–162 geological setting 42–43 Long Valley caldera system (California) 150 map 42 Taupo Volcanic Zone 153–158 Western Moat 145 Yellowstone caldera system 158–161 Whakamaru (New Zealand) 145 zircon fission track 43 Wilson Creek Formation 165 zoned ignimbrites, defined 105

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