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Food-Web Interactions in a Coastal Ecosystem Influenced by Upwelling and Terrestrial Runoff Off North-West Spain

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Food-Web Interactions in a Coastal Ecosystem Influenced by Upwelling and Terrestrial Runoff Off North-West Spain Giralt Paradell O, Díaz López B, Methion S, Rogan, E, (2020) Food-web interactions in a coastal ecosystem influenced by upwelling and terrestrial runoff off North-West Spain. Marine Environmental Research. DOI:10.1016/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104933 Food-web interactions in a coastal ecosystem influenced by upwelling and terrestrial runoff off North-West Spain Oriol Giralt Paradell1,2, Bruno Díaz López1, Séverine Methion1, Emer Rogan2 1 Giralt Paradell O, Díaz López B, Methion S, Rogan, E, (2020) Food-web interactions in a coastal ecosystem influenced by upwelling and terrestrial runoff off North-West Spain. Marine Environmental Research. DOI:10.1016/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104933 Food-web interactions in a coastal ecosystem influenced by upwelling and terrestrial runoff off North- West Spain Oriol Giralt Paradell1,2, Bruno Díaz López1, Séverine Methion1, Emer Rogan2 1. The Bottlenose Dolphin Research Institute – BDRI. Address: Av Beiramar 192, 36980, O Grove, Pontevedra, Spain 2. 2 School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork. Address: Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland T23 N73K Corresponding author: Oriol Giralt Paradell. Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Ecopath with Ecosim has been used to create mass-balance models of different type of ecosystems around the world to explore and analyse their functioning and structure. This modelling framework has become a key tool in the ecosystem approach to fisheries management, by providing a more comprehensive and holistic understanding of the interactions between the different species. Additionally, Ecopath with Ecosim has provided a useful framework to study ecosystem maturity, changes in the ecosystem functioning over time and the impact of fisheries and aquaculture on the ecosystem, among other aspects. The present work explores the ecosystem functioning and structure in an anthropogenically impacted coastal area, influenced by seasonal coastal upwelling and high input of nutrients from rias (ancient drowned tectonic valleys) off North-West Spain. A mass-balance model with 23 functional groups was created using Ecopath to study the trophic interactions in the ecosystem during the post-upwelling period (August to October) in 2017. The model described an immature, wasp-waist ecosystem, that shared characteristics of ecosystems found in upwelling areas and ecosystems found in fjords or coastal embayments. Deeper analyses highlighted the importance of small planktivorous pelagic fish as a keystone functional group, and of zooplankton, blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) and phytoplankton as structuring groups in the ecosystem. Additionally, the study revealed that the existing fishing pressure on species of intermediate-high trophic levels could alter ecosystem functioning and structure, and ultimately affect top predators in the area. Findings of this study provide baseline information in ecosystem functioning and structure in the area and highlight the need to deeper study the effects of fisheries and their potential impacts on top predators. Keywords: Ecopath; mass-balance model; upwelling; wasp-waist; North-West Spain; coastal waters; food web; 2 Giralt Paradell O, Díaz López B, Methion S, Rogan, E, (2020) Food-web interactions in a coastal ecosystem influenced by upwelling and terrestrial runoff off North-West Spain. Marine Environmental Research. DOI:10.1016/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104933 1. Introduction provides reference information for future mass- balance models (Heymans et al. 2014; Colléter et Marine coastal ecosystems, particularly those al. 2015). However, there is also a need to develop close to densely populated areas, are heavily fine-scale mass-balance models describing specific impacted by human activities (Halpern et al. productive coastal areas impacted by human 2008). Interestingly, some of the most productive activities at a regional scale. In this regard, studies marine ecosystems are located in coastal areas, providing baseline information on ecosystem typically linked to upwelling systems, estuaries or functioning and structure are crucial to analyse terrestrial runoff (Field et al. 1998; Jarre- changes in future scenarios and develop enhanced Teichmann et al. 1998; Carr, 2001). These areas ecosystem management and conservation are of interest, not only due to their high strategies. biodiversity and production, but also because they provide important goods and services for coastal The continental shelf off North-West Spain is a communities (Pauly and Christensen, 1995; Worm highly productive coastal area, heavily impacted et al. 2006). Conservation and management by human activities, such as fisheries and strategies that consider the ecosystem as a whole, aquaculture (López et al. 2003; Outeiro et al. such as the ecosystem modelling approach, are 2018). Seasonal upwelling events coupled with needed to improve our knowledge of coastal terrestrial runoff bring nutrients to the photic marine ecosystem functioning, ensure their layer in coastal waters, enhancing primary resilience, and make predictions about the effects production (Alvarez et al. 2012). As a of human activities (Coll et al. 2009a,b). consequence, fisheries and aquaculture have become the main economic activities in the area, Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) is a modelling software turning it into one of the most important regions developed to create mass-balance models of for these activities in Europe (Rodríguez Rodríguez exploited aquatic and marine ecosystems et al. 2011; Surís-Regueiro and Santiago, 2014). (Christensen and Walters, 2004; Heymans et al. Despite the uniqueness of the area, and its 2016). Based on the work of Polovina (1984) and influence in the local and regional economies, Ulanowicz (1986), EwE evolved to be a software there is limited information regarding the capable of modelling complex ecosystems, ecosystem functioning and structure of the waters considering not only the energy flows within the of the Galician continental shelf (Outeiro et al. ecosystem, but also fisheries impact (Pauly et al. 2018). The paucity of information on the 2000). Since its development in the late 1980s, ecosystem dynamics in this area poses great EwE has become a useful and crucial tool to create uncertainty around the likely responses (such as ecosystem mass-balance models that have been alteration in primary production and species applied to a variety of scenarios in different distribution (Pérez et al. 2010; Casabella et al. ecosystems, ranging from oceanic to coastal 2014; Sousa et al. 2017)) of the studied ecosystem regions, with emphasis on bays, fjords, estuaries to changes in upwelling regimes triggered by and upwelling areas (Colléter et al. 2015). climate change. Although it has been mainly used as a tool for an ecosystem approach to fisheries management The present study aims to understand the (Pauly et al. 2000), EwE has also been successfully functioning of the Rías Baixas shelf ecosystem, applied to study ecosystem maturity (Christensen, located in a coastal area influenced by coastal 1995), compare similar ecosystems (Torres et al. upwelling and high input of nutrients from rias 2013), analyse the temporal change of ecosystems (ancient drowned tectonic valleys) on the north- (Shannon et al. 2003; Heymans et al. 2004; Ruzicka western coast of Spain, and to present a mass- et al. 2012), evaluate the impact of environmental balance model that could be used as baseline for changes (Tam et al. 2008), and to assess the future works. Special attention is given to marine impact of fisheries or aquaculture on ecosystems top predators (i.e. cetaceans and seabirds) and to (Sánchez and Olaso, 2004; Coll et al. 2006; Díaz the fisheries impact on the ecosystem. The study López et al. 2008; Outeiro et al. 2018). The offers a good opportunity to improve the scientific widespread use of EwE allows for comparisons knowledge by creating the first EwE model of the between different marine ecosystems globally and Rías Baixas shelf ecosystem located in a highly 3 Giralt Paradell O, Díaz López B, Methion S, Rogan, E, (2020) Food-web interactions in a coastal ecosystem influenced by upwelling and terrestrial runoff off North-West Spain. Marine Environmental Research. DOI:10.1016/10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104933 productive and impacted coastal area off North- north to the southern entrance of the Ría de West Spain, providing a new and powerful tool for Muros-Noia (42° 38.40’ N). ecosystem-based management strategies. The study represents a scenario that corresponds to the post-upwelling period in 2017 (late 2. Material and methods summer: August – October), and was developed to study the dynamics of a coastal ecosystem influenced by coastal upwelling events and coastal 2.1. Study area and period primary production in the area. Galicia is an autonomous region in North-West Spain, located on the northern limit of the North- 2.2. Modelling framework West Africa upwelling system (Gonzalez-Nuevo et Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) version 6.5.14040.0 al. 2014). The region is influenced by wind-driven (www.ecopath.org) was used to develop a mass- seasonal coastal upwelling events, which carry balance model of the study area using the Ecopath deep, cold and nutrient-rich waters to the photic functionality of the software. Ecopath creates a layer, enhancing primary production (Torres et al. model of a steady state ecosystem under the 2003; Alvarez et al. 2012). Upwelling events are a assumption of mass-balance over a specific period consequence of sustained northerly
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