A Brief American Literature

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Brief American Literature Copyright, 1909 and 1921, By D. C. Heath & Co. 2 E 1 ©CU617671 ~VvO nj • t/o PREFACE Like its companion, A Brief English Lit era* ture, this book sets before the reader the most important names in each literary period. To show the extent of literary growth, a few lesser names also are given brief mention, and a list of names at the end of each period calls attention not only to the authors mentioned in the text, but to many others. The aim of the book is to be simple, orderly, and clear; to tell a few facts in such a way that there need be no confusion in the mind of the reader. While it is hoped that the subject-matter of the book has intrinsic value, a knowledge of literature obviously comes only from study of the literature itself; therefore, primarily the book will have its greatest usefulness when taken as a guide. With this thought in view, suggestions for reading, intended mainly for students in secondary schools, are given at the ends of the chapters. More mature minds will naturally read the books mentioned in the text. ABBY WILLIS HOWES. CONTENTS CHAPTER I PAGE The Colonial Period. I CHAPTER II The Revolutionary Period: from the Stamp Act, 1765, to 1800; or from Franklin to Irving . 21 CHAPTER III The Nineteenth Century: General Character¬ istics; Characteristics of the Literature . 32 CHAPTER IV The First Prominent Writers of the New Re¬ public .. 36 CHAPTER V The New England Writers . 57 CHAPTER VI Poets outside of New England 93 CHAPTER VII The Orators 105 vii CONTENTS CHAPTER VIII PAGE The Historians.in CHAPTER IX Later Writers.123 Index.141 PORTRAITS FACING PAGE Jonathan Edwards . 12 Benjamin Franklin . 22 Washington Irving . 38 William Cullen Bryant . 46 Edgar Allan Poe . 52 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow 60 Ralph Waldo Emerson . 66 Nathaniel Hawthorne . 74 John Greenleaf Whittier 80 James Russell Lowell 86 Walt Whitman 96 Daniel Webster 106 Francis Parkman 116 Edmund Clarence Stedman 126 ix A BRIEF AMERICAN LITERATURE CHAPTER I THE COLONIAL PERIOD EVENTS 1607-1765 Settlement of Jamestown, 1607. Charleston, South Carolina, found¬ Landing of Pilgrims at Plymouth, ed, 1680. 1620. Pennsylvania settled, 1681. New York settled by the Dutch, Salem witchcraft, 1692. 1621. William and Mary College, Vir¬ Massachusetts Bay Colony found¬ ginia, founded, 1693. ed, 1630. Yale University, Connecticut, Harvard College founded, 1636. founded, 1701. Maryland founded, 1634. Georgia settled, 1733. First settlement in Connecticut, Charter granted to Princeton Uni¬ 1635- versity, 1746. Providence founded, 1636. University of Pennsylvania found¬ Swedes settle Delaware, 1638. ed, 1755. First printing press in America, Wars between English and French 1639. colonists: King William’s War, English seize New York, 1664. 1689-1697; Queen Anne’s War, Bacon's Rebellion, 1676. 1702-1713; King George’s War, King Philip’s War, 1675-1678. 1744-1748; French and Indian War, 1754-1763. General Characteristics. — The colonial history of America dates from the first English settlement in 1607 to the passage of the Stamp Act in 1765. Besides being a period of exploration and adven¬ ture, it was a time of struggle, in many cases for 1 2 AMERICAN LITERATURE bare existence. Watched in field and forest by hostile Indians, glared at by wild beasts, and haunted ghostlike by famine and fever, the life of our first settlers was one of continual warfare. Much work, also, had to be done. Trees must be felled, houses built, land cultivated. Then came the struggles with the mother country for political and commercial rights; wars with the French and the Indians. In the Northern colonies, too, reli¬ gion lifted up her hand in conflict. Striving to keep their doctrines uncontaminated by outside influence, the Puritans, with warning voice, drove out Quakers and Baptists, hanged supposed witches, and fearlessly denounced all who differed from them. As literature is the written record of the thoughts and feelings of a people, colonial literature consists chiefly of accounts of explorations, histories of do¬ ings in the colonies, diaries, and religious works. We find in it little play of the imagination, and little that can be called great or even good as literature. In style it is like the literature of Eng¬ land at the time when the colonists left there. In the seventeenth century, the period of the greatest colonial emigration, the English writers lacked poetic taste, and were given to a prose style in which long complex sentences predominated; so we find the first American writers unpoetic inverse and tedious in prose. The eighteenth century in England, however, produced writers of greater simplicity and grace of style, and as the colonists THE COLONIAL PERIOD 3 still looked to England for their model, the last writers of this period show a corresponding im¬ provement. But colonial literature suffered from its crude surroundings, and from lack of contact with the culture of England which in these years produced Milton, Dryden, Pope, and Addison. In the main it is uninteresting, and seldom read except by students. Literature in the South. — As the first colony was established in the South, there we find our first writers. The very first was Captain John Smith (1579-1631), who came to Jamestown with the settlers of 1607 and did much for the strug¬ gling colonists. His life previous to this time had been full of marvelous adventures in many lands, and these experiences helped him greatly in regu¬ lating the affairs of the Virginians, in dealing with the Indians, and in making fearless expeditions into the great forests and up the unknown rivers. An account of what happened in these early days in the New World he published in London (1608) in a book called A True Relation of Virginia. Later, as a result of his voyages, he published A Description of New England and other works. His General History of Virginia (1624) contains the romance of Pocahontas. After describing the method of his capture, Smith tells of being brought before the Indian Emperor Powhatan, who — “ Before a fire upon a seat like a bedstead, sat covered with a great robe, made of rarowcum [raccoon] skins, and all the tails hanging by. On either hand did sit a young wench of 4 AMERICAN LITERATURE sixteen or eighteen years, and along on each side the house, two rows of men, and behind them as many women, with all their heads and shoulders painted red: many of their heads bedecked with the white down of birds; but every one with something : and a great chain of white beads about their necks. u At his [Smith’s] entrance before the king, all the people gave a great shout. The Queen of Appamatuck was appointed to bring him water to wash his hands, another brought him a bunch of feathers, instead of a towel, to dry them : having feasted him after their best barbarous manner they could, a long consultation was held, but the conclusion was, two great stones were brought before Powhatan : then as many as could laid hands on him, dragged him to them, and thereon laid his head, and being ready with their clubs, to beat out his brains, Pocahontas, the King’s dearest daughter, when no entreaty could prevail, got his head in her arms, and laid her own upon his to save him from death: whereat the Emperor was con¬ tented he should live to make him hatchets, and her bells, beads, and copper; for they thought him as well of all occu¬ pations as themselves.” William Strachey, a second colonial writer of the South, told in 1610 of the shipwreck which befell him when he came to Virginia. This account is, from some points of view, the best prose in the whole colonial period. With true poetic touches Strachey pictures the misery of all on shipboard without food for three days. He tells of the weird light which for hours danced about the masts and then suddenly disappeared, and of the ship’s run¬ ning ashore at last on the Islands of Bermuda, which he says were given over “ to devils and wicked spirits.” This prose work is worthy of special notice not only because of its picturesque passages, but be- LITERATURE IN THE SOUTH 5 cause it is supposed that Shakespeare read it and from it took suggestions for his play The Tempest. In the play we have a storm in the opening scene; and Ariel, the spirit who obeys the commands of the magician Prospero, says : — “ I boarded the king’s ship ; now on the beak, Now in the waist, the deck, in every cabin, I flamed amazement: sometimes I’d divide And burn in many places; on the top-mast, The yards and bowsprit would I flame distinctly, Then meet and join : Jove’s lightnings, the precursors O’ the dreadful thunder-claps more momentary And sight-out-running were not.” And Ariel further recounts that Ferdinand, the king’s son, as he leaped into the waters of what Shakespeare calls the “ still-vexed Bermoothes,” cried, — “ Hell is empty And all the devils are here.” Other Southern Colonists wrote accounts of ex¬ plorations and histories of political events, but not much writing was done in the South. The lead¬ ing colonists became men of wealth and leisure who settled contentedly on their large plantations and enjoyed a life of fox hunting and hospitality. As they lived far apart, it was impossible to estab¬ lish common schools. They sent their children to England when they wished them well educated, and bought English books for their own reading. For thirty-eight years the Virginians were under the rule of Governor Berkeley, who said : “ I thank God there are no free schools nor printing, and I 6 AMERICAN LITERATURE hope we shall not have them these hundred years, for learning has brought disobedience into the world, and printing has divulged them and libels against the best governments.” Under such con¬ ditions there was very little intellectual stimulus, and consequently literature did not flourish in the South.
Recommended publications
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University M crct. rrs it'terrjt onai A Be" 4 Howe1 ir”?r'"a! Cor"ear-, J00 Norte CeeD Road App Artjor mi 4 6 ‘Og ' 346 USA 3 13 761-4’00 600 sC -0600 Order Number 9238197 Selected literary letters of Sophia Peabody Hawthorne, 1842-1853 Hurst, Nancy Luanne Jenkins, Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • “CORE VALUES” of IRIS GLOBAL Rolland Baker B
    TOWARD A BIBLICAL “STRATEGY” OF MISSION: THE EFFECTS OF THE FIVE CHRISTIAN “CORE VALUES” OF IRIS GLOBAL Rolland Baker B.A., Vanguard University, 1985 M.A., Vanguard University, 1986 Faculty Mentors Gary Greig, Ph.D. Andrew Park, Ph.D. Jon Mark Ruthven, Ph.D. A FINAL PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DOCTORAL STUDIES COMMITTEE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF MINISTRY UNITED THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY DAYTON, OHIO December, 2013 United Theological Seminary Dayton, Ohio Faculty Approval Page Doctor of Ministry Final Project TOWARD A BIBLICAL “STRATEGY” OF MISSION: THE EFFECTS OF THE FIVE CHRISTIAN “CORE VALUES” OF IRIS GLOBAL by Rolland Baker United Theological Seminary, 2013 Faculty Mentors Gary Greig, Ph.D. Andrew Park, Ph.D. Jon Mark Ruthven, Ph.D. Date: _______________________ Approved: ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ ____________________________ Associate Dean of Doctoral Studies Copyright © 2013 Rolland Baker All rights reserved. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................. iv DEDICATION................................................................................................................... vi INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER 1. MINISTRY
    [Show full text]
  • The English Factory Novel
    1 THE ENGLISH FACTORY NOVEL BY LENA JOSEPHINE MYERS A. B. University of Illinois, 1913 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN ENGLISH IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 19 18 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2013 http://archive.org/details/englishfactorynoOOmyer_0 . ^\^% UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL 19liT I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION RY £u*^. ^kytsitL ENTITLED 7L-/Jll, BE ACCEPTED AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR OF CAyA THE DEGREE /frltuA^ M(// In Charge of Thesis Head of Department Recommendation concurred in* — Committee on Final Examination* *Required for doctor'* degree but not for master's 408302 I The Table of Contents Introduction p«l-2 Chapter I A Resume of the English Factory Hovel p. 3 - 70 Chapter II The Relation of the Factory Novel to Its Age (a) A Brief Summary of the Social and Political Movements of the Period p. 71- 75 (b) The Historical Development of the Factory Novel p. 75- 78 (c) The Influence of the Factory Novel on Social Conditions p. 78- 92 (d) The Relation of the Factory Novel to Contem- porary Literature p. 92- 97 Chapter III The Characteristics and Problems of the Factory Novel p. 98 -112 Chapter IV The Factory Novel as a Work of Art Its Rank and Value p. 113-123 Conclusion p. 124-129 Bibliography A. English Novels Dealing with Factories p. 130 B. A Suggested List of American Novels Dealing with Fac- tories and Kindred Subjects p.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of a Praying® Parent
    HARVEST HOUSE PUBLISHERS EUGENE, OREGON Scripture quotations are taken from the New King James Version. Copyright © 1982 by Thomas Nelson, Inc. Used by permission. All rights reserved. Cover by Harvest House Publishers, Inc., Eugene, Oregon Cover illustration © Komar art / Shutterstock Back cover author photo © Michael Gomez Photography THE POWER OF A PRAYING is a registered trademark of The Hawkins Children’s LLC. Harvest House Publishers, Inc., is the exclusive licensee of the federally registered trademark THE POWER OF A PRAYING. THE POWER OF A PRAYING® PARENT Copyright © 1995, 2005, 2014 by Stormie Omartian Published by Harvest House Publishers Eugene, Oregon 97402 www.harvesthousepublishers.com ISBN 978-0-7369-5767-0 (pbk.) ISBN 978-0-7369-5771-7 (Deluxe) ISBN 978-0-7369-5768-7 (eBook) The Library of Congress has cataloged the edition as follows: Omartian, Stormie The power of a praying parent / by Stormie Omartian p. cm. 1. Prayer—Christianity. 2. Parents—Prayer-books and devotions—English. 3. Devotional Calendars. I. Title. BV220.053 1995 248.3'2'0240431—dc20 95-8627 CIP All rights reserved. No part of this electronic publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, digital, photocopy, recording, or any other— without the prior written permission of the publisher. The authorized purchaser has been granted a nontransferable, nonexclusive, and noncommercial right to access and view this electronic publication, and purchaser agrees to do so only in accordance with the terms of use under which it was purchased or transmitted. Participation in or encouragement of piracy of copyrighted materials in violation of author’s and publisher’s rights is strictly prohibited.
    [Show full text]
  • Samuel Taylor Coleridge
    Bloom’s Classic Critical Views JOHN DONNE AND THE METAPHYSICAL POETS Bloom’s Classic Critical Views Benjamin Franklin The Brontës Charles Dickens JOHN DONNE AND THE Edgar Allan Poe Geoffrey Chaucer METAPHYSICAL POETS Henry David Thoreau Herman Melville Jane Austen John Donne and the Metaphysical Poets Mark Twain Mary Shelley Nathaniel Hawthorne Oscar Wilde Ralph Waldo Emerson Walt Whitman William Blake Bloom’s Classic Critical Views JOHN DONNE AND THE METAPHYSICAL POETS Edited and with an Introduction by Harold Bloom Sterling Professor of the Humanities Yale University Bloom’s Classic Critical Views: John Donne and the Metaphysical Poets Copyright © 2008 Infobase Publishing Introduction © 2008 by Harold Bloom All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For more information contact: Bloom’s Literary Criticism An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data John Donne and the metaphysical poets / edited and with an introduction by Harold Bloom. p. cm. — (Bloom’s classic critical views) A selection of older literary criticism on John Donne. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-60413-139-0 (hardcover : acid-free paper) 1. Donne, John, 1572–1631— Criticism and interpretation. I. Bloom, Harold. II. Title. III. Series. PR2248.J593 2008 821’.3—dc22 2008008428 Bloom’s Literary Criticism books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions.
    [Show full text]
  • Friars' Bookshelf 141 Est Living Son of Eight Children
    The Spirit of St. Dominic. By Humbert Clerissac, O.P. 177 pp. Burns, Oates, London. 6 s. Pressure of the French anti-clerical laws and the subsequent dis­ persion of religious communities in 1903 led Humbert Oerissac, O.P., to spend the next several years in England. In 1908 he con­ ducted a retreat for his English confreres at Hawkesyard and: these retreat conferences, originally delivered in English, were soon pub­ lished in French and in Italian. The manuscript for an English edi­ tion was completed but, due to the author's untimely death in 1914, was not published until recently when M. Jacques Maritain placed this manuscript at the disposal of Bernard Delany, O.P., Provincial of the English Dominicans, with the suggestion that it be revised and published. In a brief introductory sketch of Pere Oerissac, Father Delany observes that "the absorbing enthusiasm of his life was for the ideals of his Father, St. Dominic." This same consuming enthusiasm gen­ erates a unique charm and throbbing vitality which the printed word is powerless to restrain. The ideals of St. Dominic take definite shape as dynamic, living realities incorporated in the constitution of his Order and perpetuated in the life of its members. The message of Pere Oerissac is charged with the spirit of his Father and fired with love for his Order; his unquenchable desire is "to bring others to understand and love its luminous spirit, the eternal youth of its doctrinal tradition, its exquisite largemindedness, its sublime ideal­ ism." Yet his idealism is a practical idealism; through it runs a con­ sistent strain of sane optimism, a constantly recurring note of joyous conviction-the ideals of St.
    [Show full text]
  • What Said the Christ of Himself?
    \\ • , I ' WORLD EVENTS IN THE LI:pHT 'OF :PROPHECY VOL. 45, NO. 16 MELBOURNE, VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA, APRIL 21, 1930 TWOPENCE Sport & General Photo A view of the first meeting of the new Spanish cabinet which recently succeeded the dictatorship of General Primo de Rivera. General Berenguer, the Premier, is seated at the head of the table. What Said the Christ of Himself? DDED to the testimony of (1331 HAROLD J. MEYERS ham, failing, however, to follow what friends and enemies Abraham's life. The prevailing have said concerning sin of unbelief had eaten its Christ must be considered His to gain prestige in this world. way into their hearts. Jesus own testimony concerning Him- Upon what then can His won- was seeking to lead . them to a self. What are His claims? drous claims be accepted? There recognition of His authority. What value have they ? Has He must be some platform of con- They would recognise Jehovah a right to make such claims? A fidence, for thousands, yea, mil- as their God, but were unwilling score of such queries might lions, even today, would die for to admit that Christ was of cross the threshold of the hu- Him who have never seen His heavenly descent. Had they man mind. face. only been willing to live by the Should we look for mere out- First let us look candidly at words of life which came from ward show as a sign of His div- some of His claims. His lips, how different would inity we must be disappointed. have been their destiny.
    [Show full text]
  • Puritanical Dimensions in the Scarlet Letter: Moral Demands Versus
    PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA MINISTRY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH MOHAMED KHIDER UNIVERSITY – BISKRA FACULTY of LETTERS and LANGUAGES DEPARTMENT of FOREING LANGUAGES ENGLISH BRANCH Puritanical Dimensions in The Scarlet Letter: Moral Demands Versus Individual Needs Thesis submitted as a Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of the Degree of ‘Magister’ Option: Literature and Civilization Submitted by: Supervised by: Kahhoul Imene Dr. BOUREGBI Salah Board of Examiners: Chair: Dr Houcine MAOUI (University of Annaba) Supervisor: Dr Salah BOUREGBI (University of Annaba) Examiner: Pr Mohamed Yazid BENDJEDDOU (University of Annaba) 2011/2012 Dedication This thesis is honestly dedicated to my beloved Father: Abd el-aziz, Mother: Louiza, Sister: Houda, Brothers: Messaoud, Islam, and Yahia, Friends: Amel, Khadidja, Amina, Zahra, Linda, Dalila. All the members of my family Students: Mimouna, Sabra, Salima, Hana, Maroua. All my best companions in life. Acknowledgements I would like to thank God for his blessing and guidance in the process of completing this research work. However, I realize that the thesis could not be done without any favours given to me by many individuals. First, I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my beloved parents, my sister and my brothers who have patiently given their moral support, advice and prayers for me so that I can finish my study. I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. BOUREGBI Salah, who shared me his ideas and offered his time and helpful comments during this stressful period. I am further grateful to Mrs. BOUDHIAF Naima, the Head of the Branch of English, who gave us the chance to pass this experience.
    [Show full text]
  • The Holy Spirit 300
    INNERLAND A Guide into the Heart of the Gospel Eberhard Arnold Please share a link to this e-book with your friends. Feel free to post and share links to this e-book, or you may e-mail or print this book in its entirety or in part, but please do not alter it in any way, and please do not post or offer copies of this e-book for download on another website or through another Internet-based download service. If you wish to make multiple hard copies for wider distribution, or to reprint portions in a newsletter or periodical, please observe the following restrictions: • You may not reproduce it for commercial gain. • You must include this credit line: “Copyright 2011 by The Plough Publishing House. Used with permission.” This e-book is a publication of The Plough Publishing House, Rifton, NY 12471 USA (www.plough.com) and Robertsbridge, East Sussex, TN32 5DR, UK (www.ploughbooks.co.uk) Copyright © 2011 by Plough Publishing House Rifton, NY 12471 USA Contents PREFACE 4 INTRODUCTION 6 THE INNER LIFE 15 THE HEART 36 SOUL AND SPIRIT 61 THE CONSCIENCE AND ITS WITNESS 89 THE CONSCIENCE AND ITS RESTORATION 115 THE EXPERIENCE OF GOD 152 THE PEACE OF GOD 191 LIGHT AND FIRE 248 THE HOLY SPIRIT 300 THE LIVING WORD 346 INNERLAND: A GUIDE INTO THE HEART OF THE GOSPEL 4 Preface It is hard to exaggerate the significance of Innerland, either for Eberhard Arnold or his readers. The author’s magnum opus, it absorbed his energies off and on for most of his adult life – from World War I, when he published the first chapter under the title War: A Call to Inwardness, to 1935, the last year of his life.
    [Show full text]
  • John Greenleaf Whittier - Poems
    Classic Poetry Series John Greenleaf Whittier - poems - Publication Date: 2012 Publisher: Poemhunter.com - The World's Poetry Archive John Greenleaf Whittier(17 December 1807 – 7 September 1892) John Greenleaf Whittier was an influential American Quaker poet and ardent advocate of the abolition of slavery in the United States. He is usually listed as one of the Fireside Poets. Whittier was strongly influenced by the Scottish poet Robert Burns. Highly regarded in his lifetime and for a period thereafter, he is now remembered for his poem Snow-Bound, and the words of the hymn Dear Lord and Father of Mankind, from his poem The Brewing of Soma, sung to music by Hubert Parry. <b>Biography</b> <b>Early Life and Work</b> John Greenleaf Whittier was born to John and Abigail (Hussey) at their rural homestead near Haverhill, Massachusetts, on December 17, 1807. He grew up on the farm in a household with his parents, a brother and two sisters, a maternal aunt and paternal uncle, and a constant flow of visitors and hired hands for the farm. Their farm was not very profitable. There was only enough money to get by. Whittier himself was not cut out for hard farm labor and suffered from bad health and physical frailty his whole life. Although he received little formal education, he was an avid reader who studied his father’s six books on Quakerism until their teachings became the foundation of his ideology. Whittier was heavily influenced by the doctrines of his religion, particularly its stress on humanitarianism, compassion, and social responsibility.
    [Show full text]
  • Novels for Students -- the Scarlet Letter
    The Scarlet Letter Nathaniel Hawthorne 1850 Introduction Author Biography Plot Summary Characters Themes Style Historical Context Critical Overview Criticism Sources For Further Study Nathaniel Hawthorne 1850 Introduction Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter is famous for presenting some of the greatest interpretive difficulties in all of American literature. While not recognized by Hawthorne himself as his most important work, the novel is regarded not only as his greatest accomplishment, but frequently as the greatest novel in American literary history. After it was published in 1850, critics hailed it as initiating a distinctive American literary tradition. Ironically, it is a novel in which, in terms of action, almost nothing happens. Hawthorne's emotional, psychological drama revolves around Hester Prynne, who is convicted of adultery in colonial Boston by the civil and Puritan authorities. She is condemned to wear the scarlet letter "A" on her chest as a permanent sign of her sin. The narrative describes the effort to resolve the torment suffered by Hester and her co-adulterer, the minister Arthur Dimmesdale, in the years after their affair. In fact, the story excludes even the representation of the passionate moment which enables the entire novel. It begins at the close of Hester's imprisonment many months after her affair and proceeds through many years to her final acceptance of her place in the community as the wearer of the scarlet letter. Hawthorne was masterful in the use of symbolism, and the scarlet letter "A" stands as his most potent symbol, around which interpretations of the novel revolve. At one interpretive pole the "A" stands for adultery and sin, and the novel is the story of individual punishment and reconciliation.
    [Show full text]
  • CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Literary Works Have Given Valuable Contribution to the Other Works, for Exampl
    CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Literary works have given valuable contribution to the other works, for example the world of movie. Many good movies in the world are made from adaptation upon literary works. One of literary works is novel, mainly the best seller one provides fresh air for film production. Many directors get the idea of movie from novels. The movie itself is also a product of the art. The reason of transferring the novel to the movie is done to adapt it with the condition of the time and to make it easier for the audience to get meaning from the story. For common people, when they cannot read the novel they cannot comprehend it, they will watch the movie. The purpose is to give entertainment and certain message to all community. A movie is a work in the visual and plastic art and noted for „assemble‟ piece colognes built up of miscellaneous found object (Douglas, 1996:115). There are some novels performed to become of movie for example Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, King of Henry V, A midsummer Night Dream, The Red Badge of Courage, Great Expectation, David Copperfield, Oliver Twist, Pickurick Paper, Harry porter, Tale of Two Cities, Pinocchio etc. Sometimes the movies became box office on that era, for example Romeo and Juliet. Films of this age are often criticized for lacking substance and compensate for this discrepancy with explosions, and elaborate camera work. Books, on the other hand, demand a bit more respect from the public. Many believe that concocting a script is an unsophisticated mode of writing, a copper to the gold of a novel.
    [Show full text]