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Pest Categorisation of Non‐EU Cicadomorpha Vectors of Xylella Spp

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Pest Categorisation of Non‐EU Cicadomorpha Vectors of Xylella Spp SCIENTIFIC OPINION ADOPTED: 22 May 2019 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5736 Pest categorisation of non-EU Cicadomorpha vectors of Xylella spp. EFSA Panel on Plant Health (PLH), Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnes Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe Lucien Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent Civera, Jonathan Yuen, Lucia Zappala, Chris Malumphy, Joao~ Roberto Spotti Lopes, Ewelina Czwienczek and Alan MacLeod Abstract The Panel on Plant Health performed a group pest categorisation of non-EU Cicadomorpha vectors of Xylella spp. known to be associated with plant diseases. Although all the insects considered in this categorisation are proven vectors of Xylella spp., additional vectors within the order Hemiptera most probably exist but have not been associated with any Xylella spp. disease yet. Currently, the group consists of 50 taxa (49 at species level and one at genus level) from the families Aphrophoridae, Cicadellidae and Membracidae (Arthropoda: Hemiptera: Cicadomorpha) for which reliable identification methods exist. Members of the group can be found in the Americas, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Only one of them, Homalodisca vitripennis is considered invasive. Species in the group are mostly polyphagous; many are known to feed on several plant families. Hosts can include broadleaf trees, herbaceous plants and grasses. Breeding takes place on herbaceous hosts and eggs are inserted into plant tissues. Nymphs emerge to feed on sap of the natal host. Adults move from breeding hosts to food hosts and can spread Xylella spp. causing a variety of diseases. Three of the species are listed in Annex IAI of Council Directive 2000/29/EC as examples of Cicadellidae (non-EU) known to be vector of Pierce’s disease (caused by Xylella fastidiosa). Plants for planting, cut branches, flowers and fruit are potential pathways for entry into the EU. However, there are no records of EU interceptions of any members of the group. EU biotic and abiotic conditions are conducive for establishment and spread of these insects. Were members of the group to establish and spread, impact on several cultivated species (e.g. grapevine, citrus, Prunus spp.) and ornamentals (e.g. Polygala myrtifolia) could be expected as these insect species are efficient vectors of Xylella spp. Considering the criteria within the remit of EFSA to assess their regulatory plant health status, the group of non-EU Cicadomorpha vectors of Xylella spp. meets all the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as potential Union quarantine pests. The group does not meet all the criteria assessed by EFSA for consideration as regulated non-quarantine pests, as members of the group are not present in the EU. © 2019 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. Keywords: Pest risk, quarantine, spittlebug, planthopper, treehopper, olive quick decline syndrome, citrus variegated chlorosis, bacterial leaf scorch Requestor: European Commission Question number: EFSA-Q-2018-00792 Correspondence: [email protected] www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal EFSA Journal 2019;17(6):5736 Non-EU Cicadomorpha vectors of Xylella spp.: Pest categorisation Panel members: Claude Bragard, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Francesco Di Serio, Paolo Gonthier, Marie-Agnes Jacques, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Annemarie Fejer Justesen, Alan MacLeod, Christer Sven Magnusson, Panagiotis Milonas, Juan A. Navas-Cortes, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Philippe L Reignault, Hans-Hermann Thulke, Wopke Van der Werf, Antonio Vicent, Jonathan Yuen and Lucia Zappala. Suggested citation: EFSA PLH Panel (EFSA Panel on Plant Health), Bragard C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Di Serio F, Gonthier P, Jacques M-A, Jaques Miret JA, Justesen AF, Magnusson CS, Milonas P, Navas- Cortes JA, Parnell S, Potting R, Reignault PL, Thulke H-H, Van der Werf W, Civera AV, Yuen J, ZappalaL, Malumphy C, Lopes JRS, Czwienczek E and MacLeod A, 2019. Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of non-EU Cicadomorpha vectors of Xylella spp. EFSA Journal 2019;17(6):5736, 53 pp. https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5736 ISSN: 1831-4732 © 2019 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and no modifications or adaptations are made. The EFSA Journal is a publication of the European Food Safety Authority, an agency of the European Union. www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal 2 EFSA Journal 2019;17(6):5736 Non-EU Cicadomorpha vectors of Xylella spp.: Pest categorisation Table of Contents Abstract................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Introduction................................................................................................................................4 1.1. Background and Terms of Reference as provided by the requestor.................................................. 4 1.1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................4 1.1.2. Terms of reference ...................................................................................................................... 4 1.1.2.1. Terms of Reference: Appendix 1................................................................................................... 5 1.1.2.2. Terms of Reference: Appendix 2................................................................................................... 6 1.1.2.3. Terms of Reference: Appendix 3................................................................................................... 7 1.2. Interpretation of the Terms of Reference....................................................................................... 8 2. Data and methodologies .............................................................................................................. 9 2.1. Data........................................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.1. Literature search ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.1.2. Database search ......................................................................................................................... 9 2.2. Methodologies............................................................................................................................. 9 3. Pest categorisation ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.1. Identity and biology of the pest.................................................................................................... 11 3.1.1. Identity and taxonomy................................................................................................................. 11 3.1.2. Biology of the pest ...................................................................................................................... 14 3.1.3. Intraspecific diversity................................................................................................................... 16 3.1.4. Detection and identification of the pest......................................................................................... 16 3.2. Pest distribution .......................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.1. Pest distribution outside the EU.................................................................................................... 16 3.2.2. Pest distribution in the EU............................................................................................................ 20 3.3. Regulatory status ........................................................................................................................ 20 3.3.1. Council Directive 2000/29/EC ....................................................................................................... 20 3.3.2. Legislation addressing the organisms vectored by non-EU Cicadomorpha (Directive 2000/29/EC) ...... 20 3.3.3. Legislation addressing the hosts of non-EU Cicadomorpha, vector of Xylella spp. ............................. 21 3.4. Entry, establishment and spread in the EU .................................................................................... 21 3.4.1. Host range.................................................................................................................................. 21 3.4.2. Entry .......................................................................................................................................... 21 3.4.3. Establishment ............................................................................................................................. 22 3.4.3.1. EU distribution of main host plants ............................................................................................... 22 3.4.3.2. Climatic conditions affecting establishment...................................................................................
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