Special Libraries, August 1975

San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks

Special Libraries, 1975 Special Libraries, 1970s

8-1-1975

Special Libraries Association

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Life Sciences N~~~~ 0 Physical & Chemical Sciences T~~~~ Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences Social & Behavioral Street Address Sciences Engineering, Technology ,,,, ~tate~~rou~nce & Applied Sciences Clinical Practice Z~P country Z407 n@lnstitute for Scientific Information 325 Chestnut St , Pha , Pa 19106, USA.Tel (215) 9293300, Cable: SCNFO, Telex 84-5305 1111111111111111111~~I~~~~~I1~~m~ 81975 ISI AIJGIJST1975 1 A DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN SERIES LOGICAL DESIGN OF DIGITAL SYSTEMS By Arthur D. Friedman, University of Southern California January, 1975, 278pp., ISBN 0-914894-50-1, (CIP). $15.95 (outside the U.S. & Canada $17.55). Solution Manual. Beginning from the simplest precepts of gate level logic design, the concepts of combi- national circuit design, sequential circuit design and finally system level design are developed in a systematic and unified manner culminating in an introduction to the design of digital computer systems. Emphasizes general concepts, theory, and design techniques of relevance to current technologies. Features include: modular design of functional subcircuits including counters, decoders, adders, comparison circuits, and shift registers; logical completeness; system level design using register transfer languages, including the design of a multiplier and divider; introduction to placement and routing of IC boards and digital circuit diagnosis. DIGITAL SYSTEM DESIGN AUTOMATION: LANGUAGES, SIMULATION AND DATA BASE Edited by Melvin A. Breuer, University of Southern California Available June, 1975, 430pp. (approx.), ISBN 0-914894-53-6, (CIP). $17.95 (outside the US. & Canada $19.75). This book is the sequel to a previous book on design automation edited by Prof. Melvin Breuer which was selected in IEEE Spectrum as one of eleven books to constitute the basic library for digital system designers. This new book is of equal significance. Topics include: system level simulation; register transfer (RT) languages and their use in automated digital system design including RT level simulation and translation; automated microprogramming techniques; data base design and file management. Includes descriptions of several languages and their simulators, and a survey and analysis of several design automation systems. Contains examples and problems. A unique and essential book for any student or engineer interested in digital system design. THEORY AND DESIGN OF SWITCHING CIRCUITS By Arthur D. Friedman, University of Southern California Premachandran R. Menon, Bell Telephone Laboratories Available August, 1975, 584pp. (approx.), ISBN 0-914894-52-8, (CIP). $1 8.95 (outside the U.S. & Canada $20.85). Solution Manual. Starting with an extensive presentation of the most important classical minimization problems to which switching theory books are usually limited, this book considers in detail the most important concepts, theory, and design techniques associated with digital design in current technologies, including: asynchronous sequential circuit design, structurally simple design, partition theory, decompositions, minimal feedback and shift register realizations; modular design using ULM's (universal logic modules), ROM's. iterative arrays, and physical design of printed circuit IC boards including partitioning. placement, and routing; modeling of new technologies-illustrated by logic design using magnetic bubbles. Detailed examples and solutions, problems. Ideal graduate level text and reference. All books available in hardbound or microfiche. Special Library Offer - microfiche copy at half the book price with purchase of hardbound copy. All prices subject to change without notice, To place your order in the U.S. and Canada, write to the publisher: COMPUTER SCIENCE PRESS, INC. 4566 POE AVENUE 6 WOODLAND HILLS, CA 91 364 USA For all orders from outside the US. and Canada and to be placed on our international mailing list, write to our exclusive export representatives: KAIMAN & POLON, INC., 456 Sylvan Avenue, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632 USA special libraries

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Editor: JANET D. BAILEY Assistant Editor: NANCYVIGGIANO Circulation: FREDERICKBAUM Special Libraries is published by Special Libraries Association, 235 Park Avenue South, New York, N.Y. 10003. O 1975 by Special Libraries Association. Monthly except double issue for May/June. Annual index in Decem- ber issue. Material protected by this copyright may be photocopied for the noncommercial purpose of scholarship or research. Second class postage paid at New York. N.Y., and at additional mailing offices. Why not handle PUBLICATIONS FROM your foreign UNITED NATIONS affairs domesticallfl There is no need to rely on one YEARBOOK OF THE subscription agency for your domes- UNITED NATIONS 1972 tic periodicals and another for your foreign. The F. W. Faxon Company is "Throughout its existence, the Yearbook an international subscription agency of the United Nations has served as a handling periodicals from around the unique and comprehensive record of the activities of the world organization, of world. (We presently list over 8,000 profound value to all who are concerned foreign titles and are constantly add- in those activities", says Secretary-Gen- ing more.) Now you can place one era1 Kurt Waldheim In his foreword to thls order for all your periodicals - volume. domestic and foreign -and receive one annual invoice. The Yearbook, as the principal reference Our Foreign Department handles work of the Organization, is the only annual series contalnlng. withln a single translations, keeps up-to-date with volume, a fully-indexed. comprehensive the changing status of foreign cur- yet succinct account-organized by sub- rencies, and maintains up-to-the- ject-of the d~scussions, decis~ons and minute records on foreign publication activities of the United Nations and the frequencies. intergovernmental organizations related Use Faxon's expertise. You'll find to it. there's no language barrier at Faxon. Order No. E.74.1.1 Clothbound $35.00 Library business is our only business - since 1881. ., .,, United Nations Publications MEW.fnxon comPnnv,Inc. Room LX-2300. New York. N Y 10017 15 Southwest Park. Westwood. MA 02090 or Palais des Nations Tel: 800-225-7894 itoll-free) -+C.ls- 1211 Geneva 10. Switzerland 617-329-3350 (collect in ass. and ~anada)

Subscription Rates. to SLA members. Nonmem- Special Libraries Association assumes no responsi- bers, USA and Canada, $22.50 per calendar year; add bility for the statements and opinions advanced by $2.50 postage for other countries. Single copies (re- the contributors to the Association's publications. cent years) $2.75 except for October issue (Direc- Instructions for Contributors last appeared in Special tory) which is $12.00. Libraries 65 (no.12) (Dec 1974). A pub- ~~~k issues & ~~~d cover~~~~i~~~: ~~~~i~~ K~~~~ lications brochure is available from the Association's ~~~~i~tcarp,, 16 ~~~t 46th st,, N~~ yo& N. y, New York offices. Editorial views do not necessarily represent the official positlon of Special Libraries AS- Microfilm Microfiche Editions (1909 date): to sociation. Acceptance of an advertisement does not Inquire University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan, imply endorsement of the product by Special Libraries Changes of Address. Allow six weeks for all changes ~~~~~i~~i~~, to become effective. All communications should include both old and new addresses (with Codes) ZIP Indexed in: Book Review Index, Business Periodicals and should be accompanied by a mailing label from a Index, Znformation Science Abstracts, Historical Ab- recent issue. Members should send their communica- stracts, Hospital Literature Index, Library Literature, tions to the SLA Membership Department, 235 Park Library C lnformation Science Abstracts, Mana~ement Avenue South, New York, N. Y. 10003. Nonmember Index, Public Affairs Information Service and Science Subscribers should send their communications to the r-:.-.:-- 7-J-.. L''U""'' "'ur*r' SLA Circulation De~artment.235 Park Avenue South. New York, N. Y. 10003. Claims for missing numbers will not be allowed if received more than 90 days from date of mailing Membership plus the time normally required for postal deliveq of the issue and the claim. No claims are allowed because of failure to notify the Membership Depart- DUES.h'fember or Associate Member ment or the Circulation Department (see above) of $30; Student $8; Retired $10; Sustaining a change of address, or because copy is "missing from files." $100. A MAJOR CUMULATIVE INDEX and Forthcoming RETROSPECTIVE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL TOOL We are happy to announce the publication of an important new informational aid for researchers and technical librarians: This sturdy clothbound 2 volume index represents a considerable accomplishment, inasmuch as it provides immediate access to much of the JAPANESE R&D output in physics and applied physics during the most explosively productive period in history. If you are engaged in any aspect of information retrieval in these fields, this COMBINED CUMULATIVE INDEX will be an invaluable asset.

JAPANESE PHYSICS COMBINED CUMULATIVE INDEX OF THREE MAJOR JOURNALS 1946-1974 BY SUBJECT AND AUTHOR

Consists of 2 volumes separately bound totaling about In cooperation with the Physical Society of Japan, the Japan Society 1400-pages, containing Subject Index and Author Index. of Applied Physics, the Research Institute for Fundamental Physics, 81% by 11 inches. Clothbound, gold embossed. and Nichigai Associates, Inc. has compiled the work on Combined Cumulative Subject and Author Index for three major journals ( 1946- This combined cumulative index contains a subject and 1974) of physical area in Japan. author index to technical papers in three major journals of Japanese Physics from 1946-1974. The Journals consist It includes all technical items that appeared in Journal of the Physical of the following: Society cf Japan, 1946 (first appearance)-1974, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 1962 (first appearance)-1974, and Progress in Thw- Journal of the Physical Society of Japan retical Physics & Supplement, 1946 (first appearance)-1974. Errata, 1946-1974 (Vol. 1-37) short notes, letters to the editors, etc. relating to indexed items are The Physical Society of Japan included. Approximately 24,000 title\ are indexed.

The Subject Index is arranged alphabetically, with subject headings Japanese Journal of Applied Physics and subject cross-references. Titles, type (short notes, letters, errata), 1962-1974 (Vol. 1-13) and bibliographic location of all pertinent items are listed under the Japan Society of Applied Physics subject heading:All indexed articles are given an average of 4 subjects to a title, so that an identical article appears 4 times in the index under the different subjects. Progress in Theoretical Physics and Supplement 1946-1974 (Vol. 1-52) The Author Index contains a primary entry for each item-under the name of the first author-which gives complete bibliographic informa- Research Institute for Fundamental Physics tion, including coauthor names, item title and type (short notes, letters), and bibliographic location. Cross-references are given from PUBLICATION DATE: FEBRUARY 1, 1975 each coauthor to the name of the first author. D~u&10%

ORD NICHIGAI ASSOCIATES (U. S. A,), INC. EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, SUITE 3304 Please send us copies of the NEW YORK, N. Y. 10001 U. S. A. JAPANESE PHYSICS, COMBINED CUMULATIVE INDEX Please send to: 1946.1974 @ $230.00 each

-- - Name (print) Pre-publication price, if we receive your order and payment before January 3 1. 1975 $207.00 Organization 1- - Street n Payment in the amount of ir enclosed Pleasc send invoice. City StateKounuy Zip (Make checks payable to Nichigai Associates (U.S.A.), Inc.) I I (After January 31, 1975, send payment with order and save $2 per copy for postage and handling) PART I

Adams, R C0pe.A C.-0auben.W C ORGANIC REACTIONS - Volumes3. 7.8. 10. 11. 12 & 17 each $ 17 50 Akhlezer, A.I. Berestetsk~~.V.B OUANTUM ELECTRODYNAMICS ITPA Ill Or~ged 1965 868 PP 34 75 Baer, Erlck ENGINEERING DESIGN FOR PLASTICS Orlg ed 1964 1216 pp 42.50 Baker, B.R DESIGN OF ACTIVE SITE OIRECTEO IRREVERSIBLE ENZYME INHIBITORS Orlg ed 1967 325 pp 17 50

Baker, H V -Ryder. E A Baker, N H TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT IN ENGINEERING - Volumes I & II Volume I Orlq ed 1953 Volume II 0,q ed 1961 Berndtson. Arthur- ART EXPRESSION & BEAUTY Oriy ed 1969 Bode. H W NETWORK ANALYSIS& FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER DESIGN Orly ed 1945 Brookes. V~ncentJ POISONS Orlg ed 1958 Brownmg, B L THE CHEMISTRY OF WOOD 0, y ed 1963 BumMeyer H Cole. E.C THEATRESANO AUOlTORlUMS Or~ged 1964 Butts. Allison SILVER. ECONOMICS, METALLURGY & USE Orfg ed 1967 Cheyette, F LDROSHIP& COMMUNITY IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE Or~qed 1968 In Prep Ch~ang,C Long BlOSTATlSTlCS Orlg ed 1968 16 50 Converse, A 0 OPTIMIZATION Orlq ed 1970 1450 Crow, L 0 -Crow, Al~ce HUMAN DEVELOPMENT & LEARNING Org ed 1956 1650 Dub~sch,R THE TEACHING OF MATHEMATICS FROM INTERMEDIATE ALGEBRA THROUGH 1st YEAR CALCULUS Orly ed 1963 7 50 Ebner, M CONNECTIVE TISSUE MASSAGE Oriy ed 1962 9 50 Elsenman, G -Mattock. G Bates. R Fmrlman, S M THE GLASS ELECTRODE Orlg ed 1966 11 DO Fay, S.-Epstein, K THE RISE OF BRANDENBURG PRUSSIA TO 1186 Or~qed 1970 In Prep Flavell, John H THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROLE TAKING & COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN CHILDREN Orlq ed 1968 12 75 Foulke, 0 G Crane, F 0 ELECTROPLATERSPROCESS CONTROL HANDBOOK Oqed 1963 22 50 Fr~edman,W F Ktpnees, J J INDUSTRIAL PACKAGING Orlg ed 1960 In Prep Fry. M Drew. J TROPICAL ARCHITECTURE Orly ed 1964 19 50 Fulrath. R M Pask. J A CERAMIC MICROSTRUCTURES Ortg ed 1968 39 50 Furman N H STANDARD METHODS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSIS Volume l Orlg erl 1962 34 50 Gamble F 0 Yale I CLINICAL FOOT ROENTGENOLOGY 0r1y ed 1966 24.00 Ghaus M S-Kelly J J INTRODUCTION TO DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER NETWORKS Orlg ed 1968 In Prep Gray Peter THE MICROTObllSTS FORMULARY & GUIDE Orlq ed 31 50 Gurdpn E Stepherrr OPERATIVE NEUROSURGERY Oriq ed 1952 25 00 Ham Mason MODERN ORGANIZATION THEORY Or~qed 11159 In Prep Harw F K ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENTS Orty ed 1952 21 50 Hartt Fred GEOLOGY & PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY OF BRAZIL Orlg etl 1870 26 50 Helms L L INTRODUCTION TO POTENTIAL THEORY Oriq erl 1969 17 50 Henontebeck R J DISTILLATION PRINCIPLES & DESIGN PROCEOURES Dqerl 1961 In Prep Hermann, J A -1rwng. H Rosenthal, l Suttle. J F Welss, A R - Urdln, V R Wl~an~s,R J P SEPARATION METHODS IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY Oriq ed 1964 7 50 Hook~ns.E S Bean. E L WATER PURIFICATION CONTROL 5th Edltlon Orq erl 1966 14 50 Hove, J E -Rtley, W C MODERN CERAMICS SOME PRINCIPLES8 CONCEPTS 0r1q ed 1965 In Prep Isaacs. Rufus DIFFERENTIAL GAMES Orlg ed 19bl 19 00 Kennedy, R W THE HOUSE AND THE ART OF ITS DESIGN Ortrl cd 1953 16 50 Klelber, M FIRE OF LIFE Onq erl 1961 14 75 Kopell, H P Tliompson, W A L PERIPHERAL ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHIES Oriil ed 1963 13 50 Kuiz. Myer TEMPERATURE CONTROL Oqell 1968 1350 FREE SNAP- SHOT OF THE BUSINESS OF CHEMISTRY The business of chemistry is a complex and constantly changing environment, and keeping track of the changes can, at times be frustrating and time consuming. Now you can reduce that frustration and the time spent finding the information you want. You can use CHEMICAL INDUSTRY NOTES -- or as most people call it, CIN -- to give you a picture of the chemical industry each week. CIN is a weekly journal of extracts of articles about the management, investment, marketing, and production in the chemical industry. In other words, the business of chemistry. The articles are selected from 73 of the world's most respected and informative journals and newspapers such as Business Week, European Chemical News and Oriental Economist (Tokyo). The CIN staff monitors these top-calibre publications to make it easy for you to find the information you need out of the 40,000 articles extracted annually. But 40,000 extracts are a lot to look through, so esch week we group them in eight general categories, highlight important words and add a Key- word Subject Index -- all to make it easier, faster and less frustrating to find the most current information on your subject. Don't take our word for how good CIN is. See for yourself. Fill in and mail the coupon for your FREE issue of CIN, a snapshot of next week's business of chemistry. t-----..-...... -...... --...... -...... ~...... ~. 4 Please send me a FREE issue of CHEMICAL INDUSTRY NOTES.

Your Name Clip and send to: Your Title Chemical Abstracts Service Organization Name Marketing Department Organization Address The Ohio State University Columbus, Ohio 43210 USA The students would be better qualified to continue their educations at other professional schools of art. Books Wanted The books would be a start toward making the library acceptable for accredita- This letter asks you to choose one good tion. book from your collection and send it to Our help would attract other funding to- Santa Fe. Let me explain. ward a more comprehensive library. I have just returned from visiting the In- stitute of American Indian Art (I.A.I.A.) as I ask you to join with me in making avail- an evaluator of their program. The one re- able one book (or more) for the I.A.I.A. li- source which is so important and in need is brary (Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501). Books their library. The problem is not that they can be mailed 4th Class at a special low lack space o; a trained librarian, but that they rate. If you are connected with an institu- only have about 300 art books. Personal col- tion, please encourage your library to send lections often exceed this, both in quality their "discards" (books in duplicate). Please and quantity. It is a shame that this two-year do what you can and pass on the request to school, which is trying to become accredited other interested persons. Thank you. to offer an Associate Degree, has so small a Thomas Morin resource for its students. ~e~arimentof Sculpture The I.A.I.A. in Santa Fe is the only art Rhode Island School of Design school in the country especially for Indians. Providence, RTI. It is operated by the Bureau of Indian Af- fairs (B.I.A.). Students attend tuition-free. P.S. If you would like to know which books The I.A.I.A. has very high admission stand- are most needed, you may telephone 505- ards, a vital curriculum, devoted faculty and 988-6266 or write to: Evelyn Fredericks, Li- administration, and an excellent physical brarian, I.A.I.A., Santa Fe, New Mexico plant. 87501. Art produced at the I.A.I.A. is rooted in the only indigenous culture of our country, an old culture which spans centuries prior to Engineering Data the founding of our nation, centuries prior The article by Robert Ting in the March to the so-called "discovery of the New issue of Special Libraries [66(no.3):140-1421 World." The continuing tradition is impor- describes a workshop situation for engineers tant to all artists as a visual language in at the University of N.Y. at Buffalo. Under which we celebrate life and grow as indi- the conclusions regarding this workshop, it viduals. Students at the I.A.I.A. are search- was indicated among the seven conclusions ing, as we all search, for that individual ex- that there was no comprehensive data base pression which is uniquely theirs. Their for engineering literature available and work is on a high level, as evidenced by therefore engineers as a group did not ap- their studios and museum shows, and has pear to be enthusiastic about computer been acclaimed accordingly. searches. I was somewhat surprised a; this It is my belief, as an artist and educator, particular conclusion, due to the fact that that other artists would share my concern there is a comprehensive engineering data and want to help. Let each of us select one base available for engineering literature en- good book from our personal library and titled COMPENDEX. send it to Santa Fe. This data base is on-line through Lock- Since the need is so acute, the response can heed Corporation and the Systems have reverberations beyond the fact of the evel lo^- ment Corporation and has had wide gift itself. For instance: acceptance throughout the engineering com- 1. The students would have a permanent re- munity. There may be responsible and rea- source from which to learn and grow as sonable evaluations of the coverage pro- artists. vided by this data base, or the timeliness of 2. Received books would boost morale, since this data base, or the comprehensiveness of the students would know that other artists this data base, but certainly there is one care enough to give of themselves. available and is being used quite widely. 3. The B.I.A. would be encouraged LO give I am sony that we did not have the op- higher priority to educational needs of portunity to discuss with Mr. Ting the con- the Indians. tent of this data base before the workshop and perhaps provide, should he have desired count is justified in the special library it, some information about it. setting. The article is well written and well un- In the more usual situation of ordering derstood, but 1 do believe that it is deficient one or two books, I would favor interli- in making this evaluation. brary loan to take care of the immediate re- John E. Creps, Jr. quest. The library user would then give the Engineering Index, Inc. librarian his or her opinion as to whether New York, N.Y. 10017 purchase is warranted. If it is, the librarian can put the desired title(s) on the order Koenig Response sent periodically to the jobber. The library would thus save substantially on purchase, In response to Mr. Anson's reply in the processing, and overhead costs of books May/ June 1975 issue of Special Libraries that gather dust. [66(nos.5/6):235] to my piece on "Expeclit- To facilitate the interlibrary loan, some ing Book Acquisitions" which appeared in sort of union catalog would beneeded. Not the December 1974 issue of Special Librar- too many years ago, major New Mexico li- ies, I would like to make the following braries had the use of NEMEISYS (New points: RIexico Information Systems) for this pur- 1) Mr. Anson ignores the fact that the pose. A requisitiorier needed the LC catalog virtues of the arrangement to Pfizer includes card order number. As a supplement or not only telephone ordering, but physical substitute, SLA members in the same Chap- delivery of the book or books ordered. I ter and Division could exchange acquisitions note that Mr. Anson makes no mention of lists. The lists can be photocopied from any such service from his firm. main entries, laid out to fit an 81/2 x 11 in. 2) Mr. Anson claims that Pfizer's invest- space. Then, a receiving library can have a ment of $1,000 is unjustified. The cost to file of what is available in similar libraries Pfizer at, let us say, a 10% cost of capital is in the geographic area. $100 a year, a sum whose equivalent is per- When I was a special librarian, I would haps 15 hours per year of non-professional borrow from the New York Public Library, time, or approximately 20 minutes per or the library of the New School for Social week. Pfizer saves substantially more time Research, where I was working on my M.A. than that by the elimination of the need for written order confirmation, which Mr. An- Jean E. Dulaff son concedes is required by the conven- Albuquerque, N.Mex. tional approaches he describes. In short Mr. Anson focuses on one of the Unexpectedly Historical three benefits to Pfizer of the procedure, and The January 1975 issue of Special Librar- trumpets the fact that his f&n also offers ies has just arrived here. We are flattered that benefit, while he totally ignores the that an illustration of Auckland University other two benefits. Read in isolation, his Library was used to accompany ~ar~aret reply is a very effective marketing ploy. Ross's article on map collections in India, Read in context it reveals that he offers no Australia and New Zealand. However, the similar degree of service. New Zealand Embassy really should have Michael E. D. Koenig indicated that the photograph that they Institute for Scientific Infornlation Philadelphia, Pa. 19106 supplied was an historical document! It was taken in the former central library some- time around 1963 and bears no resemblance Borrow! to our present premises. Mr. Anson's letter in the May/June 1975 Margaret Ross is concerned about the issue of Special Libraries [66(nos.5/6):235] lack of information on map collections in raised another question in my mind, namely the area and a recent statistical exercise en- the practice of granting a library discount ables me to update some of the figures she for one or two books ordered in response gives for New Zealand. Map collections at to the immediate need of a library user. the end of 1974 were: University of Auck- The only time I can think of when a spe- land: 24,785; University of Waikato: 53,397; cial librarian needs to build a collection is University of Otago Library: 12,325. when his or her employer is going to carry Peter Durey out a project and the library collection is University of Auckland weak in that subject area. Then, the dis- Auckland, New Zealand Announcing MAJOR CUMULATIVE INDEXES and 2 RETROSPECTIVE INFORMATION RETRIEVAL TOOLS We are happy to announce the publication of 2 important new informational aids for researchers and technical librarians. These sturdy clothbound Indexes represent a considerable accomplishment, inasmuch as they provide immediate access to much of the world's R&D output in physics and applied physics during the most explosively productive period in history. If you are engaged in any aspect of information retrieval in these fields, these Cumulative Indexes will be invaluable assets.

PHYSICAL REVIEW & JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICAL REVIEW PHYSICS & APPLIED LETTERS PHYSICS LEllERS

Combined Cumulative Combined Cumulative lndex Subject lndex Subject and Author 1951-1973 1962-1973

Consists of 2 volumes separately bound Consists of a single 1250-page volume totaling 2400-pages, containing Subject containing both Subject Index and Author Index. 8% hby 11 inches. Clothbound, Index. 8% by I1 inches. Clothbound, gold embossed: gold embossed.

Nichigai Associates, Inc., Nichigai Associates, Inc., ha. just completed work on Combined Cumulative Subject has just completed work on Combined Cumulative Subject Index for all of "Physical Review" and "Physical Review and Author Indexes for aU of "Journal of Applied Physics" Letters" (1951-1973). and "Applied Physics Letters" (1962-1973). This combined Subject Index includes all papers and scientific Includes all technical items that appeared in "Journal of reports that appeared in The Physical Review 2nd Series, Applied Physics" of 1962-1973 and "Applied Physics Letters" 1951-1969, Physical Review (A thru D) 3rd Series, 1970-1973, of 1962-1973. Errata, comments, discussions, etc. relating to and Physical Review Letters, 1958 (first appearance)-1973. indexed items are included. Approximately 60,000 titles are indexed. Non-scientific items, The Subject Index is arranged alphabetically, with subject such as a notice on meeting have been omitted. headings and subject cross-references. Titles, type (communications, letters) and bibliographic location of aU pertinent Subject headings as index terms have been primarily extracted items are listed under the subject heading. from titles through the unique program, by making use of a digital computer, then unified and controlled by specialists. The Author Index contains a primary entry for each item - All indexed articles are given an average of 3-4 subjects to a under the name of the first author - which gives complete title, so that an identical article appears 3-4 times in the index bibliographic information, including coauthor names, item uqder the different subjects. title and type (communications, letters), and bibliographic location. Cross-references are given from each coauthor to the Subject headings found in the index are based on the terms name of the first author. appearing in the title of respective articles. Thus, this is a familiar reference tool for the user who is engaged in the field Other Cumulative Indexes: concerned. In addition, with subject cross-references given Entire IEEE Group Transactions abundantly he will be able to search more efficiently. and Journals 1951-1971 1882 pages @$157.00 Subject headings and cross-references are arranged in alpha- Proceedings of the IEEE numerical order by the 'word by word' basis. Abbreviated 1960-1971 495 pages @$44.00 words and'Greek letters, however, are put in higher order ac- Journal of Physics A to E cording to internal arrangement of the computer. Titles (in 1950-1970 744 pages @$76.50 full), type (letters to the editor, comments and addenda) and SPE Joumal-Polymer Engineer- bibliographic locations are listed under the heading. Does ,ing and Science Combined 72 191 pages @$36.00 not include an author's index. - ORDER FORM kmall pricer if paymeal ' NICHIGAI ASSOCIATES (U. S. A. ), INC. NO of Copies --'+h order. EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, SUITE 3304 include? i Journal of Applied Physics & Applied Physics Letters* NEW YORK, N. Y. 10001 U. S. A. Combined Cumulative Index (1962-1973) @ $158 each 11 Please send the indicated Curnulofive Indexes la: Physical Review & Physical Review Letters Combined - Cumulative Subject Index (1951-1973) @ $372 each OTHER INDEXES (List) 11 Name (mint) Organization

I1 u...,.. x Payment in the amount of is enclosed. Please send invoice. StateKountry Zip (Make check payable to Nichigai Associates (USA.), Inc.) I1 (Send payment with order and save $2 per copy for postage and handling) The JPL Library Information Retrieval System

Josephine Walsh Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif. 91 103

H The development, capabilities, and book catalog, and provides a machine products of the computer-based retrieval search capability. Programs and docu- system of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory mentation are available to the public Library are described. The system han- through NASA's computer software dis- dles books and documents, produces a semination program.

THEJet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Background is a research and development center operated by the California Institute of The JPL Library developed its first Technology for the National Aeronautics computerized book catalog in 1961. The and Space Administration (NASA). The catalog provided access to the book and primary missions of the laboratory are document collections by subject, title, unmanned planetary exploration, exem- personal author, and corporate author. plified by the current Mariner 10 mission However, no provision was made for ac- to Venus and Mercury, and future space cess by report number or contract num- project research. The laboratory is also ber; and there was no retrieval capabil- active in technology transfer programs in ity. Although the programs were modi- which technology developed for the space fied insofar as possible in an attempt to program is applied to problem areas in correct these deficiencies, the system's the public sector, with particular empha- limitations did not allow for all the de- sis on transportation, environment, en- sired changes. Accordingly, a new system ergy, health care, and law enforcement. incorporating the added capabilities was Among the technological contributions designed and put into operation. of the space program have been the de- The current Library Information Re- velopment and application of informa- trieval System (LIRS), which began oper- tion systems in support of space research ation in January 1969, produces a book projects. The JPL Library retrieval sys- catalog and provides machine searches tem is one example of an information on demand. The system is simple, flexi- system developed under the space pro- ble, and has proven its effectiveness in gram. The system is applicable to any six years of operation. library, and the programs and documen- The size of the data base is currently tation are available to the public 42,000 accession records. Approximately through NASA's computer software dis- 8,000 records are entered in the system semination program (I). annually. The problems inherent in con- verting the older files were avoided by search using a particular term is justi- the decision not to convert. This decision fied. Primary authorities for terms added was based primarily on the JPL Library's to the LIRS Thesaurus are the Engineers experience that the heaviest use of tech- Joint Council's Thesaurus of Engineer- nical literature is in the first five years ing and Scientific Terms (TEST) (3) and after publication. Even though it is nec- the NASA Thesaurus (4). Since the struc- essary to consult the closed book catalog turing of terms in TEST and the NASA for material received between 1961 and Thesaurus is referred to as needed, hier- 1968 and manual card files for material archical structuring of terms is not in- received prior to 1961, it was felt that the cluded in the LIRS Thesaurus. Other expenditures in time, personnel, and specialized thesauri such as Medical Sub- funds necessary to convert these files ject Headings (5), Environmental Termi- would not be justified. nology Index (6), Thesaurus of Water One of the primary advantages of the Resources Terms (7), etc., are consulted LIRS is the provision of a single source as needed for more specific terminology for access to both books and documents in fields other than aerospace science and in the collection. Traditionally, libraries technology. have treated documents differently from The corporate author authorities for books and have developed separate man- the system are the NASA Corporate ual or machine files for access to these Source Authority List (8), and the DDC publications. The user, with an interest Source Header List (9). If the corporate in a particular subject, must consult both author is not listed in either of these book and document files to assure com- authority lists, the entry is established ac- plete subject coverage. The use of dif- cording to the COSATI Standard cited ferent subject headings and corporate above (2). author entries in these files can compli- cate the retrieval effort. Consolidation of Input book and document files into one system using a common thesaurus and corporate Three forms are used for entering data author authority has greatly facilitated in the LIRS. The layout of the forms reference and retrieval services in the corresponds to the card format estab- JPL Library. lished for the system, with each data element identified by an alpha code. System Authorities An LIRS-Additions form (Figure 1) is prepared for each book and document Throughout the development of the entered in the system. Data elements are LIRS, the approach has been to make shown in Table 1. Although most of the use of national cataloging authorities as data elements are self-explanatory, some much as possible. Descriptive cataloging of the sub-elements of the Accession Rec- for the system follows the COSATI ord need elaboration. The accession or Standard for Descriptive Cataloging of call number sub-element (A 1) includes Government Scientific and Technical Re- a notation of format for material that is ports (2). filed in separate collections, i.e., (M) for Subject indexing is based on the LIRS microfilm, (MF) for microfiche and (0s) Thesaurus which currently contains over for oversize. The sub-element for inclu- 10,000 postable terms and 1,700 cross ref- sive dates (A 3) is the field in which the erences. The Thesaurus also indicates dates of a symposium or the dates of the frequency of use for each term. This the reporting period are entered. The feature provides a means of vocabulary type code (A 4) is a two-letter code which control by indicating when a term is be- provides the capability of extracting sep- ing used excessively in indexing so that arate reports on documents only, books more specific terminology may be intro- only, or specific types of documents such duced. The frequency count also aids in as internal reports. This field has been determining whether or not a computer used to produce separate author and sub- Figure 1. LIRS-Additions Input Form

--- T

. . . .LA

Table 1. on the LIRS-Additions form. Addi- tional data entered on this form includes Card Code Data Element subtitles and series titles, authors if the Accession Record number exceeds four, corporate authors 1. accession number or call number 2. publication date and report numbers if the number ex- 3. inclusive dates ceeds four, subject terms in excess of ten, 4. type code 5. discipline code and subject term cross-references. The Title change capability is used to: correct in- Subtitle/Series title put errors, change call numbers as the Author/Editor Corporate Author Code/Report Number book collection is reclassified, and delete Contract Number records of superseded or destroyed ma- Subiect Terms Additional Authors/Editors terial. Subject Term Cross References The third input form, the LIRS- Corporate Author Description Source Description, is used to establish the entry for corporate authors. A six- ject indexes to internal reports and a digit code is assigned to each corporate separate catalog ol the reference collec- author the first time a book or document tion. The discipline code (A 5) is a two- is received from a new source. The use digit code based on the COSATI subject of a code for entering the corporate au- categories (10). Although this field is not thor in the system simplifies subsequent used at present to extract reports, it input of this data element, assures uni- could be used for an SDI (Selective Dis- formity in the corporate author cita- semination of Information) service. The tions, and provides for more efficient ma- Title data element (B) also includes the chine processing of this data. edition, pagination, and publisher. The second input form, the LIRS- Output Changes, is used not only to correct or delete data previously entered, but also The system produces fifteen reports. to enter additional data not provided for Four of the reports comprise the book I catalog: subject and title, personal and I co~porate author, I eport number, and ! tonti act number. Three of the leports are authorit) lists for the sjstem: the thesaurus, a numeric listing of corporate

$ PREPARED BY EXT. DATE KEYPUNCHEDlVERlFlED DATE n

Figure 3(b). LlRS Retrieval Output

TITLE- ADP DATA SECURITY AND PRIVACY* PROCEEOINGS OF CONFERENCE ON SECURE DATA SHA R INGa 226Pa

REPORT NBR- NSRDC-4130 SOURCE- NAVAL SHIP RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CENTER WASHINGTON* Dm Cm

REPORT NBR- AD--768304 SOURCE- NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFOPMATI ON SERVICE* SPRINGFIELD* VAm complete references in accession/call Barrow Hall, University of Georgia, number order [Figure 3(b)]. Athens, Ga. 30601. A program abstract and price information is given in Com- puter Program Abstracts, cumulative is- Computer System sue, Jul 1971, p. 141. (M70-10217) The LIRS initially utilized an IBM 2. U.S. Federal Council for Science and 360 but currently operate on an IBM Technology. Committee on Scientific and 3701 158. Maximum core requirements Technical Information / Standard for are 150K. The Master File is maintained Descriptive Cataloging of Government Scientific and Technical Reports. rev. no. on standard 9 track magnetic tape and 1. Washington, D.C., 1966. (AD 641 092) is updated in a batch mode. Programs Engineers Joint Council / Thesaurus of are written in COBOLF. Engineering and Scientific Terms. rev. In a continuous effort to upgrade the New York, 1967. system and its products, a number of U.S. National Aeronautics and Space modifications and refinements have been Administration / NASA Thesaurus-Al- made to the LIRS. Input forms were re- phabetical Update. Washington, D.C., designed for greater efficiency, the con- 1971. (NASA SP-7040, N72-15923) tent and format of the book catalog re- U.S. National Library of Medicine / ports were improved, and efforts are cur- Medical Subject Headings. Washington, D.C., Govt. Print. Off., 1974. rently being directed toward automating U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. Oak the production of the weekly announce- Ridge National Laboratory / Environ- ment bulletin. Documentation is cur- mental Terminology Index. Oak Ridge, rently being revised to incorporate all Tenn., 1972. (ORNL-EIS-72-22) changes made to date. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation / Thesau- rus of Water Resources Terms. Washing- Acknowledgments ton,D.C., Govt.Print.Off., 1971. U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Ad- The work described in this paper was per- ministration / Corporate Source Author- formed under NASA contract NAS 7-100. ity List. College Park, Md., 1974. The author expresses appreciation to the U.S. Defense Documentation Center / JPL Administrative Computing Section for Source Header List. Alexandria, Va., the system design and development. Particu- 1974. (DDCH 4185.4) lar thanks are due Charles Schober for his U.S. Defense Documentation Center / invaluable contributions to the project in COSATZ Subject Category List (DoD- the system analysis. Modified). Alexandria, Va., 1965. (AD 624 000) Literature Cited 1. Programs and documentation are avail- Received for review Nov 1,1974. Revised able from Computer Software Manage- manuscript accepted for publication Jan ment and Information Center (COSMIC), 27,1975.

Josephine Walsh is supervisor, Library Systems Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasa- dena, Calif. A Computer-Produced Catalog for Non-Print Materials: Its Application in a Health Sciences Library Bethe Lee Moulton

Cleveland Health Sciences Library, Cleveland, Ohio William I. Wood

U.S. Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute for Dental Research, Computer Section, Bethesda, Md.

A computer-produced catalog, Audio- provide a rapid cataloging system for a uisual Aids for Health Science Education: newly established audiovisual depart- a Catalog of Materials at Case Western ment. The need, design, and utility of Reserve University, was developed at the catalog are discussed. Cleveland Health Sciences Library to

LIBRARIANSplay a central role in scription of this catalog and its role in providing access to the educational re- the growth of the non-print services of sources of academic institutions. The de- CHSL will permit others to consider the velopment of curricula dependent on pros and cons of a similar approach. non-print materials has required that library services be extended to encompass The Need for an Alternative these materials. One key to responsive non-print services is an organized, ac- The Audiovisual Department of CHSL cessible collection. A computer-produced was established in June 1971. At that catalog of non-print materials was de- time several hundred non-print items in- veloped at the Cleveland Health Sciences cluding audiotapes, films, filmstrips, Library (CHSL). CHSL serves faculty slide sets, videotapes, and multi-media and students of Case Western Reserve kits were transferred to the library from University (CWRU) and health-related various locations. New materials were institutions in northeast Ohio. A de- being acquired at the rate of 30 per month. An efficient and accurate cataloging system was urgently needed to ac- Bethe Lee Xloulton was with the Cleveland cess this rich educational resource. Ini- Health Sciences Library. She i? now with the Newton-\Vellesley Hospital, Newton tially the main card catalog seemed the Lower Falls, Mass. William I. \Vood was logical bibliographic tool. It soon be- with the U.S. I'ublic Health Service. He is came evident, however, that there were now a student at Hana~dUni\ersity, Cam- limitations in using the card catalog for bridge, Mass. the non-print collection. AUGUST1975 1) Neither time nor staff was available Figure 1. Assignment of Cataloging Elements to maintain the bibliographic standards to Columns on Computer Cards of the card catalog while responding to Card No. Column Cataloging Element the immediate need for an inventory. Descriptive cataloging which meets the Call number Title standards recommended for non-print Card sequence number (1) materials (1, 2, 3, 4) is time-consuming. Call number To identify the elements such as exact Medium Format title, producer, credits, length, and con- Length tent may require viewing the entire pro- Sound (SD)or silent (SI) gram. The assistance of a subject expert Color (C) or black & white (B) Date (last two digits only; ND for may be needed to assign indexing terms no dote) or prepare the content summary. Non- Comments commercially produced materials proved Cord sequence number (2) Call number to be especially time-consuming. First subiect heading 2) The development of a new depart- Blank Second subiect heading ment with untried policies and proce- Card sequence number (3-9) dures required a flexible cataloging sys- . . tem. It was expected that modification Design of the Catalog of cataloging would be required as the department matured. The final design of the computer-pro- 3) Non-print materials are frequently duced catalog evolved from the interac- modified. For example, a videotape can tion between the programmer and the be erased or edited and a slide set can librarian. As a result, the design incor- be expanded. Staff was not available to porated the following features to meet update the card catalog to reflect such the needs of the Audiovisual Depart- changes. ment. 4) The card catalog was located at a First, cataloging information for each distance from the Audiovisual Depart- item is entered into the computer only ment making its routine use cumbersome. once using a set of Hollerith cards. Each 5) A growing demand for a distribut- cataloging element is assigned to card able list of non-print materials could not columns as shown in Figure 1. A sample be satisfied by the card catalog. card set for one item is shown in Figure 2. The need for a flexible, distributable Second, the computer program is writ- inventory led to the consideration of a ten to sort the items based on specific computer-produced catalog. The avail- cataloging elements. For example, to pre- ability of an interested computer pro- pare the subject index, the computer programmer and of computer time gratis to gram sorts the items based on the as- the library stimulated the development signed subject headings. While entered of an experimental catalog designed to only once, each item will appear as many overcome the limitations of the main times in the catalog as required. The card catalog. item shown in Figure 2 has two subject 1) Relaxed bibliographic standards headings; it will Bppear under each of would be applied for a rapid inventory these subjects. of the non-print collection. Third, the catalog is printed in the 2) The computer program could mod- following four parts: a) An introduction ify the design of the catalog to fit the explaining the organization of the cata- changing requirements of the depart- log and loan policies of the Audiovisual ment. Department. b) An alphabetical list of the 3) Any change in cataloging informa- subject headings and cross-references. c) tion made only once would appear auto- A subject index including titles and de- matically throughout the catalog. scriptive information for each item (Fig- 4) Multiple copies of the catalog could ure 3). Since it was expected that this be printed for distribution. section of the catalog would be the most 358 Figure 2. Sample Input Card Set for One Non-Print Item

WE346T784 ARTHRITIS RHEUMATOID JOINTS

WE346T784 FlLM SU8MMF 5MIN SDC70UPJOHN 70 SERIES

TREATMENT OF ARTHRITIC JOINTS 1

Figure 3. A Portion of the Computer-Produced Subject Index PAGE 31 *SUBJECT CALL NUMBER TITLE MEDIUM FORMAT SOUND COLOR LENGTH DATE COMMENTS *MITRAL VALVE (CON'T.) WG262F981 FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF MITRAL VALVE FILM 16MM SD C 32MIN 1967 CRILEY *MODELS THEORETICAL LB174A111S AACTE WORKSHOP-SIMULATION VIDEOTAPE 1 IN AMPEX SD B&W 45MIN ND CRUICKSHANK *MONGOLISM WM300D748 DOWNS SYNDROME INTERVIEW WlTH PARENTS OF CHILD WlTH VIDEOTAPE 1IN AMPEX SD B&W 40MIN 1969 DELA MOlTE WM300D748T DOWNS SYNDROME INTERVIEW WlTH TWO TEENAGERS VIDEOTAPE 1 IN AMPEX SD B&W 14MIN 1969 DELA MOlTE WM300M743 MONGOLOID CHILD PSCHOLOGICAL TESTING INTERVIEW WlTH PARENT VIDEOTAPE IIN AMPEX SD B&W 32MIN 1969 KENNELL *MONITORING SYSTEMS WY15OPC183 CENTRAL VENOUS PRESSURE MONITORING KIT 1970 TRAINEX

Figure 4. A Portion of the Computer-Produced Title Index ITEMS (By TITLE) (CONT'D.) PAGE 49

WG200C267 CARDIOVASCULAR COMMlllEE PHASE II LABS I-VI SLIDES 2x2 73SLIDES C7 1ROBERTSON HEART DISEASES HYPERTENSION ARTERIOSCLEROSIS CORONARY DISEASE VASCULAR DISEASE RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE ENDOCARDITIS BACTERIAL CARE OF THE PATIENT IN A CAST KIT 68TRAINEX NURSING CARE CASTS SURGICAL CARE OF THE PATIENT IN TRACTION KIT 68TRAINEX TRACTION NURSING CARE CARING FOR THE PATIENT WlTH A COLOSTOMY FILM BMMF 22MIN SDC69BARCKLEY COLOSTOMY NURSING CARE CELL BIOLOGY ENERGY SLIDES 3MSD/SLIDE 2BSLIDES 70NEET METABOLISM ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE 359 heavily used, format features to increase was added to those offered by CHSL as a readability (such as page headings and resource library. spacing between cataloging elements) In addition, multiple copies of the were incorporated into the computer pro- catalog provided a tool for tilose library gram. d) A title index including title5 and staff members who were less familiar with descriptive information for each item tlie non-print collection. The usefulness (Figure 4). The title index is virtually a of the tool was enhanced because CHSL copy of the cataloging information as en- was divided between two locations. tered into tlie computer on Hollerith Ea5y access to the collection provided cards. 11y tlie catalog greatly increased the cir- The program was written in FOR- culation of non-print materials. This ex- TRAN to run on an IBM 3601370 com- r~andeduse was not without some accom- puter system. The catalog is printed on panying management problems. These 11 in. x 14 in. computer paper. The problems which are not unique to non- printed page is proportioned so that each ix-int material5 fell into three categories page may be photoreduced to three-quar- -indexing, user citation, and distribu- ter size and printed on 8y2in. x 11 in. pa- tion. per. Four hundred copies of the catalog Indexing. MeSH (5) was selected as a were produced by off-set printing for subject authority for indexing to be con- distribution. 5istent with CHSL practices and to be compatible wit11 indexing which might Evaluation of the Catalog be done by the National Library of Medi- cine. 5ul1headings were not used in tlie The catalog must be evaluated from compute~-=~~rotlu~etlcatalog. In applying two points of view. First, did it meet the MeSH tlie lack of specific terms in the ~equirementsfor which it was designed? fields of dentistry and nursing forced the Second, how did it affect the manage- indexer to use Ixoacl headings such as ment of non-print materials? Dental Instl-uments and ATursing Care. The first objective of the catalog was A5 many items appeared under these to provide a complete inventory with Iieacliugs, the index lost its effectiveness. title and subject access to a rapidly grow- MeSH lacks sufficient specificity for in- ing collection containing many items of dexing techniques and instruments ade- unknown value. The catalog proved to quately. be a flexible bibliographic tool which Another problem for the indexer was kept pace with operational changes. to determine the depth to which to in- The second objective of the catalog dex. Non-print materials are not easily was to provide information about non- browsed, accentuating this problem. print resource5 to a large group of users. Often a specific item such as a line draw- The widespread distribution of the cata- ing of a cell membrane, a specific skin log greatly increased the visibility of the lesjon, or the recording of a s&3ic type Audiovisual Depa~tment within CIVRIJ of heart murmur was requested. To re- and to other health-related institutions. trieve a single slide from a set or a seg- For example, the catalog alerted fac- ment from a film required in-depth in- ulty and students to the resources and dexing. If a subject was assigned for services available. Some copies of the each concept visualized, a cumbersome catalog provided a reference tool at cur- quantity of headings would result. In riculum planning sessions while other contrast to specific requests, there were copies provided an extension of the Au- also many requests on broad subject diovisual Department into the offices of areas, for example hematology or nervous curriculum coorclinators. system diseases-~acultypreparing for lec- The catalog was also available to local tures and students reviewing for exami- health-related institutions to permit the nations requested materials on such selection of materials for interlibrary Ixoad subject areas. These users were loan. Thus a new dimension of service taught to consult many specific headings. Thus, the subject index based on MeSH playback speed, audience level, and loca- failed to serve needs at either extreme tion was needed. of the spectrum without intervention of 2) Content summaries were omitted the librarian. from the catalog to save time and space. User Citation. User citations of non- Since browsing is impractical, the user print materials were frequently insuffi- must rely on a description to select non- cient for material identification. This print materials. problem stems from the use by faculty 3) A cross-reference index which would and students of colloquial names for permit access by authors, credits, series non-print materials in place of proper titles, and other identifying information bibliographic citations. The education of was needed. The card cross-reference file users regarding the proper citation of mentioned above was not an integrated non-print materials was undertaken but part of the catalog and was consulted was not as effective as desired. To com- separately for this type of access. pensate for incorrect citations, the Au- The need for sophisticated cataloging diovisual Department developed exten- could be met by the main card catalog. It sive cross-reference files on cards for must be pointed out that the develop- colloquial titles, faculty and course ment of the computer-produced catalog names. credits. authors. and other mis- had supplemented rather than replaced cellaneous information used to identify the use of the card catalog.. As soon as materials. complete descriptive cataloging includ- Distribution. The catalog" was sold at ing content summaries was available, production cost to institutions outside of non-print materials were entered into the CWRU. This distribution raised numer- card catalog. This practice supported the ous auestions about the role of the audio- concept of an integrated collection, visual component of a resource library. alerted traditional library users to the While the catalog was distributed pri- presence of non-print materials in the marily to share thk cataloging appro& library, and provided back-up to the and specific cataloging information with computer-produced catalog. other libraries, these libraries requested In June 1973, the computer-produced non-print materials for interlibrary loan. catalog and the card catalog were being These requests forced the library to es- used concurrently to serve the growing tablish new loan policies. For example, needs of the non-print collection. At the catalog was tlie first public descrip- that time, the new audiovisual librarian tion of slide sets and videotapes produced elected to concentrate on the card cata- at CWRU. As outsiders became aware of log without maintaining the computer- these materials, it was necessary to de- produced catalog. This practice is at cide whether to make them available variance with the authors' belief that the outside the university. computer-produced catalog best fills the requirements for a rapid, flexible system Limitations of the Catalog for the preparation of distributable lists of non-print materials. The catalog was developed to provide a quick-and-dirty inventory for the Au- Costs diovisual Department of CHSL. The success of the catalog as a support of The cost of this project to CHSL was non-print services was evident in the minimal due to the donations of all pro- growth of the department to an extent gramming and computer time. Direct that more sophisticated cataloging was computer and printing costs for produc- required. Specifically, the computer-pro- tion of the catalog in 1972 are estimated duced catalog had the following limita- as follows. tions. Programming. Approximately 40 hours 1) Additional descriptive cataloging were necessary to write the program and including notations about the producer, make it operational. This expense will vary with the experience of the program- a sound foundation from which to con- mer. tinue building responsive non-print li- Computer Time. A relatively large brary services. amount of computer time was used during program development. The cost of this development and production of the Acknowledgments first edition of the catalog is estimated Kathleen Casteel, currently audiovisual li- at several hundred dollars in computer brarian at CHSL, is gratefully acknowledged time. Once operational, however, the for her consultation regarding the use of the program couldbe run to update the cata- catalog since June 1973. log for about $50.00. These costs will The project was supported in part by the vary widely with the efficiency of the Health Sciences Communications Center of program and the computer system used. CWRU under a grant from the W. K. Kel- Keypunching. Keypunching costs may logg Foundation. be estimated by calculating the number of items in the collection and assuming Literature Cited that four cards per item will be prepared. Costs will then depend upon the rate 1. American Library Association / Anglo- per card for keypunching and verifying. American Cataloging Rules. Chicago, Ill., ALA, 1967. Part 3. Printing. The printed catalog was a 2. Association for Educational Communica- 72-page, spiral-bound booklet prepared tions and Technology / Standards for by offset printing. Each copy was sold Cataloging Nonprint Materials. rev. ed. for $3.50 to recover printing and key- Washington, D.C., AECT, 1971. punching costs. 3. National Medical Audiovisual Center / Cataloging Non-Print at NMAC: a Guide Conclusions for the Medical Librarian. Atlanta, Ga., NMAC, 1971. The computer-produced catalog stimu- 4. National Education Association, Depart- lated the growth of the Audiovisual De- ment of Audiovisual Instruction / Stand- partment of CHSL by providing new ards for Cataloging, Coding and Schedul- dimensions of service. In addition to being Educational Media. Washington, D.C., NEA, 1968. ing an up-to-date inventory for the 5. National Library of Medicine / Medical emerging department, it provided an Subject Headings. Washington, D.C., interface between users and non-print NLM, annual. materials at CWRU and at other health science institutions. Use of the catalog alerted library staff to problems which Receiued for review Oct 29, 1974. Re- accompany non-print services in aca- uised manuscript accepted for pu blica- demic and resource libraries. As the de- tion Jan 21, 1975. This paper was pre- partment has grown and matured, user sented at the Medical Library Associa- needs and expectations have changed. tion's 73rd Annual Meeting, Jun 5, 1974, The computer-produced catalog provides in San Antonio, Texas.

Bethe Lee Moulton is director of library services, Newton-Wellesley Hospital, Newton Lower Falls, Mass., William I. Wood is currently a Ph.D. candidate in bio- chemistry at Harvard University, Carn- bridge, Mass.

MOULTON WOOD II/IIIIIII/1lII/IIIIllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllll11111111111111111111llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 362 SPECIALLIBRARIES Very High Level Programming Languages (e.g., SNOBOL, COMIT) in the Special Librarian's Future

Miles A. Libbey

Indiana Univenity, Graduate Library School, Bloomington, Ind. 47401

Increasing availability of machine- e5pecially to 5maller organization$. A lit- readable material will increase needs for tle known alternative becomes increa5- special libraries to use computers occa- ingly attractive as costs of compute1 sionally to extract selected material, pre- time, however obtained, dec~ense.A spe- pare special search tools, reformat files, cial subset of features of a powerful pro- do special information processing jobs, gramming language, such as SNOBOL4 etc. Principal alternatives heretofore use- or COMIT 11 can be learned and used ful (routine programming, outside sys- in a short time given appropriately fo- tems, general file management packages) cused tutorial material. are often unavailable or unacceptable,

THEAMOUNT of factual information might want to run standing queries available in machine-readable form is against new material as it is received. increasing rapidly-MARC I1 and Cen- Such current awareness searches can vary sus, for example. As a result, there will from specific "selective dissemination of be increasingly frequent needs for spe- information" (SDI) to individuals to cial librarians to use computers to proc- more general coverage for large groups. ess information. This paper will review Other possible uses include preparation some of these uses, then consider the of special bibliographies, indexes, glos- principal alternatives heretofore avail- saries, concordances, mailing lists and able. It will then identify and describe a mailing labels. little known alternative which is becoming increasingly attractive. Alternative Applications One obvious use of computers is to What are the principal alternative conduct retrospective searches of these ways to do such things now? First, the information stores. Another is to ex- producer or vendor of a machine-read- tract variously specified subsets for pa- able information store may have pro- trons or to create a data base for later, grams to process it. If you need just what faster searches. If subsets from different is available, have just the right kind of stores are to be combined, at least one computing system, and can afford it, of them may need reformatting. It may great! Second, most computer manufac- be necessary to build a data base from turers have so-called general purpose file scratch or augment an existing one. You management systems to give, rent, or sell. These too are no panaceas. It will probably be necessary to build new files Miles A. Libbey was with Indiana Univer- or reformat old ones to meet each sys- sity. He is now with the Department of Li- tem's requirements. Third, in a large brary Science, Queens College of the City and generous organization programs University of New York, Flushing, N.Y. may be written by professional program- AUGUST1975 mers. These will probably be written in necessary and have occurred. A program- a "conventional" programming language ming language is a symbol system de- such as FORTRAN or COBOL, will veloped to make it easier or faster for take a long time to write, be expensive human beings to write programs. They in terms of manpower, and be hard to allow letters, words, etc., to be used and modify. Fourth, information services a "super-program," usually called a which offer both data bases and a re- "comviler."I' converts these into the bi- mote computer to process them are in- nary strings the computer can sense. The creasingly becoming available. A termi- more a language incorporates symbol nal is purchased or rented, and telephone systems that are easy for human beings rates, computer processing time, and to use, the more "high level" it is. Com- probably other charges are paid. With pilers for these high level languages oc- any of these four alternatives there could cupy more space in the computer's stor- still be instances in which it would be age and need time to operate. A related useful to receive their outputs in ma- factor has been the de;elopment of re- chine-readable form and further process mote terminals and the computer hard- them. ware and operating systems that can han- There is another alternative that has dle them using ordinary telephone lines. only recently become available: It is now This has, in effect, put powerful com- feasible in manv cases to learn to pro- puters- on anyone's desktop. gram some of your own information Still more was needed,-however. Both processing tasks. The purpose of this pa- COMIT I1 and SNOBOL4 have power- per is to provide an awareness, and some ful and intricate capabilities, most of understanding, of this little recognized which are not needed to do many useful alterna tive. information processing jobs of the kind Why is this alternative now becoming considered earlier. The books which available when it has not been in the explicate them (1, 2) take the traditional past? The earliest applications of com- approach to teaching a programming puters were to computations; later, ap language-they start off with fundamen- plications to business data processing be- tal concepts or elementary operations.* came common. Early programming lan- The student must take it on faith for guages were tailored to these applications some time that these will eventually re- and were extremely awkward for infor- late to something useful or even to each mation processing. When languages were other. If he is only interested in using developed for information processing, computers, especially if he is studying IPL and LISP for example, they were on his own, he may be unwilling, even written by and for computer profession- unable, to stay with this approach long als, were difficult to learn and were not enough for it to give him a useful work- implemented for many computers. Only ing capability with the language. quite recently were really powerful, high level languages developed specifically to simplify non-numerical processing of The Author's Approach symbols and strings of symbols. It has The solution to this problem requires been even more recently that two of reference to personal experiences. Con- these, COMIT and SNOBOL, have been vinced that, in this day and age, any per- further developed on the basis of experi- son with a graduate library degree should ence into advanced versions, COMIT I1 have some appreciation of computers, and SNOBOL4, respectively, and been implemented on most medium to large computers. * Since this paper was first written, A These developments could not have SNOBOL4 Primer (3) has appeared. While occurred in a vacuum. Great increases it is more useful than Ref. (2) for a beginner, in computer speeds and storage capaci- I feel that it is still not suited to the situa- ties and great decreases in costs were tions addressed here. and that the only way to get that is by Dealing with Computers doing some actual programming, I in- These experiences indicate that special cluded a unit on SNOBOL programming librarians sllould feel that they could in a one-semester required course, "Intro- learn to program many useful informa- duction to Information Science," which I tion processing jobs themselves. Benefits was then teaching at Indiana University. of doing this include economy, conven- Not having time to follow the traditional ience, better control and, above all, the approach, and wanting only to impart a ability to take full advantage of the tre- qeneral appreciation of computers rather mendous versatility of computers. The than any useful skill, I developed a rest of this paper addresses some of the strictly utilitarian approach in which practicalities involved. the students first did something useful, First, before approaching computer then learned how they had done it and people, a few further words may clarify why it worked the way it did. At each some of the differences between program- step, I introduced only those features of ming languages. For this purpose, the SNOBOL needed. Only in the last part main differences will be related to 1) the of the unit did I introduce a few others intended application and 2) the ease of that they might want to use in a personal use. programming project (optional for the The first computer programs had to be first two offerings of the course, required written in machine language (sometimes for subsequent offerings). I avoided a11 called object language or object code) in matl~ematicsbeyond the simple addition wllicll everything-numbers, other sym- and s~~btractionneeded in some pro- bols, codes for computer operations, and grams to count operations, loops, etc. I codes for locations in the computer- assumed absolutely no prior technical or was expressed as strings of binary digits mathematical background. The students' (i.e., either a zero or a one). The first backgrounds were, in general, in the hu- step toward letting the computer help manities-English, history, languages, the human being to use the computer arts, etc. came with the realization that a pro- It was the performance of these stu- gram in machine language could be dents which first presented the solution written that would permit octal (count- ("An appropriately focused tutorial ap- ing system) numbers to be used as a proach using a very limited subset of a shorthand for the long strings of binary very high level programming language") numbers. Thus, 11010001 110110 would and later suggested the problem ("How, be written 32166, and the computer itself if at all, can a person with no back- would transform the octal string into ground or interest in computers learn the binary string that the computer how to program useful information proc- could sense in the way it was designed to essing jobs without an impractically large sense. investment of time?"). To my surprise The next step was to program the and gratification, nearly all of the stu- computer, using the easier octal symbols, dents succeeded far beyond expectations. of course, to transform letters, decimal Most felt intrigued and challenged. All numbers, and other symbols, into its bi- did such sophisticated programs as to nary strings. This process continued, us- amaze their friends who knew conven- ing the most advanced system of symbols tional languages like FORTKAN or at any given moment to write programs COBOL. And, most surprising of all, that would transform even more complex many of them, on their own, indicated input strings into machine language. that they felt they had acquired a capa- Assembly languages like IBM's Auto- bility they expected to be able to use coder permitted the use of mnemonics, later. (Similar experiences have occurred and let one symbol represent many in- with an optional course of the same na- structions at the machine language level. ture given at Queens College in New Then procedure-oriented languages like York.) FORTRAN, oriented to computations (FORmula TRAhTslation),and COBOL Find out from the computer staff how to (Common Business Oriented Language), submit programs to be run, starting with oriented to business data processing, punched cards and "batch" runs. Run a were developed, standardized, and be- read-and-print program to get used to came widely used. Languages like PL/I system procedures. Then try simple pro- and BASIC represent significant advances grams that do things with characters and over FORTRAN and COBOL in cer- character strings, skipping arithmetic and tain respects, but they are still primarily other fancy features insofar as possible. oriented to computation or data proc- The goal is to learn how to make the essing. SNOBOL4 and COMIT I1 are computer search for, tag, and rearrange designed to process strings and lists of information. Both languages were de- characters. and to transfer as much as signed to make these easy to do. possible of the tedium of programming If a computer is available but cannot from the user of the computer to the run either COMIT or SNOBOL, ask the computer itself. computer staff to determine whether a An inkling of the power of these lan- compiler for that machine has been guages can be seen in their ability to written for either language (1, 2), and if read in and print out any amount of so, what would be involved in obtaining data with only a one-line instruction as it and making it operative. If this is not the entire program (not counting the al- feasible, it may be possible to rent (or ways needed END instruction line). In obtain free) time on one of the commer- SNOBOL4, the one-line instruction cial time-sharing networks (or on some- would be: one else's computer).

A OUTPUT = INPUT :S(A) Literature Cited and in COMIT I1 it would be: Yngve, Victor H. / Computer Program- ming With COMIT II. Cambridge, Mass., The MIT Press, 1972. Griswold, R. E., J. F. Poage and I. P. Po- In FORTRAN, COBOL or even PL/I lonsky / The SNOBOL4 Programming programs would be much lengthier. Language. 2d ed. Englewood Cliffs, N.J., What about the investment of time in- Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1971. volved? Without any written material, Griswold, Ralph E. and Madge T. Gris- seven to eleven 45-minute class sessions wold / A SNOBOL4 Primer. Englewood were spent on the SNOBOL program- Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1973. ming unit, with some further individual help available for projects. By complet- Received for review Jun 4,1973. Revised ing partially tested handout material paper accepted for publication Jan 30, 1975. Presented Jun 13, 1973, as a Con- which is oriented to the apwroach11 here, and by including exercises with anno- tributed Paper, during SLA's 64th An- tated answers, this should be cut dras- nual Conference in Pittsburgh. tically. If this, or comparable material, is put into book form, it should be able to be used in a fully self-taught mode. If a computer is available that can run either COMIT or SNOBOL, it is possible to proceed without waiting for iail- ored tutorial material. If both languages are available, choose COMIT for ease of learning (Yngve (I) is much easier to follow, too) or SNOBOL for computa- Miles A. Libbey is assistant professor, De- tion or versatility. From the appropriate partment of Library Science, Queens Col- book, learn how to read in and print lege of the City University of New York, out "data cards" with anything on them. Flushing, N.Y. Criteria for Journal Selection

K. Subramanyam University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Library and Information Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15260

Selectivity in the acquisition of pri- are used to select journals for acquisition. mary journals is becoming increasingly These and other bibliometric measures important in view of the proliferation of of journal significance such as impact journals and the pressures on acquisi- factor and immediacy index are de- tion budgets in libraries. Several meas- scribed, and their relative advantages ures of significance such as number of and weaknesses discussed. source items and frequency of citation

THENUMBER of scientific and tech- comes all the more necessary that the nical journals in existence has been vari- funds available be invested in the most ously estimated, and the estimates vary useful manner. Several attempts have between 30,000 and 100,000 (1). The been made to devise measures to aid se- World List of Scientific Periodicals, 4th lection of journals. Some of these are ed., lists some 59,961 titles. The number reviewed in the following sections. of titles listed in the 3rd ed. of the Union List of Serials is 156,449, but these come Counting Source Items from all branches of knowledge. This number is continuously increasing, and The number of source items contained new titles are reported in New Serial in a journal in a specified period of time Titles. can be a quantitative measure of its im- Since even large libraries can acquire portance, but it does not indicate the only a finite number of journal titles, quality of the source items. Also, the some degree of selection becomes inevi- number of source items is a function of cable. Acquisition librarians constantly the frequency and size of the journal. face the threat of reduction of funds According to this measure, a quarterly available for acquisition of serials. This journal reporting only scholarly work is compounded by the rapidly increasing ranks far lower than a weekly or semi- rate of subscription of journals. It be- monthly journal reporting semi-technical literature and 'newsy' articles. The number of source items is therefore a crude Dr. Subramanyam was a student at the Uni- measure, and is of little value by itself versity of Pittsburgh. He is now at the State in assessing journal significance. But it University of New York, Buffalo, N.Y. can be a valuable supplementary measure when used in conjunction with other of the size and frequency of the journal. measures. A weekly journal tends to receive more citations than a quarterly journal. Fre- Frequency of Citation quency of citation of a journal in published literature does not necessarily re- The frequency of citation of a journal flect the quality of the journal. The in other primary journals has been used journals most often cited by authors are as a measure of its significance. Perhaps the ones most readily available to them. the earliest suggestion of citation fre- Journals of high int;insic value may re- quency as a measure of journal signifi- main uncited because of their non-availa- cance was made by P. L. K. Gross and bility. It is true that many articles re- E. M. Gross in 1927 (2). They compiled ceive citations for reasons. other than a list of most cited serials in chemistry their quality. Factors such as controver- based on the frequency of their citation sial nature of the subject, extensive cov- in one primary journal, the Journal of erage by secondary journals, author's the American Chemical Society. This reputation, and reprint dissemination, study triggered many other attempts to also tend to increase the chance of cita- compile ranked lists of journals based on tion of a journal article. On the other the frequency of their citation in pub- hand, some other factors such as publica- ). lished literature (3-91, tion in a foreign language, geographical Use of citation frequency as a criterion and political barriers, tend to decrease for journal selection is based on certain the frequency of citation of journals. assumptions, which were not stated or Moreover, some journals are designed questioned for a long time. The funda- to serve the current awareness function, mental assumptions on which this and do not contain the type of articles methcd is based were made explicit for that are normally cited in scholarly com- the first time by Estelle Brodman in munication. Such journals are important 1944: in library collections, though they are cited rarely or never. 1) The value of a periodical to a pro- Brown has cautioned against the use fessional worker is in direct proportion of citation frequency as the sole criterion to the number of times it is cited in the of journal selection, and has suggested professional literature. several other criteria: 1) recommendation 2) The journal or journals used as the by specialists; 2) recommendation by base for the tabulation are representative members of the library staff; 3) opinions of the entire field. of librarians of other institutions; 4) an- 3) If more than one journal is used as nouncements and reviews; consulta- a base, all of them can be weighted 5) tion of lists of most cited serials (11, p. equally (10). 3, 11). Brodman examined these assumptions and found that they were not true. Impact Factor and Immediacy Index Charles H. Brown developed ranked lists of primary journals based on the These are two measures used for rank- frequency of their citation in abstracting ing scientific journals in the Journal Ci- journals (11). To overcome the effects of tation Reports of the Institute for Scien- linguistic" and national bias reflected in tific Information (14, 15). These reports primary and secondary journals, fre- contain lists of journals ranked by vari- quency of citation in annual review pub- ous criteria, on the basis of citation data lkatioks were used as the basis for de- gathered from the Science Citation Index veloping ranked lists of primary journals for the last quarter of 1969. in medicine and physiology (12,13). Impact Factor is a measure of the Frequency of citation of a journal is "average" number of citations received dependent on the number of source items by each source item published in a jour- it contains, which in turn is a function nal during a specific period of time, and is calculated as follows: tablish a "pecking order in physics journals" (16). (Total times source items published in a journal during 1968 and 1967 were cited during last Volume of Use Impact quarter of 1969) X 4 factor = Studies have been made to assess the Total number of source iteG relative importance of journals on the published in the journal dur- basis of the volume of their use in li- ing 1968 and 1967 braries. Kenyon and Hader have cited a Impact factor is independent of the size number of studies in which the ranking and frequency of the journal, since it is of physics and chemistry journals was attempted on the basis of the estimated based on the "average" number of times amount of time spent by physicists and a source item was cited, and not on the chemists reading the journals (17). A var- raw frequency of citation or the number iation of this method was used in a New of source items in the journal. York Public Library Survev in which Immediacy Index is defined as a meas- journals were ranked by combining the ure of the "rapidity" with which articles reading room use of journals with the in a journal are cited by itself and other frequency of their photoservice use (17, journals, and is computed as follows: p. 139). Total times source items pub- A recent study by C. C. Chen on the lished in a journal during use of physics journals in the MIT li- 1969 were cited during the brary revealed that out of some 220 phys- Immediacy last qu,arter of 1969 ics journals, only 138 journals (62.7y0) Index = Total number of source items were used even once during a three-and- published in the journal dm- one-half-month period; and of these, a ing 1969 core of 49 journals (22.3%) supplied 90yo of use (18). Alexander Sandison re-exam- lrnmediacy index is influenced by the ined the data collected by Chen, and con- rapidity with which source journals are verted the raw freauencies1 of volume of covered by indexing and abstracting jour- use into densities of use-per-metre of shelf. nals, and the accessibility of the source Sandison's analysis showed that the rate articles themselves. Foreign language of obsolescence was independent of the journals are slow to be noticed in sec- age of journals, and tha; conversion of ondary journals. Cover-to-cover transla- raw frequency of use figures into density tion journals appear with a timelag of of use-per-metre of shelf radically altered at least six months, and often a year or the ranking of journals (19). more, after the publication of the orig- The American Chemical Society (ACS) inal journals. Thus immediacy index of has conducted surveys of reading habits foreign language journals and translated of subscribers to ACS journals to assess journals tends to be low. If we assume the relative importance of chemistry that only really worthwhile foreign lan- journals (17, p. 138-139). This method guage journals are translated into Eng- has all the disadvantages of a question- lish or covered in English language sec- naire survey, such as intentional or unin- ondary journals, then the low immedi- tentional distortion of user remonse.I acy index that such journals would tend Studies based on volume of use are to receive may lead to an underestin~a- usually restricted to only those journals tion of their importance. that are available to the user in the li- Computation of impact factor and im- brary and through personal subscription. mediacy index was facilitated by the To offset this limitation, it is suggested availability of citation data from the that such measures be augmented by in- machine-readable databases at the Insti- cluding requests for photocopies and tute for Scientific Information. Herbert reprints of articles from other journals, Inhaber used these two measures to es- not immediately available to the user. Conclusion ing and Abstracting. American Docu- mentation 13 (no.2): 159-168 (Apr 1962). Several bibliometric measures have 2. Gross, P. L. K. and E. hf. Gross / Col- been devised to assess the relative impor- lege Libraries and Chemical Education. tance of primary journals. These meas- Science 66 (no.1713): 385-389 (Oct 28, ures are based on such factors as number 1927). of source items, frequency and age of 3. Allen, Edward S. / Periodicals for Mathe- citation of journal titles in other primary maticians. Science 70 (no.1825): 592-594 and secondary journals, and volume of (Dec 20, 1929). use of journals as ascertained unobtru- 4. Gross, P. L. K. and A. 0. Woodford / Serial Literature used by American Ge- sively or through user interrogation. ologists. Science 73 (no. 1903): 660-664 A common limitation of all these (Jun 19, 1931). measures appears to be that they are all 5. McNeely, J. K. and C. D. Crosno / Pe- dependent on the availability of journals riodicals for Electrical Engineers. Science to users. Library patrons normally use 72 (no.1856): 81-84 (Jul 25, 1930). only those journals that are made avail- 6. Hooker, Ruth H. / A Study of Scientific able to them (plus a few journals ob- Periodicals. Reiuew of Scientific Znstru- tained on personal subscription), and ments 6: 333-338 (Nov 1935). authors cite only those journals whose 7. Sheppard, Oden E. / The Chemistry Stu- contents become known and accessible to dent Still Needs a Reading Knowledge of them. German. Journal of Chemical Education Measures based on citation frequency 12: 472-473 (Oct 1935). 8. Fussler, Herman H. Characteristics of have to be used with caution. A high he- / the Research Literature Used by Chem- quency of citation does not necessarily ists and Physicists in the United States. indicate a high intrinsic quality of a Library Quarterly 19 (no.1): 19-35 (Jan journal. Articles are cited for reasons 1949); 19 (no.2): 119-143 (Apr 1969). other than their quality. It is also sus- 9. Barrett, Richard L. and Mildred A. Bar- pected that authors do not cite all the rett / Journals Most Cited by Chem- references used or even use all the refer- ists and Chemical Engineers. Journal of ences cited. Some prestige articles (such Chemical Education 34 (no.1): 35-38 as Vannevar Bush's article entitled "As (Jan 1957). We May Think," Atlantic Monthly, 10. Brodman, Estelle / Choosing Physiology 1945) tend to be cited innumerable times Journals. Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 32 (no.4): 479-483 (Oct 1944). by subsequent authors. 11. Brown, Charles H. / Scientific Serials: No one criterion used in isolation can Characteristics and Lists of Most Cited give a realistic indication of the relative Publications in Mathematics, Physics, importance of journals. Development of Chemistry, Geology, Physiology, Botany, "core lists" of journals based on one meas- Zoology and Entomology. (ACRL Mono- ure, howsoever sophisticated, is of little graph No. 16). Chicago, Ill., Association value. It is also important to remember of College and Reference Libraries, 1956. that the relative importance of journals l89p. in a given library situation can vary with 12. Sen Gupta, I. N. / Impact of Scientific Serials on the Advancement of Medical time. Such variations may be caused not Knowledge: An Objective Method of only by changes in the scope and quality Analysis. International Libra? Review 4 of the journals themselves, but also by (no.2): 169-195 (Apr 1972). other factors such as changes in organiza- 13. Sen Gupta, I. N. / Physiology Periodicals. tional objectives and shifting interests International Library Review 6 (no.2): of library patrons. 147-165 (Mar 1974). 14. User Guide to ZSI Journal Citation Re- ports. Philadelphia, Institute for Scien- Literature Cited tific Information, 1973. 15. Garfield, Eugene / Citation Analysis as a 1. Bourne, Charles P. / The World's Tech- Tool in Journal Evaluation. Science 178 nical Journal Literature: An Estimate of (no.4060): 471-479 (Nov 3, 1972). Volume, Origin, Language, Field, Index- 16. Inhaber, Herbert / Is There a Pecking Order in Physics Journals? Physics Today 19. Sandison, Alexander / Densities of Use, 27 (no.5): 3M3 (May 1974). and Absence of Obsolescence in Physics 17. Kenyon, R. L. and R. N. Hader / From Journals at MIT. Journal of the Ameri- Primary Journals to Technical Business can Society for Information Science 25 Magazines. Journal of chemical Docu- (no.3): 172-182 (May-Jun 1974). mentation 5 (no.3): 135-139 (Aug 1965). 18. Chen, C. C. / The Use Patterns of Phys- ics Journals in a Large Academic Li- brary. Journal of the American Society Received for review Aug 8,1974. Manu- for Information Science 23 (no.4): 254- script accepted for publication Nov 18, 270 (Jul-Aug 1972). 1974.

Dr. K. Subramanyam is associate librarian, Science and Engineering Library, State University of New York, Buffalo, N.Y. Cataloging and Classification of Exhibition Catalogs in the Library of the Metropolitan Museum of Art

Lucy Chao Ho The Metropolitan Museum of Art Library, New York, N.Y. 10028

H The system of handling art exhibition tive title "Exhibition catalogs." The cata- catalogs in use in the library of the loging procedure for the latter is sim- Metropolitan Museum of Art is dis- plified, however, without sacrificing cussed. Important exhibition catalogs important information. Procedures of are usually bound and cataloged indi- processing, cataloging and classification vidually as monographs; others are are discussed in detail, and in many cases grouped and cataloged under the collec- examples are given.

THESYSTEM of cataloging and clas- Binding Decision sification of exhibition catalogs used in When an exhibition catalog is received the library of the ~etro~olitanMuseum by the cataloging department, it is criti- of Art was devised by Elizabeth Usher, cally evaluated to see whether it is a chief librarian of the library, some years catalog of an important exhibition; ago when she was head cataloger. Over whether it contains scholarly text, good the years, new procedures to simplify but reproductions, valuable biographical at the same time not to sacrifice impor- and/or bibliographical information. If it tant information have been regularly is considered significant, it will be bound added to the system to cope with the ever and cataloged individually as a mono- increasing quantity of exhibition cata- graph; otherwise, it will be grouped with logs that the library has acquired. Donya other catalogs and put in a pamphlet box Schimansky, head of cataloging of the li- or a binder, and cataloged under the col- brary, noted: "expansion and revision lective title "Exhibition catalogs." For are the two forces which keep the system instance, the exhibition held at the dynamic and at the same time upto- Metropolitan Museum in 1970, entitled date" (1). "Before Cortks" was one of the major centennial exhibitions of the museum. The catalog contains scholarly text, bib- This is the second in a series of papers pre- liography, and good reproductions. sented Oct 21, 1974, at a seminar on exhibi- Therefore, it is individually cataloged in tion catalogs sponsored by New York METRO in cooperation with SLA's New depth with full descriptive details, and York Chapter Museums, Arts & Humanities individual call number (Figure 1). Group and the New York Chapter of AR- Another example is the exhibition in LIS/NA. Paris at the Petit Palais last year, en- 372 Figure 1. Therefore it is cataloged as a monograph (Figure 2). 674 New York (city)-The Metropolitan museum For catalogs grouped in the pamphlet N489 of art. box and cataloged under the collective Before CortCs, sculpture of Middle Amer- title "Exhibition catalogs," the descrip- ica; a centennial exhibition at The Metro- tive cataloging is simplified and they politan museum of ort from Sept. 30, 1970-Jan. 3, 1971. Catalogue by Eliza- are given a collective call number (Fig- beth Kennedy Easby and John F. Scott. ure 3). Foreword by Thomas P. F. Hoving. Pref. by Dudley T. Easby, jr. [N.~.]Metro~olitanmu- Accessioning seum of Tdistributed by New York graphic society[1970] After the decision is made that the 322 p. 419 illus.(27 col.)col.maps. 29cm. catalog is to be bound and cataloged in- Colored iacket illustration tipped in. dividually as a monograph, it is accessioned. An accession slip is typed and filed in the Accession Record File. At the Figure 2. same time a bookplate stamped with the accession number is also prepared, ready 1 10.8 Paris-Palais des beaux-arts. to be pasted on the catalog when it is P214 TrCsors d'art chinois: rBcentes dCcouvertes returned from the bindery. Cataloging orchCologiques de la RBpublic populaire then follows. de Chine [exposition] rnai-sept. 1973. Exhibition catalogs that are grouped Peris,l973. in a pamphlet box are not individually 1 v. (unpaged)chiefly illus., 16 col.pl. 25 x 21.5cm. accessioned; only the box gets an accession number. The bookplate is pasted Title on half title page in Chinese. on the box. Then the catalogs in the box are ready to be cataloged. The accession slip is typed on a mul- Figure 3. tiple form, containing five sheets of different colors. Each of the five sheets 107.4 Paris-MusBe d'ort rnoderne. serves a different purpose, for instance, P263 Exhibition catalogues. Paris, 1948-73 one is used as a record in the Order De- 9 v. & 3 boxes. illus. 26crn. partment, another as a temporary card in For contents see next card. the main card catalog, thus providing I service to the library users before the cataloging is completed. The accession slip is filed in the Accession Record File, titled "TrCsors d'art chinois." According which is a permanent record of the li- to many scholars, this is one of the most brary's holdings kept in the numerical se- important exhibitions in recent years. The quence of the accession numbers. exhibition contains close to 400 objects dating from pre-historic times to the 14th Classification and Cataloging century unearthed in China since 1949. Classification. The library of the The distinguished French Orientalist, Metropolitan Museum of Art uses its Vadime Elisseef, stated: "This is the first own decimal classification system, de- time in history that such a set of pieces veloped to fit the museum's needs. Its from archaeological digs4ated and lo- emphasis is on art and related fields. calized-has ever been brought together" When an exhibition catalog is treated as (2). Elisseef was largely responsible for a monograph, it is classified according to putting the show together in conjunction the subject matter. For instance, the with the authorities of the People's Re- classification number 674, on the cata- public of China. The catalog of this ex- log card "Before CortCs" (Figure l), hibition provides valuable information stands for "Antiqui ties-Mexico and with illustrations and colored plates. Central America." In the classification number 110.8 on "Tr6sors d'art chinois" Figure 4. (Figure 2), 110 stands for "General His- tory of Art," and is subdivided by coun- 995 New York (city)-The Metropolitan museum try, .8 indicates China. N48 of art. The classification number 107 is used Chinese calligraphy [exhibition] Mar. for exhibitions. It is sub-divided geo- 14-May 7, 1972; Philadelphia museum of art, Sept. 25-Nov. 7, 1971; Nelson gallery graphically, i.e., by place where the ex- -Atkins museum, Kansas City, Jan. 6-Feb. hibition is held. For instance, catalogs of 6, 1972. [Catalogue by Tseng Yu-ho &. exhibitions held in Paris, MusCe d'art Phii.]Philadelphia museum of art,1971. moderne and grouped under the collec- 1 v. (unpaged) front.,l60 illus. 30cm. tive title "Exhibition catalogs," are given a collective classification number 107.4, Figure 5. .4 is for France (Figure 3). Cataloging. The main and added en- Writing, Chinese-Exhibition. tries are determined in several ways. Mu- Calligraphers, Chinese. seums and official galleries are entered: New York (city)-The Metropolitan Mu- a) Under the first word of the name seum of art-Exhibition-Chinese calligra- if the official name is a proper noun, us phy, 1972. ing a comma before the city, e.g., Solo- William Rockhill Nelson gallery of ort and Mary Atkins museum of fine arts, Kansas mon R. Guggenheim museum, New City, Mo. York. +Tseng Yu-ho Ecke. b) Under the city if the official name of the museum or gallery begins with a common word and the city is not a part of the official name. A dash is used be- the gallery is determined after checking tween the city and the name of the insti- the Library of Congress catalog, The Offi- tution, e.g., ChicageArt institute; New cial Museum Directory, Museums of the York (city)-The Metropolitan museum World, International Directory of Arts, of art. If the name begins with the name Art Index, World of Learning, American of a city and it is a part of the official Art Directory, etc., or the gallery's own name, the dash is omitted, e.g., Philadel- catalogs.) phia museum of art. b) Under the surname, if the gallery is c) When the exhibition was held in a firm (and co., ltd., and sons, etc.) or if more than one place, the first place is the name of the gallery starts with an made the main entry, and the others, initial, e.g., Tooth, Arthur & sons (not the added entries. The library's policy Arthur Tooth & sons); Schweitzer, M. R. is to use no more than two such added gallery, New York. entries. If the Metropolitan Museum had For a foreign city the entry is in Eng- an exhibition, it is made the main entry lish with the museum or gallery division regardless of where the exhibition took in the language of the country, e.g., place first. In the case of a traveling ex- Rome (city)-Museo Capitolino. How- hibition, the responsible organization is ever, there are exceptions. One in the made the main entry. The added entries case of non-Latin al~habets.For exam- are underlined on the face of the main ple, Russian and Greek are transliter- catalog card if they are the same as the ated: Leningrad-Ermitazh. Japanese entries used in the library, otherwise the and Chinese are translated into English: corrected entry is shown on the back of Tokyo-National museum of modern the main card (Figures 4, 5). art. The above rules for establish in^" main Private and commercial galleries are entries apply to both exhibition catalogs entered: treated as monographs and those under a) Under the name separated from the the collective title. name of the city by a comma, e.g., Gal- Descriptive cataloging is complete for leria d'arte Michelangelo, Rome; Ken- those items mentioned earlier. These ex- nedy galleries, New York. (The name of hibition catalogs are treated as mono- 374 Figure 6. Figure 7.

131.98 Tokyo-National museum. Pamphlet Box T572 Tokubetsu-ten mokuroku: Heian jidai 107.4 [68] Picasso, 4 fCv.-25 mars 1971. no chokoku (Sculpture of the Heian pe- P263 riod, catalogue of a special exhibition) [Oct. 13-Nov. 28, 1971. ~ok~o,l972] [69] La peinture anglaise auiourd'hui 291 p. incl. illus., 195 pl. (8 col.) map. 7 fCv.-1 1 mars 1972. 34.5cm. I [70] Pablo Serrano, 6 iuin-2 sept. 1973. I In Japanese; foreword and list of See next card plates also in English. I

Figure 8. graphs. If the title is in both English and a foreign language(s) the English is Pamphlet Box used. If the title is in two or more for- Picasso, P. eign Western languages, the first is used. 107.4 Paris-Musee d'art moderne. If the title is in languages with Latin P263 Exhibition catalogues. Poris,l9 no[68] v. & boxes. illus. 26cm. alphabet and non-Latin alphabet, the Latin alphabet is used. Cyrillic (i.e., Rus- For holdings and contents see main sian, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian) and card. Greek alphabets are used, if the title is only in one of these languages. Translit- eration and translation in parentheses are added as a note. Chinese and Japa- are always counted, e.g., 45 p. chiefly nese titles are transliterated and transla- illus. (35 col.); 198 p. incl. 100 pl. (80 tion added in parentheses (Figure 6). col.). In the statement of exhibition, the The descriptive cataloging for exhibi- word "exhibition" and date(s) are in- tion catalogs treated under the collective cluded in the body of the card in the lan- title is simplified, as shown in Figure 3. guage of the catalog; if they are not The individual catalogs under the col- printed on the title page, they are in- lective title are listed in the contents in serted in brackets, e.g., chronological order. Bibliographical in- Basel (Switz.)-Kunsthalle. formation includes author or editor, if James Ensor [Ausstellung] 15 Juni- any, title, and exhibition date(s) (Figure 4 Aug. 1963. 7). The usual subject headings, such as Exceptions are the Chinese and Japa- Architecture, Drawing, Sculpture, etc., nese statements which are translated into and artists, are used for all exhibition English. catalogs, both those treated as mono- For place of publication, the language graphs and those under the collective of the imprint is used. title. For the Metropolitan Museum of Collation is handled pragmatically. If Art exhibitions, an additional subject the catalog appears to have over 50 un- heading is used, i.e., the main entry fol- numbered pages, pages are not counted; lowed by the word "Exhibition," then the following is used: 1 v. (unpaged). followed by the title and year of the ex- When the pagination is very compli- hibition, e.g., New York (city)-The cated, the following is used: various pag- Metropolitan museum of art-Exhibi- ing. Black and white illustrations are not tion-Prints by Martin Schongauer, counted. A count is added only if it is 1970. given in the catalog. When there are The usual analytical entries of author mainly illustrations and/or plates with and subject with full descriptive catalog- little text, the following is used: chiefly ing are made for exhibition catalogs illus. Colored illustrations and all plates treated as monographs. Figure 9. tionality, and medium (or media) (Fig- ure 10). Pamphlet Box In addition to the guide card an artist Painting-England-20th cent. card is also made for every artist, to be 107.4 Poris-Mus6e d'ort moderne. filed alphabetically in the artist file. In- P263 Exhibition catalogues. Paris,l9 formation on the card includes the art- no[69] v. & boxes. illus. 26cm. ist's full name, date(s), nationality, and For holdings and contents see main medium (or media). If there is a classifi- card. cation number for the artist, it also appears on this card (Figure 11). When establishing information on an Figure 10. artist, biographical dictionaries, encyclo- pedias, art directories, indexes, and other reference works are consulted. Sources Petrick, Wolfgang, 1939- are noted on an authority card, which is filed alphabetically in the Authority File. German painter. Often information on a contemporary artist may not be found in any of the standard reference works. The exhibition catalog of the artist is then shown on the Figure 11. Authority Card as the sole source. The call number and the catalog number are 177P58 Spanish included for easy reference (Figure 12). The authority file is kept uptc~dateby Picasso, Pablo, 1881-1973. adding information whenever available.

Spanish painter. Vertical File To supplement the main catalog, Figure 12. there is a vertical file which contains clippings of newspapers and periodicals concerning current art activities, move- Corotto, Carlos, 1933- ments, news of museums and galleries, "I.D.A. exhibition announcements, flyers, post- 'Art Index ers, reviews, etc. Such information on 'Phaidan JGaleria Rubbers, Buenos Aires. Exhibi- contemporary artists, some of which is tion catalogue,l971 no[39] 107.15/ not available in the main card catalog GI32 and is hard to find elsewhere, is especially important and useful to researchers.

Sharing of Bibliographical Information For those treated under the collective title, all necessary entries are also made The library of the Metropolitan Mu- for every individual catalog, but only seum of Art constantly strives to make the short forms are used. Figure 8 shows its bibliographical information available an artist as subject analytic (short form); to other libraries, artists, scholars and re- Figure 9 shows a subject analytic other searchers in the following manner. The than artist (short form). library regularly sends notification of its For every artist appearing in the Main new acquisitions to the Library of Con- Card Catalog as a subject, a guide card is gress for inclusion in the National Union made. It is filed in the Main Card Cata- Catalog. The library's printed catalog, log in front of the subject card(s) of that The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New artist. Information on the guide card in- York, Library Catalog, 25 volumes, was cludes: the artist's full name, date(s), na- published by G. K. Hall in 1966. I is kept up-to-date by supplemental vol- Devised by Elizabeth R. Usher, in Use in umes. The 5th supplement was published The Library of The Metropolitan Mu- in 1973. Finally, a monthly list of seum of Art. New York, The Metropolitan tions is distributed to individuals and Museum of Art, 1974. p. 3. 2. Chelminski, Rudolph / China Unveils a institutions according lo the librarfs Breathtaking Show of its Archaeological mailing list. Treasures. Smithsonian 4 (no.6): 25 (1973).

Literature Cited Received for review Oct 29, 1974. Manu- 1. Ho, Lucy Chao, comp. / Exhibition Cata- script accepted for publication Nov 15, logue Manual . . . Based on a System 1974.

Lucy Chao Ho is senior catalog-reference librarian, Metropolitan Museum of Art \ Library, New York, N.Y. Pollution in Lake Erie 1872-1965

Robert M. Ballard Western Michigan University, School of Library Science, Kalamazoo, Mich. 49001

The relevant literature is reviewed sources of information which may be and some of the sources that are available available in library collections or which for a study of the historical development may otherwise be easily obtained if their of pollution in Lake Erie is listed. Of value and availability were known. special concern are the lesser known

PUBLICCONCERN for the conditions well known, but contain valuable infor- in Lake Erie is a comparatively recent mation. The papers included in the bib- phenomenon, but we are not without a liography are those which give informa- body of literature about the chemical and tion about the life fonns in Lake Erie biological properties of the waters and at different periods as well as those primary life forms native to Lake Erie. which are concerned with pollution as a In the year 1965, the U.S. Federal Water subject. Only literature from sources Pollution Control Administration was within the United States have been in- established. In 1970, the U.S. Environ- cluded. It should be acknowledged that mental Protection Agency was estab- much valuable work has been done by lished as a monitoring agency which also Canadian agencies such as the Fisheries incorporated the functions originally as- Research Board of Canada, the Ontario signed to the Federal Water Pollution Department of Land and Fores~s, and Control Administration (see "Additional the Great Lakes Institute of the Univer- Sources"). Several significant confer- sity of Toronto. ences on the pollution of Lake Erie and The writer recognizes the many issues boundary waters have been sponsored by involved with any discussion of the prob- the Federal Pollution Water Control Ad- lem of Iwollution in Lake Erie. There are ministration and the Federal Water social, economic, and political ramifica- Quality Administration. Since the mid- tions which have current concern. Simi- 1960s, published reports G-om many larly, there are different sources or causes sources have become more frequent. of water pollution. It is not the writer's Several jouinals, abstract journals, and intention to discuss these issues or de- proceedings of conferences are being lineate the various "kinds" of pollution, published which previously were not but to discuss sources of information on available. A serious effort is now being the subiect.J Most of the earlier studies made to coordinate research and to pub- were concerned with commercial prob- lish and make known the literature that lems, usually involving the fisheries, and is available. For these reasons, the year pollution only as it affected the fisheries. 1965 was chosen as a cut-off date in this There are three stages in the develop- review. mental history, or life cycle, of a fresh- The sources of literature included in water lake. 1; the oligotrophic stage, the this paper are primarily reports and bul- lake is essentially free of nutrients, ster- letins from federal, state, and municipal ile, and unpolluted. In the mesotrophic agencies involved in scientific investiga- period, the natural addition of nutrients tions of Lake Erie and papers published increases the fertility of the lake. This is in scientific journals which may not be followed by the eutrophic or nutrient 378 rich period. The eutrophic period can be areas. Dilution of polluted waters and hastened by the addition of nutrients as self-purification in the open lake waters a by-product of man's activities. Increases was thought to be complete. in the nitrogen and phosphorous content As early as 1882, however, C. M. Vorce and decrease in the dissolved oxygen con- noted that the city of Cleveland had pur- tent of lake waters is an accepted indice sued the practice of dumping all garbage of eutrophication {I). These conditions and night soil of the city into Lake are common in polluted freshwater bod- Erie and water samples from the lake ies. As pollution progresses, the lake now contained species of algae (Vorti- bottom life changes and permits the ex- cella) and other life forms which previ- perienced worker to use certain plant ously had been rare or non-existent (2). and animal life as indices to the situa- The International Commission for the tion. Essentially, a study of pollution in Control of Pollution of Boundary Wa- Lake Erie involves a review of the rele- ters was established by the governments vant literature for the purposes of noting of the United States, Canada, and Great any changes in the fauna of the lake us- Britain in 1909 (3). It is significant that ing the accepted indices as indication of the seriousness of the problem and the pollution. need for cooperation was recognized ~t Lake Erie can be rather conveniently this relatively early date. divided into three geographical areas for The first, and to date only, comprc- purposes of study. There is a shallow hensive study of the entire lake was made western basin, a broad central basin en- during the years 1928-1929 (4). As a re- compassing nearly two-thirds of the lake, sult of the depletion of the Cisco fishery and a dee~eastern basin. From the east- in the western part of the lake, investiga- ern basin, the lake waters exit from the tions had begun in localized areas as lake into the Niagara River. early as 1926. Because of the depletion of As nearly. as -practical, the literature is the Whitefish fishery in the eastern re- discussed in chronolonical" order. Because gions, similar investigation~were begun many of the significant sources of peri- in the eastern basin. The agencies in- odical literature began publication after volved in investigations over the entire 1965 and public concern has been more lake decided to coordinate their efforts significant in recent years, the literature for the comprehensive study of 1928-29. review is limited to materials published While again emphasizing pollution in before that date. The journal articles certain rivers entering Lake Erie and in and reports are limited to those with in- harbors of municipalities, the 1928-29 formation pertaining to Lake Erie. The surveys gave us no cause for alarm and materials listed in the Bibliography are the preliminary reports stated that pollu- typical, but only a small sampling of the tion was not a factor in the decline of the information available about freshwater fishery of the two valuable species men- flora and fauna in the United States, and tioned. The study is valuable as a source Lake Erie specifically. of comprehensive biological and chemical data about Lake Erie that may be Summary of the Literature used for comparative purposes with later investigations. A review of the literature from 1872- The final report was not published 1920 shows that the issue of most con- until 30 years after the study had been cern during this period was pollution by completed. No explanation has been sawmill and cannery effluents, pollution given for this delay. We may assume that in the shipping channels, and possible interest or finance was lacking, or both. contamination of municipal water sup The study is the only one available to plies. With the exception of the shipping date that contains detailed biological, channels, the prevailing attitude was bacteriological, and chemical data about that pollution was confined to the har- the central and eastern basins of Lakc bors and rivers of heavily industrialized Erie as a unit or as complete eco-system\. The body of literature expands tre- commission's reports were published in mendouslv between 1931 and 1945 with 1951. Pollution in both Canadian and many studies of conditions in small areas American waters in some areas were so and usually not intended to be compre- extensive as to be injurious to health and hensive. In referring to them, it is neces- property. sary to remember that lake conditions An extensive survey was authorized by may change daily. Factors influencing a the Ohio legislature in 1949 and 1950, given locality may have no influence at and published in 1953 (7). It is significant all if a sampling station had been chosen because it gave attention to the renea- a few miles away or on a different date. tional usages of the waters of Lake Erie. Primarily, these studies were concerned There was evidence of gross pollution with the algae and plankton life of a and none of the bathing beaches in the given area. They are valuable when com- Cleveland area met any accepted stand- pared with similar studies made from the ard for bathing waters. same location in different years or when Investigations since 1960 indicate they extend over a significant period of changes in the primary benthic commu- time. nity of Lake Erie, and an absence of Industrial pollution can have a more dissolved oxygen in the open lake waters immediate and disastrous effect on the for substantial periods of time. These fauna of a lake because of the possible conditions are often indications of rapid toxic qualities that may result in the eutrophication. destruction of both plant and animal life. An outstanding example of the con- Summary sequences of the introduction of toxic A review of the literature since 1872 materials into the lake waters was re- seems to indicate that scientists were ported by G. E. Symons and R. W. Simp- aware of the gradual increase in pollu- son in the May 1940 issue of the Trans- tion in Lake Erie but either lacked the actions of the American Fisheries Society ability to visualize future problems or (6). In 1937, three separate episodes of were concerned only with local issues of fish destruction occurred in the Niagara the day, which were usually questions River in the vicinity of Buffalo, N.Y. relating to the suitability of the lake wa- Dead minnows were reported knee deep ters for the fisheries. 25 to 30 feet off shore and a fish kill of Because information has been scarce 500 million was said to be a conservative and difficult to locate when it exists, un- estimate. The fish appeared to come to published reports and other records or the surface, gasp for air and evidently data maintained by municipal health, die of suffocation. The source of pollu- sanitation, and public works departments tion was determined to be a small highly can be useful. Often they are quite exten- polluted stream flowing through the city sive. For an example, almost daily phyto- of Buffalo (the Buffalo River). Because plankton counts have been taken from of a combination of rains, winds, and water samples by the Cleveland Water changes in lake levels, the stream dis- Works Department (8). charged its load of polluted waters into ~utrientsare added to a freshwater the lake more rapidly than usual, allow- lake from many sources. Every lake re- ing less time for dilution by lake waters ceives the continuous invuts of the before the wastes exited from the lake streams and rivers of its drainage basin into the Niagara River. with whatever chemicals those waters In 1946, the International Joint Com- may contain from soils of the land. Pol- mission on Pollution of Boundary Wa- lutants are received from municipal sani- ters was directed to investigate the waters tation wastes and industrial sources. In- of the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, and dustrial pollutants are a special prob- the Detroit River. This investigation was lem because these materials tend to be extended in 1948 to include the Niagara more difficult to oxidize and they may River, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. The be toxic. For over one hundred years, the U.S. ceedings of the Fzfth Annual Meeting of Corps of Engineers has been accused of the American Society of Microscopist. El- being a contributor to lake pollution. mira, N.Y., 1882. p.187-196. The dredging of ship channels and har- 3. International Joint Commission (United bors is necessary for navigation. The States and Canada) on the Pollution ot Boundary Waters / Final Report. Wash- Corps' method of disposal of those ington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing dredged materials, containing highly Office, 1918. p.56. contaminated bottom materials is sim- 4. Preliminary Report on the Cooperative ply to transpose them to another area Survey of Lake Erie Season of 1928. Bulle- of the lake where they are dumped. To tin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sci- precisely ascertain the consequences of ences 14 (no.3): 7-220 (1929). this method of disposal would be ex- 5. Symons, G. E. and R. W. Simpson / Re- tremely difficult. The supposition is that port of Fish Destruction in the Niagara in some areas, breeding grounds for vari- River in 1937. Transactions of the Ameri- ous species of freshwater life are de- can Fisheries Society 68: 246255 (1938). 6. International Joint Commission (United stroyed. States and Canada) on the Pollution of It would, however, be a mistake to Boundary Waters / Report of the Pollu- point an accusing finger at the Corps of tion of Boundary Waters. Washington, Engineers because it is doubtful that D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, many, if any municipalities would have 1951. p.20. been willing to experience a decline in 7. Lake Erie Pollution Survey, Final Repoit. commerce for the purposes of abating a Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Conservation De- form of pollution. Since most people partment, 1953. p.13-201. would probably agree that trade and 8. Davis, Charles C. / Evidence for Eutro- commerce is desirable, a more satisfac- phication of Lake Erie from Phytoplank- ton Records. Lzmnology and Oceanology 9 tory method of disposal hopefully will (110.3): 275-283 (Jul 1964). be found. The Sea Grant Act of 1966 makes funds available to colleges and universi- Bibliography ties for the study of marine and fresh- 1. Burkholder, Paul R. / Distribution of water problems, previously a rather lim- Some Chemical Values in Lake Erie. In ited area of academic interest. There are Limnological Survey of Eastern and Cen- a number of newly created departments tral Lake Erie, 1928-29. Washington, of limnology or environmental studies, D.C., U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and expansion has occurred in the more Special Report-Fisheries, No.334, 1960. developed area of marine sciences. With p.71-110. the sudden interest of government, the 2. Carr, John F. / Dissolved Oxygen in universities, and the public comes the Lake Erie, Past and Present. Proceedings demand for library collections which of the Fifth Annual Conference on Great Lakes Research. Arm Arbor, Mich., Great simply do not exist. Librarians must Lakes Research Division, The Univer- now concentrate on this new area of sity of Michigan, Publication no.9, 1962. interest to their patrons. p.1-14. 3. Chandler, David C. / Limnological Stud- ies of Western Lake Erie. 111: Phyto- Literature Cited plankton and Physical-Chemical Data from November, 1939 to November, 1940. 1. Beeten, Alfred M. / Indices of Great Ohio Journal of Science 42: 42-44 (1942). Lakes Eutrophication. Proceedings of the 4. Chandler, David C. and Owen B. Weeks Ninth Annual Conference on Great Lakes / Limnological Studies of Western Lake Research. Arm Arbor, Mich., Great Lakes Erie. V: Relation of Immunological and Research Division, The University of Meteorological Conditions to their Pro- Michigan, Publication no. 15, 1966. p.1- duction of Phytoplankton in 1942. Eco- 15. logical Monographs 15: 435-465 (1945). 2. Vorce, C. M. / Microscopic Forms Ob- 5. Cutler, N. L. / l'he Biological Investiga- served in the Waters of Lake Erie. Pro- tions of Pollution in the Erie-Niagara l\'atershed. In :I l3iological .Slrt-c~cy of \\*atel- Pollution Contt-ol .4dministration, for the F;ric,-Nicigci,-(i .Yyctc~ni.Sr~ppletnent to ;III example, wa\ originally located within tl~e the 18th ;\11nu;11 Keport of the hTew I'.S. Ikpartment of Healrll, Education, and York State <;o~~ser\;~tionDeprtmenr. Al- \\-elfare. In I!M, it ~vastr;tnsferretl to the Ilany, N.Y., 1!)29. p.134-139. [J.S. 1)epartmcnt of the Interior as the Fed- Detr-oit Roartl ol Il'atcr Commissioners / cr;~l\\';iter Q11;ilit) .-\hinistl-ation, where it Thirty-Fir.$(Atrn1rcil Rcport fot- /he Y(jnt- t.emaincd until tile est;~blishmentof the U.S. 1882. Detroit, hlicll., 1883. 11.6. Environmental .-\gency in 1970. The cumu- Hasler, Artllt~rD. ,' Eutrophication ot Inti\-e effect of cl~;~nge\and minor variations Lakes and 1)r;tinage Basinu. Ecology 28: in citatio~lat-e ol)\.ious sources of difficulty in 383-395 (1947). tl~eLlse of government pul)lications. International Joint Commission 011 llle .S(~lr~ctc~tlIt'n1c.r I~c~o1rt-rcs.4bstrarl.r. Wash- Kcference bj the IJnited States and Call- i~tgton. D.C., Ikpartment of the Interior, ;~da011 the I'ollutiotl of Roundary I\'a- \\.atel- Kewurces Scie~~tificInformation Cerr- ters / l'rogv~.~I(('/>ot-t. \\Tashington, D.C.. tcr. Semimontllly. (1,s. Govt. 1'1-int. Oft., 1914. 11.20. .Y/IoY/ P'i~licq(1 I~.\tr(irI,s.N;~rrag"nsett, K.I., Krecker, FI-etlerick H. and I.. Y. Lab- [J.S. I3ureau of S~I-IFisheries and M:ildlife. caster / Bottorn Sllore I;au~l;tof \Vest- 1!)55- . Irregularly. ern Lake I+ie. Etology 14 (110.3): 79-93 It.citrr Polllition A1)stract.r. Inndon, Eng- (Apr 1933). land, Her Jlnje5ty's Stationery Office. 1927- . Pieters, Adria11 1. ;' '111~I'lants ol \.Vest- JIorllllly. ern Lake Erie ~vitll Ol)wr\ntions on '4 tncrico n Fishel-its Society-Transactions. Their Distriburion. ll~tllctitiof the Cr.S. I~;~mwnce,Kans. 1970- . Quarterly. Fish Commissiot1, 1901. 21: 57-79 (1!402). fi,'fllrcnt nnd 1tJntc~t-Treatment Journnl. Snow, JLI~IV. / The I'lankton Algae of \litltllesrs, Engl;tnd, Tll~~nderljirdEnter- Lake Erie wit11 Special Keference to the prises Lttl. 1%- . hlonthly. Clllorapl~yce;~e.Uztll(,titt of the 1J.S. Fish I.i~t,tiology cititl Orc~c~~ogvaphy.Lawrence. Commission, 1902. (Doc. 52'3) 22: 369- K;IIIS.,Allen Press. 1956- . Bimonthly. 394. It'ntet. I'ollzrtioti Cotzlvul Ferleral Jo~trnal. '1-iffany, Lewis H. / l'he Filxnentous A1- IV;tsllington, D.C., \\:ater Pollution Control pmOt 1Vester11 Lake El-ie. Arne~ican 1:ctlet-ation. 1928- . >Iontllly. Midland hTnturalist 18: !)I 1-951 (1!437). I17cltcr Resr.circh. New York, N.Y., Pcrgt- Vorce, C. RI. /' Forms Observed in the mot1 1'1-ess, Inter-n:ttional Association on \Va- IVater of Lake Erie. Proceedings of the ter I'ollution Kese;~rcll.1967- . llonthly. Foztrth At7nzt(il JI(,c~tingof the American 1Vc~tcr liesou,-cP.S Research. LVashington, Society of Afirt.oscopist. Columljus, Ohio, D.C., U.S. Geophysical Union. 1965- . Bi- 1881. p.51-60. moll thly. \Villiams, Roger C. / Pollution Studies 1Vato- licso1crcc~s Reviercl. Washington, in the Light of Chemical .inalysis. In 1 US. Geological Survey. 1940- . "Preliminary Report on the Cooperative \Ionthly. Survey of Lake Erie Season of 1928." Bltl- letin of the BuOalo Society of ,Ynt~~tcil Received for review Sep 27, 1974. Re- Sciences 1.1 (no.3): 60-64 (1929). vised manuscript accepted for publica- Wright, Stillman and I\'ilbur Tidd / tion Dec 27,1974. Summary of I~imnologicalInvestigations in \Vestern Lake Erie in 1929 and 1930. Transactions of the American Fisherie.~ Society 63: 291-385 (1933).

Additional Sources h'o retrospective study of the pollution problem would be complete without a search of the publications of the US. Department of the Interior and other federal agencies. In doine" so, one must be familiar with the complexities of organizational structure and Dr. Robert M. Ballard is assistant profes- the effect that changes in that structure have sor of librarianship, Western Michigan on the publication effort. The I1.S. Federal University, Kalamazoo, Mich. 382 SPECIALLIBRARIES This Works For Us

Videotape-A Library Communications Tool

Loretta J. Kiersky

Airco, Inc., Central Research Laboratories, Murray Hill, N.J. 07974

OURInformation Center offers a variable to offer a more dramatic presenta- ety of information services to the techni- tion of our services to the technical and cal staff at our Central Research Labora- marketing staffs we hoped to serve. tories where it is located. Two of its ma- The setting for our presentation was jor collections are the commercially pub- in the library with "show-and-tell" dis- lished materials available from the Cen- cussions by four staff members. Four ma- tral Research Library, and the Airco jor stages are involved in making a proprietary materials which, with the videotape: planning, production, post- government classified materials, are avail- production, and presentation. Planning able from the Central Technical Records requires a number of discussions to plan section. Althoud~" our information serv- the physical production, the preparation ices have been available to the company of the script, a check-list of the auxiliary divisions of Airco, requests until recently items and also dry-run rehearsals. Pro- had been fewer than we anticipated. We duction consists of the simultaneous re- knew that a need for information existed cording-filming of the action, and the within the divisions, and early in 1972 changes and retakes that may develop. we decided to make a greater effort to Post-production includes editing the extend our services to meet this need. completed videotape to produce the ac- At that time our Photographic Labora- ceptable master, from which the required tory had acquired a Sony %-inch tape, number of prints will be made for dis- black and white Videocorder system. tribution, and it also includes the pro- This svstem includes: three Sonv cam- cessing for retrieval and storage. Presen- eras, one is a Video Rover model; two tation includes announcement of the new videocorders for recording, editing and videotape after the appropriate internal playback; and two 9-inch Sony television approvals have been obtained. It also monitor-receivers, used for viewing and includes the distribution and storage of electronic editing; and also a special ef- the videotapes. Our nine-minute video- fects generator. ~inishedprog&ns can tape became our commercial for an- be put on a loop that permits continuous nouncing literature searches, transla- viewing when this is required. We de- tions, reference and order services, and cided to make use of this equipment to two weekly bulletins. describe our information services and collections. We are convinced that "see- System Advantages ing is believing" and that our "face-to- face" communication is a superior ad- Videotape is a flexible medium and a vertisement when compared with our variety of effects can be achieved with it, previously printed announcements. Since depending upon the imaginative input. videotape incorporates both audio and You can dub in sounds later on, such as visual dimensions, by using it we were a voice or a telephone ringing. You can flash illustrations on and off a partial compared witli ;I 1j2-inc.limaster. I\ P-itlcli screen which is also shared by a speaker. tape is used mainly for comn~erci;~l A zoom lens will permit you to get close- ho;r tlcasting. ups of printed materials or to examine An increased number of requests for objects. Graphics, slides or microfilmed info^ mation I~are been received from ou~ information can he viewed on it. A sig- company divisions after viewing our vid- nificant advantage of videotape over mo- eotape. Repesentatives of one of our tion picture film is that videotape can divisionc used it in the Airco booth at be viewed immediately after filming, and trade shows to announce availability of changes or retakes made on the spot or technical information support. This was later, on the same tape. done by using a loop that permits auto- Videotape is portable. You can view it matic continuous viewing. It ha5 also anywhere that you can set up a 9-inch been shown at various meetings. We use TV screen and playback equipment. All it as orientation for visitors to our Infor- you need is a 3-foot-square area with an mation Center and as a basis for furthcr electric outlet. You can send videotapes discussion of our services. Videotapes through the U.S. mail for viewing any- made in our Central Research Labora- where and thus get "prime time" for tories, or in the field, are often viewed your message. Playback equipment is also on the large Sony television sct eeri in our available on a rental basis from dealers Central Reseaich Libra1 y. The videotape in all cities. Videotape offers the advan- format has been added as another source tages of permitting your message to be of information in the Ajrco collections. repeated as often as desired, and also of We have observed the increased use of making reference back to any specific videotape in applications in the field of item of interest. It is a medium for in- education, in museulns, in real estate, in structing viewers on how to do some- corporate comm~~nications,in employee thing, and also can be a motivating in- relations and training, and in security fluence upon viewers to do something. systems. We have been impressed with Choice of videotape and equipment its ~otentialas a transfer ofinformation depends upon your purpose. For exam- from one source to another. It could be ple, %-inch tape may be used conven- used for continuing education in librari- iently for an in-house communications anship on a wider.%asis than at the An- system and for field use. A l-inch tape nual SLA Conference. It is conceivable master will be of superior quality when that other associations as suppliers to

Figure 1. Staff Discussing a Taped Segment Viewed on the Monitor-Receiver the library field might make videotapes 2-Sony Video Camera AVC available to bring their on site opera- 3250DX $960.00 each tions to local library groups. Librarians Sony Special Effects should now be concerned with becoming Generator SEG 1.4 S800.00 Xony TV Monitor-Receiver, knowledgeable in this area so that dis- 9-inch Screen, CVM 950U $295.00 each cussions relating to library applications For viewing and electronic editing. can take place with the video industry Sony Videocorder AV 3600 earlier than those have taken place with 3895.00 the micrographics and computer indus- Compact, portable, videotape recorder tries. A major concern will be the adop- Sony Videocorder AV 3650 tion of appropriate standards to suit in- $1250.00 formation requirements. Has an electronic editing capability Microphones. Equipment 3 Sony F-27 $14.50 each 1 Sony Mixer MX900 $450.00 The following equipment was used in Permits use of several microphones with making the videotape on the Airco In- balanced sound level formation Center. Running time is 9 minutes, 28 seconds. Lights. 3-1000 Watt Quartz Iodine $22.50 each Videotape. Sony %-inch, black and white, Endless Loop for continuous magnetic tape on reels (V-31) viewing, runs 10 minutes Unedited original $20.00 then repeats $30.00 Edited master $20.00 Print #1 and each additional Letterfonts for making print $20.00 captions such as titles, Sony V-31, 1240 ft., tapes have a running individuals' names or other Photo Lab. time of ?,@our and permit recording up to identifications stock item 30-minutes. Sony V-32, 2370 ft. tapes permit 2 Sony TV Monitor-Receivers, recording up to I-hour. 18-inch, CVM 194U $350.00 each Cameras (includes accessories). one is located in the library and the other Sony Video Rover AV 34001 is in the photo lab. AVC 3450 $1 850.00 (Includes portable hand held camera Received for review Feb 20, 1975. Manu- and AV Videocorder battery or AC script accepted for publication Mar 11, operated.) 1975. Overseas Report

Looking Over Our Shoulder in the Orient: Observations on Today's U.S. Information Service Libraries

Chester S. Williams Sarasota, Fla. 33577

thought, has been re-emphasized in re- 1 The first U.S. information libraries cent years. Rather than attempting, as were set up to meet post-World War I1 many did for a while, to function as needs overseas under the Overseas lending libraries to reach the general Branch of the Office of War Information. public directly, the aim now is to work The director of that operation comments with key interpreters in government, the arts and the professions, and the aca- here on a few of these libraries which he demic world, especially with those who re-visited in the fall of 1974. communicate through their own media. Instead of building up ever larger collections by keeping the entire flow of books, periodicals, and documents, re- quiring more space and bigger budgets, FORone who had a hand in initiating today's libraries are culled continuously. American reference libraries abroad Valuable materials of less current impor- three decades ago, it was exciting on a tance are fed into libraries of local uni- recent trip to the Orient to see how a versities and institutions. Thus the refer- few of the now hundreds are operating, ence library is kept manageable by con- to enable leaders and students in many centrating on a significant selection of fields to "look over our shoulder" at the American yearly output. It also is what we are communicating through our building up permanent collections with own media. its local colleagues. Their vitality has been attested by Due to the great shortage of shipping both an expanding use and an occasional during World War 11, the early libraries abuse. The American libraries have be- had to be severely restricted in their ac- come centers of research for a variety of quisitions and the flow of materials had specialists, and also a favorite target of to be severely restricted. In addition, the terrorists. The recent burning of a U.S. flow of materials to public and institu- library in Pakistan shows again that our tional libraries as well as to bookshops lamplighters of learning and their ar- was virtually cut off. Therefore, core col- senals of ideas arouse the ire of fanatics. lections of U.S. information libraries, which grew slowly, had to be ingeniously managed to reach key users. The demand The Past was great since the supply was so lim- The original concept of the overseas ited. From a mere trickle of materials libraries as highly specialized reference considered of importance to knowledge centers, servicing the needs and interests and understanding among allies, the li- of a relatively small number of leaders of braries sought to move as much vital in- fonnation as possible quickly into the Figure 1. A View of the Periodical and Refer- media of their host country. Selectivity ence Section of the USlS Hong Kong Library and conciseness in communication were enforced by the acute paper shortage. The central purpose, in a reasonably broad sense, was to make words help win the war-from stepping up procluc- tion to improving morale.

The Present In today's veritable explosion of information and communication, the environment of the libraries has greatly changed. Yet the original concept has not only sur- vived but seems newly relevant to even more urgent. In serving United changed conditions. Now it is the keen States policy, the librai-iea t1.y to contril)- competition for readers, listeners ancl ute to unclerstandings essential to coop viewers that insists on selectivity ancl con- eration between nations in order to save ciseness. In the Orient, even though more the peace arid to achieve ;L workable people are rapidly gaining proficiency in world economy t11;it will ~n;ikelife liv- English, the channel to the host coun- ;hie on a p~.otluctivcplanet. Put nep- try's media must be through a relatively tively, rnisu~~cle~-stantIil~gs,ol- f;~lse vicws small number of leaders who are facile in ol tl~eUnited States iir~tlits policies, GIII our language. I)c tlangel-ouj if 1101 calamitoiis to peace All the librarians I met are maintain- ;inti intern;~tion;ilolde~. ing regular contacts with lists of key communicators and scholars, alerting Services them to incoming materials of likely interest to them and their colleagues or New technologies have added scope to audiences. Each librarian tailors his or totlay'> libraries. Videotapes on a variety her newsletters to local needs. More and of subjects are viewed on TV sets by more, librarians seem to be resorting to groups, and by individuals wearing Ileacl- personalized alerts by phone, or indi- sets. One lil~raryreports an average of vidual notes, or even sending pliototop- 50 viewings a day. Microfilm offers quick ies of material they feel would be wel- reference to bulky materials, such as comed. This means that they must know several years of the hJezu York Times. tlie special concerns of a large number of Impoved photocop) ing machine,, with their clientele. And they must take time capacity for fast tluplicating, povidc to review incoming materials to spot primary clients wit11 articlei iuitl ex- what may be most vital. cerpts promptly. Air mail assures accas This is perhaps easier for today's li- to 11el'iodic:il5soon after pul~lication. I~rarianswho are usually natives ot the In most places, selected .\nlerican mag- countries, if not the cities, wherc they a~inesand paperlnck I~ooksarc ;ivailable serve. The early libmries were headed by to English readers at news,tancls ant1 Americans who I~iretla few local assist- book shorx. Hiit tolies in an American ants. ,Judging from those 1 met, this library, especially of news m:1ga7ines, generation of prolessional lil~r;iriiu~s- serve a special purpose where censord~ip whether Japanese, Filipino or Chinese 1e;ives tantalikg ga1)s in those offered -were mostly trained in United State5 for p~111licsale. For esanlple, many come library schools. to the libl-aries in the Philippines, whicl~ The goal5 toward which they strive has been under nin~~iallaw for t~voyears, are not so clear and simple as a ''help to see ~vhatthe censors (lipped out of win tlie war." Yet the need is perhaps officials seem as curious as professors and through a crowded, narrow arcade lined students. with garish newsstand displays of porno- Though the main thrust of the USIS graphic publications from all over the libraries is service to a leadership group world. with access to the local media, they do Little auditoriums, seating 100 or so, not exclude any patrons. Many dome are usuallv adiacent to or near the li- , J just to seek information. A mother reads braries. Some use most sophisticated about Kansas City where her daughter audiovisual equipment for stereo mu- has settled. An artist looks for examples sicals, films, siides and other mesenta- of a new technique he has heard about tions. Numerous meetings are scheduled in the United States. A housewife copies during the year, presenting visiting out recipes for American dishes to -use American authors, artists and professors, while entertaining her American son-in- exhibits and book reviews. Such pro- law. A dress designer pores over Ameri- grams are sometimes arranged by librari- can fashion maga~ines. An investor ans, but more often by other sections of charts stocks he holds, from microfilmed USIS. stock market reports. And many students, The most unusual library I saw was in both at college and high school levels, do a new building especially designed for research for projects from small reports USIS in Kyoto, Japan. Among striking to doctoral theses. innovations were the openness of the li- Monthly reports of the librarians pro- brary arrangement an& its decor, which vide embassy staffs with a wealth of in- utilized large letters of the English al- formation about the interests of library phabet. users. The kind of materials that are at- Last year the libraries served in a spe- tracting the most attention suggest how cial way. From their many current books foreign service officers can serve our and magazines, staff members were able country best. The libraries as listening to answer the interest and clarify the posts even influence policy development. perplexities of Orientals regarding Wa- User reactions to various materials, espe- tergate and the American Presidency. Li- cially videotapes, can be significant. brarians sensed a new foreign apprecia- Economic subjects head all the lists I tion and admiration for American saw of the most reauested materials. In democracy among those who followed no- the Bangkok October report, after eco- holds-barred reporting and read in-depth nomics, foreign policy, political and so- accounts of the peaceful transfer of cial problems, education and the arts power from Nixon to Ford. were categories of most interest. Requests The linkage of our American libraries are, of course, stimulated by the materi- with todav's leaders, and students who als featured in the annotated "alerts" on will be tomorrow's, has particular signifi- new acquisitions, mailed out monthly to cance as increasing numbers in the Far clientele lists. East-and most nations-feel that their Attendance varies greatly but is not a future depends so much on the foreign basic test of a library's impact. The three and domestic policies of the United libraries in Taiwan, for example, re- States. corded more than 190,000 visitors during More than ever, people abroad, skepti- the last year. The libraries I visited were cal of tailored propaganda, seek a view busy. Most chairs in reading rooms and by looking over our shoulders at what research cubicles were occupied. we say to ourselves. Earlier libraries I used to inspect in Europe fronted on main boulevards, and Received for review Dec 20, 1974. Manu- featured window displays. Those I vis- script accepted for publication Jan 15, ited in the Orient were in business 1975. buildings with other USIS offices and facilities. The approach to the Hong Chester S. Williams is retired and lives in Kong library, via an elevator, was Florida. sla news SLA Election Returns

MARK H. BAER has been elected to the Miriam H. Tees automatically succeeded office of President-Elect of the Association Edythe Moore as President; Edythe Moore for 1975176. Jean Deuss and Lois E. Godfrey will serve on the Board as Past President. have been elected Chairman and Chairman- Robert L. Klassen and Marian Lechner Elect respectively of the Chapter Cabinet. will serve the third year of their three-year Shirley Echelman and Judith J. Field have terms (1973176) as Directors. Joseph M. Dag- been elected Chairman and Chairman-Elect nese and Constance Ford will serve the sec- of the Division Cabinet. The two new Di- ond year of their three-year terms (1974177) rectors, elected for 1975178, are Robert G. as Directors. Janet M. Rigney will serve the Krupp and H. Robert Malinowsky. third year of her three-year term (1973176) The 1975176 Board of Directors held its as Treasurer. first meeting in Chicago on Friday, June 13.

On May 14, 1975, the Subcommittee on shown to have an almost endless number of Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administra- interpretations during these copyright dis- tion of Justice of the House Committee on cussions. The Association recommends a the Judiciary held hearings on the provisions change in language of Section 108(h) such of H.R. 2223 General Copyright Revision that fair use may be extended to printed Bill as they relate to library photocopying. musical works as distinguished from sound Representatives of six major library asso- reproductions of musical works. ciations presented unified testimony for the Testimony for the publishers was pre- library community to the Committee (Rep. sented by Irwin Karp (counsel, The Authors Robert W. Kastenmeier, chairman). The as- League of America), Charles H. Lieb (copy- sociations are: American Association of Law right counsel, The Association of American Libraries, Association of Research Libraries, Publishers, Inc.), Townsend Hoopes (presi- American Library Association, Medical Li- dent, The Association of American Publish- brary Association, Music Library Associa- ers, Inc.) and Dr. Robert W. Cairns (execu- tion, and Special Libraries Association. The tive director, American Chemical Society). unified statement and SLA's written testi- Karp stated that "Reasonable compensa- mony appear in this issue immediately fol- tion for systematic library reproduction is lowing this report. the real issue." He defined systematic library The SLA testimony recommends several reproduction as single copy photocopying changes in the provisions of the copyright done in libraries: "The Xerox and other bill relating to library photocopying. Three reprographic machines have established a major recommendations in the SLA testi- new method of reprint publishing sometimes mony are as follows: called 'on-demand publishing,' 'one-at-a-time The existing language of Section 108(a)(l) reprinting,' or 'single copying' (the blander is: "(1) The reproduction or distribution is phrase favored by library spokesmen). How- made without any purpose of direct or indi- ever labelled, the process disseminates ar- rect commercial advantage." SLA urges clari- ticles, chapter from books or entire works to fication of this language since a majority of individual users-by reproducing a single special library operati& are conducted for reprint to fill each order, as it is received." purposes of "indirect commercial advantage." Thus, Karp compares library photocopying SLA also urges that Section 108(g)(2) which to reprint publishing. prohibits "systematic reproduction or distri- Cairns asserted that, "We hold no objec- bution of single or multiple copies" be de- tion to a scholar himself occasionally making leted since the word "systematic" has been a single copy in a non-systematic fashion for use in his own research. However, in the guidances suggested by NCLIS and Ms. past decade the techniques of reprography Ringer as in any way a limiting frame of have advanced to such an extent that third reference." Thus, Hoopes blames the library parties, human and mechanical, are begin- community for not attempting to work with ning to be involved in a substantial way." the publishers. Since November 1974 there Apparently the American Chemical Society have been continuing and ongoing meetings objects t; librarians acting as agents for between publishers and librarians with the scholars and scientists. He does recognize publisher representatives amending recom- that ". . . the real problem is inadequate mendations from librarians in such a way as funding at most stages of the communication to suggest that publishers are attempting to process (including libraries)." delay action. Hoopes concludes that, "Either

Lieb defines systematic copying- - as occur- the library community as a whole is still at- ring ". . . when a library makes copies of tempting to secure total exemption [empha- materials available to users, either directly sis added] from copyright, and expects to or through other libraries, under formal or get its way with the Congress; or the attitude informal arrangements 'whose purpose or . . . reflects a minority view within the li- effect' is to have the reproducing library brary community and is not therefore repre- serve as the prime source bf such material." sentative of the whole. In this latter connec- He then indicates the need to establish work- tion, I must say that we are struck by the able clearance and licensing procedures and difference in the attitudes we have found blames the library community "which so far among local librarians and those expressed is unwilling to join with us in developing by the official spokesmen of library associa- the needed guidelines to distinguish between tions in Washington. In the field, we have permissible single copying and systematic encountered widespread sympathy for and copying which requires payment." understanding of the basic concept of copy- Hoopes continues this charge. He states right and of the need for copyright protec- that although the librarians and publishers tion, accompanied by a felt need for guide- have been meeting frequently since Dec lines that will more precisely determine the 1974, "there has not been much progress to dividing line between fair use and infringe- date, chiefly because the librarians have re- ment." fused to accept either the Senate bill or the JDB

Statement for Special Libraries Association To the Subcommittee on Courts, Civil of the Copyright Law). We wish, however, Liberties, and the Administration of to make two specific comments and to urge Justice (Representative Robert W. that two specific changes be made: Kastenmeier, chairman) a) To comment on one item in § 107. Fair of the use; House Committee on the Judiciary b) To comment on one item in § 108(a)(I); on May 14, 1975 and concerning c) To urge vigorously for changes in two Library Photocopying Provisions of items, in §108(g)(I) and (g)(2). Repro- H.R. 2223 (94th Congress) duction by libraries and archives. the General Copyright Revision Bill Our comments are presented in the sequence: Special Libraries Association wishes to record its substantial agreement with the pro- 1. Identification of Special Libraries Asso- visions of §§ 106, 107 and 108 relating to li- ciation and Its Interests. [omitted here] brary photocopying in H.R. 2223 (Revision 2. Comments on 5 107. Fair Use. 3. Comments on $j 108. Reproduction by Li- (1) The reproduction or distribution is braries and Archives. made without any purpose of direct or 3.1 § 109(a)(l) indirect commercial advantage; [Empha- 3.2 § lOW)(l) & (g)(2) sis added.] 3.3 § 108(h) Clarification of the meaning of the existing Conclusion. 4. language is necessary because a majority of special library operations are conducted for 2. Comments on § 107. Fair Use. purposes of "indirect commercial advantage" when the library's parent organization The Association is in agreement with the delineation of "fair use" as stated in 5 107. is in the business, industrial, or financial We feel, however, that it is necessary to communities through its products and ser- comment specifically on one phrase in Item vices. It occurs to us that the existing language of 5 108(a)(l) may have been intended (4) : to prohibit a "commercial advantage" to an (4) the effect of the use upon the potential authorized or unauthorized reprinter or re- market or value of the copyrighted work. publisher of copyrighted materials. [Emphasis indicated.] We feel that our concerns can be allevi- ated by either of two actions: We recognize that there may be some va- lidity in the claims of some publishers of (a) by adding to § 108(a)(l) a phrase such as periodicals that they may have some loss of The reproduction or distribution is income due to multiple photocopying of a made without any purpose of direct single article from an issue of the periodical or indirect commercial advantage to n that is still available in-print. If the issue is reprinter or a republisher [Suggested out-of-print (that is, if the publisher has not addition italicized.]; or maintained his stock in-print or in-stock), it (b) through appropriate commentary in the is difficult to conceive how a photocopy of legislative history of H.R. 2223 without out-of-print material can cause any loss of any change in § 108(a)(l) as now written. income to the publisher. Further, the slow delivery by publishers Legislation to be enacted must not pre- to fulfill an order for a single in-print issue vent or penalize the preparation of photo- is totally unacceptable to the needs of our copies by any library. SLA is, of course, par- specialized users who are responsible for fast ticularly concerned about the status of management decisions. There is little ques- specialized libraries-especially those in for- tion that it is an administrative impossibility profit organizations. There will be immeas- to secure publisher permissions to urable damage to the total economy and interlibrary response within any reasonable welfare of the nation if such intent were to time. Moreover, the costs and delays in seek- be contained in the enacted version of H.R. ing such permissions would be prohibitive. 2223, or if such interpretation is possible It is also necessary to note that the prep- after enactment of the law. The rapid trans- aration of photocopies of periodical articles mission of man's knowledge-either to not- in libraries can not cause a loss of income to for-profit or to for-profit organizations-must the authors. Authors are rarely paid by pub- not be impeded by law. lishers of learned or trade periodicals (either Whether libraries request or produce pho- as a one-time payment or as royalty pay- tocopies, the libraries are acting solely as the ments). Indeed, the opposite direction of agents for the individual and distinct users payment has become prevalent in recent of libraries who in their totality represent years: a "page charge" is to be paid by the all strata of our American society. author or his employer to the publisher. These page charges are usually in the range 3.2 Sections 108(g)(I) and 108(g)(2). of $5@$100 per printed page. Major concerns are raised by 5 108(g) which was inserted after Senate hearings on S.1361 3. Comments on § 108. Reproduction by (93rd Congress). We wish to submit em- Libraries and Archives. phatic comments first on § 108(g)(2) and then to return to 5 108(g)(l). 3.1 Section 108(a)(l). (2) Engages in the systematic reproduction The Association is concerned with a possible or distribution of single or multiple interpretation of 5 108(a)(l): copies or phonorecords of material described in subsection (d). [Emphasis many years: public library systems in cities added.] or in counties, or multiple special libraries within a corporation or within a govern- The Report accompanying S.1361 (93rd Congress) indicated that it had not been pos- ment agency. In more recent years, the con- sible to formulate specific positive examples cept of broader library systems (regional or of "systematic copying." If only negative ex- statewide) has grown. Such systems have amples can be developed, can there be any many other meaningful functions other than logical basis for the insertion of 108(g)(2)? the preparation of photocopies so as to The Association urges that 8 1O8(g)(2) be: achieve economies in library -functions (for example, shared cataloging, the acquisition (a) Deleted entirely, or of foreign publications or of rare and un- (b) That it be amended by adding a con- usual materials, and the improved access of cluding clause to read: all citizens to informational materials of all . . . of material described in subsec- kinds). Although publisher representatives tion (d) so as to impair the potential have made claims that the number of sub- market for a copyrighted work. [Sug- scribers has been diminished because of the gested addition italicized.] existence of library systems, no evidence has The Association is concerned that the in- been presented that any loss of subscription clusion of § 108(g)(2)-as now stated-in any income has occurred. final Act will seriously impede the spon- The above comments regarding 3 108(g)(2) taneity of research and the research capabil- are also applicable to 5 108(g)(l): ity of organizations that maintain special libraries and information centers whose (1) is aware or has substantial reason to be- purpose is to provide access to learned, lieve that it is engaging in the related or technical, or specialized publications. concerned reproduction or distribution We are particularly concerned about any of multiple copies . . . whether made future construction that could be placed on on one occasion or over a period of time, allegations of "systematic reproduction or and WHETHER INTENDED FOR AGGREGATE distribution" in fj 108(g)(2). The single word USE BY ONE OR MORE INDIVIDUALS OR FOR "systematic" has been shown to have an al- SEPARATE USE BY THE INDIVIDUAL MEMBERS most endless number of interpretations dur- OF A GROUP;. . . [Emphasis added.] ing the discussions of the "Conference on the Resolution of Copyright Issues" (Nov I974 If a number of single, isolated, sponta- -Apr 1975). The Conference was jointly neous requests are received over a period of convened by the Register of Copyrights and time (italicized emphasis above), a library the chairman of the National Commission cannot become aware of such a series of on Libraries and hformation Science. events without instituting an extensive and It is important to recognize that all li- costly system of records of past transactions. braries act only as agents for their clients In the case of multiple copy requests who request and receive the photocopies. (small capital emphasis above), payment of Inclusion of the word "systematic" does not a per page copying fee to the publisher may seem to comprehend the operations of li- be thought to provide an equitable solution braries-or the nature of thk requests from provided that the costs to libraries for such the clients of libraries. Libraries provide reporting and payment mechanisms not be photocopies of current or past publications disproportionately great in relation to the in response to single, SPONTANEOUS requests copying fees to be paid. However, the two from the library's clients. Research workers possible mechanisms proposed for payment are often thought to be isolated individuals, of such copying fees completely negate the but research itself is not an isolated activity. concept of "fair use" as stated in 107. The Therefore, SPONTANEOUS,isolated-yet single two mechanisms proposed are: -requests for photocopies of the-same article or segment in a copyrighted publication (a) A variable subscription pricing structure may be received from more than one re- with a higher cost to libraries than to questor-each acting independently and individuals. Thus the library would have spontaneously. paid a fee even if no photocopy is re- The word "systematic" has also been sug- quested. gested to mean "within a library system." (b) A transaction fee per page would result Library systems have been in existence for in the payment of a fee even for the first * photocopy of an item prepared unless 4. Conclusion. the library were to set up a costly record Public libraries have been historically a keeping operation of all past photocopy fundamental development by and for the requests. people of the United States. The initiation and growth of specialized libraries represent Discussions in past years had suggested a a unique development in the United States range of fees from $0.01 to $0.10 per page. beginning with the Library of the Carpen- In the immediate past months, publisher ters' Company of Philadelphia before the representatives at meetings of the Confer- American Revolution; and also a concept ence (referred to above) have indicated that which has spread throughout the world. they wish to receive a higher fee which they Whether the main function of a library will determine individually for each article is public, school, university or specialized, all in each periodical rather than a per page libraries strive to improve and increase ready charge. It must be noted that many photo- access by the library's clients to information copy requests are for only one page or a few that will enrich the personal aspirations of pages of an article. Thus, this proposal also the library users, the quality of our commu- would be unduly costly to libraries and nities (whether urban, suburban or rural), their users. and the improvement of the economic stand- Should the final result of the proposed ards of all segments of our nation's citizens legislation be a copying fee pymen;, the (minority groups and the disadvantaged as price level of the copying fee must be sub- well as the advantaged). ject to determination by legislative or regu- We recognize the importance of the legis- latory action. Otherwise it is conceivable lative protection of copyright for publishers that a publisher might choose to set the to prevent improper or unfair diversions level of a copying fee-whether for multiple from their rightful profits. We also recog- copies or single copies-at such a high level nize the importance of copyright protection that access to some areas of published infor- for creative authors to prevent diversions mation could be effectively prevented. from their rightful earnings. Apparently, publishers feel that their 3.3 Section IOB(h). profit patterns will be improved by receiving photocopying fees. However, the establish- The Association feels that there is a real ment of library photocopying fees will re- need to distinguish between two formats of sult in the subsidization of the publishing "musical works": community at the expense of all taxpayers. (a) Printed musical works, and Public libraries and those in tax-supported (b) Sound reproductions of musical works. schools and universities would have to seek increased public funds annually. Special li- To achieve this distinction, we suggest two braries in business and industry would have possible amendments to § 108(h): to seek increased budget allotments within their corporation. As the expenses of a cor- (1) Delete the words "a musical work" be- poration increase, such expenses can lead cause performances are included in the only to increased costs to the ultimate con- subsequent phrase, "or other audio- sumers of new products or of improved old visual work," or products. (2) Add a modifying statement so that We ask that the Subcommittee consider lOs(11) will read: the distinction between the photocopying The rights of reproduction and distri- practices in and by libraries on behalf of li- bution under this section do not apply brary users, which we deem to be proper, to a musical work other than a printed and the practices outside of libraries which copy . . . [Suggested words are itali- are improper and which preempt the legiti- cized.] mate property rights of copyright owners. Special Libraries Association is grateful It is important that research workers and to the Subcommittee for the opportunity to students of musicology be allowed "fair use" present our views. The Association will be access to portions of printed music just as pleased to submit additional comments if the § 108(a)(2) permits "fair use" access to tex- Subcommittee desires so to assist the Con- tual materials. In § 108(11) a clear distinction gress in reaching an ultimate and equitable must he made between performances or solution to an issue that has values for all sound recordings and music in printed form. citizens. Statement for American Association of you may have concerning our testimony and Law Libraries, American Library Asso- the issues raised. Although our testimony to- ciation, Association of Research Librar- day is limited to library photocopying which ies, Medical Library Association, Music is the subject of this hearing, there are other Library Association and Special Librar- provisions of the bill which concern us and ies Association about which we may be making further statements as other hearings are scheduled. To the Subcommittee on Courts, Civil I would like first to point out that. al- Liberties, and the Administration of though this copyright I-e\ision bill 11a9 been Justice (Representative Robert W. under consideration Sot- [cn years, the li- Kastenmeier, chairman) brary photocopying ia5uc is still ;III impor- of the tant unresolved subject. 111 brief, the quer- House Committee on the Judiciary tion which Congress must clecitle is wl~cther on May 14, 1975 libraries will be permitted-a1 no additional concerning expense-to continue to serve the public by the long-standing practice of providing sin- Library Photocopying Provisions of gle copies of copyrighted material for a user's H.R. 2223 (94th Congress) research or study. It is an iss~~ewith dire& the General Copyright Revision Bill and widespread impact on the general public. It involves both the right of acces\ to The testimony that follows was presented library materials and the cost of that acces. by Edmon Low (director, hrew College Li- In the past year there IIAI~been two ma- brary, Sarasota, Fla.) on behalf of the six jor develdpments affecting tllis quertion. In above associations. He runs accompanied by the first case ever brought by a pt;bliher, the representatives of the other associations to TVilliams k M7ilkins Company. the courts answer special questions elating to the par- have upheld the photocopying of sirlglc ticular interests of their organizations. copies oE copyrighted medical journal ar- The representatives were: American Asso- ticles as being within the doctrine of fair ciation of Law Libraries, Julius J. Marke, use and not constituting infringement of Chairman of the AALL Copyright Commit- copyright. It is in part because this case tee; Association of Research Libraries, John consumed seven years and major financial P. McDonald, Executive Director; ARL outlay that libraries are concerned about the counsel, Philip B. Brown of the law firm second major development, which is the in- Cox, Langford, and Brown, Washington, tloduction last year into the Senate bill, D.C.; American Library Association, Edmon without any hearing, of a new and unde- Low, ALA Copyright Subcommittee; ALA fined limitation on the rights of libraries, counsel, William D. North of the law firm namely, the concept of "systematic reproduc- Kirkland and Ellis, Chicago; Medical Li- tion" of either single or multiple copies of brary Association, Joan Titley Adams, Chair- copyrighted material. man, MLA Copyright Committee; Music Li- Now, when we talk about library copying brary Association, Susan Sommer, Director, we are not talking about something for the Mzm'c Library Association and Chairman of benefit of libraries OI librarians, we arc its Copyright Subcommittee; Special Librar- talking about something that is carried on ies Association, Dr. Frank E. McKenna, Ex- for the benefit of users of libraries who in- ecutive Director; James A Sharaf, Counsel clude citizens from all walks of life through- of the Harvard University Library. out the country. When we talk about library copying practices, we are talking about the We are here today to talk about library schoolboy in California who may need a copying and the provisions of the copyright copy of an article in the Los Angeles Times revision bill (H.R. 2223). Because our time for a project he is working on in his ninth- for presentation of testimony is very lim- grade class; we are talking about a judge in ited, I shall be presenting so far as I am a county court in Rliddlesex County, Massa- able in the time allotted the concerns of all ch~~setts,who may find he needs a copy of a these various groups. However, each of these law review article which bears directly upon organizations will also be filing a statement ;I difficult question of law which has arisen of its own setting forth in greater detail its in the course of his work; we are talking individual concerns about provisions of the about a doctor in downstate Illinois who bill, and all of these representatives will as- has a patient with an unusual and rare dis- sist me in answering particular questions ease and the only recent material to be found is contained in an obscure journal of a portion of a monograph or a journal published in Sweden and available only article protected by copyrigh;. through the Regional Medical Library Sys- Library photocopying may be roughly di- tem, but which article may aid him in saving vided into two groups, the first being that his patient's life; we ark talking about a done either by a member of a library staff Member of this Committee asking the Con- or by the user himself from material in the gressional Reference Service of the Library library for immediate use on the premises or of Congress for an article dealing with copy- nearby; the second, that done by one library right; and we are talking about a musician for and at the request of another library, who is preparing a scholarly article on the often some distance away, for use by one of music of Mozart and needs to take with him its patrons there. The first is often desig- to his study a copy of a portion of a recently nated "in-house" copying, while the second edited score of one of Mozart's works with we usually refer to as "interlibrary loan." which he is concerned. The list is endless. The first is often necessary if a patron is to but I wish to emphasize that we are talking compare and study several articles from large about an issue that very broadly affects the bound reference volumes, as for instance a ability of people in this country to make use student writing a term . paper . in the.library. of their libraries which are the repository The second is bf vital importance in that tlie and storehouse of man's knowledge. scholar or other user does not have the docu- It should be noted here that copyright is ment in hand and therefore it is his only not a constitutional right, such as trial by practical access to what may be highly im- jury of one's peers. The Constitution simply portant material for information or research. authorizes Congress to create the right. It is At present I am Director of the New Col- therefore a statutory right-one created by lege Library at Sarasota, Florida. New Col- law-and may be changed, enlarged, nar- lege is a small, but very fine, private college rowed, or abolished altogether by the Con- and its problems in this connection are typi- gress here assembled. It is a law enacted not cal of the two thousand small and medium- for the benefit of an individual or a corpora- sized colleges throughout the country. While tion but for the public good and with the our library is liberally supported and spends purpose, as the Constitution expresses it, "to every cent it can afford on periodical sub- promote the progress of science and useful scriptions, we cannot possibly have the large arts." Consequently, in revising the copyright resources of a university like the one at law the problem for Congress is to design Gainesville or at Tallahassee. Yet our fac- provisions which both encourage the creation ulty members, if they maintain a good qual- of original works and permit the widest pos- ity of teaching and do the research which sible access to and dissemination of informa- contributes to it, must have access by ran- tion to the public; and, where these goals dom photocopying at times to the larger col- compete, to strike a balance which best lections in the state and elsewhere. serves the fundamental objective of promot- It is usually not known that the interli- ing learning, scholarship, and the arts. brary loan arrangement often encourages It is now generally understood that a sin- the entering of additional subscriptions by gle collection of books or other recorded the library rather than reducing the number forms of thought as represented by any li- as is often charged. It is a truism that a library can contain only a fraction of the brarian would prefer to have a title at hand total amount of material in existence. Even rather than to have to borrow even under the Library of Congress, possibly the largest the most convenient circumstances. Conse- single collection of materials in the world, quently, when the time comes around each does not have many thousands of titles which year to consider the list of periodical sub- exist in the United States, to say nothing of scriptions, the record of interlibrary loans those elsewhere in the world, while on the is scanned and titles are included from which other hand even a relatively small library articles have been requested with some fre- will often have titles not found anywhere quency during the year. While the situation else in the country. The location and cata- varies, in our library the number is two; if loging of these titles, and of articles and we have had two or more requests for ar- journals, and the making of some a~ailable ticles from the same title during the year, readily through photocopying or loan-the we enter a subscription. This not only indi- dissemination ot knowledge-is indispen- cates how the procedure can help the peri- sable to education and research and often odical publishers, but also indicates that if involves the reproduction by photocop)ing only one article or none was copied from a title during a year, the journal could not has now been largely provided in parts of have been damaged materially in the proc- Section 108 (a) through (f), for which we are ess. It is not only the small schools which very. appreciative.-- However, we are greatly would suffer if such photocopying were concerned with the addition of subs&tions eliminated, however; the scholars at Wiscon- 108 (g)(l) and (2), and (h), which take back sin or Michigan would also be severely put the very rights set forth in 108 (a) through to it to continue their research in the same (f). These are provisions which came into way, and it is these scholars who account for the bill in the Senate after hearings were the major writing for the scholarly journals. concluded in 1973, without the opportunity The journals themselves, therefore, have a for discussion by library representatives with stake in seeing this procedure continued in a Senator McClellan's Subcommittee. Today's reasonable way. hearings are the first opportunity we have Courts have long recognized that some re- had to express publicly our very deep con- production of portions of a copyrighted cern. work for purposes of criticism, teaching, schol- Before discussing subsections (g) and (h), arship or research is desirable and this ju- I would like to note there is also a particu- dicial concept, known as "fair use," is in- lar problem in the interpretation of Section corporated in Section 107 of the revision 108 (a) which can affect specialized libraries bill. Libraries have operated all these years in business, industry, and commerce. This is under this principle, but it does lack the as- discussed in the individual statement of the surance of freedom of liability from harass- Special Libraries Association. ing suits which the librarian needs in his Subsection (g)(l) gives us concern because work. This fair use concept is necessarily ex- often there is no basis for a library employee pressed in general language in the bill, so a to judge whether a request for a copy rep- librarian will not be able to be sure, until a resents "isolated and unrelated reproduc- court decides a particular case, whether his tion" as specified in Section 108 (g)(l). For action, undertaken with the best of inten- example, if a college instructor in a graduate tions to aid a patron, is or is not an infringe- seminar in English were to recommend to ment. This is pointedly illustrated by the his students, some ten men and women sit- recently decided, previously mentioned case ting around a table, that they read an ar- of Williams Pi Wilkins vs. the National Li- ticle on Milton's poetry that appeared ten brary of Medicine and the National Insti- years ago in Publications of the Modern tutes of Health for photocopying. This suit ~an~uaieAssociation, and if two of them was instituted in 19'68 and only now after over the next week were to go to that col- years of litigation and expenditures of many lege's library and look at that article and thousands of dollars on each side has it been decide that they wanted to take copies back determined that the defendants were prop- to their dormitory for further study, we erly obeying the law after all. Fair use, then, don't see how there is any practical way in is not re-ally a right to copy any given thing, which a library can prevent that kind of re- but only a defense to be invoked if one is production of a single copy on separate oc- sued. This threat of suit, even if one is able casions, and we don't think they should have to maintain his innocence in court, is very to. And yet, the Senate Committee report on real because suits are costly in proportion to S. 1361 (S. Rept. 93-983) cites such an the amount for which one is sued. This revi- instance. sion bill provides not only for demand for Section 108 (g)(2) says that the rights of actual damages, but also one can be sued for reproduction and distribution do not ex- statutory damages up to a limit of $50,000 tend to a library which "engages in the sys- for each imagined infringement. Thus, har- tematic reproduction or distribution of sin- assing but unjustifiable suits are really in- gle or multiple copies or phonorecords of vited by this bill. material described in subsection (d)." The In light of the above, we librarians be- materials referred to in (d) are journal ar- lieve that in addition to Section 107 de- ticles or small portions of other copyrighted lineating fair use, further protection is works. needed to assure that it is permissible to The question immediately arises as to make a single copy as an aid in teaching and what constitutes systematic reproduction. To research, including a single copy as part of the extent that we are able to puzzle it out, an interlibrary loan transaction, and that it appears to have been aimed at practices such activity, in behalf of the public good, of the kind which were upheld as fair use by is not subject to possible suit. This assurance the Court of Claims in the Williams & Wl- kins case. In listening to my publisher and tion poses problems is that of the county author friends, the preeminent example and multi-county library systems throughout which they give of syitematic reproduction the whole country. These libraries came into has always been the Regional Medical Li- being largely through the opportunity pro- brary System, with the National Library of vided by the federal Library Services and Medicine at its apex. Those practices of the Construction Act. This was and still is an ef- National Library of hledicine were, of fort to bring books and other library ma- course, upheld by the Court of Claims in terials to the millions of people, often in Williams & Wilkins in a decision which was rural areas, who had not hereiofore had li- affirmed this year by the United States Su- brary service available. To get counties to preme Court. join together, vote the necessary taxes, agree Now, how does the Regional Medical Li- on a common governing board, and gain brary system really work? Well, it starts off consensus on the sites for a central library with the user, who discovers that Ile needs and for the smaller satellite libraries in the access to some particular information, often system is a difficult task. It is often made found in an article in a professional journal possible only by the promise to the citizens in the biomedical field. He usually starts off of much broader areas of information which by going to the library in the hospital with will be made available to them not only from which his practice is affiliated, and may find their small but growing collection in each it there. If it is one of the most important neighborhood, but also~througl~loans from journals, the hospital may well have it. But, the central library and through it from since there are thousands of journals in the larger collections elsewhere. In this, some medical and health sciences field, the chances copying of periodical articles is occasionally are that the hospital library may not have involved, but it does not result in fewer sub- this, particularly if it is older material. The scriptions-in fact, before the founding of request would then go to one of the eleven many of these libraries there were no period- Regional Medical Libraries over the country ical subscriptions at all in the area. which are supported by Congress, and from Because interlibrary loan is one of the there as a last-resort to the tip of the pyra- vital elements in this concept which has been mid which is the National Library of hIedi- so mutually beneficial to all, it is urgent that cine and which now has over 25,000 different no restrictions be imposed wllich would di- journals, the biggest medical collection in minish the effectiveness of the program. Such the world. It is obviously not possible for a diminution, if it occurred, would be as the smaller hospital library, or sometimes much against the interest of the publishers even the Regional Medical Library, to have as against the citizens the libraries serve. a sizable portion of this vast amount of ma- Let me give you an illustration from my terial, so some kind of access, such as photo- home state of Oklahoma which I know well. copying, must be relied upon to get the in- A few years ago, the Western Plains Library formation to the doctor or the other health System was established consisting of four professional when urgently needed. This counties in Western Oklahoma. At the time kind of organization of access to scientific of its organization, there was a single library and technical knowledge seems to us to be in each of two counties. The other two had the intelligent way of doing things. It should no libraries. Now there are seven libraries be noted also that the Regional Medical Li- in the four counties and two bookmobiles braries are not only striving to augment their are operating regularly. At the beginning the collections as rapidly as possible but like- two original libraries subscribed to 20 peri- wise are urging the smaller hospital libraries odicals between them. The seven libraries to upgrade theirs, thus providing all along now subscribe to over 300. The combined the line an ever-increasing number of sub- annual book budget of the two original li- scriptions with accompanying increased fi- braries was under $2500. The annual book nancial gain for the publishers. Mrs. Joan budget for the seven is now $42,000. In ad- Titley Adams, of the Medical Library Asso- dition, they have encouraged school libraries ciation, who is with us here today, can pro- to develop collections of periodicals and vide for any of the Committee members who books and are r.ow promoting with success are interested further details about this the creation of home collections of books highly significant work in the medical and and periodicals. This tremendous increase health fields. in acquisition of materials has obviously Another large and highly important type benefited the publishers of materials as well of system for which this systematic reproduc- as the citizens the libraries serve. This kind of multi-county library is now he may consider at his leisure a certain key found in every State in the union, and over point which is made in an article he is the two decades the Library Services and reading, we think the library ought to be Construction Act has been in existence mil- able to do that. lions of dollars of federal money and match- Mrs. Susan Sommer of the Music Library ing local funds have been expended for this Association is with us today and can provide kind of service. The importance of this ac- further information about the problems tivity was recognized in the Senate report posed by this section of the bill in relation last summer accompanying S. 1361 (S. Rept. to music. Dr. Frank McKenna, of the Special 93-985) in the portion discussing systematic Libraries Association, is also here and can reproduction by saying, "The photocopying discuss the problems in relation to atlas or needs of such operations as multi-county re- other graphic materials in books and periodi- gional systems must be met," but no .pro- cals. vision was made in the law to specifically In reporting S. 1361 last July, the Senate provide for these needs. Section 108 (g)(2) Judiciary Committee recommended that would prohibit their copying activity and do "representatives of authors, book, and peri- much mischief indeed. odical publishers and other owners of copy- It was also pointed out to our publisher righted material meet with the library friends that many systems are not organized community to formulate photocopying guide- for the purpose of copying materials of any lines to assist library patrons and employ- kind. For example, one of the large "sys- ees." And concerning library photocopying tems" is SOLINET, an acronym for South- practices not authorized by the reported bill, eastern Library Network. This is a group of the Committee recommended "that workable about 100 libraries in the Southeastern States clearance and licensing procedures be devel- devoted solely to providing centralized cata- oped." loging and catalog card preparation and In response to this request by the Senate distribution to member libraries. Other sys- Judiciary Committee, representatives of the tems have the purpose of encouraging tile different views on this subject were convened building of better library collections and the in November 1974 by invitation of the Reg- bringing to the area more journals, sets and ister of Copyrights and the Chairman of the bibliographies not now represented in the National Commission on Libraries and In- areas. To say that a library merely because formation Science. The resulting "Confer- it happens to belong to such a "system" is ence on Resolution of Copyright Issues" es- prohibited from photocopying where if it tablished a smaller working group to carry did not belong, it would be permitted to do out preliminary discussions. The working so, seems to us farfetched indeed. group and several subcommittees have since We are also concerned with Section 108 met on frequent occasions to consider and (h) which would limit the rights otherwise prepare papers on a variety of technical and granted under Section 108 by excluding a procedural matters. musical work, pictorial, graphic and other There are, of course, different views of the audiovisual works. These exclusions are il- significance of the work performed to date logical. The need of the scholar doing re- by the Conference and its working group. search in music for a copy of a portion of a The work has focused upon the mechanics score is as legitimate and pope; as that of and the feasibility of possible mechanisms for the scholar doing any other kind of research. collecting payments for photocopying of Likewise, the copying of one map from an copyrighted materials. It must be empha- atlas or a page of diagrams and plans from a sized, however, thnt there has been no agree- technical journal may be just as important ment as to whether such a payment mecha- as any other kind of material for research. nism is acceptable to libraries even if it is It seems to us that libraries ought to be workable, and also I may say no seemingly encouraged to collect and preserve all of the workable mechanism has yet been advanced forms in which knowledge is published and in that it still appears it would take dollars distributed, and that it should be possible to collect dimes. There has also been no for users of libraries to have access for their agreement as to the categories of publica- study and scholarship to all of these forms, tions to which sucli a mecl~anismshould be not just some of them. If a student of the applied and no change in the position of li- cinema asks a library to make a copy for him braries that their current photocopying prac- of a few selected frames of some famous mo- tices are entirely lawful and within the fair tion picture which is being studied, so that use holding of the Williams &- Ft'ilkins case, and should not in any respect be treated as on interlibrary loan expense for books to infringing rights of the copyright proprietor enable a professor to write an article for an in the provisions of any new legislation. hiitorical journal, but the journal did not The publishers will probably tell you that 1)" him ar;ything lor the arti-cle. they, too, are for photocopying but the) In light of these contributions which the want money for it without any outlay 01- lil)r;~~-iesand tlle public already make to the trouble on their part. 1 should like to point 1)uI)lication of tl~eseworks, it seems unrea- out some reasons why licensing and payment so~~ablefor journal publishers to demand of royalties by libraries for the photocopy- still further payment from libraries, and ing they do is not justified. First, many pub- eventually tllc public, for the occasional lishers already have variable pricing for pllotocopyir~g ot individual articles for li- journals; that is, they charge a consider;~hly brary users. It seems even more unreasonable higl~erprice for the same journal for ;I li- in \iew of the fact that by making the infor- br~subscription than for an i11dividu;rl mation concerned available to those with subscription. These prices to libraries often current, specific needs for it, library photo- run quite l1ig11-s~1l>scriptions of $100 to copying fosters the basic purpose of the au- 5300 per year ;\re not uncommon; ;r few TIII~ thors of such articles. But when it is also 51,000 or more; and the $50 to Sl00 price is noted that there is no evidence that the li- quite commonplace in the scientific field. braries' policies have caused publishers any l'hese higher subscription prices to libraries harm whatsoever and may actually increase presumably are designed in man) cases to their subscriptions, it is clear that such de- include charges for anticipated copyir~g. mands are completely unjustified and the Some journal publishers have received sub- public interest requires that they be re- stantial federal assistance in modernizing jected by Congress. their editorial and manufacturing proce- For the reasons we have advanced above, dures. Other journals, and also some of those we urge that Sections 108 (@(I) and (2) and just mentioned, have ~111-eadyhad major con- (11) be deleted from the bill. This would also tributions of public funds in the nature of I>e in accord with the Williams & Wilkins per-page charges, usually in the range of $50 decision and would permit libraries to con- to $100 per printed page paid by tlle author tinue the long established library sennice of or by a federal grant which is financing his providing a single photocopy of a single ar- work. The authol- is usually not paid by tl~c ticle or excerpt from a copyrighted periodi- publisher for his work in w~-itingtlle article cal or hok for a patron's use without incur- but the library or the institutio~~where the I-ing liability Sol- copyright royalties. author is located oftell spe~~tlsa sizahle It has been a pleasure to appear before amount for interlibrary loan 1)ostagc and )ou today, Mr. Chairman, and I assure you handling to aid him in prqx~rationof l~is tl~atwe are ready to be of assistance in any :(I-ticle which the periodical t11;ln recei~.ey way we can toward a satisfactory resolution withot~tcost. ~\san example, my own small 01 this very difficult but important problem. library spent during this past year o1.w S10O

Library Photocopying Sections ticular case is a fair use the factors to be of considered shall include: H.R. 2223 (94th Congress) (1) the purpose and character of the the General Copyright Revision Bill use; (2) the nature of the copyrighted work; § 107. Limitations on Exclusive Rights: (3) the amount and substantiality of the Fair Use portion used in relation to the copyrighted Kotwithstar~ding the provision5 of section work as a whole; and 106, tlle fail- clse of a copyrighted work, in- (4) the effect of the use upon the poten- cluding sucl~use by reproductio~~in copies tial market for or value of the copyrighted or phonorecords or 1,); any other means spec- work. ified by that section, for purposes such :IS criticism, comment, news reporting, teach- § 108. Limitations on Exclusive Rights: ills, scholarship, or research, is not an in- Reproduction by Libraries and fringement of copyright. In determining Archives whether the use made of a work in any par- (a) Notwit11sta:lding the provisions of section 106, it is not an infringement of copy- (e) The rights of reproduction and distri- right for a library or archives, or any of its bution under this section apply to the entire employees acting within the scope of their work, or to a substantial part of it, made employment, to reproduce no more than one from the collection of a library or archives copy or phonorecord of a work, or distribute where the user makes his request or from such copy or phonorecord, under the condi- that of another library or ar~l~ives,if the li- tions specified by this section, if: brary or archives has first determined, on the (1) The reproduction or distribution is basis of a reasonable investigation that a made without any purpose ok direct or in- copy or phonorecord of the copyrighted direct commercial advantage; work cannot be obtained at a fair price, if: (2) The collections of the library or ar- (1) The copy becomes the property of chives are (i) open to the public, or (ii) the user, and the library or archives has available not only to researchers affiliated had no notice that til; copy would be with the library or archives or wit11 the used for any purpose other than private institution of which it is a part, but also study, scholarship, or research; and to other persons doing research in a spe- (2) The library or archives displays ciali~edfield; and prominently, at the place where orders are (3) The reproduction or distribution of accepted, and includes on its order form, the work includes a notice of copyright. a warning of copyright in accordance with (b) The rights of reproduction and distri- requirements that the Register of Copy- bution under this section apply to a copy or rights shall prescribe by regulation. phonorecord of an unpublished work dupli- (f) Nothing in this section- cated in facsimile form solely for purposes of preservation and security or for deposit for (1) shall be construed to impose liability iesearch use in another library or archives of for copyright infringement upon a library the type described by clause (2) of subsection or archives or its employees for the un- (a), if the copy or phonorecord reproduced supervised use of reproducing equipment is currently in the collections of the library located on its premises, provided that such or archives. equipment displays a notice that the mak- (c) The right of reproduction under this ing of a copy may be subject to the copy- section applies to a copy or phonorecord of a right law; published work duplicated in facsimile form (2) excuses a person who uses such re- solely for the purpose of replacement of a producing equipment or who requests a copy or phonorecord that is damaged, de- copy under subsection (d) from liability teriorating, lost, or stolen, if the library or for copyright infringement for any such archives has, after a reasonable effort, deter- act, or for any later use of such copy, if it mined that an unused replacement cannot exceeds fair use as provided by section be obtained at a fair price. 107; (d) The rights of reproduction and distri- (3) in any way affects the right of fair bution under this section apply to a copy, use as provided by section 107, or any made from the collection of a library or ar- contractual obligations assumed at any chives where the user makes his request or time by the library or archives when it from that of another library or archives, of obtained a copy or phonorecord of a work no more than one article or other contribu- in its collections: tion to a copyrighted collection or periodical (4) shall be construed to limit the re- issue, or to a copy or phonorecord of a small production and distribution of a limited part of any other copyrighted work, if: number of copies and excerpts by a library or archives of an audiovisual news pro- (1) The copy becomes the property of gram subject to clauses (l), (2), and (3) of the user, and the library or archives has subsection (a). had no notice that the copy would be used for any purpose other than private study, (g) The rights of reproduction and distri- scholarship, or research; and bution under this section extend to the iso- (2) The library or archives displays lated and unrelated reproduction or distri- prominently, at the place where orders are bution of a single copy or phonorecord of accepted, and includes on its order form, the same material on separate occasions, but a warning of copyright in accordance with do not extend to cases where the library or requirements that the Register of Copy- archives, or its employee: rights shall prescribe by regulation. (Continued on Page 405.) vistas

Washington Letter May 16,1975

White House Conference on Library and ence and Technology met with the President Information Services on May 22 to discuss the position of science adviser to the President. These committees Planning for the White House Conference are currently considering legislation on the on Library and Information Services is at a formulation and implementation of national stand-still awaiting the issuance of the Presi- science policy. They were encouraged to dential call for the Conference and the sub- learn from the President that there will be a mission of a budget request. In accordance science and teclmology adviser to the Presi- with provisions of the enabling act P.L.95- dent. 568, appointees to the Advisory Committee It has been reported that various proposals on the White House Conference have been submitted by Vice President Rockefeller have designated by the Senate President pro tem- not been acceptable because President Ford pore, the Speaker of the House, and the Na- is ;inxious not to inflate Executive Office tional Commission on Libraries and Infor- and IVllite House staff at this time of I~udget mation Science. Appointees to be named by stringency. Howwer, there has been no fur- the President (up to 15 in number) have yet to tiler elabor;~tio~~of \Yllitc Home thinking be designated. NCLIS appointees, announced on tl~enature of a presidential science ad- last January, are: Louis A. Lerner, Bessie visory structure other than confirmation of Boehm Moore, and John E. Velde, Jr. Sen- an Associated l'rcss story that the President ate appointees, announced on April 18 by is considering ;I "small board of science ad- Senator James Eastland, are: J. C. Redd of visers, possibly consisting of three consult- Jackson, Mississippi; blargaret Warden of ants." In the meantime Congress is moving Great Falls, Montana; Virginia Young, Co- ahead with legislation seeking to reconstitute lumbia, Missouri; John T. Short, Simsbury, executive branch macllinery for coordinating Connecticut. House appointees, announced federal scientific rcsearcl~ and development by Speaker of the House Carl Albert on hlay programs. 6, are: Representative William D. Ford (D. On January 15 Senator Kennedy reintl-o- hlichigan); Gene Shalit of New York City; duced S.32, "The National Policy and Priori- Mrs. Allie Beth Martin, Tulsa, Oklahoma; ties for Science and Technology Act of 1975," Mrs. Jeanne Hurley Simon of Carbondale, which passed the Senate in the closing days Illinois; and .\lichael A. McCarroll of Lex- of the 9Srd Congress. On the same day Sena- ingto~~,hlassacl~usetts. tor Alathias introduced S.79, to establish the United States Scie~~ceand Technology Board. 011 hlarch 6 Congressnian Olin E. Teague, June 5, 1975 Chairman of the House Committee on Sci- ence and Technology, with the cosponsorship Science Policy and a of the ranking minority member of the Com- Science Znformation Corporation mittee, Charles hlosher, introduced H.K. 4461, "The National Science I'olicy and Or- The lack of an effective executive branch ganiration Act of 1975." mcchanisn~for developing, coordinating, and The l'engue-hlosher bill offers a tlistilla- administering national science policies and tion of the findings of five years of study and programs continues to plague the science investigation by the Committee and draws on community and Congress. hlembers of the recommendations presented in two prior Senate Committee on Aeronautics and Space Committee reports: "Toward a Science I'olicy Science and the House Committee on Sci- for the 1Jnited States," issued in October 40 1 1970 and "Federal Policy, Plans, and Or- cies into a single government Corporation "to ganization for Science and Technology," is- insure the fullest possible use of the scien- sued in July 1974. The purpose of the bill is tific and technological information generated to 1) enunciate a national science policy; 2) at public expense." Agencies to be trans- establish a Council of Advisers on Science ferred to the Corporation include the Na- and Technology in the Executive Office of tional Technical Information Service of the the President; 3) provide administrative unity Department of Commerce; the Science InEor- and coordination of federal R&D agencies mation Exchange of the Smithsonian Institu- through the innovation of a staff-function, tion; the Office of Science Information Serv- cabinet-level Secretary of Research and Tech- ice, and the Science Information Council of nology Operations; and 4) consolidate and the National Science Foundation. make compatible the operations of various Section 404 of the proposal spells out the federal science information agencies under a powers and functions of the Corporation new government corporation to be known authorizing it, among other duties, to over- as the Science and Technology Information see, manage, direct, and coordinate the op- and Utilization Corporation, with special ties erations transferred to it; to review the to the private sector. operations, functions, programs, activities, In presenting the bill, Representative budgets, personnel, and organization struc- Teague explained that it was not intended tures of the transferred agencies; to promote as a finished product but rather a stepping and establish intensive and extensive inter- stone to provide a focus for mature discus- action between the Corporation and the pri- aion leading to the enactment of a statutory vate sector in order to develop more efficient science policy. and orderly processes of dissemination and Title IV of the bill is of special interest to utilization of scientific information. the library community. It provides for the Ruth Fine merging of various federal information agen- Washington, D.C.

COMING EVENTS

Sep 9-11. National Micrographics Association, Sep 22-25. Aslib 49th Annual Conference . . . Workshop . . . San Francisco. Four topics are Van Mildert College, Durham, England. Con- scheduled: fundamentals, retrieval and systems tact: Conference Orgauizer, Aslib, 3 Belgrave design, inspection and quality control, and Square, London SWIX 8PL, England. COM. Fees: $100 for the first day, $75 for each additional session. Contact: Jack Hess, National Oct 24. SLA Board of Directors Meeting . . . Micrographics Association, 8728 Colesville Rd., Gramercy Park Hotel, New York City. Silver Spring, Md. 20910. Oct 24. Southern Regional Group, Medical Li- Sep 11-12. National Conference on Software brary Association, annual meeting . . . Hilton Engineering . . . Mayflower Hotel, Washing- Inn, Gainesville, Fla. Contact: Ted Srygley, ton, D.C. Sponsors: U.S. National Bureau of J. Hills Miller Health Center Library, Univer- Standards and IEEE Computer Society. Write: sity of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32601. Software Engineering, P.O. Box 639, Silver Oct 7-9. National Micrographics Association, Spring, Md. 20901. Workshop . . . New York City. The San Fran- cisco sessions of Sep 9 will be duplicated in the Sep 15-26. 33rd Institute: Introduction to Mod- East. ern Archives Administration . . . National Ar- chives Building, Washington, D.C. Three se- Oct %lo. Library Microform Conference . . . mester credits available from the Department of Biltmore Hotel, New York, N.Y. Sponsored by History, American University. Write: Depart- Microform Review, Micropublishing Projects ment of History, 33rd Archives Institute, The Committee, RTSD-ALA, and Bookdealer-Li- American University, Washington, D.C. 20016. brary Relations Committee, RTSD-ALA. Sep 18. Conference on Health Information Ser- Oct 17-18. New England Regional Group, Medi- vices . . . School of Library Science, University cal Library Association, annual meeting . . . of Iowa. Topic: Public Access to Health Infor- University of Massachusetts Medical School, mation Through Library Services. Write: Ethel Worcester, Mass. Contact: Donald J. Morton, Bloesch, School of Library Science, 3087 Library, Medical Center Library, University of Massa- Iowa City, Iowa 52242. chusetts, Worcester, Mass. 01605. Oct 23-24. National Bureau of StandardsIAmer- Jul 18-24. ALA Annual Conference . . . Chi- ican National Standards Institute Symposium cago. . . . Gaithersburg, Md. Contact: Hazel McEwen, Institute for Computer Sciences and Technol- Sep 20-23. Aslib, 50th Annual Conference ogy, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, Univelsity of Exeter, England. D.C. 20234. Sep 21-25. FID 38th Conference and Congress Oct 23-26. 10th National Colloquium on Oral . . . Mexico. History . . . Asheville, N.C. Theme: Oral His- tory Comes of Age. Contact: Ronald E. Mar- Sep 27-0ct 10. Eighth International Archives cello, Box 13734, North Texas Station, North Congress . . . iVashington, D.C. Texas Statc University, Denton, Texas 76203. Oct 6-7. Importance of Scientific and Technical Oct 26-30. 38th Annual Meeting, American So- Information . . . Washington, D.C. ciety for Information Science . . . Sheraton- Boston Hotel, Boston. Theme: Information Oct 31-Nov 4. ASIS, 39th Annual Meeting . . . Kevolu tion. San Francisco Hilton, San Francisco.

Oct 30-Nov 1. North Carolina Library Associa- tion, biennial conference . . . Winston-Salem, N.C. Jan 20-22. SLA Winter Meeting . . . Washing- ton Plaza . . . Seattle, Wash. Nov 9-12. 21st Allerton Park Institute . . . Monticello, 111. Topic: Major Classification Sys- Jan 23-29. ALA Midwinter Meeting tems. For Information: Brandt W. Pryor, Insti- Palmer House, Chicago. tute Supervisor, 116 Illini Hall, Champaign, Ill. 61820. Jun 5-9. %A, 68th Annual Conference . . . New York Hilton, New York City. Future Meetings Jun 12-16. Medical Library Association . . . 76th Annual Meeting . . . Washington Plaza Hotel, Seattle, Wash.

Jun 19-25. ALA Annual Conference . . . De- Jan 18-24. ALA Midwinter Meeting . . . troit. Palmer House, Chicago. Jun 26-30. American Association of Law Li- Jan 29-31. SLA Winter Meeting . . . Nethcr- braries . . . Four Seasons-Sheraton Hotel, To- land Hilton, Cincinnati. ronto, Ont.

Mar 7-10. National Federation of Abstracting Sep 20-23. Aslib, 51st Annual Conference . . . and Indexing Services Annual Conference. University of Lancaster, England.

Mar 23-25. EURIMZ . . . Amsterdam. A Eu- Oct 13-15. SLA, Board of Directors . . . Gra- ropean conference on the application of research mercy Park Hotel, New York City. in information services and libraries.

Apr 4-10. National Library Week. Jan 22-28. ALA, Midwinter Meeting Jun 6-10. SLA, 67th Annual Conference . . . I'almer House, Chicago. Brown Palace and Currigan Convention Center, Denver, Colo. Feb 24. SLA, Winter Meeting . . . Indianap- olis Hilton, Indianapolis, Ind. Jun 13-18. Medical Library Association, 75th Annual Meeting . . . Minneapolis, Minn. Jun 48. .%A, 69th Annual Conference . . . Regency Hyatt House, Atlanta. Jun 27-Jul 1. American Association of Law Li- braries, Annual Conference . . . Sheraton Bos- Jun 25-Jul 1. ALA, Annual Conference . . . ton Hotel, Boston. Chicago. REVIEWS

Resource Sharing in Libraries; Why-How- This is a report by a well-known and esteemed When-Next Action Steps. Based on Papers Pre- member of the library profession, one whose sented to the conference Resource Sharina in evaluation of library problems can be countecl Libraries Held April 11-12, 1973, at Pittsburgh, on for accuracy and appropriateness. The spon- Pennsylvania; Cosponsored bv the Pennsvlvania sor (the Sloan Foundation) has taken a view, ~ssociationsof &lleges and ~niversiti& the fortuitous for librarians in all kinds of librar- Pittsburgh Council on Higher Education and ies (besides the university research units about the Pittsburgh Regional Library Center. Edited which this investigation is primarily concerned), by Allen Kent. New York, Dekker, 1973. 393p. that broad distribution of the report is vital $24.50. and may signal a more benevolent view of the The conference was organized primarily as a broad spectrum of library problems which are way to bring greater efficiency, effectiveness, and so expensive to solve. economy to the libraries located in Pennsyl- Dr. Fusslcr approaches the problem in a vania. The parochial view did not in any way highly organi7ed manner by first analyzing a reduce the value of this book. The conference number of major studies of libraries in relation did cover such library activities as acquisition, to technology. This then sets the stage for a technical processing, storage, and the delivery of tliscussion of library cost trends, rate of library services. The national problem or the interna- growth, and frequency of use of certain library tional problem has approximately the same materials. And this in turn is meant to illu- areas of conflict and indecision as do those of minate basic problem areas for administrators one state within the United States. The com- antl planners (not particularly for librarians puter network at the Ohio College Library who presumably know all this). Center, the MARC tapes, and the Medline sys- The next section covers characteristics, prob- tem are all mentioned. Each system is discussed lems, antl opportunities for change in biblio- as it impinges on the Pennsylvania system. graphic control methotlologv. All of this rather historic approach (rvhich covers a space of just Whatever problems are going to arise with the short onc-half the volume) leads smoothly into MARC taps throughout the entire world will future consideration^. that is, relief from the surface in Pennsylvania. Hoxvever, the MARC problems. Three area approaches are provided: tapes are not mentioned as a problem but as a sharetl resource systems, microforms and photo- base from which to build a network. services, and facsimile transmission of textual The chapter on accreditation written by Rob- materials. ert Kirkwood contained a rather different view Saturally there is also a discussion of the role of the college and university library than nor- of the computer in libraries and the usual tlan- mally found. Mr. Kirkwood says that "libraries gers (cost, ctc.) are cited. This is supplemented arc the most underutilized resource. Neverthc- by reviewing current applications of computers less, almost every faculty member wants a self- in research libraries; but because of the rather sufficient library on his or her campus." And he rigid definition of rcscarch libraries, some new goes on to say that "I have been appalled at the (antl, I bclieve, rather exciting) developments actual ignorance of some faculty members about are omitted. De\elopmcnts in other library areas the potential value of the library's resources to may ~cllhe applicable in research libraries. their teaching endeavors." Furthermore, "it is In a final chapter summing it all up, Fusder painful to have to say that some faculty mem- properly notes that there is an absence of strong bers never cross the threshold of a library at organi7ational mechanisms to effect basic all." On the topic of accreditation, he says that changes in lil~rary- or information-access sys- "some who still seem to believe that unless a tems hut that there arc three identifiable areas library had significant strength in ils back col- where cost effectivcnecs (a key concept to suc- lections, the institution will not be accretlitcd. cessfully sol\.ing the major problems faced by .lgain, this is a myth." This view El-om an ac- I-csearch libraries) may be readily brought into creditation expert is worth including in a library I-esource sharing book. play: 1) develop hihliographic tools antl other access mechanisms: 2) information access pat- This hook of conference proceedings goes a terns antl apparatm; and 3) library processing long way to describc the state of the art in nct- and operating functions. work tlcvelopment. It is a must for the library This work is a rather timely review of pos- rletwork planner. sible directions and patterns available to large Rlasse Bloolnfield research libraries in the present period of eco- Hughes Aircraft Company nnmic austeritv (at least for most of us) and Culver City, Calif. 90230 (luring the next five to ten years.

Research Libraries and Technology: A Report Robert G. Krupp to the Sloan Foundation, by Herman H. Fus- The Research Libraries sler. Chicago, Ill., The University of Chicago The New York Public Library Psess, 1073. 91p. 55.95 New York, N.Y. I0018 Special Cataloguing; with particular reference port his aim, the author points up in his analy- to music, films, maps, serials and the multi- ses of the codes those aspects which allow for media computerised catalogue, by John Horner. the interfiling of entries into a unified catalog. Hamden, Conn., Linnet Books & Clive Bingley, In the final chapter the multi-media catalog and c1973. 327p. illus. Bibliography: p.304-312. the computer are discussed favorably. $15.00 The state of shock a library client experiences John Horner is the author of Cataloguing, when confronted with a library catalog is well- published in 1970, and is presently a lecturer in known. As Horner says, "the understanding of the Department of Library Studies, Western the user is paramount, and if he cannot be made Australian Institute of Technology. His back- to understand semantically correct but incom- ground includes lecturing at the College of Li- prehensible terms, the catalogue becomes value- brarianship, Wales, as well as administrative less unless explained at every turn by suitably positions in London Borough Libraries. In Spe- trained library staff." As one solution to an in- cial Cataloguing, Horner turns his attention to comprehensible catalog, Horner advocates the non-book materials and the problems they pre- concept of the uniform title, particularly for sent as a group in cataloging and indexing. The special materials. It is one method of tying dif- discussion is aimed toward making special ma- ferent types and forms of material together in a terials more easily accessible for the library library. For example, "it may be thought that client. someone interested in The chocolate soldier A reader should not think that this book is a by Oscar Straus is indifferent to George Bernard pedagogic approach to the subject matter. For- Shaw and the sugared-pill moral in his play tunately, Horner's delightfully tart and per- Arms and the man. . . . However, the teacher ceptive British viewpoint provides a great deal of Shaw and his morals and politics may like to of reading pleasure, in addition to being very take advantage of the ultimate in sugared pills practical and straight-forward. I thoroughly en- by using The chocolate soldier as an entree to joyed Horner's ability to put out to pasture Arrns and the man." some of the more sacred cows we tend to think There is a considerable amount of original of as "authorities." thinking and application of cataloging princi- Each form of material discussed-music, films, ples in this book-well worth the time of a li- maps and serials-receives two treatments. First, brarian who would like to exercise his mind in the problems of entries and descriptions are ex- a different direction. I say different direction amined, and second, the solutions recommended because cataloging is not everyone's cup of tea, in the principal cataloging codes are summarized but those who are involved with collections of and commented upon. Essentially, the author is music, films, maps, serials will find this book recommending "the principle of integrating, as especially engrossing. far as possible, entries for all forms" of mate- William C. Petru rials, books and non-books into a single catalog. Hewlett-Packard Company He terms it the "multi-media catalog." To sup- Palo Alto, Calif. 94304

Library Photocopying Sections of H.R. 2223

(Continued from Page 400.) (1) is aware or has substantial reason to copies or phonorecords of material de- believe that it is engaging in the related scribed in subsection (d). or concerted reproduction or distribution of multiple copies or phonorecords of the (h) The rights of reproduction and distri- same material, whether made on one oc- bution under this section do not apply to a casion or over a period of time, and musical work, a pictorial, graphic or sculp- whether intended for aggregate use by one tural work, or a motion picture or other or more individuals or for separate use by audiovisual work other than an audiovisual the individual members of a group; or work dealing with news, except that no such (2) engages in the systematic reproduc- limitation shall apply with respect to rights tion or distribution of single or multiple granted by subsections (b) and (c). Defense Documentation Center, Cameron Sta- PUBS tion, Alexandria, Va. 22314. (75-087) Unionization: The Viewpoint of Li- brarians. Guyton, Theodore Lewis. Chicago, (75-094) New Dimensions for Academic Library Ill., American Library Association, 1975. 204p. Service. Josey, E. J., ed. Metuchen, N.J., Scare- $10.00. LC 74-19164. ISBN 0-8389-0187-5 crow Press, 1975. 349p. $12.50. LC 74-34248 ISBN C8108-078G6 A study of the pattern of library unionization. Compilations of essays regarding the library's role in higher education, new approaches in (75-088) Library and Information Service Needs problem solving, issues facing academic librar- of the Nation. Proceedings of a Conference on ies, and patterns of systems, networks, and con- the Needs of Occupational, Ethnic, and Other sortia. Groups in the United States. Washington, D.C., Govt. Print. Off., 1974 (Forward). 314p. Stock no. 5203-00033 (75-095) Nonprint Media in Academic Libraries. Grove, Pearce S., ed. Chicago, American Library Describes this NCLIS sponsored conference toll- Assn., 1975. 239p. (ACRL Publications in Li- cerned with user needs. Includes preconference brarianship no. 34) $10.00. LC 74-23972 ISBN position papers, individual user needs, paper$ 0-8389-0153-0 prepared by conference participants, and an Guide to the selection, acquisition, and organiza- analysis of the implications of the conference. tion of nonprint media, as well as discussion of the various forms, e.g., slides, film, maps, and (75-089) Specialized Library Resources of Colo- pictures. rado. MacDonald, Barb, comp. 3d rev. ed. Colo- rado Chapter, Special Libraries Assn., 1974. (75-096) Citizen Participation and Public Li- 147p. $5.50. brary Policy. Robbins, Jane. Mctuchcn, N.J., Directory of subject collections in Colorado, Scarecrow Press, 1975. 178p. $7.50. LC 74-34248 with indexes by library, location, staff members ISBN 0-810847963 and subject. Available from Barb MacDonald, Study of decision-making policy in connection 2500 Stuart St., Denver, Colo. 80212. with community participation.

(75-090) "World List of Pharmacy Periodicals- (75-097) Interlibrary Loan Policies Directory. Revised and Enlarged Edition, 1975." Andrews, Thomson, Sarah Katharine, ed. Chicago, Ameri- Theodora and J. Oslet. Amer J Hosp Plzarm can Library Assn., 1975. 486p. $7.95. LC 74- 32: 85-124 (Jan 1975). 32182 ISnN 0-8389-0197-2 Includes about 1,940 entries. Reprint available Lists 276 libraries, arranged by NUC codes, with from the American Society of Hospital Pharma- their policies on interstate ILL. cists, 4630. Montgomery Are., Washington, D.C. 20014, for $2.00. (75-098) Library Manpower: A Study of De- mand and Supply. U.S. Bureau of Labor Sta- (75-091) The Bookman's Glossary. Peters, Jean, tistic\. Washington, Dcpt. of Labor, 1975. 94p. ed. 5th ed. New York, R. R. Bowker, 1975. 169p. $1.75. (U.S. Govt. Print. Off.) Cat. no. L2.3:1852 $10.50. LC 61-13239 ISBN 0-83524732-3 Stock 110.029-001-01367 LC74-28192 Defines more than 1,600 terms used in book pro- Analysis of the current manpower situation, and duction and distribution. This edition includes projections of manpower \upply and demand. computer typesetting terminology antl omits foreign book trade terms. (75-099) Boston ILL Directory. Pfaff, Marianne, comp. Boston, Northeastern University, 1974. (75-092) National Minority Business Directory, 214p. $5.00. Try Us, 1975. 6th ed. Minneapolis, Minn., A'a- Institutions arranged alphabetically under head- tional Minority nusiness Campaign, ~1975. ings of academic, special, or public libraries, Main listing is by state under subject. Includes xvith an index of cities and towns antl a subject an alphabetical listing of vendors antl a subjrct index. Entries include such information as name index with cross-reference.;. antl title of per5011 handling interlibrary loan, collection size and subject emphasis, type of ma- (75-093) Especially DDC, Users Look at the terial available, antl circulation time. DoD Information Transfer Process. \Vasliing- ton, Committee on Information Hang-up, 19i5. (7.5-100) Scientific and Terhnical Information 49p. Processing. 110.1, 1974. New York, Allerton I'rcss, Inc., 1974. Quarterly. $100.00 per year. Report rcvicws existing services of antl reconl- mends long-range objectixes for the lkpartmcnt Selected major articles from Sauchno-Tckhni- of Defense's information transfcr process. For cheskaya Informntsiya, Scrip 1, translated into information contact: Defenw Supply Agency, English. Twice as big and twice as movement has now become a useful as the first edition, this major issue in legislation, pol- unique directory now has ap- itics, education, government, proximately 20,000 detailed industry, & business, easy entries and four indexes - s to information about alphabetical, geographi individuals and groups subject area and periodi- irectly concerned with cal-to identify and locate he movement has be- specialized organizations me a necessity. That's in the women's movement brary Journal recom- here and abroad, their lead- mended the first edition as a ers, and other prominent indi- basic acquisition for any size viduals. Since the women's collection. 1975 Edition WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS 8 LEADERS DIRECTORY First Internotionol Directory Edited by Myra E. Barrer D~str~butedexclus~vely to I~brar~es,book dealers and the lnternattonal market by The Baker & Taylor Cornpanles Pubhshed by Today Publ~cat~ons& News Serv~ce,Inc IIII-m-- 8&5TAte:;ker bylor b om pan in Name S L-8

Momence, lll~no~s60954 I lnst~tutlon Please send mecopiesof the I WOMEN'S ORGANIZATIONS 8 LEAD- Address I ERS DIRECTORY - 1975 EDITION @ !$4000 each. $ total enclosed. ISBN 0-87999-007-4 I Personal checks not accepted from indlv~duals State ZIP I------~-~IIIIIIIIm Are 1011 new

books? Rece~veall the latest lnformat~onfrom Stechert Macmillan News. a quarterly pub11 catlon about nmpenod~cals senak conbnua tlons and forelgn books Plus Serial News. monthly advance announcements In 3"x 5" mdex card format - up dated dally world wde of neu senal htles ava~labhtydates of current annual pubhcat~onsand new exlstlng senes Wnte or phone us today for your FREEsub scnptlon Our b~bl~ograph~cnews service wIi 28-day service? keep your collection current Our regularly scheduled 1I pick-up and dellvery takes Let's talk! 28 days Does yours? Bindery-owned trucks? STECHERT MACMIW,INC. That's our secret. Our own INTERNATIONAL ACQUISITION SEWCES 2Itruck system makes Serving L~brar~esS~nce 1872 scheduled deliveries possible. 866 Th~rdAvenue New York. N Y W022 Bindery-trained men? (212)935-4251 Our consultants are tralned NEW YORK LONDON PARIS 0 STUTTGART 3Ito personally answer your bindery problems.. . on the spot Complete service ? Our bus~nessIS a complete 4Il~brary brndery service lncludlng restoration & repalr Complete facilities? We have 72 000 sq ft of 5I modern product~onspace and over 500 skilled crafts- men to serve you New! H.E.L.P.' Complete composition, Heckman Electronc L~brary press and pamphlet binding -I 6I Program th~sexclus~ve facilities, coupled with the method w~llsave you time In 2 the preparation of bmdlng knowledge and skill gained sh~prnents Ask about ~t through seventy years of 0 experience, can be put to 0 your use-profitably 0 THE HECKMAN BINOERY, INC. NO. MANCHESTER, IND. 46962 PHONE: AREA (219) 982-2107

.BOLINU I II "LEASE. ' Brattleboro, Vermont

PRINTERS OF THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION PICTURE SOURCES 3 Ann Novotny, editor Rosemary Eakins, assistant editor

Project of the Picture Division, SLA, and American Society of Picture Professionals

approx. 400 pages/LC 75-6582/ISBN 0-871 11-206-X/$17.00

More than 1,000 picture sources located throughout the United States and Canada (380 1 more than in the second edition). 1 Divided into general subject groupings. Expanded descriptions of sources include name, address, telephone, person to contact, dates covered, types of material available, subjects covered, conditions of use and other pertinent information. Additional features include detailed subject index and geographical index. Alphabetical and numerical indexes simplify use of the book. An introductory essay complements the text.

SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION 235 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK 10003

Revised Edition Ready . . .

Special Libraries : A Guide for Management

Update of broad outline for management responsible for establishing or evaluating special libraries and information services. Illustrated. Selected bibliography.

Special Libraries Association 2 3 5 Park Avenue South New York, New York 10003 PLACEMENT POSITIONS WANTED

"Positions Open" and "Positions Wanted" ads are Cataloger/Special Collections Bibliographer- $2.00 per line; $6.00 minimum. Current members of MA, Eng. Lit.; MSLS, Rare Books. 1 year anti- quarian book trade. Languages. Editor. Writer. SLA may place o "Positions Wanted" ad at a special Teacher. Typographer. Clark Kimball, 157 W. rate of $1.50 per line; $4.50 minimum. 7th St., SY, NY 10023. In each membership year, each unemployed member will be allowed a maximum of two free "Positions Wanted" ads, each ad to be limited to 5 lines in- XSLS, M.Ed., AB(Geog)-5 yrs teaching, 4 yrs cluding mailing address (no blind box addresses), on tlivers pub/acad cxp; strong media, govt docs, a space available basis. cataloger, legal, bus/fin libr organ ref bkgrtl. There is a minimum charge of $11.00 for a "Market Know1 of Spanish. Will relocate. R. J. Kallio, 123 Old Mill Rtl.. Shrewsbury, MA 01545. Place" ad of three lines or less; each additional line is $4.00. There are approximately 45 characters and spaces to a line. Copy for display ads must be received by the first of the month two months preceding the month of publication; copy for line ads must be received by THE MARKET PLACE the tenth. Classified ads will not be accepted on a "run until Forc%ignBooks and Periodicals-Specialty: Search cancelled" basis; twelve months is the maximum, un- Srrvitc. Allwrt ,I. Phiebig Inr., Ilov 3.52, White less renewed. 1'1:1i11\,S.)'. 10602. Special Libraries Association reserves the right to re- ject any advertisements which in any woy refer to race, creed, color, age, or sex as conditions for em- Ilach Issue l'eriodicals-Scie~itific, Technical, ployment. \Ic.(lical and I.il)cl.al Arts. Please submit want li\t\ ;II~li\t.; of materials for sale or cxchangc. I'lompt scplies a\\urcd. G. H. Arrow Co., 4th POSITIONS OPEN k 1lrow11Sts., Philatlclphia, I'a. 19123.

Assistant Medical Librarian-Scsial\: Soutllcr~l Illinois 1111ivc1\ilySchool of Xlcdicii~c~,.Spring- Birds, Plants, lIarntuals new and out-of-print I~eltl, Illi~~ois,is scekitrgan i\,sistant Xlctlical boohs. LVrite Tolliver's Books, 1634-I> Stcarni Librarian \vho \\ill be I-csponsible for the op- Ihi\c. 1.0.; ;\r~gcles.C.\ 90035. cratio~~of the sclial\ sectio~lof the Mctlical Li- brary locatetl ill Springfield. ;\seas ol responsi- I)ilit)- include collection development a~~tlnuill- tcnance, tle\elopmcnt of hack files, supeinision of Kardcx system, some services a,; :I \Ictlline operator, antl assistance at the circulation tlesk. <:;lnditlates should have professional espesiencc in an academic medical center lil~ralq,specifi- rally in the area of serials acquisition and main- te~~ancc.This positio~~carries a tlielve-month contract, has facnlty rank, i< eligible for all Uni- \crsit\ Ijenelit.; inclutliug sick leave. vacation and retirement. Thz salar) is commensurate \\it11 qualifications of the applicant. Minimum INDEX TO ADVERTISERS cclncatio~~alseqniremcnt is a Master's degree in Appleton/Century ,'Crofts . . . . Cover 111 I.il)i;~~\Sriel~cc. Letters of applicatiol~ ant1 Baker & Taylor Company ...... 13~ cusric~~l~rn~\il:~c should be scnt to D. Dax Tay- Chemical Abstracts Service ...... 7.4 lor, lI.D., .\ssociate Dean for hletlical Etlnra~ tio~~.Southern Illinois University School of Computer Science Press, Inc...... 2.A Xlctlicine. P.0. Box 3926, Springfield, Illinois F. W. Faxon Company, Inc...... 4A (i'L7OX. Southern Illinois IJniversity is 211 affirma- Gale Research Company . . . . Cover IV I it c actiolr alld equal opportutlit\ cmplO)-el'. The Heckman Bindery, Inc...... 14.4 Institute for Scientific Information 1.4 Technical Services Librarian-Coortli~lates cata- logi~~g,acquisitio~~s antl serials section in medi- Krieger Publishing Company, Inc. 6n cal library of 150,000 ~olumes.RILS and 3 !cars Nichigai Associates (USA.), espcrie~~rein acatlernic or special liblary, pref- Inc...... 5~,10~ clab1)- cataloging. Fol-eign language, automation, Special Libraries Association ...... 15~ ;~tlministratio~iantl alv interests desiraljle. Sal- Stechert hlacmillan, Inc...... 14~ as)- lange I(&I-lk plus liberal [ling(, I~cnefils. Sc11t1 rtsurnt lo: (:lif Eagan, Asst. Director of United Nations Publications ...... 4.4 Pessonnel, U~ii\-. of Florida, Gaincsville, FL The Vermont Printing Company . . 14~ 5261 I. AII eqnal opportunity/affirmativc action Xerox University Microfilms . . Cover I1 cmp1o)cr. In celebration ojthe 10th Anniuersary of PATHOLOGY ANNUAL Sheldon C. Sommers, Series Editor

Appleton-Century-Crofts announces the publication of a seuen uolume set, PATHOLOGY DECENNIAL 1966-1975. Each uolume deals with a specific physiologic area and includes the outstanding articles ofthe ten- year period with addenda highlighting and up-dating pertinent data.

HEMATOLOGIC AND LYMPHOID DECENNIAL GASTROINTESTINAL AND HEPATIC PATHOLOGY DECENNIAL GENITAL AND MAMMARY PATHOLOGY DECENNIAL PULMONARY PATHOLOGY DECENNIAL ENDOCRINE PATHOLOGY DECENNIAL KIDNEY PATHOLOGY DECENNIAL CARDIOVASCULAR PATHOLOGY DECENNIAL

Auailable Fall 1975. We are now accepting advance orders.

APPLETON-CENTURY-CROFTS Medical/Nursing Publishers 292 Madison Avenue New York. NY 10017 Encyclopedia of Governmental Advisory Organizations

A Reference Guide to Federal Agency, Interagency, and Government-Related Boards, Committees, Coun- cils, Conferences, and Other Similar Units Serving in an Advisory, Consultative, or Investigative Capacity.

EDITORS: Linda E. Sullivan and Anthony T. Kruzas

The 1975 ed~t~onof the Encyclopedia of Governmental Advisorj Urganizations covers 2.678 groups functioning In an advisory capacity to the Pres~dentand to varlous departments, bureaus, and committees of the government. Each entry l~ststhe personnel, orlgln, actlvltles, purpose, and affll~ationof the adv~sorygroup.

Thls clothbound volume contalns updated and enlarged l~st~ngsfrom the f~rsted~t,on as well as fresh Iist~ng- Some prevlous entrles have been consol~dateddupllcat~ons have been el~minated all have been rev~ewedand updated as needed Deta~ledlist~ngs for approx~mately200 add~t~onal commlttees are ~ncluded,many of them for such recent and top~calgroups as Commission on CIA Activities Energy Research and within the United States Development Advisory Council Citizens' Advisory Committee to The Commission on Federal Fight Inflation Paperwork

The thorough alphabet~caland key word index a~dsconvenient and flex~bleuse of EGAO Itself and also refers users to the Congressional Record for all congress~onalcommlttees and their subcommittees Cross-references are also prov~dedto the United States Government Manual for government departments off~ces,and buieaus not cons~deredadv~sory commlttees, but whose names suggest they are 2 IS "' EGAO, hke all Gale publ~cat~ons, avaable on 30 day approval Sub EDITION scr~bersmay also request Standing Order Servlce In order to save tlme and paperwork

To keep the ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GOVERNMENTAL ADVISORY ORGANIZATIONS current, order NEW GOVERNMENTAL ADVISORY ORGANIZATIONS, a periodical supplement which reports on newly established advisory groups during the period between EGAO editions. Inter-edition subscription, with binder, $65.00.

BOOK TOWER GALE RESEARCH CO. D,ma, ma