Neocolonialism Through Tourism in the Caribbean Understanding and Addressing the Challanges

neocolonialism through tourism in the caribbean understanding and addressing the challanges

a capstone presentation by

carlos augusto1 perez ferrer 2 table of contents

acknowledgements ...... 5

project narrative ...... 6

project definition ...... 9

literature review ...... 13

project glossary ...... 18

precedence studies ...... 19

site analusis ...... 23

proposed designs ...... 33

conclusion ...... 42

reference ...... 43

3 4 a big thank you

to the people that have made this project and the experiences that have shaped it, and me, possible: Dr. Jocelyn Widmer, Dr. Timothy Murtha, Dr. Anne Donnelly at the Center for Undergraduate Research, Paloma Rodriguez at the UF international center, and Jake Kheel at the Grupo Punta Cana Foundation. And of course, a big hug to my friends and family for all their support throughout the years.

5 project narrative they reach their jobs by travelling several kilometers of road. Not only does this phenomenon separate families and break down social institutions, but also presents the need to commute- a need that must be met for the tourism industry to function and for the Neocolonialism Through Tourism in the individuals who labor in it to meet their needs. Caribbean, Understanding and Addressing the In Verón, many people depend on the Challenges, is the culmination of research that I’ve public transportation network comprised of private conducted over the summers beginning in 2016 companies to meet this need. This network includes focusing on an urban center in the Dominican Ruta Beron, who manages 12 passanger vans Republic called Verón. The focus of this project has that function like buses called guaguas. There are been to learn about the forces that have shaped also motoconchos, or motorcycle taxis owned and the urban landscape of Verón into what it is today, operated by private individuals who are members of understanding some of the challenges that Verón an organizing body Motoconcho drivers. And there faces, and exploring how they can be addressed is Sitrabapu, the regional bus company, comparable through design and landscape architecture. to Greyhound. The results of a survey I helped Verón is a municipality located within the design and administer in 2016 showed that 66% of touristic region of Punta Cana in The Dominican participating households use this local transportation Republic (The DR) that was established as the system to meet their mobility needs. bedroom community for many of the people that According to the same survey, the satisfaction work in the resorts of Punta Cana and Bavaro and rates with the transportation system are generally the ecosystem of businesses that surround them. positive. More than half of participants reported Historically, this was a sparsely populated region, feeling satisfied with their transportation options. home to small fishing and agricultural communities, However, the conversations that aren’t reflected in until the 70’s when the advent of the all-inclusive the survey results tell a different story. Many people resort business model catalyzed the rapid growth of that we talked to express a negative perception of this area into a massive touristic region. the transportation system in general, considering it This growth resulted in part due to the dangerous and inefficient. But there is a culture of country’s shift from agriculture and manufacturing being grateful and they often reported being satisfied towards tourism. Dominicans and Haitians have since because they make do. been moving to Verón to work in the tourism industry In addition, not unlike in the US, there is a and Verón has grown quickly and organically from an cultural idea of the individual’s purchase of a vehicle informal settlement, of mostly seasonal residents, to a symbolizing freedom. However, when this vehicle municipality comprised of 24 different neighborhoods is purchased on credit, and mainly as a means of and its own governing body. commuting to work, the purchase of a vehicle is Within the last 2-3 years Verón has been actually the purchase of the illusion of freedom, formalizing and apartment buildings, gated further entangling the individual in a cycle of selling communities, and shopping plazas reminiscent their labor for very modest wages. By addressing of ones you might see in South Florida are being transportation, the agency of people subject to constructed. Despite how much Verón has been economic forces beyond their control can be formalizing more recently, the rapid influx of people reengaged. in Verón over a short period of time coupled with the Throughout these 4 years I‘ve spent the next lack of significant investment by the government and 4 years learning about the transportation system the private entities responsible for this growth has left in order to identify some of the issues that lead to communities with limited access to essential services. a negative perception of it and exploring how to Of these essential services, I have focused disentangle individuals from the need to purchase on learning about transportation, and how access a vehicle, I’ve learned that there are many facets to to it can be improved. The circumstances in Verón, the challenges facing transportation in Verón and the where neocolonial economic forces have replaced country more generally, and multiple ways in which to agriculture with tourism as the major industry have intervene to improve the function and perception of resulted in the migration of Dominicans and Haitians the transportation system. who have left the places where they once worked This idea was confirmed by material that I near their home, oftentimes in agriculture, to a place studied as reference for this project. In a paper on on the outskirts of a touristic region, where, by design, the metro system in Santo Domingo, the capital of

6 The DR, Omar Rancier calls for a substitution of a prototype of the user interface for the proposed architecture for urbanism in order to improve public app based off an existing app called Transit, which spaces, transit, and the quality of life in the city, provides information for public transportation systems meaning designed objects or sites must be part of around the world. This app would provide users a larger set of strategies for transit that are part of a with route information, the live location of guaguas, vision for the city, not just one-off plans. and ETA for a given stop. I am also proposing data Radical cities, by Justin McGurik reflects collection features that would mine user’s location this philosophy. He describes the concept of “social data to inform the design of future Guagua routes as urbanism”, of which, the building blocks are ‘integral Verón continues to populate and develop. This feature urban projects’, being a project where many things would leverage the flexibility that this transportation are happening at the same time.” Another idea service is capable of, further increasing access to the McGurik presents is, “to move past the surgical service. tendencies of the modernists whose job it was to ‘cut A transportation mapping project I conducted out the cancer of the slums’, and in continuation with in 2017 revealed communities underserviced by this medical metaphor suggests the practice of ‘urban Verón’s transportation companies, so I am proposing acupuncture’ explaining that, “needles rather than readjusting the transportation routes to better service scalpels are the tools of today’s planners, stimulating these areas for the physical intervention proposed the city’s nervous system with tiny interventions that by this project, and as part of these redesigned can have a catalytic effect on the organism as a routes, including transfer nodes associated with whole.” public spaces, where passengers can switch between These ideas have informed my goal for this modalities of transportation. This aspect of the project, which is to explore a landscape practice intervention seeks to leverage the differing capacities informed by social urbanism by proposing an integral and travel ranges of the vehicles, helping to reduce urban project that works within the existing paradigms competition between companies, and furthering a of Verón and identifies targeted opportunities for sense of cohesion between them. In addition, these intervention to enact organic shifts in the way spaces will elevate the experience of using the public this urban landscape functions. I have selected 3 transportation system, helping improve perceptions. modalities of intervention to illustrate how an integral The overall goal of the proposed interventions urban project addressing transportation in Verón is to improve perceptions of the transportation might work; cultural landscape interventions, digital system. Achieving this goal will encourage it’s use and landscape intervention, and physical landscape disentangle individuals from the desire to purchase interventions. a vehicle. This can be achieved by promoting the In the spirit of eco-revelatory art and the multi- cultural value of these forms of transportation through national tradition of adorning public transportation public art, increasing access to the transportation vehicles with local forms of cultural expressions, system by making it more transparent and easy the cultural intervention I am proposing is to tap to engage with through a mobile application, and into the rich tradition of Dominican hand painted designing a system that promotes harmonious signs and commission artists to paint mobile murals coexistence between the companies that form it on guaguas. This proposal address perceptions of through the integration of transfer nodes. By achieving vernacular forms of transportation, inviting the public these objectives, the proposed interventions can to view guaguas as a valuable cultural object. Most help improve the experience of using Verón’s importantly, this proposal would increase the visibility transportation system, and ultimately, improve the of guagaus in the urban landscape and help to quality of life for people in Verón. generate conversations about transportation. As a digital intervention, I am proposing an app to increase access to Verón’s transportation services by making it easier and more transparent to engage with them. An app can potentially elevate the status of vernacular modes of transportation by associating them with modern technology, and by providing information about all the most commonly used forms of transportation, it can give a greater sense of cohesion between the various modes of transportation available to the public. I designed

7 project definition conditions/driving forces The touristic areas of Macao, Bavaro, Punta Cana, and Cap Cana in the municipality of Higuey in the Altagracia province of the Dominican Republic have experienced rapid growth in the early 2000’s as foreign entities quickly propped up resorts. Drawn by project site the economic prospects of a burgeoning hospitality industry, Dominicans, Haitians, and others from around the globe have since been migrating to the the dominican reoublic town of Verón, an urban area adjacent to the touristic areas, to be closer to the job opportunities available in the resorts several miles over, and the economic ecosystem it has spurred around it. la altagracia province development 1984-2019

2003 2018

municipality of higuey macao 1984 2018

bavaro 1984 2019

punta cana macao 2002 2019 bavaro

verón cap cana 2005 2019 punta cana

cap cana verón

8 conditions/driving forces

Throughout this period of rapid growth, Verón has grown organically. As a result, some of it’s communities lack access to essential services such as paved roads, clean water, waste collection, dedicated public spaces and public transportation.

Access to public transportation in Verón is essential, as about 30 percent of residents depend on at least 1 form of public transportation to meet their mobility needs.

The transportation system in Verón is made up of several private companies that manage vehicle fleets of different types. There are motorcycle taxis, regular taxis, and buses of varying sizes. But the backbone of the system is the gua gua. Gua gua is a sort of catchall term for bus, but in the Dominican Republic it usually refers to 12-passenger vans that travels fixed routes and charge a flat rate.

The established routes of Verón’s local guagua company, Ruta Beron, leave several areas of Verón underserviced, making the use of public transportation more expensive and complicated for some residents. There is also much overlap between the routes of regional and local transportation companies, resulting in a transportation network that lacks organization and clarity and functions in a manner that can be considered inefficient.

In addition, Verón’s streets are very dangerous because of their size and volume of traffic. In 2015 the Dominican Republic had the 5th highest vehicular mortality rate in the world1 and most of Verón’s residents consider the roads unsafe for their children. project proposition

How can design interventions in the transportation system make it more efficient and user friendly? Can these interventions make public transportation in Verón more attractive, potentially increasing ridership and alleviating issues of safety and sustainability associated with high usage of personal vehicles?

1 World Health Organization. "Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 people)" World Health Organization, Global Status Report on Road Safety. https://data. worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.TRAF.P5

9 proposed interventions 2. Summer of 2017 I worked with the Ruta Beron to map their gua gua routes and get a better sense of how the transportation network functions and where To successfully address issues related to public improvements in their services could be made. I made transportation, interventions should be designed to a suggestion to the company to install GPS devices in assure public transit options are a viable alternative their gua guas. to private vehicles. To achieve this, a combination of interventions that work together to change 3. Summer 2018 I worked with Ruta Beron to perceptions of public transportation may be more assess how they were utilizing GPS systems to better successful than the singular designed object or space. their services. I also sought to better understand the In short, “architecture [or landscape architecture] must transportation network in order to identify issues that be substituted for urbanism” meaning, the designed may be addressed. During this time I interviewed object or site must be part of a larger set of strategies several stakeholders including the president of Ruta for transit that are part of a vision for a city1. For this Beron, 5 gua gua drivers, transportation/ urban reason, I am proposing a series of interventions that planning experts in the Dominican Republic, and the include, but extend beyond spatial designs at the site manager of the GPS tracking company working with level, to attain higher chances of behavioral change. Ruta Beron. Which are as follows: 4. To complete this project, I conducted further • Mobile murals on the guaguas of Ruta Beron analysis of the data I have collected and synthesized • Redesign of gua gua routes and spatial this information to organization of motorcycle taxi gathering areas 1. identify gaps in the data and + Identify locations for bus stops/ transit oriented 2. identify locations for bus stops and TOPS public spaces typologies. • Conceptual design of mobile application features In May of 2019 I returned to Verón to collect site and interface imagery including aerial photographs which I used to analyze the spaces chosen for spatial design interventions I am proposing.

methodology key stakeholders and relationships

(continued in inventory/ methodology section) Residents of Verón 66% of respondents in a needs assessment survey I 1. Needs assessment survey helped design and administer in 2016 depend on the 2. Route mapping transportation system to meet their mobility needs. 3. Interviews In addition, the general levels of satisfaction with 4. Synthesis and design intervention development the quality, price, and safety of the transportation system as well as the road conditions are understood 1. Summer of 2016 I helped organize and to be low. The residents of Veron are the primary conduct a needs assessment survey in Verón that stakeholders in this project, as it seeks to address this collected baseline information on a variety of topics issue of negative perceptions of the transportation including the use of transportation. The survey system. simultaneously collected geospatial data that can be used to show the spatial organization of population Tourism industry densities. This project helped identify the opportunity The tourism industry and the economic ecosystem for the work that I’m proposing. it has spurred in this area depends on the labor provided by Verón’s residents to function. Some of Verón’s residents are shuttled to and from work by 1 Rancier, Omar. 2017. “Espacio Público y Calidad de Vida En La Ciudad de Santo Domingo: Un Viaje Desde La Utopía. (Span- private companies hired by the hotels and resorts. ish).” Archivos de Arquitectura Antillana, no. 62 (March): 74–81. http:// The majority, however, depend on the transportation search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=a- su&AN=126630755&site=eds-live. system to commute to work. In this sense, the tourism [Translated to Public Space and quality of life in Santo Domingo] industry itself is a stakeholder in the transportation

10 system, as without it, they would not have a supply of relevance to contemporary landscape labor. architecture Santiago de la Cruz - Ruta Beron president I have worked with Santiago since the summer of This project takes on an issue and a scale that 2017 when I worked to map his company’s routes. is normally the territory of urban planners or Over the years, I have met with him several times to architects, especially in a country where landscape better understand how his company functions and architecture as a profession is virtually non-existent. to explore ways it’s efficiency might be improved, as By addressing the issues identified in this project, the well as to pick his brain about transportation more role of landscape architecture as a profession that generally. can address issues of varying scales- from the human scale to the regional scale, will be both reinforced Erick Dorrejo - Transportation and planning expert domestically, and established internationally. I met with Erick to briefly speak about transportation issues as they relate to Verón, The Altagracia The design interventions that I propose in this Province and the country in general. He is a valuable project are not limited to spatial design interventions, resource I can come back to if there are gaps in it includes digital interventions in the form of a my knowledge of transportation in the Dominican smartphone application. Republic. Social Urbanism as explored by McGurick in his Miguel Nessy - Laser Track GPS book Radical Cities1, is an idea that I find is very Miguel is the manager of the company Laser Track relevant to the role that modern landscape architects GPS, who’s devices are installed in the Ruta Beron increasingly play through their work. With this project gua guas and work with Ruta Beron to train them and the process of identifying the issues I seek to on how to best use their company’s tech to improve address through it, as well as the work that I’ve put their transportation service. I spoke to Miguel about into building relationships with local stakeholders and working with Ruta Beron, and about the viability of exploring a variety of design interventions that fit the using their GPS devices to inform the mobile phone context both spatially and culturally, I hope to build application that I am proposing. My connection with upon the body of work that qualifies professionals Miguel can potentially help bring this portion of my trained in the practice of landscape architecture as project to fruition. Social Urbanists. Gustavo Valdez - Architect and planner with experience in the Punta Cana region Gustavo, a local architect and urban planner who’s father designed the new urbanist village in PuntaCana, has worked on re-envisioning parts of the touristic region and is very familiar with the area. My conversations with him have touched on many faces of the issues I seek to address, and have spawned the idea of multimodal transit oriented public spaces in Verón.

Dr. Jocelyn Widmer Dr. Widmer had been working in Verón since about 2010 and has led and mentored over 30 students in separate research projects collecting baseline information for stakeholders to use in the decision making process. I have been working with Dr. Widmer since the summer of 2016 and under her guidance, have executed the various portions of this project thus 1 McGuirk, Justin. Radical Cities : Across Latin America in Search far. We continue to stay in contact, and I will continue of a New Architecture . London ; to seek her council throughout the remainder of this New York : Verso, 2014., 2014. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&d- project. b=cat04364a&AN=ufl.03290 0273&site=eds-live.

11 12 issues literature map social urbanism arguments transportation + public space To ensure effectivity, urban design projects must arise organically from an understanding of issues specific to a given context and must integrate into existing urban beyond spatial dynamics in attainable ways. design Public transportation provides a means of mobility through public space. Ergo public transportation user generated data and its points of access are public spaces with the potential to engage/promote/respond to daily life of informing design users.

However, to successively address urban issues, including transportation, projects must go beyond the sources standalone designed space. They must be a part of a multifaceted strategy.

Radical Cities : Across Latin America in Search of a New Architecture, McGurik, Justin. 2014. Public inclusion is the bedrock for successfully addressing issues of urbanity, which can be achieved using information about stakeholders collected from Inclusión, Integración e Innovación interviews, surveys, and anecdotal observations of Isa Tavárez, Jhael. 2017. existing patterns of behavior and use of space. User generated data has the potential to augment these research methods by mapping existing conditions to Las Relaciones Entre la Movilidad y el Espacio develop context-informed urban designs. Publico Díaz-Osorio, Myriam Stella, Julio César Marroquín. 2016.

Espacio Público y Calidad de Vida En La Ciudad de Santo Domingo Rancier, Omar. 2017.

The Peñalosa Principle of Transportation Democracy: Epting, Shane. 2017.

Movilidad y Data Schetter, Oliver, and Margarita Gómez Salas. 2017

13 literature review of transportation in Verón, I believe road conditions and the general quality of life can be greatly improved in attainable ways through strategic interventions, one of which, and admittedly the least easily attainable, is through the integration of transportation within public spaces. social urbanism transportation and public space

The direction my work in Verón has taken The 2016 study, The Relationship Between over the past 3 years has evolved organically from a Mobility and Public Space: Transmilenio Bogota, broad needs assessment survey, to a more focused conducted by Myriam Stella Díaz-Osorio & Julio concentration on a particular issue. I consider César Marroquín, coupled with the paper Public this process to be the most valuable part of my Space and quality of life in Santo Domingo by Omar thesis. Although I believe that the ways in which Rancier, comprise the bulk of the theoretical backing I am addressing the transportation issues on my for the site design portion of my thesis. site (issues relevant to many informal urban areas Myriam Stella Díaz-Osorio & Julio César throughout the world) are valuable and applicable Marroquín present the idea that in the origin of cities, in other places, the way that I came to focus on the spatial relationship between the home and work transportation and the ways that I have explored was close in proximity. Work commonly took place addressing the issues, I believe to be of equal, on, or immediately adjacent to, the property on which perhaps even greater importance than the proposed the home existed. Since then (and due to, one could solutions. argue, an increasingly globalized economy) the place This method of identifying and addressing of work has gradually situated itself further from issues of urbanity are described by Justin McGurik the home. At its most basic level, this description of in his 2014 book, Radical cities. In it, McGurik circumstances is a description of urban places; private explores the concepts of “activist architects”, spaces situated on, and accessed via the public “urban acupuncture”, and “social urbanism” among spaces that separate them. other things. These concepts all relate to the idea This is the case for the site thesis, the of working within existing paradigms to identify Municipality of Verón; a town adjacent to the touristic opportunities for intervention and enact organic shifts region of Punta Cana and Bavaro in the Dominican in the way urban landscapes function. In other words, Republic. Verón is a town that has experienced rapid rather than fighting the informal city and it’s networks growth since the early 2000’s as foreign entities and processes, working with it. quickly propped up resorts. Drawn by the economic With the concepts he introduces, McGurik prospects of a burgeoning hospitality industry, challenges the modernist notion of building utopias Dominicans, Haitians, and others from around the by wiping the slate clean of what exists and globe have since been migrating to Verón and implementing paternalistic and idealistic “solutions” to adjacent urban areas in order to be closer to job the informal city. The following metaphor explains this opportunities available in the resorts several miles idea: over, and the surrounding economic ecosystem it If the modernists were surgeons, whose has spurred. These people leave the private space job was to ‘cut out the cancer of the slums’, of their homes, and traverse the public spaces of then the prevailing trope of our age is Verón, Bavaro, Punta Cana, and more generally, the ‘urban acupuncture’. Needles rather than province La Altagracia, to reach their places of labor. scalpels are the tools of today’s planners, Public spaces, however, are, as we know, stimulating the city’s nervous system with not limited to the roads that separate our homes tiny interventions that can have a catalytic from our places of work. Omar Rancier, quoting and effect on the organism as a whole. elaborating on the words of Spiro Kostof, states the The champion of urban acupuncture would be differences in types of public spaces: the activist architect (or landscape architect). His ‘roads and streets’ says Kostof, ‘are the description of this is someone who “pinpoints a primary places of transit, capturing public difficult context and, with the support of the local life in momentary pauses in a river of community, creates an opportunity to intervene.” By people in movement. The public plaza, proposing to work with the existing informal network on the other hand, is a destination.’ This

14 classification of public space into places access points into the urban fabric. This context of transit and places of destinations are specific view of transportation in the Dominican fundamental in understanding the essence Republic provides even more reason to address this and the importance of public space as such, issue on my site. Although Verón is not the same as and without these spaces, the city does not Santo Domingo, the transportation within it is similarly exist and for this reason the quality of public disjointed and makes for roads that are chaotic and space defines the quality of a city.1 dangerous. Like Santo Domingo, I believe that Verón Díaz-Osorio, & Marroquín agree and expand on could benefit from public spaces that help smooth the this idea that movement within a city or urban area flow of vehicles and improve the overall experience of consists of and is characterized in large part, by public space. the movement through public space. And so, public space encompasses more than the “in between”, it is where community and urban life are defined and the quality of these spaces reflect quality of life. This understanding of urban space and mobility is the theoretical bedrock of this portion of my thesis. beyond spatial design The reason for my design intervention is as follows: streets and roads are public spaces of flow. Parks, plazas, and the like, are public spaces of The ultimate goal of this work, as McGurik pause or permanence like nodes in a network of links words it, is to be “a creator of actions, not just forms”. (structures of mobility), where citizens can enjoy daily I aim to encourage people to use public transportation experiences in the process of movement. Ergo; public by facilitating it’s use. One tool for accomplishing this space and movement are directly related. Movement is through site design. But site design is just one tool through public space is an activity of daily life within in the tool box. It is important to consider other ways an urban area, as such, it is imperative to address in which connections and flows within an urban setting concerns of public spaces occupied by elements of can be created. access to modes of transportation (Díaz-Osorio, & In the conclusion of his paper, Rancier, Marroquín). elaborating on an argument presented by Oriol Furthermore, Díaz-Osorio, & Marroquín Bohigas in a 1999 manifesto published on the national believe that, “public spaces that contain access to newspaper El Pais, states “we have to substitute systems of mobility, or that respond to vehicular flow architecture for urbanism”3 in order to better public should permit a simultinaity of actors and activities”. spaces, transit, and the quality of life in the city. As such, they should be incorporated in the urban By this he means, to address the aforementioned, landscape in an “efficient manner, enriching the construction plans do not suffice. The designed object experience of movement, and of the the city itself.”2 or site must be part of a larger set of strategies for This rational theoretically warrants designing transit that are part of a vision for the city, not just typologies of public spaces that incorporate the one-off plans. Although designing public spaces that different modes of public transportation utilized in the integrate transportation is important, this alone will not municipality of Verón. alleviate the issues of traffic, air pollution, vehicular In reference to the Metro system in Santo mortalities, and limited mobility. Domingo, Dominican Republic, Omar Rancier To address these issues, public transportation argues that the engineers that designed the system must be a more attractive and accessible option than implemented it as an infrastructure that does private vehicles. One way of improving accessibility not mesh into the existing urban landscape and is by allowing riders to access information about it dynamics. He suggests it misses the opportunity through their smartphones. This can be achieved by to create public spaces that integrate the system’s integrating GPS systems into the gua guas which would allow their live locations and estimated time of 1 «las calles y los caminos» dice Kostof, «son primariamente arrival to be displayed on a mobile app or website. lugares de tránsito, capturando la vida pública en pausas momentáneas de un río de gente en movimiento. La plaza pública, por otro lado, es un Accessibility can also be improved by spatially destino»2. Esa clasificación del espacio público en lugares de tránsito reorganizing existing vectors of mobility. By this I y lugares de destino es fundamental para entender la esencia y la importancia de los mismos, y que sin ellos la ciudad no existe y por eso la mean redesigning the gau gua routes to better service calidad de los espacios públicos define la calidad de la ciudad underserviced parts of Verón, and reorganizing the 2 Los espacios públicos ligados a los accesos de movilidad o location of spaces where moto taxis gather to solicit que responden a los flujos vehiculares deben permitir la simultaneidad de actores, actividades e incorporarse de manera eficiente entre sí, 3 Si me permiten decirlo exageradamente, diría que hay que enriqueciendo la experiencia del viaje y de la ciudad misma. sustituir el urbanismo por la arquitectura

15 passengers, as well as proposing public spaces that time interviewing, surveying, talking to, and observing integrate these forms of mobility. This process would the ways in which people use the transportation be most effective of course, if it is informed by data system and are affected by its inefficiencies, I can that reflects the conditions on the ground. draw from this information and experiences in order to redesign the existing transit system into one that more user generated data informing design justly serves the community. However, traditional methods of participatory design, although well intentioned and morally sound, In order to service a larger subset of Verón’s have their drawbacks. Epting acknowledges the population, a redesign of the transportation system shortcomings of participatory design, pointing out that must be informed by an intimate understanding of “it often fails to achieve desired results. (Goldfrank it’s shortcomings. The theoretical backing for the 2011; Vasquez 2016)”. For such cases, one could methodology of this this portion of my thesis is derived argue that inclusive practices do not fare better than from several sources; Inclusion, Integration, and traditional means.” However, he does not believe that Innovation by Jhael Isa Tavárez, and The Peñalosa this means we disregard stakeholder inclusion in the Principle by Shane Epting. process of transportation design. In his short paper, Tavárez makes the case In response to this I point back to Tavárez’s that for any system of mobility to be successful in the Inclusion, Integration, and Innovation: “Every day Dominican Republic and beyond, they must include we should innovate... if we have buses, how can the public that it aims to benefit in the process of it’s we achieve attracting users so that they can see design. He writes: the viability of the system…”5 Although I believe that Social inclusion is the most important traditional methodology of participatory design is component [of this process] given that important and should be practiced (if for no other it represents the justification for the reason than as a moral gesture/obligation) we must implementation of any action made to explore new, meaningful ways of including the public benefit mobility. A system of transportation so that transportation projects be informed by them, that does not consider the user, their and for them in an effective way. socioeconomic disposition, their restrictions A new way forward, according to Oliver in terms of mobility, and the incorporation of Schetter and Margarita Gómez Salas, authors of the benefits brought forth by the use of the new study Mobility and Data, is through the use of data transport service, is a system that will not be collected digitally. The authors argue that the use sustainable in the long run… Specifically, of advanced technologies creates the conditions the system should satisfy the mobility for attaining sustainability, allowing for an increased needs considering the current conditions of quality of life overall. Their argument is supported by users: level of marginality, accessibility of the New Urban Agenda, which encourages the use of the service, and equity in it’s costs in order data collected by and to the benefit of the populous, to reduce household spending.4 including geospatial data, for the development of Shane Epting echoes the suggestions of e-governance and integrated urban plans. Tavárez in his paper, arguing that the problem in For these reasons, I will incorporate data that transit design is that the lack of intimate access to I helped gather surveying the people of Verón in the people affected by inadequate systems of mobility summer of 2016 and information I gathered through hinders the efforts of planners and engineers to mapping, interviews, conversations, and observations “create transit systems that promote social justice.” during the visits I have made since. Each survey Meaning good transit design requires inclusion of collected geolocation points, which I will be using to the public. He urges, “municipal leaders have a demonstrate population density in order to redesign responsibility of a moral nature to implement resident the transportation routes to cover areas of high centered democratic practices that can shape population density not currently serviced by the gua transit systems, from the initial planning stages to gua routes. This data will also be used to determine adjustments in daily operations.” Having spent ample locations for the transit oriented public spaces. This idea of using data to inform route design 4 La inclusión social es el componente más importante, dado que representa la justificación para la implementación de cualquier medida o can be pushed further. As McGurik states, “Urbanism acción en beneficio a la movilidad. Un sistema de transporte que no con- in the informal city has to be smarter than in the past; sidera al usuario, sus condiciones socioeconómicas, las restricciones en it needs to be flexible, so that it can handle unplanned términos de movilidad y la incorporación de beneficios por el uso del nue- vo servicio de transporte, es un sistema que no será exitoso ni sostenible 5 Cada día debemos innovar...si tenemos buses, cómo lograr en el corto y largo plazo. captar la atracción de los usuarios para que vean la vialidad del sistema

16 change. Inevitably, this involves the participation of the communities who live there.” I believe the GPS informed application that I am proposing can be used to establish a system that responds to unplanned change. If the app not only informs users, but also (with their consent) collects data about their location when accessing the app, the data can be analyzed to determine where transportation users are located and where they’re headed. This would allow the transportation routes to be redesigned in response to potential future changes in population density - Changes that will inevitably happen, as Verón has grown exponentially throughout recent years, and will likely continue to do so as the city formalizes.

17 18 precedent studies

transmilenio bogota, colombia

subcentro las condes santiago, chile

government center station miami, florida

19 Stacy Levy/ diablos rojos Walter Hood

The diablos rojos in Panama are old US Stacy Levy is a sculptor who utilizes art to school buses adorned with folk art that have met the highlight ecological processes in the landscape. Her transportation needs of Panamanians for decades. eco-revelatory art prompts the viewer to think and This pairing of art and transportation is is common learn about natural features in ways that they may throughout Latin America, and like in Panama, is often not have previously considered. An art installation by identified as a national symbol. Stacy Levy in the the Schuylkill River in Pennsylvania These are privately owned buses that highlights the fluctuating water levels of the river have retired from the Florida public school system throughout the day. circuit. They are decorated with art meant to attract The concepts of conscious and unconscious customers, which features political figures, cartoons, hybrids coined by Walter Hood use art and design to movie characters, musicians, etc. prompt reflection on spatial and historical aspects of a Like the guaguas, Diablos Rojos are being place explicitly or implicitly. An element of the project phased out because they are perceived as dangerous Oasis Oases by Hood design in Opa Locka, Florida, and informal, but it is undeniable is that these mobile utilizes paint to highlight incongruous elements of the works of art make public transportation more visible. Ali baba avenue streetscapes They celebrate public transportation and generate conversations about its condition and importance. Key take aways: • Stacy Levy's work is an example that further illustrates that the idea of using art to call attention to elements and processes in the landscape. • Walter Hood’s use of art to call’s attention to elements of the urban landscape.

Key takeaways: • Vernacular art on public transportation can give a sense of cultural ownership of public transportation services. • This can also increase visibility of public transportation and generate conversations.

20 transit app subcentro las condes

The transit app provides information for public Las Condes plaza is located on one of the transportation systems around the world including busiest bus stations and SubCentro metro system route information, estimated time of arrival, transit station in Santiago, Chile. Despite this, the plaza was stop locations, and route mapping. Apps like transit at one point was a place that metro riders felt like increase access to public transportation systems by they needed to pass through as quickly as possible facilitating access to information about the system. because it was vulnerable to mugging. Design Studies show that the availability of information Development co-founders saw this as an opportunity relating to transit scheduling and route information via to use simple interventions to transform the space. apps like transit significantly increase ridership. Las condes plaza is now a vibrant retail and transportation hub, containing within it the existing metro and bus stations, and adding taxi stops. The retail portion is in the style of an old fashion marketplace, blurring the line between outdoor and indoor space. According to Project for Public Spaces, the success of the plaza has little to do with the physical Key take aways: redesign of the space, and more with the community • An app that displays information regarding engagement process in renting out the retail spaces transportation scheduling can increase to tenants determined by an online survey distributed ridership. to local residents.

Key takeaways: • Designing a safe space that does not inadvertently spur criminal activity • The incorporation of retail into a public plaza as a method of transforming a space into a destination • The incorporation of a variety of transportation options • Public inclusion in the decision making process

21 transmilenio government center station

The Transmilenio BRT system in Bogota, Government Center Station is the Miami Metro Colombia contains a variety of typologies of bus Rail’s main station located downtown. The station stops and public spaces associated with them. The serves to connect multiple modes of transportation 2016 study, The Relationship Between Mobility and including the Metro Mover Rapid Transit system, Public Space: Transmilenio Bogota examines the use and will soon connect to a new adjacent train station of the spaces, patterns of traffic, and other notable serving Virgin Trains USA Higher Speed Rail system. aspects about each one. The study also categorizes Government Center Station is by no means a world these spaces, and draws general conclusions about famous train station, but my personal experience the observations it makes. The main categories they using it has been a highly positive one. examine which are applicable to my project are linear The station features several uses, including a stops (along the road), plazas, parks, pedestrian restaurant, government offices, an art gallery space, bridges, and major intersections. and public plaza featuring sculptures. The station is Linear stops are the most common form of also site to several activities. During elections it is bus stop, which offer some sort of infrastructure that used a polling place, the main lobby is often occupied identifies it as a bus stop (seats, shelter) but little by an artisan market, and once a month it is the else in terms of public space. Plazas offer a space to meeting point for a massive bike ride. The station gather and facilitate a variety of urban activities and is also adjacent to several important sites in the interactions. Stops associated with parks are similar downtown area including a library, and art and history to plazas, except they may be more naturalistic museum. and larger in scale, offering a different variety of I think fondly of the station because of the opportunities within it. Pedestrian bridges allow of versatility of the space, the multiple uses it houses safe access to bus stops on major roads. Major and it’s flexibility in housing them. I also appreciate intersections often feature a variety of infrastructures that it is used a place for civic activity, and by virtue of that accommodate various types of vehicular, as well being connected to transit, makes it convenient to do as pedestrian mobility. so.

Key take aways: Key takeaways: Integration of bicycle lanes • Variety of uses • Good way of integrating less central, low • Flexible spaces income communities • Public art • Bicycle lanes have spurred a few • Passive use (plaza) entrepreneurial bicycle mechanics and • Proximity to cultural centers pedicab chauffeurs Feeder vehicles • Help integrate remote communities • Can take the form of moto taxi pedicabs

22 field surveys and inventories 2016-2018

2016 Needs assessment survey

2017 mapping guagua routes and other key mobility vectors/ factors motoconchos bus stops

2018 interviews Ruta Beron gua gua manager Guagua drivers local architect/ Urban Planner Laser Track GPS local transportation expert

23 2016 needs assessment survey

methodology

In the summer of 2016, I participated in a study abroad program in Verón led by Dr. Jocelyn Widmer. The purpose of this program was to familiarize ourselves with the context in order to identify common issues and develop a needs assessment survey that can quantify them. The intention behind this survey was to gather data that could be used to inform future projects in Verón.

The survey design was informed by time spent in Verón’s communities talking to residents, making notes of observations, and meeting with community leaders. We also attended presentations given by local experts on issues relevant to the area such as water management and urban planning, and met with local stakeholders to discuss a variety of community engagement programs and sustainability initiatives.

Once the survey design was completed, I worked with Alyssa Henriquez, who at the time was an urban planning graduate student at UF working on her thesis. We coordinated with community leaders to train volunteer groups of local youth to administer the survey in their communities using tablets preloaded with the survey on a survey administration application called Fulcrum. With their help, as well as many days spent personally administering surveys, we collected roughly 500 surveys.

The results span a variety of topics including, health, water access, education, technology, and transportation.

24 relevant findings use of transportation methods

of households use of households use local guagua service motoconcho service for transportation for transportation internet access and use

percent of percent of households percent of households households have access the internet use the internet to access to internet using a smartphone access information satisfaction rates*

percent of households percent of households percent of households percent of households are very satisfied with are satisfied with are indifferent to are unsatisfied with transportation options transportation options transportation options transportation options

*A necessary aspect of the 2016 data to consider, but a tricky thing to gauge in Verón. Although results show that more than half of households surveyed are satisfied or very satisfied with the available transit options, 66% of responders consider street and traffic conditions unsafe for children. A look into the culture of residents in Verón may help explain this contradiction in the survey data. In my experience administering the survey and talking to residents, I have found that although conditions are considered subpar or unsafe, there is a culture of gratitude percent of households percent of households for what one has. When asked “how satisfied are you with the transportation options available to you?” the long version of are very unsatisfied with consider road conditions the answer that the survey design left out is, “well, they aren’t transportation options unsafe for children ideal, but we have to thank god for what we do have available.”

25 26 2017 mapping elements of mobility in verón

methodology

Given the 2016 needs assessment survey findings regarding transportation, I sought to map key pieces of the transportation system to understand how it works and potentially how it could better meet the needs of the people who use it.

By partnering with Ruta Beron, the local guagua company, I mapped their guagua routes using the Garmin Oregon 700 GPS Navigation Device, and Geotracker, an Android mapping application for cross referencing the data. Over the course of 2-3 days, the routes were recorded by riding in a guagua as it traversed the 2 routes they take through the town of Verón, into the touristic areas of Bavaro and Punta Cana.

Along the way, bus stops proposed by the local government and the Ministry of Tourism were recorded. In addition, the areas where motoconchos (moto taxis) gather to solicit passengers were also recorded in order to obtain a more complete understanding of how these two independent transportation entities come together to form part of the transportation network utilized by the people of Verón at a local scale (as opposed to the larger, regional scale, where a different set of transportation companies and vehicles are employed).

The spatial information gathered was imported to Google Earth, where the data was cleaned by deleting duplicate recordings. The resulting data was then used to develop a graphic map in order to read and present the results in a more immediately digestible way.

27 bávaro

punta cana

juanillo bávaro

elements of mobility + population density

legend

bavaro route/ punta cana route Fixed routes traveled by Ruta Beron

gua gua stop Bus stops set by the municipality to deter spontaneous gua gua stops. Not adhered to or enforced

neighborhood council boundaries that define the different communities in Verón, and the neighbohood council that represents them.

well density* Data gathered in 2017 by Eden Schoepflin and Laura Melendez, University Scholars conducting an inventory on the spatial layout of wells used by the people of Verón to access water.

survey density* The surveys administered in 2016 recorded the location it was administered in.

underserviced areas areas determined underserviced by a brief analysis of population density pockets at a considerable distance from established gua gua routes

*These sets of information were used to gauge and visually represent the layout of population density within Verón as it relates to the routes and stops of the vguaguas, as well as the motorcycle taxi gathering areas. By layering these sets of data, an evaluation of the guagua service can be made by identifying areas of high population density that are not serviced. punta cana

juanillo 2018 interviews with key players + transit experts

Santiago de la Rosa: president of Ruta Beron

• Ruta Beron is using GPS systems to help manage their gua gua fleet by making sure that they stay on route and travel at a safe speed. • They are still learning the system and thinking about the ways they could implement the information it provides and it’s tools and features. • I gained insight into the key issues he identifies in his operation, and the source of those issues, which he believes stem from competition from the regional transportation services, and driving practices of the gua gua drivers.

Ruta Beron gua gua drivers

• Gua gua drivers echoed Santiago’s belief that the companies inefficiencies stem from competition from other transportation companies and the driving practices of Ruta Beron’s drivers. • Drivers view Ruta Beron’s business model as an enabler of aggressive driving and competitive behavior that affects the overall efficiency of the system. • Drivers pay steep daily fees in order to operate their gua guas, which they pay for with the fares that riders pay. • Interviewing drivers also revealed a lack of communication and transparency between drivers and management

30 Gustavo Valdez: Local Architect and Urban Planner

• Exploration of how public spaces can be designed to incorporate and facilitate the use of the different elements of mobility used in Verón. • Motoconchos and gau guas can work together to service the public in different ways, motoconchos potentially functioning to complete the last leg of a trip, filling the gaps that the gua gua routes leave • Public spaces can act as a node where riders switch from one mode of transportation to the other.

Miguel Nessy: Laser Track GPS

• In order for Ruta Beron to take full advantage of Laser Track’s systems, they need a dedicated staff member with a better understanding of how to exploit the system’s features. • It is unclear to what extent their systems are benefiting Ruta Beron at the moment. • Believes that an application informed by the GPS systems which would allow gua gua riders to access information about their location and estimated time of arrival could be easily implemented and that it could be a simple way of adding value to the GPS systems installed in the Ruta Beron gua guas.

Erick Dorrejo: Urban Planner and Transportation Specialist

• Speaking with Erick gave me a better understanding of how transportation entities are organized and managed by the different levels of government, and how new transportation laws seek to reform transportation in general. • Erick pointed me towards which local officials I could talk to in the Altagracia Province to learn how they are working to organize urban and interurban transportation entities. • Informed me of the long term goal to phase out guaguas from the public transportation network

31 32 design interventions

mobile murals

guagua watch: vernacular transportation tracker

transportation transfer node design

33 mobile murals vernacular transportation + dominican art

Taking a cue from the tradition of adorning public transportation vehicles with folk art and using art to draw attention to elements of the landscape, this cultural intervention taps into the rich tradition of Dominican hand painted signs and proposes commissioning artists to paint mobile murals on guaguas. This proposal seeks to address perceptions of vernacular forms of transportation, inviting the public to view guaguas as a valuable cultural symbol. Most importantly, this proposal would increase the visibility of guagaus in the urban landscape and start conversations about transportation. “why is there art on the guaguas” “that doesn’t make them less dangerous” “why are they dangerous” “what would make them better?”

featuring various artists

This Guagua features sourced images of cultural expression found on the walls of businesses in the DR.

34 featuring evaristo angurria

Sourced artwork by Dominican muralist Evaristo Angurria is featured on this Guagua. His artwork focuses expressions of gender and identity, portraying strong images of women of color, showcasing the potential of sparking multiple conversations at once through this initiative.

featuring pote leche

The DR also has a strong street art movement that can be tapped into for this project. This Guagua features sourced artwork by Dominican cartoonist and street artist Pote Leche, who’s art can be seen in a mural at the entrance of Verón.

35 guagua watch local transit tracker

A mobile app can increase access to Verón’s transportation services by making it easier and more transparent to engage with, and elevate the status of vernacular modes of transportation by associating them with modern technology. The proposed app can provide information about other forms of transportation, not just guaguas, to give a greater sense of cohesion between the various modes of transportation available to the public. It would provide users with route information, the live location of vehicles, and estimated time of arrival for a given stop. Data collection features that mine user’s location data can inform the design of future transportation routes as Verón continues to populate and develop. This feature would leverage the flexibility that this transportation service is capable of, further increasing access to the service. A prototype of the user interface for the proposed app can be seen here. It is based off an existing app called Transit which provides information for public transportation systems around the world.

36 37 transfer nodes

A key site for this physical design selected site well density intervention was identified by layering the punta cana route - + Guagua routes I recorded, spatial data bávaro route survey density from surveys of previous years, and drone - + imagery.

selected site A key site for this physical design proposed route intervention was identified by layering the punta cana route north Guagua routes I recorded, spatial data bávaro route from surveys of previous years, and drone 1000 feet imagery.

38 The selected site is a park surrounded by a variety of uses, one of the aspects of successful public spaces and transportation nodes. commercial

secondary road

church site residencial

tertiary road

residencial/ residencial commercial north

60 feet

This modestly sized park also contains within it a variety of uses, making it a fairly popular public space, a quality that lends itself to be a vibrant transportation node scattered playground equipment

gazebo

seating

ampitheater/stage food stand north

60 feet

39 moto concho and guagua stop

condensed play area

With a little bit of readjusting, this park can accommodate a transfer node where north passengers can switch between guaguas and motoconchos to complete the last leg of 60 feet their commute.

In Verón, bus stops are typically a sign on a sidewalk. By providing a designated space with seating and shade, and by adjoining it to a public space, using the transportation system becomes a more dignified experience for the rider, as well as a connection point to community.

40 With a little bit of readjusting, this park can accommodate a transfer node where passengers can switch between guaguas and motoconchos to complete the last leg of their commute.

Together, all three interventions work to address perceptions of, increase access to, and encourage a more harmonious functioning of the transportation system in Verón.

41 conclusion

Working on this project throughout the years sparked drive in me to pursue a landscape practice that emerges from the bottom up, adopting the ideas of social urbanism to address challenges presented by tourism in the Caribbean through a multidisciplinary approach where design interventions transcend the boundaries of what is considered the traditional realms of landscape architecture. The targeted interventions developed utilize public art, mobile technology, and physical spatial design in unison to address perceptions of transportation by inviting transit users to view the Guagua as a cultural symbol, facilitating access to information about the transit network, and providing spaces that dignify and facilitate the use of the various modes of transportation that make up the public transit system in Verón.

42 reference

43 project glossary

punta cana

The PuntaCana-Bávaro-Verón-Macao touristic region oftern commonly known as Punta Cana, in the municipality of Higüey, in La Altagracia Province, the easternmost province of the Dominican Republic. The area has beaches which face both the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The weather is hot and humid, especially in late summer and autumn when the Northern Tropics receive their most direct sunlight. verón

A town within the touristic region of Punta Cana. Verón has experienced rapid and informal growth since the early 2000’s as foreign entities quickly propped up resorts in the area. The residents are largely employed by the hotels and other hospitality industry businesses. Many communities in Verón lack access to essential services. Local transportation needs of residents are largely fulfilled by motorcycle taxis and a local guagua company, as well as regional bus services and several private shuttles contracted by resorts within Bavaro and PuntaCana. motoconcho

In order to pay off their motorcycles, owners often register with the motorcycle taxi syndicate, which allows them to function as a taxi. This industry is regulated by the government. Like regular taxis, fees vary on distance and time, and are established by the taxi driver. gua gua

12 passenger vans that function as a local, urban bus service in Verón. Locally, they are managed by the company Ruta Beron, which drivers pay a daily fee to. Buses are most often owned by a third party, which the drivers must also pay a daily fee too. Guaguas charge a flat rate and run on fixed routes established by Ruta Beron. social urbanism

coined by Karl Brunner (1887–1960), an Austrian urban planner working in Bogotá in the 1930s. Brunner rejected the Beaux-Arts and later modernist utopian impulse of designing cities from scratch, and called instead for a practice that recognised what was already there. In that sense, he was a good seven decades ahead of the now orthodox attitude to the informal city. brt

Bus Rapid Transit established in Curitiba, Brazil and recently re-popularized by Enrique Peñalosa in Bogota, Colombia. A bus system with metro rail like stations, and in Bogota, fleets of smaller feeder buses that connect areas further from the main routes of the larger buses. geospatial data

Location data gathered digitally via GPS devices and mobile phones with GPS capabilities.

44 bibliography

Archibold, Randal C. “In Panama City, Colorful Red Devil Buses Yielding to Paler, Safer Kind.” The New York Times, The New York Times, 29 Dec. 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/12/30/world/americas/in-panama-city-red-devil-buses-yield-to-paler-safer-kind.html.

Crimmins, Peter. “Environmental Artist Aims to Bring People Closer to Time and Tide on the Schuylkill.” WHYY, WHYY, 28 June 2018, whyy.org/segments/environmental-artist-aims-to-bring-people-closer-to-time-and-tide-on-the-schuylkill/.

Corbo, Marcello. "SubCentro Las Condes." Project for Public Spaces. January 27, 2009. Accessed April 23, 2019. https://www.pps.org/ places/subcentro-las-condes.

Díaz-Osorio, Myriam Stella1,2, [email protected], and Julio1,2, [email protected] César Marroquín. 2016. “LAS RELACIONES ENTRE LA MOVILIDAD Y EL ESPACIO PÚBLICO. (Spanish).” Revista de Arquitectura (1657-0308) 18 (1): 126–39. doi:10.14718/RevArq.2016.18.1.11.

Epting, Shane. “The Peñalosa Principle of Transportation Democracy: Lessons from Bogotá on the Morality of Urban Mobility.” Science and Engineering Ethics, vol. 23, no. 4, 2017, p. 1085. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1007/s11948-016-9839-1.

Hester, Randolph T. Design for Ecological Democracy. MIT Press, 2010.

Isa Tavárez, Jhael. “Inclusión, Integración e Innovación: Pilares Para El Desarrollo de Un Sistema de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible (Spanish).” Archivos de Arquitectura Antillana, no. 62, Mar. 2017, pp. 112–115. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=tr ue&AuthType=ip,uid&db=asu&AN=126630813&site=eds-live.

Jaffe, Eric, et al. “New York's Real-Time Bus Arrival Info Boosted Ridership by 2 Percent.” CityLab, 9 Mar. 2015, www.citylab.com/ transportation/2015/03/the-best-evidence-yet-that-real-time-arrival-info-increases-transit-ridership/387220/. Kochman, Laura. “A Home in the World, with Stacy Levy.” Mural Arts Philadelphia, www.muralarts.org/blog/a-home-in-the-world-with- stacy-levy/.

LepriSpecial, Katie. “Paint Gives Hope to Opa-Locka's Ali Baba Avenue.” Miamiherald, Miami Herald, 21 Apr. 2015, www.miamiherald. com/news/local/community/miami-dade/miami-gardens/article19151781.html.

McGuirk, Justin. Radical Cities : Across Latin America in Search of a New Architecture . London ; New York : Verso, 2014., 2014. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=cat04364a&AN=ufl.03290 0273&site=eds-live.

Naparstek, Aaron. "Lessons from Bogotá." Streetfilms. March 4, 2008. Accessed April 24, 2019. http://www.streetfilms.org/lessons-from- bogota/.

“Panama Bids Farewell to 'Red Devil' Buses · Global Voices.” Global Voices, 21 Mar. 2013, globalvoices.org/2013/03/21/panama-bids- farewell-to-the-red-devils/.

Rancier, Omar. 2017. “Espacio Público y Calidad de Vida En La Ciudad de Santo Domingo: Un Viaje Desde La Utopía. (Spanish).” Archivos de Arquitectura Antillana, no. 62 (March): 74–81. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=as u&AN=126630755&site=eds-live.

RAPHAEL, CRAIG. "In Santiago, Chile: When Public Spaces Come First, Both City and Developer Win." Project for Public Spaces. February 4, 2009. Accessed April 23, 2019. https://www.pps.org/article/in-santiago-chile-when-public-spaces-come-first-both-city-and- developer-win.

Schetter, Oliver, and Margarita Gómez Salas. “Movilidad y Data: Una Entrada Alternativa a Las Calles de Santo Domingo. (Spanish).” Archivos de Arquitectura Antillana, no. 62, Mar. 2017, pp. 102–111. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthTy pe=ip,uid&db=asu&AN=126630803&site=eds-live Tang, Lei, and Piyushimita (Vonu) Thakuriah. “Ridership Effects of Real-Time Bus Information System: A Case Study in the City of Chicago.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Pergamon, 9 Feb. 2012, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S0968090X12000022.

World Health Organization. "Mortality caused by road traffic injury (per 100,000 people)" World Health Organization, Global Status Report on Road Safety. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.TRAF.P5

45 photo reference

https://theoldsystem.tumblr.com/ https://www.miaminewtimes.com/music/paxy-kicks-off-monday-morning-concert-series-at-government-center-metro- station-9457337 https://www.pps.org/places/subcentro-las-condes https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2015/03/the-best-evidence-yet-that-real-time-arrival-info-increases-transit- ridership/387220/ https://communitynewspapers.com/event/opa-locka-community-development-corporations-community-paint-day/ https://www.muralarts.org/blog/a-home-in-the-world-with-stacy-levy/ https://globalvoices.org/2013/03/21/panama-bids-farewell-to-the-red-devils/ https://www.eltiempo.com.do/bavaro-motoconchos-ganan-rd30000-mensuales/ http://noticialibre.com/2018/01/22/acusan-a-aptpra-y-sitrabapu-de-rompen-cristal-y-vaciar-gomas-a-autobus-de-metro-en- cap-cana-fotos/ https://cabaretecondos.com/cabarete-public-transportation-guide/

46 47