Neocolonialism Through Tourism in the Caribbean Understanding and Addressing the Challanges
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neocolonialism through tourism in the caribbean understanding and addressing the challanges a capstone presentation by carlos augusto1 perez ferrer 2 table of contents acknowledgements ...................5 project narrative ...................6 project definition ...................9 literature review ..................13 project glossary ..................18 precedence studies ..................19 site analusis ..................23 proposed designs ..................33 conclusion ..................42 reference ..................43 3 4 a big thank you to the people that have made this project and the experiences that have shaped it, and me, possible: Dr. Jocelyn Widmer, Dr. Timothy Murtha, Dr. Anne Donnelly at the Center for Undergraduate Research, Paloma Rodriguez at the UF international center, and Jake Kheel at the Grupo Punta Cana Foundation. And of course, a big hug to my friends and family for all their support throughout the years. 5 project narrative they reach their jobs by travelling several kilometers of road. Not only does this phenomenon separate families and break down social institutions, but also presents the need to commute- a need that must be met for the tourism industry to function and for the Neocolonialism Through Tourism in the individuals who labor in it to meet their needs. Caribbean, Understanding and Addressing the In Verón, many people depend on the Challenges, is the culmination of research that I’ve public transportation network comprised of private conducted over the summers beginning in 2016 companies to meet this need. This network includes focusing on an urban center in the Dominican Ruta Beron, who manages 12 passanger vans Republic called Verón. The focus of this project has that function like buses called guaguas. There are been to learn about the forces that have shaped also motoconchos, or motorcycle taxis owned and the urban landscape of Verón into what it is today, operated by private individuals who are members of understanding some of the challenges that Verón an organizing body Motoconcho drivers. And there faces, and exploring how they can be addressed is Sitrabapu, the regional bus company, comparable through design and landscape architecture. to Greyhound. The results of a survey I helped Verón is a municipality located within the design and administer in 2016 showed that 66% of touristic region of Punta Cana in The Dominican participating households use this local transportation Republic (The DR) that was established as the system to meet their mobility needs. bedroom community for many of the people that According to the same survey, the satisfaction work in the resorts of Punta Cana and Bavaro and rates with the transportation system are generally the ecosystem of businesses that surround them. positive. More than half of participants reported Historically, this was a sparsely populated region, feeling satisfied with their transportation options. home to small fishing and agricultural communities, However, the conversations that aren’t reflected in until the 70’s when the advent of the all-inclusive the survey results tell a different story. Many people resort business model catalyzed the rapid growth of that we talked to express a negative perception of this area into a massive touristic region. the transportation system in general, considering it This growth resulted in part due to the dangerous and inefficient. But there is a culture of country’s shift from agriculture and manufacturing being grateful and they often reported being satisfied towards tourism. Dominicans and Haitians have since because they make do. been moving to Verón to work in the tourism industry In addition, not unlike in the US, there is a and Verón has grown quickly and organically from an cultural idea of the individual’s purchase of a vehicle informal settlement, of mostly seasonal residents, to a symbolizing freedom. However, when this vehicle municipality comprised of 24 different neighborhoods is purchased on credit, and mainly as a means of and its own governing body. commuting to work, the purchase of a vehicle is Within the last 2-3 years Verón has been actually the purchase of the illusion of freedom, formalizing and apartment buildings, gated further entangling the individual in a cycle of selling communities, and shopping plazas reminiscent their labor for very modest wages. By addressing of ones you might see in South Florida are being transportation, the agency of people subject to constructed. Despite how much Verón has been economic forces beyond their control can be formalizing more recently, the rapid influx of people reengaged. in Verón over a short period of time coupled with the Throughout these 4 years I‘ve spent the next lack of significant investment by the government and 4 years learning about the transportation system the private entities responsible for this growth has left in order to identify some of the issues that lead to communities with limited access to essential services. a negative perception of it and exploring how to Of these essential services, I have focused disentangle individuals from the need to purchase on learning about transportation, and how access a vehicle, I’ve learned that there are many facets to to it can be improved. The circumstances in Verón, the challenges facing transportation in Verón and the where neocolonial economic forces have replaced country more generally, and multiple ways in which to agriculture with tourism as the major industry have intervene to improve the function and perception of resulted in the migration of Dominicans and Haitians the transportation system. who have left the places where they once worked This idea was confirmed by material that I near their home, oftentimes in agriculture, to a place studied as reference for this project. In a paper on on the outskirts of a touristic region, where, by design, the metro system in Santo Domingo, the capital of 6 The DR, Omar Rancier calls for a substitution of a prototype of the user interface for the proposed architecture for urbanism in order to improve public app based off an existing app called Transit, which spaces, transit, and the quality of life in the city, provides information for public transportation systems meaning designed objects or sites must be part of around the world. This app would provide users a larger set of strategies for transit that are part of a with route information, the live location of guaguas, vision for the city, not just one-off plans. and ETA for a given stop. I am also proposing data Radical cities, by Justin McGurik reflects collection features that would mine user’s location this philosophy. He describes the concept of “social data to inform the design of future Guagua routes as urbanism”, of which, the building blocks are ‘integral Verón continues to populate and develop. This feature urban projects’, being a project where many things would leverage the flexibility that this transportation are happening at the same time.” Another idea service is capable of, further increasing access to the McGurik presents is, “to move past the surgical service. tendencies of the modernists whose job it was to ‘cut A transportation mapping project I conducted out the cancer of the slums’, and in continuation with in 2017 revealed communities underserviced by this medical metaphor suggests the practice of ‘urban Verón’s transportation companies, so I am proposing acupuncture’ explaining that, “needles rather than readjusting the transportation routes to better service scalpels are the tools of today’s planners, stimulating these areas for the physical intervention proposed the city’s nervous system with tiny interventions that by this project, and as part of these redesigned can have a catalytic effect on the organism as a routes, including transfer nodes associated with whole.” public spaces, where passengers can switch between These ideas have informed my goal for this modalities of transportation. This aspect of the project, which is to explore a landscape practice intervention seeks to leverage the differing capacities informed by social urbanism by proposing an integral and travel ranges of the vehicles, helping to reduce urban project that works within the existing paradigms competition between companies, and furthering a of Verón and identifies targeted opportunities for sense of cohesion between them. In addition, these intervention to enact organic shifts in the way spaces will elevate the experience of using the public this urban landscape functions. I have selected 3 transportation system, helping improve perceptions. modalities of intervention to illustrate how an integral The overall goal of the proposed interventions urban project addressing transportation in Verón is to improve perceptions of the transportation might work; cultural landscape interventions, digital system. Achieving this goal will encourage it’s use and landscape intervention, and physical landscape disentangle individuals from the desire to purchase interventions. a vehicle. This can be achieved by promoting the In the spirit of eco-revelatory art and the multi- cultural value of these forms of transportation through national tradition of adorning public transportation public art, increasing access to the transportation vehicles with local forms of cultural expressions, system by making it more transparent and easy the cultural intervention I am proposing is to tap to engage with through a mobile application, and into the rich tradition of Dominican hand painted designing