Contents—Detailed

Table of Cases xx Table of xxix Table of Conventions xliii Icons List xlv

1 Introduction 1 1.1 Human Rights 1 1.2 Use of Force Resolution 7 1.2.1 Lawful Authorities for Using Force 7 1.2.2 Evidential Considerations 9 1.2.3 Resolution Tactics 9 1.3 Managing Scenes 12 1.4 Identification Issues 17

2 Assaults and Violence 23 2.1 Assault (Common/Actual ) 23 2.1.1 — 23 2.1.2 Assault Occasioning Actual Bodily Harm (AOABH)/ Defences to Assaults 25 2.2 Assault/Resist Arrest and Obstruct—Police/ Designated/Accredited Person/Emergency Workers 29 2.2.1 Assault with Intent to Resist or Prevent Lawful Arrest 29 2.2.2 Assault a Constable in the Execution of his/her Duty 31 2.2.3 Resist/Obstruct a Constable in the Execution of his/her Duty 33 2.2.4 Assault or Resist/Wilfully Obstruct a Designated/ Accredited Person in the Execution of their Duty 34 2.2.5 Obstruct/Hinder Certain Emergency Workers and Persons Assisting 36 2.3 Wounding/ 39 2.3.1 Wounding or Inflicting Grievous Bodily Harm 39 2.3.2 Wounding or Grievous Bodily Harm—with Intent 43 2.4 Child Cruelty and Taking a Child into Police Protection 47 2.4.1 Child Cruelty 47

ix Contents—Detailed

2.4.2 Taking a Child at Risk into Police Protection 49 2.5 Threats to Kill 54 2.6 , and Child Abduction 57 2.6.1 False Imprisonment 57 2.6.2 Kidnapping 59 2.6.3 Child Abduction 60 2.7 Suspicious Deaths 66 2.7.1 66 2.7.2 70 2.7.3 Death of a Child or Vulnerable Adult 72 2.7.4 Over-Laying/Suffocation of Infant Under 3 in a Bed 73 2.7.5 74 2.7.6 75 2.7.7 77

3 Crime: 79 3.1 79 3.1.1 Theft 79 3.1.2 Removal of Articles from Places Open to the Public 84 3.1.3 Advertising Rewards for the Return of Stolen/Lost Goods 85 3.2 88 3.2.1 Robbery 88 3.2.2 Assault with Intent to Rob 90 3.2.3 91 3.3 Burglary 94 3.4 Aggravated Burglary 97 3.5 Dishonestly—Abstract Electricity/Retain a Wrongful Credit 100 3.5.1 Dishonestly 100 3.5.2 Dishonestly Retaining a Wrongful Credit 102 3.6 Handling Stolen Goods 104 3.7 Going Equipped 108 3.8 Making off without Payment 111 3.9 Fraud Offences 114 3.9.1 Fraud Offence 114 3.9.2 Meaning of Fraud by False Representation 116 3.9.3 Meaning of Fraud by Failing to Disclose Information 117 3.9.4 Meaning of Fraud by Abuse of Position 118 3.9.5 Liability of Company Officers for Offence by Company 119 3.9.6 Admissible 119 3.10 Articles for use in Fraud 122 3.10.1 Possess or Control Article for Use in Fraud 122

x Contents—Detailed

3.10.2 Making or Supplying ArticleforUseinFraud 123 3.11 Obtaining Services Dishonestly 125

4 Crime: General 128 4.1 Criminal 128 4.2 Vehicle Interference and Tampering with a Motor Vehicle 133 4.2.1 Vehicle Interference 133 4.2.2 Tampering with Motor Vehicles 134 4.3 Taking a Conveyance Without Owner’s 136 4.3.1 Taking a Conveyance without Owner’s Consent 136 4.3.2 Aggravated Vehicle-Taking 139 4.3.3 Pedal Cycles 141 4.4 Criminal Damage 144 4.5 Damage with Intent to Endanger Life and 149 4.5.1 Damage with Intent to Endanger Life 149 4.5.2 Arson 151 4.6 Threats to Destroy or Damage Property 154 4.7 Custody/control of Articles with Intent to Dam- age and Sale of Paint Aerosols to Persons Under 16 157 4.7.1 Custody/control of Articles with Intent to Damage 157 4.7.2 Sale of Aerosol Paints to Children 159 4.8 Intimidation of a Witness/Juror and Perverting the Course of Justice 161 4.8.1 Intimidation of a Witness/Juror 161 4.8.2 Perverting the Course of Justice 165

5 Drugs 168 5.1 Produce/Supply a Controlled Drug and Supply of Articles 168 5.1.1 Produce/Supply a Controlled Drug 168 5.1.2 Supply/Offer Articles to Administer or Prepare Drugs 173 5.2 Possessing and Possessing with Intent to Supply a Controlled Drug 176 5.2.1 Possessing a Controlled Drug 176 5.2.2 Possession with Intent to Supply 178 5.3 Occupier or Manager Permitting Premises to be used for Drugs and Closure Notices/Orders 181 5.3.1 Occupier/Manager Permit Drug Use on Premises 181 5.3.2 Premises Closure Notices/Orders 183 5.4 Cultivating Cannabis and ‘Magic Mushrooms’ 189 5.4.1 Cultivating Cannabis 189

xi Contents—Detailed

5.4.2 ‘Magic Mushrooms’ 190 5.5 Drug-Related Search Powers 194

6 Sexual Offences and Assaults 198 6.1 Rape 198 6.1.1 Rape 198 6.1.2 Rape of a Child Under 13 203 6.2 with Intent to Commit a Sexual Offence 206 6.3 by Penetration 209 6.3.1 Assault by Penetration of a Person Aged 13 or Over 209 6.3.2 Assault by Penetration of a Child Under 13 211 6.4 Sexual Assault by Touching 214 6.4.1 Sexual Assault by Touching a Person Aged 13 or Over 214 6.4.2 Sexual Assault by Touching a Child Under 13 216 6.5 Sexual Activity with a Child 218 6.6 Cause/Incite Child to Engage in Sexual Activity 222 6.6.1 Cause/Incite Child Aged 13–15 to Engage in Sexual Activity 222 6.6.2 Cause/Incite Child Under 13 to Engage in Sexual Activity 225 6.7 Arranging/Facilitating Commission of a Child Sex Offence and Meeting a Child Following Sexual Grooming 228 6.7.1 Arranging/Facilitating Commission of a Child Sex Offence 228 6.7.2 Meeting a Child Following Sexual Grooming 230 6.8 Indecent Photographs Under 18 234 6.8.1 Indecent Photographs Under 18 234 6.8.2 Possession of Indecent Photograph(s) of a Child 239 6.9 Exposure and Outraging Public Decency 242 6.9.1 Exposure 242 6.9.2 Outraging Public Decency 243 6.10 Voyeurism 246 6.11 Sexual Activity in a Public Lavatory 249 6.12 Administering Substance with Intent and Com- mitting an Offence with Intent to Commit Sexual Offence 251 6.12.1 Administering a Substance with Intent to Commit a Sexual Offence 251 6.12.2 Commit an Offence with Intent to Commit Sexual Offence 253 6.13 Prostitution: Soliciting, Kerb Crawling, and Pla- cing of Adverts 255 6.13.1 Prostitute Soliciting in the Street/Public Place 255 6.13.2 Kerb Crawling (Involving Motor Vehicle) 257

xii Contents—Detailed

6.13.3 Kerb Crawling (no Motor Vehicle) 258 6.13.4 Prostitution—Placing of Adverts in Telephone Boxes 259

7 Public Disorder/Nuisance 262 7.1 Penalty Notices for Disorder 262 7.1.1 Penalty Notices for Disorder Offences 262 7.1.2 Police Operational Guidance for Issuing PNDs 264 7.2 Drunk and Disorderly in Public Places 269 7.2.1 Drunk and Disorderly 269 7.2.2 Drunk on a Highway 270 7.3 273 7.4 and 277 7.4.1 Riot 277 7.4.2 Violent Disorder 279 7.5 282 7.6 Fear or Provocation of Violence 285 7.7 Intentional Harassment, Alarm, or Distress 289 7.8 Threatening/Abusive Words/Behaviour 293 7.9 Racial Hatred Offences 297 7.9.1 Meaning of Racial Hatred 297 7.9.2 Use of Words/Behaviour or Display of Written Material 297 7.9.3 Publishing/Distributing Written Material 299 7.9.4 Distributing, Showing, or Playing a Recording 300 7.10 Racially/Religiously Aggravated Offences 303 7.10.1 Meaning of ‘Racially or Religiously Aggravated’ 303 7.10.2 Racially or Religiously Aggravated Assaults 304 7.10.3 Racially or Religiously Aggravated Criminal Damage 306 7.10.4 Racially or Religiously Aggravated Public Order Offences 307 7.10.5 Racially or Religiously Aggravated Harassment 308 7.11 Harassment 311 7.11.1 Harassment—No Violence 311 7.11.2 Harassment (Fear of Violence) 314 7.11.3 Restraining orders 315 7.11.4 Civil remedies 316 7.11.5 Harassment of Person in his/her Home 318 7.12 Offensive/False Messages 324 7.12.1 Send Letters, etc. Intending to Cause Distress/Anxiety 324 7.12.2 Improper use of Electronic Public Communications Network 326 7.13 Anti-Social Behaviour 330 7.13.1 Anti-Social Behaviour Orders—Application/Breach 330 7.13.2 Act in Anti-Social Manner—Fail to Give Name/Address 334

xiii Contents—Detailed

7.13.3 335 7.14 Vehicles Causing Annoyance 338 7.14.1 Vehicles used in a Manner Causing Alarm, Distress, or Annoyance 338 7.14.2 Retention/Disposal of Seized Motor Vehicle 341 7.15 Dispersal of Groups 343 7.16 Litter and Abandoned Vehicles 348 7.16.1 Leaving litter 348 7.16.2 Removal/Interference with Litter Bins 349 7.16.3 Unauthorized Dumping/Abandoned Vehicles 351 7.17 Trespassers Residing on Land/Failing to Leave 354 7.17.1 Power to Remove Trespassers From Land 354 7.17.2 Power to Remove Trespassers—Alternative Site Available 357 7.18 Violent Entry to Premises/Squatters 362 7.18.1 Violent Entry to Premises 362 7.18.2 Adverse Occupation of Residential Premises 364

8 Firearms, Fireworks, and Weapons 367 8.1 ‘Section 1 Firearms’ Offences 367 8.1.1 Possessing s 1 Firearm/Ammunition without Certificate 367 8.1.2 Aggravated Firearm Offences 371 8.1.3 Restrictions on s 1 Firearms/Ammunition to Under 14 Years 372 8.1.4 Imitation/Replica Firearms 374 8.1.5 Failing to Comply with Firearm Certificate Conditions 376 8.2 Shotgun Offences 378 8.2.1 Shotgun without a Certificate 378 8.2.2 Aggravated Offences 380 8.2.3 Shotgun Restrictions to Under 15 Years 381 8.2.4 Fail to Comply with Shotgun Certificate Conditions 382 8.3 Criminal use of Firearms 384 8.3.1 Ban on Possession by Convicted Person 384 8.3.2 Possession with Intent to Endanger Life 386 8.3.3 Possession with Intent to Cause Fear of Violence 388 8.3.4 Using a Firearm to Resist or Prevent a Lawful Arrest 389 8.3.5 Possession at Time of Committing/Being Arrested for Specified Offence 390 8.3.6 Carrying Firearm—Criminal Intent/Resist Arrest 392 8.3.7 Using Person to Mind a Firearm/Weapon 393 8.4 Trespassing with Firearms 396 8.4.1 Trespass with any Firearm in a Building 396 8.4.2 Trespass with Firearm on Land 397 8.5 Possessing Firearm or Imitation Firearm in a Pub- lic Place 400 xiv Contents—Detailed

8.6 Police Powers—Firearms 404 8.6.1 Requirement to Hand over Firearm/Ammunition 404 8.6.2 Police Powers—Firearms/Shotgun Certificates 406 8.6.3 Premises Search Warrant 408 8.7 Air Weapons and Age Restrictions 411 8.7.1 Purchase/Hire on Supply Air Weapons, Firearms or Ammunition 411 8.7.2 Further Offences/Restrictions Relating to Air Weapons 413 8.7.3 Air Weapons Deemed Prohibited Weapons 416 8.7.4 ‘BB Guns’ 417 8.7.5 Other Firearms Offences (in a Highway/Street) 418 8.8 Fireworks 420 8.8.1 Categories of Fireworks (BS 7114) 420 8.8.2 Under 18 Years—Possess ‘Adult’ Fireworks 420 8.8.3 Ban on Possession of Category 4 Fireworks 422 8.8.4 Use Firework After 11 p.m. 423 8.8.5 Supply of Fireworks to Under 18 425 8.8.6 Other Fireworks Offences (in a Highway/Street) 426 8.9 Offensive Weapons and Crossbows 430 8.9.1 Offensive Weapons—Possession in a Public Place 430 8.9.2 Offensive Weapons—Provide/Trade/Manufacture 432 8.9.3 The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons) Order 1988 434 8.9.4 Trespassing with Weapon of Offence 434 8.9.5 Crossbows 436 8.10 Bladed Articles/Knives Offences 441 8.10.1 Possession of Bladed/Pointed Article in Public Place 441 8.10.2 Sale of Knives/Blades to Persons Under 18 443 8.10.3 Make/Import/Sell/Hire a Flick or Gravity Knife 444 8.10.4 Possess Weapon/Blade/Sharp Point on School Premises 445 8.10.5 Nuisance/Disturbance on School Premises 448 8.11 Powers—Knives and Offensive Weapons 450 8.11.1 Search Warrant for Premises 450 8.11.2 Power for Article/Weapon on School Premises 451 8.11.3 Stop and Search—Serious Violence/Offensive Weapon 452

9 Licensing 455 9.1 Children and Alcohol 455 9.1.1 Unaccompanied Children Prohibited from Certain Premises 455 9.1.2 Sale of Alcohol to Person Under 18 458 9.1.3 Allowing the Sale of Alcohol to Person Under 18 459 9.1.4 Purchase of Alcohol by or on Behalf of Person Under 18 461 9.1.5 Consumption of Alcohol by Person Under 18 463

xv Contents—Detailed

9.1.6 Delivering Alcohol to Person Under 18 465 9.1.7 Sending Person Under 18 to Obtain Alcohol 466 9.2 Drunkenness on Licensed Premises 469 9.2.1 Sale of Alcohol to Person Who is Drunk 469 9.2.2 Failure to Leave Licensed Premises 470 9.2.3 Allowing Disorderly Conduct on Licensed Premises 472 9.3 Powers to Enter/Close Licensed Premises and Test Purchases 474 9.3.1 Test Purchases 474 9.3.2 Police Powers to Enter Licensed Premises and Clubs 475 9.3.3 Police Powers—Closure Orders 475 9.3.4 Police powers—Closure Notice 477 9.4 Alcohol in Designated Places 479 9.4.1 Power to Require to Cease Drinking Alcohol 479 9.4.2 Failure to Comply with Alcohol Requirements 480 9.5 Alcohol Confiscation/Offence Fail to Surrender 482 9.5.1 Power to Confiscate Alcohol 482 9.5.2 Failing to Surrender Alcohol 483

10 Road Traffic 485 10.1 Road Traffic: Meaning of Roads, Public Places, Vehicles, and Drives 485 10.1.1 Roads 485 10.1.2 Public Place 487 10.1.3 Vehicles 487 10.1.4 Drives/Driving 489 10.2 Powers to Stop/Direct Vehicles and Pedestrians 492 10.2.1 Drivers to Comply with Traffic Directions 492 10.2.2 Directions to Pedestrians 494 10.2.3 Testing the Condition of Vehicles on a Road 495 10.2.4 Police Powers to Stop a Vehicle on a Road 496 10.3 Drivers—Failing to Comply with Traffic Sign 499 10.4 Traffic Fixed Penalty Notices 503 10.4.1 Traffic fixed penalty notices 503 10.4.2 Control of Vehicle and use of Hand-Held Mobile/ Communication Device 507 10.5 Notice of Intended Prosecution 510 10.6 Driving Without Due Care and Attention 513 10.6.1 Driving without Due Care and Attention 513 10.6.2 Request Details After Reckless, Careless, or Inconsid- erate Driving or Cycling 515 10.7 517 10.7.1 Dangerous Driving 517 10.7.2 Wanton or Furious Driving 519 10.8 Fatal Road Traffic Collision Incidents 521 10.8.1 Causing Death by Dangerous Driving 521 xvi Contents—Detailed

10.8.2 Causing Death by Careless Driving when Under Influence of Drink/Drugs 523 10.9 Road Traffic Collisions 526 10.9.1 Incidents to which Applicable 526 10.9.2 Duties of Driver After Accident 527 10.9.3 Duty of Driver to Report the Incident 528 10.10 Drive/ to Drive/in Charge of Vehicle Whilst Unfit Through Drink/Drugs 531 10.10.1 Drive/Attempt to Drive/in Charge—Whilst Unfit Drink/Drugs 531 10.10.2 Preliminary Test Powers 533 10.11 Drive/Attempt to Drive/in Charge Whilst over the Prescribed Limit 537 10.11.1 Drive/Attempt to Drive/in Charge of Motor Vehicle While Over the Prescribed Limit 537 10.11.2 Provision of Specimens for Analysis 539 10.12 Pedal Cycle Offences 543 10.12.1 Dangerous Cycling 543 10.12.2 Careless, and Inconsiderate, Cycling 544 10.12.3 Cycling when Under the Influence of Drink or Drugs 545 10.12.4 Riding on the Footpath 545 10.13 Driving While Disqualified 548 10.14 Driving not in Accordance with a Driving Licence 551 10.14.1 Drive Motor Vehicle of a Class not Authorized by Driving Licence 551 10.14.2 Minimum Ages for Holding/Obtaining Driving Licences 553 10.15 Drive with Defective Eyesight 555 10.16 Vehicle Document Offences and Seizure of Vehicles 558 10.16.1 No Insurance 558 10.16.2 No Test Certificate 561 10.16.3 Fail to Produce Driving Licence, Counterpart, Motor- cycle Training Certificate 563 10.16.4 Fail to Produce Insurance, Test Certificate, Plating Certificate, or Goods Vehicle Test Certificate 566 10.16.5 Seize and Remove Motor Vehicle (no Insurance/ Driving Licence) 568 10.17 Seat Belts 570 10.17.1 Seat Belts—Adults 570 10.17.2 Seat Belts—Children 572 10.18 Motor Cycle—No Crash Helmet/Eye protectors 577 10.19 Improper Use of Trade Plates 579 10.20 Vehicle Excise Licences and Registration Documents 582 10.20.1 Production of Registration Document 582 10.20.2 Using/Keeping Unlicensed Vehicle 583 10.20.3 Fail to Display a Vehicle Excise Licence 585

xvii Contents—Detailed

10.20.4 Fail to Fix Registration Mark to Vehicle 587 10.20.5 Obscured Registration Mark 589 10.20.6 Failure to have Nil Licence for Exempt Vehicle 590 10.21 Using Vehicle Without an Operator’s Licence 592 10.22 Obstruction of the Road 595 10.22.1 Obstruct the Footpath 595 10.22.2 Wilful Obstruction of the Highway 597 10.22.3 Builders’ Skips on the Highway 598 10.22.4 Cause Injury/Danger/Annoyance on the Highway 601 10.22.5 Unnecessary Obstruction 603 10.23 Off-Road Driving 605

11 General: Patrol 608 11.1 Community Support Officers (CSOs) 608 11.1.1 General Powers 608 11.1.2 Powers Relating to Licensing/Alcohol 610 11.1.3 Powers Relating to Tobacco 613 11.1.4 Powers Relating to Drugs 613 11.1.5 Powers Relating to Truancy and Curfews 614 11.1.6 Powers Relating to Traffic Matters 614 11.1.7 Power Relating to Anti-Social Behaviour 617 11.1.8 Power Relating to Terrorism 617 11.1.9 Power Relating to Illegal Trading 618 11.1.10 Power Relating to Photographing Persons 618 11.2 Mentally Disordered People in Public Places 620 11.3 Illegal Entry into the United Kingdom 623 11.3.1 Illegal Entry into the UK 623 11.3.2 Illegal Entry by 625 11.3.3 Assisting Illegal Entry 626 11.4 Wasting Police Time 628 11.4.1 Wasting Police Time 628 11.4.2 Bomb and Terrorist Type Hoaxes 629 11.5 Supplying Intoxicating Substances 633 11.5.1 Supplying Intoxicating Substances 633 11.5.2 Supplying Butane Lighter Refills 634 11.6 Animal Welfare and Control of Dogs 637 11.6.1 Animal Welfare Offences 637 11.6.2 Dogs Worrying Livestock 641 11.6.3 Dog Control Orders 643 11.6.4 Dangerous Dogs 644 11.6.5 Guard Dogs 646

12 Powers and Procedures 649 12.1 Stop and Search Powers 649 12.1.1 Search and Detain 649 xviii Contents—Detailed

12.1.2 Conduct of a Search 652 12.1.3 Written Records of Stop and Search 653 12.2 Powers of Arrest 656 12.2.1 Arrest without Warrant: Constables 656 12.2.2 Information to be Given on Arrest 659 12.2.3 Arrest Procedures 661 12.2.4 Arrest without Warrant: other Persons 662 12.3 Entry, Search, and Seizure Powers 665 12.3.1 Search upon Arrest 665 12.3.2 Power of Entry to Arrest, Save Life, or Prevent Damage 667 12.3.3 Searching of Premises after Arrest 669 12.3.4 Powers of Seizure from Premises 671 12.4 Enter and Search Warrants 674 12.4.1 Premises Search Warrant 674 12.4.2 Application Procedures for a Search Warrant 677 12.4.3 Execution of Search Warrants 678 12.4.4 Access to Excluded and Special Procedure Material 680

13 Patrol Matters and Guidance 684 13.1 Missing Persons 684 13.2 Child Abuse 689 13.3 Domestic Violence 692 13.4 Vulnerable Victim/Witness 696 13.5 Forced Marriages 700 13.6 Hate Incidents 704 13.7 People with Disabilities 708 13.8 Contamination of Officers/Police Staff 711 13.9 First Aid 715

APPENDICES 1 Useful Contacts 721 2 Traffic Data—Vehicle Categories and Groups 726 3 Firearms Offences Relating to Age 729 4 Religious Dates/Events 731

Index 735

xix