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Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Mycotic Aneurysm: a Review of the Literature and Single Center Experience

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Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Mycotic Aneurysm: a Review of the Literature and Single Center Experience Thomas Jefferson University Jefferson Digital Commons Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers Department of Neurosurgery 1-1-2013 Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Mycotic Aneurysm: A Review of the Literature and Single Center Experience. Mario Zanaty, MD Thomas Jefferson University Nohra El-Chalouhi, MD Thomas Jefferson University Robert M Starke University of Virginia School of Medicine Stavropoula Tjoumakaris MD Thomas Jefferson University FLollow Fernando this and Gonzalez, additional MD works at: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/neurosurgeryfp Thomas Jefferson University Part of the Medicine and Health Sciences Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy See next page for additional authors Recommended Citation Zanaty, MD, Mario; El-Chalouhi, MD, Nohra; Starke, Robert M; Tjoumakaris, Stavropoula MD; Gonzalez, MD, L Fernando; Hasan, MD, David; Rosenwasser, MD, Robert; and Jabbour, MD, Pascal, "Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Mycotic Aneurysm: A Review of the Literature and Single Center Experience." (2013). Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers. Paper 44. https://jdc.jefferson.edu/neurosurgeryfp/44 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Jefferson Digital Commons. The Jefferson Digital Commons is a service of Thomas Jefferson University's Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL). The Commons is a showcase for Jefferson books and journals, peer-reviewed scholarly publications, unique historical collections from the University archives, and teaching tools. The Jefferson Digital Commons allows researchers and interested readers anywhere in the world to learn about and keep up to date with Jefferson scholarship. This article has been accepted for inclusion in Department of Neurosurgery Faculty Papers by an authorized administrator of the Jefferson Digital Commons. For more information, please contact: [email protected]. Authors Mario Zanaty, MD; Nohra El-Chalouhi, MD; Robert M Starke; Stavropoula Tjoumakaris MD; L Fernando Gonzalez, MD; David Hasan, MD; Robert Rosenwasser, MD; and Pascal Jabbour, MD This article is available at Jefferson Digital Commons: https://jdc.jefferson.edu/neurosurgeryfp/44 Hindawi Publishing Corporation BioMed Research International Volume 2013, Article ID 151643, 8 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/151643 Review Article Endovascular Treatment of Cerebral Mycotic Aneurysm: A Review of the Literature and Single Center Experience Mario Zanaty,1 Nohra Chalouhi,1 Robert M. Starke,2 Stavropoula Tjoumakaris,1 L. Fernando Gonzalez,1 David Hasan,3 Robert Rosenwasser,1 and Pascal Jabbour1,4 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Jefferson Hospital for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA 2 Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA 3 Department of Neurosurgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA 4 Division of Neurovascular Surgery and Endovascular Neurosurgery, Department of Neurological Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, 901 Walnut Street 3rd Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Pascal Jabbour; [email protected] Received 13 September 2013; Accepted 18 November 2013 AcademicEditor:StevenJ.Monteith Copyright © 2013 Mario Zanaty et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The management of mycotic aneurysm has always been subject to controversy. The aim of this paper is to review the literature on the intracranial infected aneurysm from pathogenesis till management while focusing mainly on the endovascular interventions. This novel solution seems to provide additional benefits and long-term favorable outcomes. 1. Introduction evolution and response to treatment and given the lack of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), there has not been any Intracranial infectious aneurysms (IIAs) or mycotic widely accepted standard management [5]. The purpose of aneurysms are a rare entity and represent 0.7 to 5.4% this paper is to briefly review cerebral mycotic aneurysms of all cerebral aneurysms [1]. The name mycotic originated whilefocusingontheendovascularapproachfortheir fromthefactoftheirresemblancetofungalvegetation[2]. management. Although they can be caused by fungal pathogen, they are most commonly due to bacterial infection [3]. Historically 2. Methodology the management of mycotic aneurysms relied on surgery and We performed a literature review using MEDLINE. The fol- antibiotics with limited use of endovascular therapy fearing lowing meshwork words were used individually or in combi- the risk of overwhelming infection by introducing a foreign nation: mycotic, cerebral, infectious, intracranial, aneurysm, body to an infected region [4]. This theoretical fear exists in endovascular, treatment, management, and Onyx. We man- spite of the absence of reports in the literature on persistent aged to find 3 articles on the use of Onyx in the treatment infection or abscesses formation following endovascular of IIAs. Other articles were included in our study using a surgery [5]. A recent review of the literature that examined more extensive search to briefly review the pathogenesis of 287 cases of cerebral mycotic aneurysms (CMAs) [5]found thediseaseandtoevaluateotheralternativemanagements. no postprocedural infection in the 46 cases treated by ThesearchwaslimitedtothestudiespublishedinEnglish. endovascular coiling. In another study, coiling was successful eveninthepresenceofactivebacteremia[6]. However, 3. Epidemiology the safety and efficacy of these techniques are published in case-series and case-reports. Therefore, endovascular IIAs represent 5% of all intracranial aneurysms [8]. Currently treatment remains an individualized therapy with no there are no rigorous population-based epidemiological stud- standard guidelines [7]. Given the inconsistency in IIA’s ies, but an analysis of a pooled cohort by Ducruet et al. 2 BioMed Research International Mycotic aneurysm Ruptured Unruptured High risk: Invasive ∙ Proximal location Medium to ∙ management PAO cannot be done low risk ∙ Circumferential vessel involvement Conservative or invasive Invasive (physician management preference) ∙ Size increased or no change in size ∙ Development of other aneurysm ∙ Rupture occurred Invasive management Open surgery Endovascular: ∙ Old age ∙ Multiple comorbidities ∙ Young patient ∙ Severely dysplastic and no ∙ Limited comorbidity neck present ∙ Presence of hematoma with ∙ Candidate for cardiac surgery mass effect ∙ Distal location (or surgically inaccessible) ∙ Multiple IIAs Figure 1: Management algorithm. revealed that 65% of patients with IIA have an underlying 4. Pathology and Pathogenesis endocarditis [5]. The prevalence has decreased from 86% after the advent of antibiotic era [9]. The most common Theprocessistheresultofadevelopinginfectiousprocess sources of infectious bacteremia remain to be intravenous involving the arterial wall [11]. The acute inflammation leads (IV) drug abuse and poor dental hygiene. Direct invasion to neutrophils infiltration followed by degradation of the of the vascular wall from a nearby infectious focus, such as media and adventitia, fragmentation of the internal elastic cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis and bacterial meningitis, lamina and proliferation of the intima. The weakened vessel is also common cause of IAA. The median age tend to vary wall in combination with the pulsatile pressure in the vas- depending on the reviews between 35.1 [5]and53years[10]. culature leads to an aneurysm formation and consequential Some studies reported a higher male predominance while growth [5]. Most of the authors prefer the term pseudoa- the pooled cohort done by Ducruet et al. showed similar neurysm [12], although both are widely used. Many processes proportions of both genders (52% males and 48% females) may contribute to the development of IIAs: septic emboli [5]. lodging at distal branches, spreading infection involving BioMed Research International 3 (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) (j) (k) Figure 2: A patient with a history of intravenous drug abuse was admitted to an outside hospital for treatment of endocarditis. MRI at this time demonstrated multiple cerebral septic emboli and mycotic aneurysms (a–c). Two weeks after initiation of antibiotics, the patient had a significant headache and CT scan demonstrated new hemorrhage in the superior parietal lobe (d). The patient was transferred toour hospital for further care, and CTA and MRI at this time demonstrated 2 persistent mycotic aneurysms with hemorrhage surrounding the 7 mm aneurysm arising from the distal cortical branch from the middle cerebral artery (e–h). As the patient required a cardiac valve replacement and would receive full anticoagulation and had a hemorrhage 2 weeks after initiation of antibiotics, the intervention with the ruptured aneurysm was considered the best course of therapy. Due to the distal nature of the aneurysm, microsurgical removal was deemed the best therapy ((i), intraoperative image of cortically based aneurysm). Intraoperative angiogram demonstrated complete resection of the cortically based aneurysm with only the single aneurysm remaining (j, k). Follow CTA demonstrated resolution of the final remaining aneurysm. the vasa vasorum, and periarterial lymphatic and vascular viral infection such as HIV-1 and VZV [15, 16]andfungal manipulation precipitating
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