Discussion Paper on the Common Travel Area Sylvia De Mars, Colin Murray, Aoife O’Donoghue and Ben Warwick
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Discussion Paper on the Common Travel Area Sylvia de Mars, Colin Murray, Aoife O’Donoghue and Ben Warwick This paper was written by Sylvia de Mars, Colin Murray, Aoife O’Donoghue and Ben Warwick for the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission and the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. Dr Sylvia de Mars is a Senior Lecturer at Newcastle Law School, Newcastle University; Mr Colin Murray is a Reader at Newcastle Law School, Newcastle University; Professor Aoife O’Donoghue is a Professor at Durham Law School, Durham University; and Dr Ben Warwick is a Lecturer at Birmingham Law School, University of Birmingham. The views expressed within this paper do not necessarily represent the views of the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission or the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission, nor the employers of the authors. Paper finalised on 29th October 2018. Cover image is a modified photo by Michael Shannon. © 2018. Copyright is held by the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission and the Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission. Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission, Temple Court, 39 North Street, Belfast. Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission, 16–22 Green Street, Dublin 7. Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... 3 About the Authors .......................................................................................................... 5 Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 6 Executive Summary ...................................................................................................... 7 Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: The Core CTA ............................................................................................. 13 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 13 The CTA: Aligned Immigration Rules ........................................................................................... 15 The CTA: Reciprocal Individual Rights and Obligations ............................................................... 17 The CTA and the Good Friday/Belfast Agreement ...................................................................... 18 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 19 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 21 Chapter 2: The Development of the CTA .................................................................... 22 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 22 Partition ...................................................................................................................................... 22 The Second World War and its Aftermath .................................................................................. 23 Forging and Sustaining the Modern CTA .................................................................................... 25 The European Dimension ............................................................................................................ 27 Brexit ........................................................................................................................................... 28 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 29 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 3: The CTA and Cross-border Health and Social Care Provision ............. 31 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 31 Domestic Rules affecting Cross-Border Health and Social Care Access/Provision ...................... 32 EU Regimes affecting Cross-Border Health and Social Care Access/Provision ........................... 34 Funding ....................................................................................................................................... 36 Access to Cross-Border Health and Social Care under the Withdrawal Agreement ................... 37 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 40 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 4: The CTA and Employment Protections ................................................... 43 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 43 Basic Rights to Work Under the CTA ........................................................................................... 43 CTA Limitations ........................................................................................................................... 44 Rights in Work ............................................................................................................................. 45 Other Protections: CTA, EU, and GFA ......................................................................................... 47 Other Forms of Employment ...................................................................................................... 48 Cross-Border Business ................................................................................................................. 50 Mutual Recognition of Qualifications ......................................................................................... 51 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 51 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 5: The CTA and Social Security .................................................................... 53 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 53 CTA and Domestic Law ................................................................................................................ 53 Post Brexit Connections to EU Law ............................................................................................. 57 Irish Citizens in Northern Ireland ................................................................................................ 59 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 59 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 60 Table of Contents 3 Chapter 6: The CTA and Education ............................................................................. 61 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 61 Primary Level and Post Primary Schools ..................................................................................... 63 Further Education and Universities ............................................................................................ 65 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 70 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 71 Chapter 7: The CTA and Policing, Justice and Security ........................................... 72 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 72 Policing and Prosecution Cooperation ........................................................................................ 72 Justice System Cooperation ........................................................................................................ 75 A New Arrangement ................................................................................................................... 79 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 81 Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 8: Conclusions ............................................................................................... 83 What the Common Travel Area does .......................................................................................... 83 What is based in domestic legislation ......................................................................................... 83 What is based in EU law .............................................................................................................