DOCSLIB.ORG

Predicting Toxicity and Degradability of Quadricyclane, Fluorocarbon Ethers and Their Analogs

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Predicting Toxicity and Degradability of Quadricyclane, Fluorocarbon Ethers and Their Analogs Progress Report of the Air Force Project Covering the period 8/1/96 to 7/31//97 Agency No: DOD/F49620-94-1-0401 U of M No: 0756-5140 (1613-189-6090) NRRI Technical Report Number: NRRI/TR-97/15 Predicting Toxicity and Degradability of Quadricyclane, Fluorocarbon Ethers and Their Analogs Submitted By: Subhash C. Basak, Ph.D. Principal Investigator Natural Resources Research Institute 5013 Miller Trunk Highway Duluth, MN 55811 Phone: (218)720-4230 Fax: (218)720-9412 Email: [email protected] Keith B. Lodge, Ph.D. Co-principal Investigator Department of Chemical Engineering University of Minnesota, Duluth Duluth, MN 55812 Joseph Schubauer-Berigan, Ph.D. Principal Investigator of the USC Subcontract NIWB NERR Baruch Marine Laboratory P.O. Box 1630 Georgetown, SC 29442 The University of Minnesota is an equal opportunity educator and employer. Table of Contents Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................2 Objectives.................................................................................................................................... 3 Status of Effort ............................................................................................................................ 3 Accomplishments/New Findings................................................................................................. 4 TASK 1: Development of data bases ............................................................................4 TASK 2: Development of methods to quantify molecular similarity...............................4 TASK 3 Selection of analogs ............................ 5 TASK 4 ..........................................................................................................................5 A. Estimation of properties of the target chemical from the probe-induced subset B. Hierarchical approach to toxicity estimation using topological, geometrical, and quantum chemical parameters Task 5 Measurement of hydrophobicity ......................................................................... 6 Task 6 Microbial degradation studies............................................................................. 7 Task 7 Photochemical Degradation Studies ...............................................................7 Personnel Supported ..................................................................................................................7 Publications.................................................................................................................................. 7 Interactions/transitions ................................................................................................................8 A. Participation/Presentations......................................................................................... 8 B. Consultative and Advisory Functions ......................................................................... 9 C. Transitions ..................................................................................................................9 Honors/Awards.......................................................................................................................... 10 Appendix 1...................................................................................................................................10 Appendix 2...................................................................................................................................10 Acknowledgments During the third year of the Air Force grant I have benefited through interaction with numerous colleagues. I would like to specially mention Dr. Mic Lajiness (Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Ml), Professor A. T. Balaban (Polytechnic Institute, Bucharest, Roumania), Professor K. Balasubramanian (Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University Tempe, AZ), Professor William C. Herndon, (Department of Chemistry, University of Texas, El Paso), Dr. David Opitz (Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Duluth), Dr. Mark Johnson (Computer-Aided Drug Discovery, The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Ml), and Professor Milan Randic (Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Drake University, IA) for many fruitful discussions on topics related to quantification of molecular structure, molecular similarity and structure-activity relationships (SAR) pertaining to environmental toxicology. I am thankful to Mr. Greg Grunwald, Applications Programmer of NRRI, for his excellent efforts in developing databases and carrying out computations resulting in many publications supported by the Air Force. Finally, I would like to thank AFOSR for providing us financial support for carrying out the research reported herein. Subhash C. Basak, Ph.D. Principal Investigator 2 Objectives (The same as in the original proposal) In a large number of cases, we have to assess the risk of chemicals and predict the toxic potential of molecules in the face of limited experimental data. Structural criteria and functional criteria (if available) are routinely used to estimate the possible hazard posed by a chemical to the environment and ecosystem. Frequently, no biological or relevant physicochemical properties of the chemical species of interest are available to the risk assessor. In the proposed project, we will develop and implement a number of methods of quantifying molecular similarity of chemicals using techniques of computational and mathematical chemistry. Some of the methods are new and will be based on our own research on the theoretical development and implementation of molecular similarity methods. These techniques will be implemented in a user friendly computer environment of the Silicon Graphics workstation. The similarity methods will be used to select analogs of chemicals of interest to the Air Force, viz., QUADRICYCLANE, FLUOROCARBON ETHERS AND THEIR ANALOGS, from databases containing high quality physicochemical data and toxicity endpoints for large number of chemicals. The databases used in the project will come from three sources: a) public domain databases, b) our own in-house databases, and c) databases acquired from commercial vendors. The set of selected analogs, called probe-induced subsets, will be used to: a) develop structure-activity relationships (SAR), and b) carry out ranking of chemicals. Both of these methods will be used to estimate the hazard of the chemicals of interest. A set of chemicals (five to ten) will be chosen for experimental work with the purpose of evaluating and refining computer models. The set will include quadricyclane and fluorocarbon ethers of interest to the Air Force. It will also include a selection of analogs (probe-induced subset) that are readily available, suitable for experimentation, and for which data are lacking. Experiments will be performed to assess the biodegradability and photochemical degradability of the members of the set. Their toxicity will be tested by MicroTox and MutaTox. In cases where significant degradation is observed, the toxicity of the degradation products will also be tested. Direct measurement of the hydrophobicity (octanol-water partition coefficient) will be performed on the members of the set. Status of Effort A number of novel molecular similarity methods have been developed using topostructural and topochemical parameters which can be computed directly from molecular structure using POLLY. Topological indices (TIs), atom pairs (APs), geometrical parameters, and semiempirical quantum chemical parameters have been used for molecular similarity analysis and development of hierarchical QSAR models. The relative effectiveness of the various similarity techniques in selecting analogs and estimating properties of toxicological importance have been tested on a selected set of properties such as mutagenicity, acute toxicity, lipophilicity (logP, octanol/water), etc. The K nearest neighbor (KNN) method, K=1,2,... 25, has been used in generating probe-induced subsets from different databases. Results show that the KNN method gives the best estimate of properties at K = 5-10 for the properties studied. Seventy-five probe-induced subsets have been generated for Quadricyclane from three different databases: a) STARLIST logP database of Daylight, Inc., containing more than 4,000 3 high quality logP values, for b) the selection was restricted to C7 cmpds Available Chemicals Directory (ACD), containing over 180,000 chemicals which are currently available from suppliers worldwide, and c) a Chemical Abstracts Service database containing about 120,000 diverse chemicals. Some of the selected analogs are being tested in the laboratory in order to determine the utility of analogs in predicting properties of chemicals from the properties of their neighbors in similarity spaces. Accomplishments/New Findings The following is a summary of accomplishments of the various tasks of the project during the reporting period. TASK1: Development of data bases A large number of databases relevant to toxicology have been developed from published literature. These include properties like teratogenicity, inhibition of microsomal and mitochondrial oxygen uptake in rat cerebellum by chemicals, minimum inhibitory concentration of chemicals for DNA gyrase activity in E. Coli, EC50 for AHH receptor activation, Ames mutagenicity, Ito’s test for carcinogenicity, liver carcinogenicity in rat/mice, acute toxicity of various pollutants including
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 12E4968079.Pdf
    Fluorocarbon compatibilized gold-silica nanocomposites for recyclable regioselective hydroamination of alkynes in a fluorous biphasic system Item Type Conference Paper Authors Merican, Zulkifli; Vu, Bao Khanh; Solovyeva, Vera; Rodionov, Valentin; Khe, Cheng Seong; Rajalingam, Sokkalingam; Vasant, Pandian Citation Merican Z, Vu BK, Solovyeva VA, Rodionov VO, Khe CS, et al. (2016) Fluorocarbon compatibilized gold-silica nanocomposites for recyclable regioselective hydroamination of alkynes in a fluorous biphasic system. Available: http:// dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4968079. Eprint version Publisher's Version/PDF DOI 10.1063/1.4968079 Publisher AIP Publishing Rights This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and AIP Publishing. The following article appeared in Merican, Z., Vu, B.K., Solovyeva, V.A., Rodionov, V.O., Khe, C.S., Rajalingam, S. and Vasant, P., 2016, November. Fluorocarbon compatibilized gold-silica nanocomposites for recyclable regioselective hydroamination of alkynes in a fluorous biphasic system. In 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON FUNDAMENTAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES (ICFAS2016) (Vol. 1787, No. 1, p. 030014). AIP Publishing and may be found at http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.4968079. Download date 27/09/2021 23:14:23 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10754/622088 Fluorocarbon compatibilized gold-silica nanocomposites for recyclable regioselective hydroamination of alkynes in a fluorous biphasic system Zulkifli Merican, Bao Khanh Vu, Vera A. Solovyeva, Valentin O. Rodionov, Cheng Seong Khe, Sokkalingam Rajalingam, and Pandian Vasant Citation: 1787, 030014 (2016); doi: 10.1063/1.4968079 View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4968079 View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1787/1 Published by the American Institute of Physics Fluorocarbon Compatibilized Gold-Silica Nanocomposites For Recyclable Regioselective Hydroamination of Alkynes In A Fluorous Biphasic System Zulkifli Merican1, a Bao Khanh Vu2, Vera A.
    [Show full text]
  • Low-Surface-Energy Fluoromethacrylate Block Copolymers with Patternable Elements
    Chem. Mater. 2000, 12, 33-40 33 Low-Surface-Energy Fluoromethacrylate Block Copolymers with Patternable Elements Shu Yang, Jianguo Wang,† Kenji Ogino,‡ Suresh Valiyaveettil,§ and Christopher K. Ober* Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Bard Hall, Ithaca, New York 14853-1501 Received April 26, 1999. Revised Manuscript Received October 19, 1999 A series of block polymers were synthesized from tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate (THPMA) and several fluorinated methacrylates. By changing both the length of the fluorinated side chain and the nature of its end group, the surface properties of these polymers were greatly influenced. The polymers with perfluoroheptyl groups showed the lowest surface tension, ∼7 mN/m, whereas those with perfluoropropyl groups showed surface tension around 12 mN/m. The surface tension changed dramatically when the perfluorinated side chain with a CF2H end group was capped, increasing to 18 mN/m for three -CF2- units. The relative volume ratios of different block copolymers did not affect the resulting surface energy. After thermal decomposition of labile THP- groups in these polymers, acid and acid anhydride groups were produced. Thermal cross-linking of these groups increased mechanical robustness and led to better surface stability and adhesion of the polymer to the substrate. Because these polymers were designed for their lithographic abilities, some aspects of their photoimaging properties are discussed. Introduction surfactants, or emulsifiers,2 some of which are soluble in supercritical carbon dioxide.3,4 A monolayer of these Precise control of the surface properties of polymeric materials, properly organized, will make a very low- materials by means of self-organization is a major energy surface.
    [Show full text]
  • JTEFT-04-00146.Pdf
    Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology Research Article Open Access Process intensification of fluorocarbon-free and fluorocarbon-based water repellent finishes on cotton knit fabrics Abstract Volume 4 Issue 3 - 2018 The capabilities of the fluorocarbon-free alkyl urethane based resin, was analyzed Kawser Parveen Chowdhury on cotton fabric. In this study, both single jersey and double jersey knit structured Department of Wet Process Engineering, Bangladesh University fabrics were taken to evaluate the performance of different water repellent finishes of Textiles, Bangladesh; on fabrics properties. The performance of the fluorocarbon-free alkyl urethane based resin and fluorocarbon based water repellent chemicals were evaluated and compared Correspondence: Kawser Parveen Chowdhury, Assistant at different formulations. The effectiveness of water repellency of the finished fabrics Professor, Department of Wet Process Engineering, Bangladesh were evaluated by AATCC 127 hydrostatic head test method and by ISO 4920:2012 University of Textiles, Address: 92, Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmed spray rating test method. To assess the performance of water repellent finished knit Avenue, Tejgaon, Dhaka-1208, Bangladesh, Tel +8801716167777, fabrics, GSM, bursting strength test, stiffness, color fastness to wash, color fastness to Email [email protected] sea water, color fastness to saliva, color fastness to rubbing, color fastness to light were done according to ISO and ASTM method. The results showed that the fluorocarbon- Received: May 25, 2018 | Published: June 06, 2018 free alkyl urethane based resin treated fabrics exhibited competitive result on water repellency, other physical and chemicals properties. The water repellent finish type and concentration were very important criteria to obtain good water repellency.
    [Show full text]
  • Hfcs for THERMAL INSULATION
    HFCs FOR THERMAL INSULATION Visit our web site www.fluorocarbons.org A SOLUTION ADDRESSING THE CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGE EFCTC - European FluoroCarbon Technical Committee Avenue E.van Nieuwenhuyse 4 B-1160 Brussels - Phone : +32 2 676 72 11 HFCs FOR THERMAL INSULATION Visit our web site www.fluorocarbons.org A SOLUTION ADDRESSING THE CLIMATE CHANGE CHALLENGE EFCTC - European FluoroCarbon Technical Committee Avenue E.van Nieuwenhuyse 4 B-1160 Brussels - Phone : +32 2 676 72 11 Progress for our quality of life… Could we do without heating or air conditioning? …and climate protection Refrigeration, air conditioning and heating are often essential to life particularly in public areas such as The greenhouse effect to a great extent determines the climate in hospitals and laboratories, for food products on earth. Growth in emissions of greenhouse gases associated with in the cold chain, for medical and computer equipment. human activities threa tens the climate balance. Carbon dioxide (CO2) - the main greenhouse gas - is emitted when fossil fuels are burnt to But we have also to consider the impact of produce energy and increasing energy demands have led to rapid growth the wide-spread use of these services on in the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Heating, air conditioning the global environment. and refrigeration have contributed to this growth. Roof If no action is taken at all, greenhouse gas(*) emissions could be expected to further increase in EU Member States by 17% 22% between 1990 and 2010, while the target set by the Kyoto Protocol for the period is to reduce the emissions by 8%.
    [Show full text]
  • Prodrugs Design Based on Inter- and Intramolecular Chemical Processes
    Chem Biol Drug Des 2013; 82: 643–668 Review Prodrugs Design Based on Inter- and Intramolecular Chemical Processes Rafik Karaman1,2,* compound satisfies a number of preset criteria to start clinical development. The number of years it takes to intro- 1Bioorganic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, duce a drug to the pharmaceutical market is over 10 years Al-Quds University, P.O. Box 20002, Jerusalem, Palestine with a cost of more than $1 billion dollars (1,2). 2Department of Science, University of Basilicata, Via dell’Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy Modifying the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and *Corresponding author: Rafik Karaman, elimination (ADME) properties of an active drug requires a [email protected] complete understanding of the physicochemical and bio- logical behavior of the drug candidate (3 6). This includes This review provides the reader a concise overview of – the majority of prodrug approaches with the emphasis comprehensive evaluation of drug-likeness involving on the modern approaches to prodrug design. The prediction of ADME properties. These predictions can be chemical approach catalyzed by metabolic enzymes attempted at several levels: in vitro–in vivo using data which is considered as widely used among all other obtained from tissue or recombinant material from human approaches to minimize the undesirable drug physico- and preclinical species, and in silico or computational pre- chemical properties is discussed. Part of this review dictions projecting in vitro or in vivo data, involving the will shed light on the use of molecular orbital methods evaluation of various ADME properties, using computa- such as DFT, semiempirical and ab initio for the design tional approaches such as quantitative structure activity of novel prodrugs.
    [Show full text]
  • Factsheet Fluorocarbons (Pfcs)
    Factsheet Fluorocarbons (PFCs) Sympatex Technologies GmbH PTFE-free Sympatex membrane The Sympatex membrane is PTFE-free which means that it does not contain any fluorine compounds. It is made of perfectly safe polyether/ester, a compound of polyester and polyether molecules which makes it absolutely environmentally friendly and kind on the skin and also means it can be recycled like a PET bottle. Other membranes such as Gore-Tex and eVent are made of PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) whose manufacture, disposal, heating and incineration may release PFCs (per and polyfluorinated chemicals / fluorine compounds) which are regarded as ecologically problematic. The performance of fluorine-free polyester membranes and PTFE-based membranes are very similar in terms of them being windproof, breathable and waterproof. Water-repellent impregnations / General facts To meet requirements relating to functionality and care, the outer materials used in outdoor clothing generally have a water-repellent treatment (impregnation) on the outside and a membrane on the inside. The Sympatex membrane ensures that functional clothing is waterproof. Water-repellent treatments also ensure that the textile has durable water-repellent properties. A DWR (durable water repellent) treatments is an extremely thin coating of the individual fibres which ensures that water simply forms beads and falls off. This treatment prevents or delays the ingress of water into the outer material. The result of this is that the garment does not absorb water, it does not gain weight, the
    [Show full text]
  • Structure Property Relationships of Carboxylic Acid Isosteres † † † ‡ † Pierrik Lassalas, Bryant Gay, Caroline Lasfargeas, Michael J
    Article pubs.acs.org/jmc Structure Property Relationships of Carboxylic Acid Isosteres † † † ‡ † Pierrik Lassalas, Bryant Gay, Caroline Lasfargeas, Michael J. James, Van Tran, † ‡ † § † Krishna G. Vijayendran, Kurt R. Brunden, Marisa C. Kozlowski, Craig J. Thomas, Amos B. Smith, III, † † ‡ Donna M. Huryn,*, and Carlo Ballatore*, , † Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States ‡ Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania, 3600 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, United States § National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20850, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: The replacement of a carboxylic acid with a surrogate structure, or (bio)-isostere, is a classical strategy in medicinal chemistry. The general underlying principle is that by maintaining the features of the carboxylic acid critical for biological activity, but appropriately modifying the physico- chemical properties, improved analogs may result. In this context, a systematic assessment of the physicochemical properties of carboxylic acid isosteres would be desirable to enable more informed decisions of potential replacements to be used for analog design. Herein we report the structure− property relationships (SPR) of 35 phenylpropionic acid derivatives, in which the carboxylic acid moiety is replaced with a series of known isosteres. The data set generated provides an assessment of the relative impact on the physicochemical properties that these replacements may have compared to the carboxylic acid analog. As such, this study presents a framework for how to rationally apply isosteric replacements of the carboxylic acid functional group. ■ INTRODUCTION ships (SPR) of the existing palette of isosteres is most desirable.
    [Show full text]
  • Pfos, Pfoa, and Other Fluorochemicals
    ® PFOS, PFOA, AND OTHER FLUOROCHEMICALS Fluorochemicals are used in water-repellent finishes and class-action lawsuits began against DuPont® regarding PFOA waterproof membranes in outdoor apparel. These fluorinated used in the manufacturing of Teflon® coatings for cookware. compounds also can be found in a wide variety of other consumer DuPont subsequently reached settlements and received dismissals goods, including nonstick cookware, paints and coatings, and in these lawsuits, and is well on its way to eliminate PFOA from stain-release treatments for carpet. We do our best to monitor the its manufacturing processes. health, safety and environmental impacts of chemicals used in the manufacture of our products by reviewing information published Fluorocarbon-Based Water Repellents by U.S. government agencies responsible for regulating these Water repellency is achieved by lowering the surface energy of the chemicals, and by discussions with the companies that make the fabric so that water will bead on the surface and won’t “wet out” materials used in our products. Based on what we have learned the garment. This can be achieved with many types of finishes, to date, we are not aware of information linking skin contact including waxes, oils and silicones. But these compounds can from the routine use of apparel to an uptake of fluorochemicals be penetrated by oil, including lotions and oils from skin. Since into the human body and any potential for harm. But because fluorocarbons are the most effective at repelling both oil and we are concerned about the persistence of these chemicals in the water they are commonly used in water-repellent finishes on environment, we have been working to find alternatives to two outerwear clothing.
    [Show full text]
  • ESL Fact Sheet
    FACT SHEET HYRODGEN FLUORIDE AND OTHER SOLUBLE INORGANIC FLUORIDES CAS#: 7664-39-3 This fact sheet provides a summary of the Development Support Document (DSD) created by the Toxicology Division (TD) of the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) for the development of Regulatory Guidelines (ESL and ReVs) for ambient exposure to this chemical. For more detailed information, please see the DSD or contact the TD by phone (1-877-992-8370) or e-mail ([email protected]). What are hydrogen fluoride and inorganic soluble fluorides? Inorganic soluble fluorides (F) exist in the atmosphere as both gas and particulates and are used in the production of aluminum, steel, phosphate fertilizers, phosphoric acid, glass, ceramic, and brick products. Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is widely used in the production of fluorocarbon chemicals. Anhydrous HF is used as a catalyst in the production of most fluorine-containing chemicals; as a fluorinating agent in the production of fluorine and aluminum fluoride; and in refining uranium. It is used in the production of refrigerants, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, high- octane gasoline, aluminum, plastics, electrical components, and fluorescent light bulbs. Aqueous hydrofluoric acid is used in stainless steel pickling, glass etching, metal coatings, exotic metal extraction, and quartz purification. How are HF and soluble F released into ambient air? Naturally-occurring F including HF can be released into the air through volcanic activity, dust from soils, and sea-water droplets, then carried into the atmosphere by winds. However, most of the airborne F is generated through the burning of F-containing fuels and from industrial sources. Major sources of industrial HF and F emissions are aluminum production and phosphate fertilizer plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Prodrugs: a Challenge for the Drug Development
    PharmacologicalReports Copyright©2013 2013,65,1–14 byInstituteofPharmacology ISSN1734-1140 PolishAcademyofSciences Drugsneedtobedesignedwithdeliveryinmind TakeruHiguchi [70] Review Prodrugs:A challengeforthedrugdevelopment JolantaB.Zawilska1,2,JakubWojcieszak2,AgnieszkaB.Olejniczak1 1 InstituteofMedicalBiology,PolishAcademyofSciences,Lodowa106,PL93-232£ódŸ,Poland 2 DepartmentofPharmacodynamics,MedicalUniversityofLodz,Muszyñskiego1,PL90-151£ódŸ,Poland Correspondence: JolantaB.Zawilska,e-mail:[email protected] Abstract: It is estimated that about 10% of the drugs approved worldwide can be classified as prodrugs. Prodrugs, which have no or poor bio- logical activity, are chemically modified versions of a pharmacologically active agent, which must undergo transformation in vivo to release the active drug. They are designed in order to improve the physicochemical, biopharmaceutical and/or pharmacokinetic properties of pharmacologically potent compounds. This article describes the basic functional groups that are amenable to prodrug design, and highlights the major applications of the prodrug strategy, including the ability to improve oral absorption and aqueous solubility, increase lipophilicity, enhance active transport, as well as achieve site-selective delivery. Special emphasis is given to the role of the prodrug concept in the design of new anticancer therapies, including antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (ADEPT) andgene-directedenzymeprodrugtherapy(GDEPT). Keywords: prodrugs,drugs’ metabolism,blood-brainbarrier,ADEPT,GDEPT
    [Show full text]
  • Forane® Refrigerants Brochure/Technical Digest
    Technical Digest HFCs HCFCs R-410A R-22 R-427A R-408A R-407A R-407C R-134a R-404A R-507A R-32 Table of Contents Know Your Source 4 Refrigerant Flow Chart 5 Application Reference Guide 6 Product Guide page 7 8 9 HFCs 2 Forane• Refrigerants Arkema continues its role as an industry leader through Included in this brochure are basic refrigerant the development and support of new and existing properties and product descriptions, as well as refrigerant solutions. This Technical Digest was created application guides and retrofit procedures. as a reference source for HVACR professionals, providing For more detailed information on any of our Forane® updated coverage of refrigerant-related information. refrigerants, please contact our Technical Service The products listed here are widely used to service the Hotline at (800) 738-7695, or visit our website at major air-conditioning and refrigeration markets. forane.com. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 HCFCs Definitions and Other Topics 17 R-22 Transition 18 Kigali Agreement 19 Pressure-Temperature Chart 20 - 21 Basic Property Data Chart 22 Cylinder Information 23 3 KNOW YOUR SOURCE All Forane® refrigerant products meet the following qualifications UL® CLASSIFIED ANTI-COUNTERFEITING TECHNOLOGY UL® (Underwriters Laboratories Inc.) has classified all Launched in January of Arkema Forane® refrigerant products as meeting the safety 2017, Arkema implemented standards for refrigerants. These standards a brand protection initiative, are written documents that outline the which helps protect our process in which a product is tested to customers from purchasing help mitigate risk, injury, or danger. UL® is possible counterfeit refriger- a standard-setting organization, combining ant cylinders.
    [Show full text]
  • Synthesis of Polymer Nanoparticles Using
    SYNTHESIS OF POLYMER NANOPARTICLES USING INTRAMOLECULAR CHAIN COLLAPSE AND BENZOCYCLOBUTENE CHEMISTRY A Dissertation Presented to The Graduate Faculty of The University of Akron In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Ajay Ramesh Amrutkar September 2016 i SYNTHESIS OF POLYMER NANOPARTICLES USING INTRAMOLECULAR CHAIN COLLAPSE AND BENZOCYCLOBUTENE CHEMISTRY Ajay Ramesh Amrutkar Dissertation Approved: Accepted: Advisor Department Chair Dr. Coleen Pugh Dr. Coleen Pugh Committee Chair Dean of the College Dr. Li Jia Dr. Eric Amis Committee Member Dean of the Graduate School Dr. Stephen Cheng Committee Member Date Dr. Mesfin Tsige Committee Member Dr. Alamgir Karim ii ABSTRACT Single chain polymer nanoparticle (SCPN) synthesis from different polymer precursors using benzocyclobutene (BCB) chemistry and intramolecular crosslinking was investigated in this study. Synthesis of highly fluorinated SCPNs from highly fluorinated uni-block copolymer precursor utilizing ‘pseudo-high dilution continuous addition technique’ was investigated. GPC confirmed selective intramolecular crosslinking and TEM images supported formation of sub-20 nm spherical polymer nanoparticles. Amphiphilic SCPNs prepared via step-wise crosslinking of an amphiphilic di-block copolymer chain were investigated for their morphology using 4 different characterization techniques: TEM, AFM, DLS and DOSY-NMR. TEM and AFM images showed presence of discreet SCPNs as loosely crosslinked coils that flatten out when deposited on the surface forming pancake like morphology with ≈ 20 nm sizes. All the techniques showed presence of bimodal size distribution of these nanoparticles in solution. A smaller sized distribution represented discreet SCPNs whereas larger sized (>40 nm) distribution represented physical aggregates of SCPNs. These aggregates were broken down upon significantly diluting the solution of nanoparticles (≤50 ng/mL).
    [Show full text]