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The Florida Historical Quarterly COVER Downtown DeLand, ca. 1890s. Miller’s Feed & Hardware, corner New York Avenue and the Boulevard. Reproduced from A Pictorial History of West Volusia County, 1870-1940, by William J. Dreggors, Jr., and John Stephen Hess. The Volume LXIX, Number October 1990 THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL SOCIETY COPYRIGHT 1990 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. The Florida Historical Quarterly (ISSN 0015-4113) is published quarterly by the Florida Historical Society, Uni- versity of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, and is printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, Florida. Second-class postage paid at Tampa and DeLeon Springs, Florida. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the Florida Historical Society, P. O. Box 290197, Tampa, FL 33687. THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Samuel Proctor, Editor Canter Brown, Jr., Editorial Assistant EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD David R. Colburn University of Florida Herbert J. Doherty University of Florida Michael V. Gannon University of Florida John K. Mahon University of Florida (Emeritus) Joe M. Richardson Florida State University Jerrell H. Shofner University of Central Florida Charlton W. Tebeau University of Miami (Emeritus) Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida 32604-2045. The Quarterly is interested in articles, and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, original- ity of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and in- terest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes are to be numbered con- secutively in the text and assembled at the end of the article. Particular attention should be given to following the footnote style of the Quarterly. The author should submit an original and retain a copy for security. Authors are encouraged to submit articles in IBM WordStar 4.0, WordPerfect 5.0, or ASCII; please include both a hardcopy and a diskette. The Florida His- torical Society and the Editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no responsibility for statements made or opinions held by authors. The Quarterly reviews books dealing with all aspects of Florida history. Books to be reviewed should be sent to the Editor, to- gether with price and information on how they can be ordered. Table of Contents MEN WITHOUT GOD OR KING: RURAL SETTLERS OF EAST FLORIDA, 1784-1790 Susan R. Parker 135 “TELL THEM I DIED LIKE A CONFEDERATE SOLDIER": FINEGAN’S FLORIDA BRIGADE AT COLD HARBOR Zack C. Waters 156 APALACHICOLA AWEIGH: SHIPPING AND SEAMEN AT FLORIDA'S PREMIER COTTON PORT Lynn Willoughby 178 WILLIAM POPE DUVAL: AN EXTRAORDINARY FOLKLORIST Frank L. Snyder 195 B OOK REVIEWS . 213 B OOK NOTES . 248 H ISTORY NEWS . 258 ANNUAL MEETING . 264 BOOK REVIEWS VENICE: JOURNEY FROM HORSE AND CHAISE, by Janet Snyder Matthews reviewed by Leland M. Hawes, Jr. THE EPISCOPAL DIOCESE OF FLORIDA, 1892-1975, by George R. Bentley reviewed by Joseph D. Cushman THE JOURNAL OF DON FRANCISCO SAAVEDRA DE SANGRONIS, 1780-1783, edited and introduced by Francisco Morales Padrón reviewed by Jane Landers THE MINORCANS OF FLORIDA: THEIR HISTORY, LANGUAGE, AND CULTURE, by Philip D. Rasico reviewed by Jane Quinn BIG SUGAR: SEASONS IN THE CANE FIELDS OF FLORIDA, by Alec Wilkinson reviewed by Robert H. Zieger PIONEER COLLEGE: THE CENTENNIAL HISTORY OF SAINT LEO COLLEGE, SAINT LEO ABBEY, AND HOLY NAME PRIORY, by James J. Horgan reviewed by Charles W. Arnade HE INCLUDED ME: THE AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF SARAH RICE, transcribed and edited by Louise Westling reviewed by Daniel L. Schafer AMERICA'S HISTORIC LANDSCAPES: COMMUNITY POWER AND THE PRESER- VATION OF FOUR NATIONAL HISTORIC SITES, by Ary J. Lamme III reviewed by Murray D. Laurie Two WORLDS: THE INDIAN ENCOUNTER WITH THE EUROPEAN, 1492-1509, by S. Lyman Tyler reviewed by William F. Keegan POWHATAN'S MANTLE: INDIANS IN THE COLONIAL SOUTHEAST, edited by Peter H. Wood, Gregory A. Waselkov, and M. Thomas Hatley reviewed by John F. Scarry THE LOYALIST PERCEPTION AND OTHER ESSAYS, by Robert M. Calhoon reviewed by J. Barton Starr THE EDGE OF THE SWAMP: A STUDY IN THE LITERATURE AND SOCIETY OF THE OLD SOUTH, by Louis D. Rubin, Jr. reviewed by Jon L. Wakelyn NATCHEZ BEFORE 1830, edited by Noel Polk reviewed by Christopher Morris FIGHTING FOR THE CONFEDERACY: THE PERSONAL RECOLLECTIONS OF GENERAL EDWARD PORTER ALEXANDER, edited by Gary W. Gallagher reviewed by Richard M. MCMUrry AN UNCERTAIN TRADITION: CONSTITUTIONALISM AND THE HISTORY OF THE SOUTH, edited by Kermit L. Hall and James W. Ely, Jr. reviewed by Richard L. Aynes A DEATH IN THE DELTA: THE STORY OF EMMETT TILL, by Stephen J. Whit- field reviewed by Glen Jeansonne A TURN IN THE SOUTH, by V. S. Naipaul reviewed by William I. Hair LOOKING SOUTH: CHAPTERS IN THE STORY OF AN AMERICAN REGION, edited by Winfred B. Moore, Jr., and Joseph F. Tripp reviewed by Willard B. Gatewood, Jr. STORYTELLERS: FOLKTALES AND LEGENDS FROM THE SOUTH, edited by John A. Burrison reviewed by Suzanne C. Linder MEN WITHOUT GOD OR KING: RURAL SETTLERS OF EAST FLORIDA, 1784-1790 by Susan R. Parker N 1784 Spanish colonists returned to the Florida peninsula I after a twenty-year hiatus of British rule. In St. Augustine troops from Cuba walked the streets talking in Spanish, former émigré residents or their relatives moved in to reclaim old homes, and mass was sung again in the parish church. Out in the countryside the settlers debated in English what their fate might be under the new regime. The few Spanish that they saw were the military detachments assigned to the frontier posts or the sailors bringing supplies. Two decades before, in peace negotiations ending the Seven Years War, Spain had traded its Florida territory to ransom British-held Havana. Florida’s cession to Great Britain ended 200 years of Spanish occupation. Soldiers from the Iberian peninsula and Floridian creole inhabitants evacuated the pro- vince rather than remain to live under British rule. In the mid- dle of the 1770s subjects loyal to the British crown began immi- grating to East Florida, and by the end of the American Revolu- tion its population had increased fivefold.1 Peace parleys in 1783 again transferred Florida’s ownership-this time, back to Spain. In 1784 and 1785 British transports arrived to evacuate officials, troops, residents, and their belongings from Florida. A number of British subjects, however, chose to stay to seek their fortunes as subjects of Carlos III. In St. Augustine the former British subjects lived among a mixture of recent arrivals from other parts of the Spanish em- Susan Parker is a historian for the Historic St. Augustine Preservation Board and a doctoral student, University of Florida. The author wishes to express her appreciation to Darrett B. Rutman, University of Florida, for his assistance with this study. 1. Robert L. Gold, Borderland Empires in Transition: The Triple-Nation Transfer of Florida (Carbondale & Edwardsville, 1969); J. Leitch Wright, Jr., Florida in the American Revolution (Gainesville, 1975), 21. [135] 136 F LORIDA H ISTORICAL Q UARTERLY pire, but the settled rural region-the basins of the St. Johns and St. Marys rivers—remained exclusively Anglo. When Spanish policy eventually allowed new settlers to enter the re- gion in 1790, the presence of an already established Anglo pop- ulation ensured continuity and stability on East Florida’s vulner- able northern border.2 As used in this essay, the term “Anglo” means those individu- als who immigrated into East Florida from the American col- onies to the north or from the British Isles (and a few from other northern European countries) and who remained in Florida after 1784. Their accents may have differed, but they had in common their northern European origin and the fact that they were not Roman Catholics in a colony where Roman Catholicism was the official religion. Spanish immigration policy in 1784 required adherence to Roman Catholicism, although it allowed already settled Protestants to remain in the province. The term, “Protestant,” applies more to Anglo settlers in default than it does as an indication of allegiance to a formal set of religious tenets. One typically priestly description referred to the resident as being “of religion, if any, Lutheran.“3 Anglo attitudes and goals often differed from those of Spanish officials in St. Augustine. The cultural background of the Anglos, as well as their nationality, was alien to the men who governed East Florida. Those officials expected obedience, loy- alty, and sacrifice from settlers who were vulnerable to attack by Americans and Indians on a frontier that Spain could not really defend. One Spanish officer describing East Florida’s northern river region in 1784 thought that the attributes of the area sur- passed the qualities of its inhabitants. Although there were “probably some of good reputation,” Spanish navy officer Nicolás Grenier stated that most of the settlers were “men with- out God or king.“4 They were, in fact, men and women in the act of exchanging their kings, for the question had been put to 2. Among those who arrived subsequent to the 1790 royal order inviting settlers were John McQueen, Andrew Atkinson, and, several years later, Zephaniah Kingsley. 3. White baptisms, Book I, 208. St. Augustine Cathedral Parish Records (CPR), Diocesan Center, Mandarin, Florida (microfilm copies at St. Augustine His- torical Society). 4. Nicolás Grenier, November 10, 1784, in Joseph Byrne Lackey, East Florida, 1783-1785: A File of Documents Assembled and Many of them Translated (Ber- keley & Los Angeles, 1949), 307. R URAL S ETTLERS 137 them whether to remain and live under Spanish control or to depart for other parts of the British Empire. Those individuals unfettered by sizeable families and those who possessed a marketable craft were the ones most likely to relocate to other colonies.
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