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Extraction Force Prediction for Male Entrapment Victims with Different Body Types Submerged Below the Grain Surface

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Extraction Force Prediction for Male Entrapment Victims with Different Body Types Submerged Below the Grain Surface Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering 2019 Extraction Force Prediction for Male Entrapment Victims with Different Body Types Submerged below the Grain Surface Charles V. Schwab Iowa State University, [email protected] Lauren E. Schwab Iowa State University, [email protected] Pamela J. Schwab Civil Software Design LLC Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs Part of the Agriculture Commons, Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons, and the Civil and Environmental Engineering Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ abe_eng_pubs/1113. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Extraction Force Prediction for Male Entrapment Victims with Different Body Types Submerged below the Grain Surface Abstract One contributor to agriculture‘s high death rate is confined space fatalities caused by entrapment in grain. Over 1,000 grain-related fatalities have been documented by researchers in 43 states, and states with the largest grain storage capacities have been shown to experience a proportionally larger number of suffocation fatalities. Several researchers have measured extraction forces in specific conditions, but a reference standard is needed for estimating the extraction forces for grain suffocation victims in common conditions. A prediction model for estimating extraction forces was developed using the principle of boundary shear, an approximation of human surface area, and a commonly accepted equation for lateral granular pressure. This research reintroduces the prediction model for extraction forces and explores several sensitivity analyses of the input variables. It also updates the anthropometric data used in the model calculations and produces extraction force estimates for adult male victims with different body shapes submerged below the grain surface. Results from the prediction model are presented graphically for common input variables, various entrapment depths, and adult male body shapes. Keywords Farm safety, Grain suffocation, Prediction model, Rescue, Safety Disciplines Agriculture | Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering | Civil and Environmental Engineering Comments This article is published as Schwab, Charles V., Lauren E. Schwab, and Pamela J. Schwab. "Extraction Force Prediction for Male Entrapment Victims with Different Body Types Submerged below the Grain Surface." Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 25, no. 2 (2019): 77-90. DOI: 10.13031/jash.13155. Posted with permission. This article is available at Iowa State University Digital Repository: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs/1113 Extraction Force Prediction for Male Entrapment Victims with Different Body Types Submerged below the Grain Surface C. V. Schwab, L. E. Schwab, P. J. Schwab ABSTRACT. One contributor to agriculture’s high death rate is confined space fatalities caused by entrapment in grain. Over 1,000 grain-related fatalities have been documented by researchers in 43 states, and states with the largest grain storage capacities have been shown to experience a proportionally larger number of suffocation fatalities. Several re- searchers have measured extraction forces in specific conditions, but a reference standard is needed for estimating the extraction forces for grain suffocation victims in common con- ditions. A prediction model for estimating extraction forces was developed using the prin- ciple of boundary shear, an approximation of human surface area, and a commonly ac- cepted equation for lateral granular pressure. This research reintroduces the prediction model for extraction forces and explores several sensitivity analyses of the input variables. It also updates the anthropometric data used in the model calculations and produces ex- traction force estimates for adult male victims with different body shapes submerged below the grain surface. Results from the prediction model are presented graphically for common input variables, various entrapment depths, and adult male body shapes. Keywords. Farm safety, Grain suffocation, Prediction model, Rescue, Safety. he U.S. agricultural workforce does not have the largest number of hours worked for an industry in the U.S., but it receives the distinction as the deadliest industry, with a T worker fatality rate of 22.6 deaths per 100,000 workers (NSC, 2017). This death rate is more than seven times the all-industry average death rate of 3.0 deaths per 100,000 work- ers. The industry with the largest number of hours worked is educational and health services (41,469 million h), which has 8.5 times more hours worked than agriculture (4,859 million h) and a death rate of 0.5 deaths per 100,000 workers. Some other industries with larger num- bers of hours worked than agriculture, such as transportation/warehousing, construction, and manufacturing, are viewed as dangerous by the general public but typically have lower death rates than agriculture: 12.8, 9.8, and 2.0 deaths per 100,000 workers, respectively. One contributor to agriculture’s high death rate is confined space fatalities caused by en- trapment in grain. This confined space hazard has been acknowledged by educators for dec- Submitted for review in October 2018 as manuscript number JASH 13155; approved for publication by the Ergonomics, Safety, & Health Community of ASABE in February 2019. The authors are Charles V. Schwab, Professor, Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, and Lauren E. Schwab, Lecturer, Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; Pamela J. Schwab, Director, Civil Software Design LLC, Ames, Iowa. Corresponding author: Charles V. Schwab, 3335 Elings Hall, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011; phone: 515-294-4131; e-mail: [email protected]. Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health 25(2): 77-90 © 2019 ASABE ISSN 1074-7583 https://doi.org/10.13031/jash.13155 77 ades (Loewer and Loewer, 1974; NRAES, 1986; Schwab et al., 1997; Collins, 2005; Iowa FACE, 2011; CASHRE, 2016). More than 1,000 grain-related fatalities were documented in 43 states from 1964 to 2016 (Issa et al., 2016). Issa et al. (2016) demonstrated that states with a large number of farms with on-site grain storage (i.e., Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Nebraska, and Wisconsin) experienced a proportionally larger number of suffocation fatalities. Beyond reporting the numbers of grain suffocations and the circumstances responsible for these tragic outcomes, it is important to understand the physical conditions during an entrapment. Mathematically modeling the extraction forces for an entrapment victim as- sists safety researchers in identifying the variables that influence the extraction forces and establishing the base assumptions and parameters that are significant for extraction force prediction. A model allows exploration of innovations for rescue and the ability to under- stand new or different entrapment conditions that could be encountered. A model, along with experimental results, strengthens the general understanding of extraction forces. Schwab (1982) measured extraction forces for different test mannequins using two grains, three flow rates, and two flow conditions. Measured extraction forces for a 75 kg (165 lb) adult mannequin ranged from 4,230 to 9,212 N (951 to 2071 lbf). This research is the source of a common informational graphic that shows the extraction force by depth submerged in grain for a 75 kg (165 lb) victim, as shown in figure 1. Other researchers have measured extraction forces for different types of entrapment conditions. Roberts et al. (2015) measured the difference between extraction forces with and without a grain rescue tube around an entrapped victim. The extraction force increased if no grain was removed from inside the grain rescue tube compared to not using a grain Figure 1. Informational graphic of extraction forces for submerged victims (source: Schwab et al., 1997). 78 Journal of Agricultural Safety and Health rescue tube. When grain was removed from inside the grain rescue tube, the extraction force was less. Issa and Field (2017) measured the extraction forces of a victim pulled from various angles and found that sharper angles (15° to 30°) of pull increased the peak force by nearly 1,000 N (225 lbf). Schwab et al. (1985) expanded on the principle of boundary shear identified by Cowin and Trent (1980) and combined it with the Janssen (1895) equation for predicting granular pressures, with an approximated human surface area, to develop a model for predicting the force required to extract a person trapped in grain. No other researcher has published a prediction model since, nor has much work been done to refine the originally proposed model for determining extraction forces exerted on a victim entrapped in granular material. The purpose of this article is to reintroduce the prediction model, explore sensitivity anal- yses of the independent variables, update the anthropometric data used in the calculations, and produce extraction force estimates for adult male victims
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