Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020 e-ISSN : 2541-4208 p-ISSN : 2548-1606

http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati

BIRD DIVERSITY: THE POTENTIAL OF AVITOURISM RESERVES FOR CONSERVATION IN CURUP TENANG, SOUTH SUMATERA,

Fajar Islam Sitanggang1*, Mokhamad Asyief Khasan Budiman2, Andy Afandy3

Received : September 15, 2020 Abstract. have a fairly wide living habitat, including water- Accepted : October 29, 2020 falls. Curup Tenang is a waterfall tourism site which has a wildlife habitat suitable for birds. In The Curup Tenang tourism site, the DOI: 10.15575/biodjati.v5i2.9537 number of visitors has decreased over years. Birds are one of the 1Department of Biology, Faculty of wildlife that have ecological values, potential tourism, and Science Institut Teknologi Sumatera, cultural values. The diversity of birds in this tourist location have Jl. Terusan Ryacudu, Way Hui, Jati not been recorded. Meanwhile, by increasing knowledge and data- Agung, Lampung Selatan District- bases regarding the diversity of birds in this area can be an addi- Postal Code 35365 tional reference for the development strategy in the Curup Tenang 2,3 Center for Coastal and Marine tourism site so that it becomes a distinctive attraction for visitors. Resources Studies, Institut Pertanian This study aimed to determine the diversity of birds that never been Bogor (IPB University), Jl Raya Pajajaran No. 1, Kampus IPB recorded before and to conduct a potential support of avitourism Baranangsiang, Tegallega, Kecamatan activities. The results of this study can be used as a guideline to study Bogor Tengah, Kota Bogor, Jawa Barat the potential of avitourism. The diversity of birds found in Curup 16172 Tenang consisted of forty-eight species belong to twenty-seven fami- lies, while three of them cited as protected bird species. This study e-mail: concluded that Curup Tenang contains a high diversity of birds and *[email protected] it has a great potential to be developed into an attraction of tourism. [email protected] 3 [email protected] Keywords: avitourism, bird diversity, conservation, Curup Tenang, waterfall *Corresponding author

Citation Sitanggang, F. I., Budiman, M. A. K. & Afandy, A. (2020). Bird Diversity: The Potential of Avi- tourism Reserves for Bird Conservation in Curup Tenang, South Sumatera, Indonesia. Jurnal Bio- djati, 5(2), 249-258.

INTRODUCTION and the entry of invasive species in an area (Buckley, 2011). Thus, solution needed for The largest economic sector that ac- these problems, namely the concept of eco- counts for around 10% of the global Gross Do- tourism. The rapid growth of mass tourism mestic Product (GDP) is tourism. Tourism is which has a negative impact on the environ- one of the economic enforcers that has a large ment gives rise to the increasing concept of impact on the natural environment (Buck- ecotourism (Sriarkarin & Lee, 2018). Eco- ley, 2011). Tourism activities wield negative tourism is defined as a responsible tourism impacts in the form of changes in land use trip to the natural environment, thus becoming from infrastructure development, the impact an environmental conservation tool. The po- of greenhouse gas emissions from air travel, tential of ecotourism must be assessed before Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020

http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati the development of ecotourism in order to of visitors to visit the site. It is recorded that understand local and community resources during 2018-2019 there was a decline in the (Tseng et al., 2019). Ecotourism, by default number of visitors. Therefore, alternative at- and by design, has differentiated its product tractions need to be added to increase the value from other tourism products by focusing on of tourism by enriching tourist activities. One three core criteria: nature, education, and sus- of the potential attractions is avitourism or tainability. The opening of a new potential bird-watching-based tours, watching vari- ecotourism site must consider the location, ous kinds of birds with attractive colors and accessibility, infrastructure, services, and behaviors in their natural habitat. Based on abundance of natural resources in a location the environmental conditions, Curup Tenang (Yan et al., 2017). Green space is very im- is a potential habitat for birds. However, the portant for the conservation of biodiversity, analysis of bird diversity in Curup Tenang has especially for bird species assessment (Liu not been carried out. According to Lee et al. et al., 2019). Moreover, ecologically sensi- (2009), bird observation, in general, can be tive, and visitor-control measures are needed raised from bird diversity analysis. Therefore, to guarantee the sustainable development of the purpose of this study was to determine the potential ecotourism. However, many eco- diversity of birds and their potential for the tourism developments fail due to a lack of development of avitourism-based tourism in proper assessment (Lonn et al., 2018). Curup Tenang. The tourism sector that undergoes de- velopmentin the South Sumatera region is The MATERIALS AND METHODS Curup Tenang waterfall in Bedugung Village, Tanjung Agung District, Muara Enim Regen- This research was located in Curup cy. This tourist attraction is supported by the Tenang in Bedugung Village, Tanjung Agung beauty of the waterfall with a height reach- District, Muara Enim Regency, South Sumatera ing 99 m. However, the beauty of the water- (Figure 1). fall only is not enough to increase the number

Figure 1. Research Location Sitanggang et al. 250 Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020

http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati

The method used in this study was the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION exploration method, in which data collection was carried out by observing through the paths Birds are the most common animals in each research location to explore the diver- found on all land on earth. Bird existence is sity of birds in the Curup Tenang area and an important component in an ecosystem. Its its surroundings in August 2018 and August role in helping pollination, controlling of plant 2019. The research was conducted by obser- pests, as well as balancing the food chain are ving bird when the bird is active during the day the main things that need attention. So that as the bird is a diurnal . The time of the birds can function as bio-indicators of envi- study was 07.00-17.00 WIB. The tools used ronmental health. In that process, to measure in this study were binoculars, cameras, SKJB the health of the environment it is necessary bird handbooks (Sumatera, Kalimantan, Java, to collect data at some locations. and ), digital cameras, and stationery. Birds found during the study were 48 The analysis conducted in this research species consist of 27 families (Figure 2). was a descriptive analysis based on the vari- Birds need some supporting factors to survive ables of species found, that identified based and support their life, such as suitable habitat on the morphology of birds that appear, the conditions, safe from disturbance, and food sound, and guild composition. The descriptive resources to replenish their energy. analysis method aimed to provide an explana- Species of birds from Sylvidae and tion in the form of a description based on data Cuculidae family were the most common- and information obtained during the research. ly found. The type of sylvidae family that The descriptive analysis definesas a proce- often arise were Yellow-bellied Warbler dure for solving problems by describing the (Abroscopus superciliaris), Ashy Tailorbird state of the subject or object of research based (Orthotomus ruficeps), Common Tailorbird on the facts that appear and explaining the re- (Orthotomus sutorius), Bar-winged Prinia lationships between all aspects studied. The (Prinia familiaris), and Yellow-bellied Prinia qualitative research design used in this study (Prinia flaviventris). Furthermore, the types aimed to conduct an in-depth investigation that emerge from the Cuculidae family were with a science-socio-cultural approach (Mar- Lesser Coucal (Centropus bengalensis), dalis, 2008). In addition, there is an analy- Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo (Cuculus fugax), sis stage regarding conservation status (level Square-tailed Drongo-cuckoo (Surniculus of threat according to the IUCN red list / The lugubris), Western Koel (Eudynamys International Union for Conservation of Na- scolopaceus), and Plaintive Cuckoo ture, international trade status according to (Cocomantis merulinus). Biodiversity of CITES / Convention on International Trade in birds can be linked-to landscape hetero- Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, geneity, which, in turn, can be informative and protection status based on Government for management and conservation purposes. Regulations Republic of Indonesia PP No. Biodiversity indicators can be a useful tool to 7 of 1999 cq LHK Regulation No. P.106 in assess biodiversity status, in the function of 2018). landscape heterogeneity (Morelli et al., 2013).

Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020 251 Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020

http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati

Figure 2. Number of species based on family characteristic

Birds have an important ecological role, there are continued trades without regulation. including as an animal that helps pollinate The diversity of species found at the flowers, scatter seeds, control pests, helps study site was analyzed again based on the maintain a sustainable population of their Regulation of the Minister of Environment predators, and food for scavenger and de- and Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia composers. Therefore, bird diversity is often Number P.106 / Minister of the Environment / used as an indicator of environmental quality Secretary General / Kum.1 / 12/2018. The data (Ayat, 2011). showed (Table 1), that there were 45 unpro- The diversity of bird species found at tected birds and 3 protected bird species. The the research site was analyzed according to the species of birds that have protected status are IUCN Red List conservation status category, Changeable Hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus), which is used by the International Union for Black Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis), and Blue- the Conservation of Nature and Natural Re- winged Leafbird (Chloropsis moluccensis). sources (IUCN) in classifying the various spe- Based on the results of this research cies of living things that are threatened with data revealed that the Curup Tenang area extinction. The results of grouping based on has high diversity of bird species. These data IUCN status showed that all bird in the study could be a source for developing tourism po- site classified as LC or least concern or at low tentials. However, the diversity of birds in the risk of extinction. Based on the analysis of all Curup Tenang tourism area has never been species found, a categorization of the Con- studied before and has not been analyzed as vention on International Trade in Endangered a potential addition of new tourist attractions. Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Avitourism is a sub-sector of tourism that was carried out (Table 1). The results showed emerged from nature-based tourism which fo- that there were two species that fall into the cuses on bird watching. Bird watching in avi- Appendix II category, namely Changeable tourism involves multidisciplinary science, Hawk-eagle (Nisaetus cirrhatus) and Black such as social science, geography, tourism, Eagle (Ictinaetus malayensis), means that the conservation, ecology, and economics (Steven species is not threatened with extinction unless et al., 2014).

Sitanggang et al. 252 Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020

http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati

Table 1. Species found in tourism site of Curup Tenang, Bedegung Village Family Common Name Species Name IUCN CITES P.106/2018 Accipitridae Changeable Hawk-eagle Nisaetus cirrhatus LC II P Accipitridae Black Eagle Ictinaetus malayensis LC II P Alcedinidae White-breasted Kingfisher Halcyon smyrnensis LC - NP Apodidae House Swift Apus nipalensis LC - NP Apodidae Glossy Swiftlet Collocalia esculenta LC - NP Artamidae White-breasted Woodswallow Artamus leucorynchus LC - NP Campephagidae Pied Triller Lalage nigra LC - NP Capitonidae Coppersmith Barbet Megalaima haemacephala LCt - NP chloropseidae Blue-winged Leafbird Chloropsis moluccensis LC - P Columbidae Zebra Dove Geopelia striata LC - NP Columbidae Spotted Dove Streptopelia chinensis LC - NP Cuculidae Lesser Coucal Centropus bengalensis LC - NP Cuculidae Hodgson’s Hawk-Cuckoo Cuculus fugax LC - NP Cuculidae Square-tailed Drongo-cuckoo Surniculus lugubris LC - NP Cuculidae Western Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus LC - NP Cuculidae Plaintive Cuckoo Cacomantis merulinus LC - NP Dicaeidae Orange-bellied Flowerpecker Dicaeum trigonostigma LC - NP Dicaeidae Scarlet-headed Flowerpecker Dicaeum trochileum LC - NP Dicruridae Black Drongo Dicrurus macrocercus LC - NP Javan Munia leucogastroides LC - NP Estrildidae Scaly-breasted Munia Lonchura punctulata LC - NP Eurylaimidae Long-tailed Broadbill Psarisomus dalhousiae LC - NP Hemiprocnidae Grey-rumped Treeswift Hemiprocne longipennis LC - NP Hirundinidae Pacific Swallow Hirundo tahitica LC - NP Laniidae Long-tailed Shrike Lanius schach LC - NP Motacillidae Grey Wagtail Motacilla cinerea tunstall LC - NP Muscicapidae Asian Brown Flycatcher Muscicapa dauurica LC - NP Muscicapidae Indigo Flycatcher Eumyias indigo LC - NP Nectariniidae Brown-throated Sunbird Anthreptes malacensis LC - NP Nectariniidae Olive-backed Sunbird Cinnyris jugularis LC - NP Nectariniidae Long-billed Spiderhunter Arachnothera robusta LC - NP Nectariniidae Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra LC - NP Ploceidae Eurasian Tree Sparrow Passer montanus LC - NP Pycnonotidae Black-capped Bulbul Pycnonotus melanicterus LC - NP Pycnonotidae Sooty-headed Bulbul Pycnonotus aurigaster LC - NP Pycnonotidae Yellow-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus goiavier LC - NP Sittidae Munguk beledu Sitta frontalis LC - NP Sylvidae Yellow-bellied Warbler Abroscopus superciliaris LC - NP Sylvidae Ashy Tailorbird Orthotomus ruficeps LC - NP Sylvidae Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius LC - NP Sylvidae Bar-winged Prinia Prinia familiaris LC - NP Sylvidae Yellow-bellied Prinia Prinia flaviventris LC - NP Timaliidae Striped Tit-Babbler Macronous gularis LC - NP Timaliidae Horsfield’s Babbler Malacocincla sepiarium LC - NP Timaliidae Chestnut-winged Babbler Stachyris erythroptera LC - NP Turdidae White-crowned Forktail Enicurus leschenaulti LC - NP Turnicidae Barred Buttonquail Turnix suscitator LC - NP Zosteropidae Indian White-eye Zosterops palpebrosus LC - NP LC: Least Concerned; II: Appendix II; P: Protected; NP: Not Protected Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020 253 Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020

http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati

There are three species of birds that get in the type whose population is precariously attention because they have a high potential close to endangered so that its trade controls to be developed into critical objects of avi- are tight and regulated by strict rules. Besides tourism. The three types are the Changeable that, the Changeable Hawk-eagle, Black Ea- Hawk-eagle, Black Eagle, and Blue-winged gle, and Blue-winged Leafbird are protected Leafbird (Figure 3). These species are im- by the Indonesian government. Utilization of portant species that have conservation sta- these types, especially for breeders and trade tus according to CITES and a list of species must be based on permission by the Minister protected by the government. According to of Tourism. However, as long as these species CITES, Changeable Hawk-eagle and Black are still free in nature, utilization like avitour- Eagle are listed in Appendix II. Such condi- ism is permitted. tions indicated that the species is included

(a) (b) (c) Figure 3. Species that potential as avitorism objetcs. (a) Changeable Hawk-eagle, (b) Black Eagle, and (c) Blue- winged Leafbird.

As the part of Utilization of birds as ob- 3. Maintain the integrity and naturalness of jects of tourism, managers and visitors should the environment visited understand what restrictions can be applied. 4. Do not interfere directly or indirectly with Therefore, managers and visitors need to observed birds know and learn in advance about the ethics 5. Respect local communities and their values of Avitourism, as the code of ethics of bird and wisdom watchers showed below (Atlas Burung Indo- 6. Comply with and obey the rules that apply nesia, 2020): at the observation site Indonesian Bird Watcher Code of Ethics 7. Upholding the value of honesty in bird Indonesian bird watchers are Indonesian citi- watching zens who observe wild birds, are part of na- 8. Maintain brotherly fellow bird watchers ture lovers, agree on values and ethics that without distinguishing ethnicity, religion, race must be upheld, namely: and intergroup. 1. Realizing that birds are part of God's crea- (Indonesian Bird Watchers Meeting IX ted nature that must be protected and pre- Banyumas, November 2nd, 2019). served 2. Always maintain the safety of themselves The bird watcher's ethics was agreed and others involved in activities upon at the IX Indonesian Bird Watchers Sitanggang et al. 254 Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020

http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati

Meeting held in Banyumas in 2019. The watching activity is for science and educa- agreement emerged in order to build under- tional activity (Steven et al., 2014). standing among bird watchers, both from This kind of tourism activity has been researchers, environmental activists, photo- carried out and continues to be developed, graphy hobbyists, and business entrepreneurs especially in several developed countries. who have been involved in avitourism. Avi- Recently, avitoursm has become one of the tourism as one of the special interest tours has tourist trends and popular in central Europe, several characteristics, such as relatively in- Great Britain, Australia, and the United States expensive (requires binoculars, a bird's field (Manuel et al., 2011). While this tourism ac- guide book, and a camera to take photographs tivity in Indonesia has the potential to become of birds), can be done anywhere (in various an innovation in the development of a natural types of habitats), can be done by anyone tourism area. In fact, it is not just a tourist ac- (young and old, male and female, all levels of tivity. For the management of this tour can be education) so that the target audience is broad, included in a natural tourism industry devel- and increasing knowledge and insight into the opment that is implemented as a business. environment which furthermore is expected Avitourism managers also need to di- to be able to build and increase concern for vide the types of bird watchers based on their conservation, especially birds. level of interest. This category of applicants Avitourism activities can also be done will determine he type of model that will by using a path specifically designed by the beoffered to visitors. According to (Jones et manager or a regular path that already ex- al., 2002), the category of bird watchers needs ists at a tourist location. Pathways that can to be divided in order to make it easier when be used for avitourism activities also highly preparing what forms of observation tourism. dependent on the conditions of time, weather, The category is arranged based on one's level and daily behavior of birds. This is related to of specialization or knowledge of this type of the potential emergence of birds and also the tour, motivation and logistical constraints. safety factor during the trip. This tour activity The first category is general birdwatcher. can also be a separate and engaging hobby for This observer is a bird watcher who only visitors. This bird-watching activity is a pre- wants to try other forms of nature tourism and ferred hobby for tourists because it provides outdoor recreation while traveling, such as an alternative to new and exciting adventures wild birds. The second category is the limited and experience (Afif et al., 2018). budget specialist bird watcher. This category Activities that can be carried out while is the earliest classification of observers. The doing avitourism activities are observing cer- next is aserious observer that have their own tain types of birds or observing their behavior. motivation for the satisfaction of observing Despite, it is common to carry out avitourism wild birds in nature, but this observer is still activities only to hunt photographs or videos limited by their personal funds available. of certain birds in their natural habitat. This The next category is the specialist bird activity can encourage people to get to know watchers who are willing to pay to see more birds and their life in nature. Bird watching birds. Observers with this category are those can also make an important contribution to who have little time for birdwatching tours the development of science and education because of their busy schedule. But with their since one of the reasons for tourists to do bird personal funds available, they are willing to

Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020 255 Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020

http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati pay for a guide at an observation site that has zed yet. This condition can be beneficial for been managed with a certain fee that is adjus- the developer of Curup Tenang to start a spe- ted to the length of time of their observation. cial tourism activity (avitourism) as the main Usually, observers with this category want to value of the site. Developers can design some meet with a type of bird accompanied by a performance mechanism that demonstrates field guide. the attractiveness of birds in Curup Tenang, The last category of bird watchers is the besides exploring their natural habitat. specialist bird watchers who need packages This study showed that the diversity from tour managers. Usually, this category of bird in Curup Tenang is dominated by in- also wants packages with facilities, such as sect-eating birds (insectivore). This condition bird watcher equipment, trained guides, lod- will facilitate the developer to design some ging, and also local accommodation. But the mechanism which gathers birds in certain observer is willing to pay more to get satis- spots, for example creating a box full of com- faction both from the tour program and in mon insect to attract birds to come. This will terms of the facilities offered. help the visitor to watch the birds more easily, Based on the potential of bird diversi- and watch their uniqueness and their beha- ty that Curup Tenang has, the development of vior. Combined with excellent service pack- this tourism site can be directed to a service ages, these performance methods will gain the that offers some packages of tourism activi- visitor’s satisfaction. The service quality pro- ty. These 48 bird species were found with the vided by the site developer and management uniqueness that can attract tourists if a suit- related to a positive impact on visitor satisfac- able package is offered. In addition, visitors tion, destination image, and destination loyal- can also be offered to do avitourism activi- ty (Kumar et al., 2019). ties such as experimenting the phenome- The concept of excellent service and non of migration behavior, social and unique management on bird watching activity will mating behavior, or exploration of important provide a good impression for the visitor to bird species (endemic species or birds with avitourism. The development of a sustain- endangered, threatened, and legally protected able avitourism industry requires appropriate status.). These packages could contain pieces infrastructure for tourism activities, such as of information and educational aspect regard- proper tracking path, comfort visitor shelter, ing the birds. Visitors tend to spend their time in and well-maintained tourism site (Steven et the tourism site not only for recreation but also al., 2014, Afif et al., 2018). The lack of human to receive some educational value (Afif et al., resources such as local guide’s lack of know- 2018). In addition, photography and binocular ledge about birds, limited previous exposure rent services, a well-informed guide, maps, to tourism and visitors, the guide’s lack of guidebook of birds, foods and beverages, an self-assurance, can also be troublesome chal- even a lodge could be included in the packages lenges that require sustained mentorship and to increase the convenience for the visitors. support (Biggs et al., 2011). On the other In fact, tourists who visit the Curup side, cultural differences and vandalism are Tenang site can be categorized as general also common problems in the tourism site. bird watchers. This is related to the fact that The developer must be concerned to prevent Curup Tenang is a newly developed tourism vandalism from the visitors and design strict site. That means the visitors are not speciali- rules regarding this issue. Vandalism and lack

Sitanggang et al. 256 Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020

http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati of awareness from visitors will have direct Biggs, D., Turpie, J., Fabricius, C. & Spence- impacts on birds and their habitat in Curup ley, A. (2011). The Value of Avitourism Tenang. This kind of action will disturb the for Conservation and Job Creation-An birds and force them to leave for safer places. analysis from South Africa. Conserva- This study concluded that The Curup tion and Society, 9(1), 80-90. Tenang area contained a high diversity of Buckley, R. (2011). Tourism and Environ- bird species. These data could be a source for ment. Annual Review of Environment developing tourism potentials. Birds found and Resources, 36, 394–416. during the study were 48 species consisting of Jones, B. D. N., Buckley, R., Higginbot- 27 families. There are three species of birds tom, K., Rann, M. K. & Davis, A. P. that get attention because the three types are D. (2002). Birdwatching Tourism in types that have high potential to be developed Queensland. 10, 1–46. into critical objects of avitourism. The three Kumar, M. D., Govindarajo, N. S. & Khen, M. types are the Changeable Hawk-eagle, Black H. S. (2019). Effect of Service Quali- Eagle, and Blue-winged Leafbird. ty on Visitor Satisfaction, Destination Image and Destination Loyalty – Practi- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS cal, Theoretical and Policy Implications to Avitourism. International Journal of The author expresses gratitude to Dinas Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Re- Lingkungan Hidup Provinsi Sumatera Sela- search, 14(1), 83-101. tan for granting permission to the site so that Lee, C. K., Lee, J. H., Mjelde, J. W., Scott, this research can be carried out. Also to PT D. & Kim, T. K. (2009). Assessing the PGN (Persero) Tbk for the support provided Economic Value of a Public Birdwatch- to conduct research. Authors also acknow- ing Interpretative Service using a Con- ledge Institut Teknologi Sumatera, in particu- tingent Valuation Method. International lar the Biology Study Program and the Center Journal of Tourism Research, 11(6), for Coastal and Ocean Resources Study of the 583–593. IPB University. Liu, J., Bai, H., Ma, H. & Feng, G. (2019). Bird Diversity in Chinese Urban Parks REFERENCES was More Associated with Natural Fac- tors than Anthropogenic Factors. Urban Afif, F., Aisyianita, R. A. & Hastuti, S. D. S. Forestry & Urban Greening, 43(9). (2018). Potensi Birdwatching sebagai Lonn, P., Mizoue, N., Ota, T., Kajisa, T. & Salah Satu Daya Tarik Wisata di Desa Yoshida, S. (2018). Evaluating the Con- Wisata Jatimulyo, Kecamatan Giri- tribution of Community-based Ecotour- mulyo, Kabupaten Kulonprogo. Jurnal ism (CBET) to Household Income and Media Wisata, 16(2), 1007-1015. Livelihood Changes: A Case Study of Atlas Burung Indonesia. (2020). Kode Etik. the Chambok CBET Program in Cam- Retrieved from http://atlasburung.web. bodia. Ecological Economics, 151, 62– id/pengabdi/kode-etik/. 69. Ayat, A. (2011). Burung-Burung Agroforest Manuel, J., Mogollón, H., María, A., Cerro, di Sumatera. Bogor: World Agroforest- C., María, J. & Durán, G. (2011). Pro- ry Centre. posals for the Development and Com-

Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020 257 Jurnal Biodjati 5(2):249-258, November 2020

http://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/biodjati

mercialization of Birdwatching Tourism Tseng, M. L., Lin, C., Remen Lin, C. W., Wu, in Extremadura. Cuadernos de Turismo, K. J. & Sriphon, T. (2019). Ecotourism 28(28), 243–245. Development in Thailand: Community Mardalis. (2008). Metode Penelitian. Suatu Participation Leads to the Value of At- Pendekatan Proposal. Jakarta: PT Bumi tractions using Linguistic Preferences. Aksara. Journal of Cleaner Production, 231, Morelli, F., Pruscini, F., Santolini, R., Per- 1319–1329. na, P., Benedetti, Y. & Sisti, D. (2013). Yan, L., Gao, B. W. & Zhang, M. (2017). A Landscape Heterogeneity Metrics as In- Mathematical Model for Tourism Po- dicators of Bird Diversity: Determining tential Assessment. Tourism Manage- the Optimal Spatial Scales in Different ment, 63, 355–365. Landscapes. Ecological Indicators, 34, 372–379. Sriarkarin, S. & Lee, C. H. (2018). Integrat- ing Multiple Attributes for Sustainable Development in a National Park. Tour- ism Management Perspectives, 28(1), 113–125. Steven, R., Morrison, C. & Castley, J. G. (2014). Birdwatching and Avitourism: a Global Review of Research into its Participant Markets, Distribution and Impacts, Highlighting Future Research Priorities to Inform Sustainable Avi- tourism Management. Journal of Sus- tainable Tourism, 23(8–9), 1257-1276.

Sitanggang et al. 258