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Depositional Facies Analysis Using Core Samples from Greater Ughelli Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin Nigeria *MAJU-OYOVWIKOWHE

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Depositional Facies Analysis Using Core Samples from Greater Ughelli Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin Nigeria *MAJU-OYOVWIKOWHE Full-text Available Online at J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. PRINT ISSN 1119-8362 Electronic ISSN 1119-8362 https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jasem Vol. 23 (6) 1137-1146 June 2019 http://ww.bioline.org.br/ja Depositional Facies Analysis Using Core Samples from Greater Ughelli Depobelt, Niger Delta Basin Nigeria *MAJU-OYOVWIKOWHE, GE; LUCAS, FA Department of Geology, University of Benin, Benin City. Nigeria *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Sedimentological analysis of core samples from Well XY-62 located within the greater Ughelli depobelt of the Niger Delta basin was carried out. Some physical deterioration had set in and some gaps had reduced the total core length available to 316 .90ft. The cores contain three sandstone and one mudrock lithofacies: Fine-grained mm- scale laminated sandstone (Sl.f) 40.83%, medium to coarse-grained cm-scale cross-bedded sandstone (Sx.m) 35.34%, pebbly Sandstone (PS) 4.39%, bedded Mudstone (Mb) 19.44%. The sandstone lithofacies differ from one another mainly in grain size, as appears obvious, otherwise they are largely texturally, compositionally, diagenetically and structurally broadly similar. They are generally clean (zero to 20% clay content), moderately well to well sorted, pebbly, and texturally mature. Quartz appears to be the sole framework component, making the sandstones mineralogically mature i.e. quartz arenites and quartz wackes. Being generally weakly consolidated and scantily cemented, the sandstones are all in the early stages of diagenesis, an attribute that has had a desirable effect on their reservoir quality. The bedded mudstone lithofacies contains laminated claystones and fissile shales which are all thought to have compartmentalized the sand reservoirs rather than sealed them. Depositional environments have been inferred to be the foreshore setting, with lagoon subenvironments that favoured mudrock accumulation landward of a barrier bar complex. The overall motif read from both the strip log and the wireline logs indicate neither clear progradation nor unequivocal retrogradation of the lithofacies. It is therefore concluded that the XY- 62 cores were cut from an aggradational depositional setting. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i6.22 Copyright: Copyright © 2019 Maju-Oyovwikowhe and Lucas. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCL), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Dates: Received: 01 April 2019; Revised: 09 May 2019; Accepted 21 June 2019 Keywords: Cores, Sediment analysis, Depositional environments, Niger Delta The concept of interpreting rocks in terms of modern sedimentary rocks and can be compared to ripples processes dates back to the 18th and 19th centuries (the forming today, either in natural environments or in a present is the key to the past). The nature of laboratory tank. Assuming that the laws that govern sedimentary material is very varied in origin, size, physical and chemical processes have not changed shape and composition. Particles such as grains and through time, detailed measurements of sedimentary pebbles may be derived from the erosion of older rocks rocks can be used to make estimates (to varying or directly ejected from volcanoes. Organisms form a degrees of accuracy) of the physical, chemical and very important source of material, ranging from biological conditions that existed at the time of microbial filaments encrusted with calcium carbonate sedimentation. These conditions may include the to whole or broken shells, coral reefs, bones and plant salinity, depth and flow velocity in lake or seawater, debris. Direct precipitation of minerals from solution the strength and direction of the wind in a desert and in water also contributes to sediments in some the tidal range in a shallow marine setting. A situations. Formation of a body of sediment involves depositional environment describes the combination of either the transport of particles to the site of deposition physical, chemical and biological processes associated by gravity, water, air, ice or mass flows or the chemical with the deposition of a particular type of sediment and or biological growth of the material in place. therefore the type of rock that forms after lithification. Accumulation of sediments in place is largely Therefore environment at any point on the land or influenced by the chemistry, temperature and under the sea can be characterized by the physical and biological character of the setting. The processes of chemical processes that are active there and the transport and deposition can be determined by looking organisms that live under those conditions at that time. at individual layers of sediment. The size, shape and In the description of sedimentary rocks in terms of distribution of particles all provide clues to the way in depositional environments, the term ‘facies’ is often which the material was carried and deposited. used. A rock facies is a body of rock with specified Sedimentary structures such as ripples can be seen in characteristics that reflect the conditions under which *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected] Depositional Facies Analysis Using Core Samples….. 1138 it was formed (Reading and Levell 1996). Describing relationship of layered rocks with time. The the facies of a body of sediment involves documenting stratigrapher is concerned with the observation, all the characteristics of its lithology, texture, description and interpretation of direct and tangible sedimentary structures and fossil content that can aid evidence in rocks to determine the history of such a in determining the processes of formation. By rock. A merging of Sedimentology and stratigraphy recognizing associations of facies it is possible to allows us to build up pictures of the Earth’s surface at establish the combinations of processes that were different times in different places and relate them to dominant; the characteristics of a depositional each other. The objective of this study is to identify environment are determined by the processes that are sedimentary facies based on their physical properties present, and hence there is a link between facies and determine the energy regime during deposition of associations and environments of deposition. Every sediments. depositional environment has a unique combination of processes, and the products of these processes, the MATERIALS AND METHODS sedimentary rocks, will be a similarly unique Description of study area: Well XY-62 was drilled assemblage and by objectively considering each bed in within OML 30 located in the Greater Ughelli depobelt terms of physical, chemical and biological processes, of the Niger Delta. It is a vertical development well it is always possible to provide some indication of with a TD of 10105 ft subsea. The cores were cut where and how a sedimentary rock was formed. between 7015 and 9678 ft with long uncored intervals. Stratigraphy on the other hand has to do with the Fig 1: Section map of Nigeria showing the study area (dark blue square) and Depobelts that make up the Niger Delta Basin (modified from Nwozor et al., 2012) Geological Review of the Niger Delta Basin: The lies in the South-Western part of a larger tectonic Niger Delta Basin is also known as the Niger Delta structure, the Benue Trough. The other side is bounded province. It is an extensional rift basin located between by the Cameroon Volcanic Line and the Transform, the Niger Delta and the Gulf of Guinea on the Passive Passive Continental Margin. The sedimentation Continental Margin near the Western Coast of Nigeria pattern in the Niger Delta basin has been a site of with suspected access to Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea cyclic sedimentation. The tertiary paralic sediments and Sao Tome and Principe. The Basin is very are composed of several depositional cycles with complex and carries very high economic value as it thickness ranging from 50-300ft, although cycles contains a very productive petroleum system. The exceeding 300ft are less common. The Complete cycle Niger Delta Basin is one of the largest subarea basins consists of thin fossiliferous transgressive marine sand in Africa. It has a subarea of about 75,00km2, a total followed by an offlap sequence of marine shale and area of 300,000km2 and a sediment fill of about laminated fluviomarine sediments (Weber 1971). 500,000km3, a depth of about 9 to 12km. It is composed of several different geologic formations that Stratigraphy of the Niger Delta Basin: The indicate how the basin could have been formed as well stratigraphy of the southern Nigeria basin has been as the regional tectonic of the area. The Niger-Delta described in some detail by Short and Stauble (1967) MAJU-OYOVWIKOWHE, GE; LUCAS, FA Depositional Facies Analysis Using Core Samples….. 1139 and Reyment (1965). The deposits were laid down Agbada Formation: The Agbada Formation is a during a predominantly marine depositional cycle. The sequence of sandstone and shales and consists of first phase was concluded by a phase of folding, paralicsiliciclastics over 3700meters thick and faulting and uplift occurring during the Santonian time represents the actual deltaic portion of the sequence. It and affecting in general, the Abakaliki Anticlinorium. consists of an upper predominantly sandy unit with During the Campanian to Maastrichtian, a second minor shale intercalations and a lower shale unit which depositional cycle during with the formation of the is thicker than the upper than the upper sandy unit. The Proto Niger Delta took place. Locally, the deltaic formation is rich in micro fauna at the base decreasing conditions of deposition may have lasted into the upward and thus indicating an increase rate of Paleocene. This second cycle ended with a major deposition in the delta front. A fluviatile origin is Paleocene transgression which terminated the advance indicated by the coarseness of the grains and poor of the Proto Delta, thus separating it stratigraphically sorting. The sequence is associated with sedimentary from the modern delta.
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