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Derivation of Risk-Based Investigation Levels Clandestine Drug Laboratory, Site Investigation Guidelines

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Derivation of Risk-Based Investigation Levels Clandestine Drug Laboratory, Site Investigation Guidelines Derivation of Risk-Based Investigation Levels Clandestine Drug Laboratory, Site Investigation Guidelines Prepared for: Australian Crime Commission 6 October 2009 Document History and Status Report Reference ACC/09/R001 Revision A – Draft Date 6 October 2009 Author Jackie Wright Previous Revisions Limitations Environmental Risk Sciences has prepared this report for the use of the Australian Crime Commission in accordance with the usual care and thoroughness of the consulting profession. It is based on generally accepted practices and standards at the time it was prepared. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made as to the professional advice included in this report. It is prepared in accordance with the scope of work and for the purpose outlined in the Section 1 of this report. The methodology adopted and sources of information used are outlined in this report. Environmental Risk Sciences has made no independent verification of this information beyond the agreed scope of works and assumes no responsibility for any inaccuracies or omissions. No indications were found that information contained in the report provided by the Australian Crime Commission was false. This report was prepared from July to October 2009 and is based on the information provided and reviewed at that time. Environmental Risk Sciences disclaims responsibility for any changes that may have occurred after this time. This report should be read in full. No responsibility is accepted for use of any part of this report in any other context or for any other purpose or by third parties. This report does not purport to give legal advice. Legal advice can only be given by qualified legal practitioners. Derivation of Risk-Based Investigation Levels 17 | P a g e Clandestine Drug Laboratory, Site Investigation Guidelines Ref: ACC/09/R001-A Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................... ...........1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Methodology and Scope of Works .......................................................................... 1 Background and Identification of Key Issues ....................................................................... 3 2.1 General ................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 Exposure Scenarios and Premises ......................................................................... 3 2.3 Sources and Hazards ............................................................................................. 3 2.4 Fate and Transport of Methamphetamine Indoors .................................................. 4 Identification and Toxicity of Key Chemicals ........................................................................ 6 3.1 General ................................................................................................................... 6 3.2 Illicit Drug Manufacturing Methods ......................................................................... 6 3.3 Review and Identification of Key Chemicals ........................................................... 7 3.3 Toxicity and Properties of Key Chemicals .............................................................. 9 3.4 Uncertainties......................................................................................................... 12 Derivation of Investigation Levels ...................................................................................... 13 4.1 Approach .............................................................................................................. 13 4.2 Target Risk Levels ................................................................................................ 13 4.3 Exposure Settings, Receptors and Pathways ....................................................... 15 4.4 Derived Investigation Levels ................................................................................. 17 4.5 Uncertainties and Considerations ......................................................................... 20 References ........................................................................................................................ 21 Derivation of Risk-Based Investigation Levels Clandestine Drug Laboratory, Site Investigation Guidelines Ref: ACC/09/R001-A Tables (in text) Table 1 Key Chemicals Indentified Table 2 Summary of Properties, Media of Concern and Availability of Guidelines and Toxicity Data for Key Chemicals Table 3 Summary of Key Chemicals Relevant to Each Media of Concern Table 4 Summary of Exposure Settings, Receptors and Pathways – Derivation of ILs Table 5 Summary of Investigation Levels (ILs) - Assessment of Former Clan Lab Sites Appendices Appendix A Summary of Chemicals Associated with Former Clan Labs Appendix B Summary of Properties and Toxicity for Key Chemicals Appendix C Methodology and Derivation of ILs for Indoor Surface Residues Appendix D Methodology and Derivation of ILs for Indoor Air Appendix E Methodology and Derivation of ILs for Outdoor Soil Derivation of Risk-Based Investigation Levels Clandestine Drug Laboratory, Site Investigation Guidelines Ref: ACC/09/R001-A Glossary of Terms ACC Australian Crime Commission ADI Acceptable Daily Intake ANZECC Australia and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council ASCC Australian Safety and Compensation Council AT Averaging Time BTEX Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and total xylenes BW Body weight CF Unit conversion factor CSMS Contaminated Sites Monograph Series ED Exposure Duration EF Exposure Frequency EIL Ecologically-based Investigation Level EPA Environment Protection Authority ET Exposure Time HIL Health Investigation Level IL Investigation Level LOR Limit of Reporting NEPC National Environment Protection Council NEPM National Environment Protection Measure NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council NSW DECC New South Wales Department of Environment and Climate Change RME Reasonable maximum exposure SA Skin surface area available for contact TC Tolerable Concentration TDI Tolerable Daily Intake TPH Total petroleum hydrocarbons TPHCWG Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Criteria Working Group UCL Upper Confidence Limit USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency VOC Volatile Organic Compound WHO World Health Organization L-PAC L-phenylacetylcarbinol or 1,-phenyl-1-hydroxy-2-propanone MDA 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine MDMA 3,4-methylenedioxymethlamphetamine, also known as “ecstacy” MD-P-2-P 1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenol)-2-propanone or piperonyl methyl ketone [PMK] P-2-P phenyl-2-propanone Derivation of Risk-Based Investigation Levels Clandestine Drug Laboratory, Site Investigation Guidelines Ref: ACC/09/R001-A Introduction 1.1 Background The Australian Crime Commission (ACC) has commissioned Environmental Risk Sciences Pty Ltd (enRiskS) to derive appropriate investigation levels (ILs) to be used in the assessment and remediation of clandestine drug laboratories (clan labs). Residual contamination associated with the manufacture of illicit drugs have the potential to be present as residues or dust on non-porous surfaces, absorbed by furnishings, walls and ducting etc in the vicinity of the clan labs, with other base chemicals and/or wastes (by-products and intermediates) having the potential to leak or be dumped into drains or directly to soil. These contaminants can in many instances persist within the building or in soil such that they have the potential to pose a risk to persons occupying the premises in the future or the environment. ACC is developing guidelines for the assessment and remediation of sites where contamination has occurred as a result of the operation of a clan lab or other illicit drug process/laboratories. The guidelines are relevant to addressing adverse impacts the clan labs may have on the natural and built environment. They are to be applied after initial police operations have been completed and evidence and bulk chemicals/wastes have been removed from the premises. The ILs derived in this report are intended to be included in the ACC guidelines. 1.2 Objectives The overall objective of the work (as outlined the proposal dated 27 May 2009) is to derive appropriate investigation levels (ILs) that are relevant to the protection of human health and the environment to be used in the assessment and remediation of indoor and outdoor areas associated with clandestine drug laboratories (clan labs). 1.3 Methodology and Scope of Works There are 2 key tasks associated with the derivation of ILs: • Identification of key chemicals that warrant consideration in the derivation of ILs indoors and outdoors associated with the operation of clan labs in Australia; and • Derivation of ILs that are based on the protection of human health and, where possible, the environment. These tasks are outlined below: Task 1 comprises a review of available information on common manufacturing methods in Australia, consideration of available data on the form, hazards and environmental fate of these compounds, available information on likely key by-products associated with the manufacturing methods and availability of toxicity studies and reviews. This review is presented to identify a key list of compounds that warrant the derivation of ILs associated with the
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