St. Louis 1 St. Louis

St. Louis Ville de Saint-Louis — Independent city —

City of St. Louis

From top left: Forest Park Jewel Box, MetroLink (St. Louis) at Lambert - St. Louis International Airport, Apotheosis of St. Louis at the St. Louis Art Museum, Gateway Arch and the St. Louis skyline, Busch Stadium, and the St. Louis Zoo

Seal Flag

[1] [2] [3] Nickname(s): Rome of the West, STL, Gateway to the West, Mound City, The Lou

Location in the State of Missouri St. Louis 2

Location in the United States

[4] [4] Coordinates: 38°37′38″N 90°11′52″W Coordinates: 38°37′38″N 90°11′52″W Present Country United States

Former Country Kingdom of France, Kingdom of Spain, Republic of France

State Missouri

County Independent city

Metro Greater St. Louis

Founded 1764

Incorporated 1822

Government

• Type Mayor–council government

• Mayor Francis G. Slay (D)

Area

• Independent city 66.2 sq mi (171.3 km2)

• Land 61.9 sq mi (160.4 km2)

• Water 4.2 sq mi (11.0 km2)

[] Elevation 466 ft (142 m)

[] Population (2012)

• Independent city 318,172

• Rank 58th

• Density 5,140.1/sq mi (1,983.6/km2)

• Metro 2,795,794 (18th)

Demonym St. Louisan

Time zone CST (UTC−6)

• Summer (DST) CDT (UTC−5)

Area code(s) 314

Website [5] http:/ / stlouis-mo. gov

St. Louis /seɪntHelp:IPA for English#Keyˈluːɪs/ (French: Saint-Louis or St-Louis, [sɛ̃ lwi] ( listen)) is an independent city[6] and a major United States port on the eastern line of the state of Missouri. With a population of 318,172 in July 2012,[] it was the 58th-largest U.S. city in 2012. The metropolitan St. Louis area, known as Greater St. Louis, is the 19th-largest metropolitan area in the United States with a population of 2,900,605. St. Louis 3

The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, and named for Louis IX of France, the only canonised King of France. After the Louisiana Purchase, it became a major port on the Mississippi River. Its population expanded after the American Civil War, and it became the fourth-largest city in the United States in the late 19th century. It seceded from St. Louis County in March 1877, allowing it to become an independent city and limiting its political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the 1904 Summer Olympics. The city's population peaked in 1950, then began a long decline that continues in the 21st century. The economy of St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. The city is home to several corporations including Peabody Energy, Ameren, Ralcorp and Sigma-Aldrich. St. Louis is home to three professional sports teams: the St. Louis Cardinals, one of the most successful Major League Baseball clubs; the hockey St. Louis Blues, and the football St. Louis Rams. The city is commonly identified with the Gateway Arch, part of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial in downtown St. Louis.

History The area that would become St. Louis was a center of Native American Mississippian culture, which built numerous temple and residential earthwork mounds in the region, giving the city its early nickname, the "Mound City", a name that persisted in the jazz band Mound City Blue Blowers founded in 1923. European exploration of the area began in 1673, when French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette traveled through the Mississippi River valley. Five years later, La Salle claimed the region for France as part of French Louisiana. The earliest European settlements in the area were built in Illinois Country (also known as Upper Louisiana) during the 1690s and early 1700s at Cahokia, Kaskaskia, and Fort de Chartres. Migrants from the eastern French villages founded Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, across the Mississippi River from Kaskaskia, and in early 1764, Pierre Laclède and his stepson Auguste Chouteau founded the city of St. Louis.[7] From 1764 to 1803 European control of the area west of the Mississippi to the northernmost part of the Missouri River basin, called Louisiana, was assumed by the Spanish as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. In 1780, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native Americans, during the Battle of St. Louis in the American Revolutionary War.[8]

19th century St. Louis was transferred to the Republic of France in 1800, then sold to the United States in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase, and the city became the territorial capital. Shortly after the purchase, the Lewis and Clark Expedition left St. Louis in May 1804, reaching the Pacific Ocean in summer 1805, and returning on September 23, 1806. Both Lewis and Clark lived in St. Louis after the expedition. Many other explorers, settlers, and trappers (such as Ashley's Hundred) would later take a similar route to the West. The city elected its first municipal legislators (called trustees) in 1808. Steamboats first arrived in St. Louis in 1818, improving connections with New Orleans and eastern markets. Missouri became a state in 1821, at which point the capital moved from St. Louis. St. Louis was incorporated as a city in 1822, and continued to see growth due to its port connections. Immigrants from Ireland and Germany arrived in St. Louis in significant numbers starting in the 1840s, and the population of St. Louis grew from less than 20,000 in 1840, to 77,860 in 1850, to more than 160,000 by 1860. By the mid-1800s, St Louis had a greater population than New Orleans. To this day, St Louis is the largest city that had been controlled by the French in French Louisiana. St. Louis 4

During the American Civil War, St. Louis was the site of significant divisions, although no combat took place in the city after the 1861 Camp Jackson Affair. The war hurt St. Louis economically, due to the blockade of river traffic to the South, although the St. Louis Arsenal constructed ironclads for the Union. St. Louis profited via trade with the West after the war, and in 1874, the city completed the Eads Bridge, the first bridge over the Mississippi River in the area.

On August 22, 1876, the city of St. Louis voted to secede from St. Louis County and become an An illustrated map by F. Graf; Saint Louis in 1896. independent city, and industrial production continued to increase during the late 19th century. The city also produced a number of notable people in the fields of literature, including Tennessee Williams and T. S. Eliot, and major corporations such as the Anheuser-Busch brewery and Ralston-Purina company were established. St. Louis also was home to Desloge Consolidated Lead Company and several brass era automobile companies, including the Success Automobile Manufacturing Company;[9] St. Louis also is the site of the Wainwright Building, an early skyscraper built in 1892.

20th century In 1904, the city hosted the 1904 World's Fair and the 1904 Summer Olympics, becoming the first non-European city to host the Olympics.[] Proceeds from the fair provided the city with Forest Park, the St. Louis Art Museum, the St. Louis Zoo and the Missouri History Museum. Discrimination in housing and employment were common in St. Louis, and starting in the 1910s, many property deeds included racial or religious restrictive covenants. During World War II, the NAACP campaigned to integrate war factories, and restrictive covenants were prohibited in 1948 by the Shelley v. Kraemer U.S. Supreme Court decision, which originated as a lawsuit in St. Louis. However, de jure educational segregation continued into the 1950s, and de facto segregation continued into the 1970s, leading to a court challenge and interdistrict desegregation agreement.[10] St. Louis, like many Midwestern cities, expanded in the early 20th century due to the formation of many industrial companies and due to wartime housing shortages. It reached its peak population of 856,796 at the 1950 census.[] Suburbanization from the 1950s through the 1990s dramatically reduced the city's population, and although small increases in population were seen in the early 2000s, the city of St. Louis lost population from 2000 to 2010. Several urban renewal projects commenced in the 1950s, and the city achieved notoriety for its housing projects, particularly Pruitt-Igoe. Since the 1980s, revitalization efforts have focused on downtown St. Louis, and gentrification has taken place in the Washington Avenue Historic District.[] Because of the upturn in urban revitalization, St. Louis received the World Leadership Award for urban renewal in 2006.[] St. Louis 5

Geography

Topography

According to the United States Census Bureau, St. Louis has a total area of 66.2 square miles (171.3 km²), of which 61.9 square miles (160.4 km²) is land and 4.2 square miles (11.0 km² or 6.39%) is water. The city is built primarily on bluffs and terraces that rise 100–200 feet above the western banks of the Mississippi River, in the Midwestern United States just south of the Missouri-Mississippi confluence. Much of the area is a fertile and gently rolling prairie that features low hills and broad, shallow valleys. Both the Mississippi River and the Missouri River have cut large valleys with wide flood plains.

Limestone and dolomite of the Mississippian epoch underlie the area, and parts of the city are karst in nature. This is particularly true of the area south of downtown, which has numerous sinkholes and caves. Most of the caves in the city have been sealed, but many Rivers in the St. Louis area. springs are visible along the riverfront. Coal, brick clay, and millerite ore were once mined in the city, and the predominant surface rock, the St. Louis limestone, is used as dimension stone and rubble for construction.

Near the southern boundary of the city of St. Louis (separating it from St. Louis County) is the River des Peres, practically the only river or stream within the city limits that is not entirely underground.[11] Most of River des Peres was confined to a channel or put underground in the 1920s and early 1930s. The lower section of the river was the site of some of the worst flooding of the Great Flood of 1993. The city's eastern line is the Mississippi River, which also separates Missouri from Illinois. The Missouri River forms the northern line of St. Louis County, except for a few areas where the river has changed its course. The Meramec River forms most of its southern line.

Climate

St. Louis lies in the transitional zone between the humid continental climate type and the humid subtropical climate type (Köppen Dfa and Cfa, respectively), with neither large mountains nor large bodies of water to moderate its temperature. It is subject to both cold Arctic air and hot, humid tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico. The city has four distinct seasons. Spring is the wettest season and produces severe weather ranging from tornadoes to winter storms. Summers are hot and humid; temperatures of 90 °F (32 °C) or higher occur 43 days a year.[12]

Fall is mild with lower humidity and can produce The Captains' Return statue inundated by the Mississippi River, intermittent bouts of heavy rainfall with the first snow 2010. usually falling before late mid November. Winters can be cold and snowy with temperatures frequently below freezing. Winter storm systems, such as Alberta clippers and Panhandle hooks, can bring days of heavy freezing rain, ice pellets, and snowfall. St. Louis 6

The average annual temperature recorded at nearby Lambert–St. Louis International Airport, is 57.1 °F (13.9 °C), and average precipitation is about 41.0 inches (1,040 mm). The daily average temperature in July is 80.0 °F (26.7 °C), while in January it is 31.8 °F (−0.1 °C), although this varies from year to year. Both 100 °F (38 °C) and 0 °F (−18 °C) temperatures can be seen on an average 2 or 3 days per year. The official record low is −22 °F (−30 °C) on January 5, 1884, although there were unofficial readings of −23 °F (−31 °C) on January 29, 1873; and the record high is 115 °F (46 °C) on July 14, 1954.[] July 2012 was the hottest month in the 138-year recorded weather temperatures in St. Louis history starting in 1874, with an average daily temperature of 88.1 °F (31.2 °C).[] Winter (December through February) is the driest season, with an average 7.5 in (191 mm) of precipitation. The average seasonal snowfall is 18.2 inches (46 cm). Spring (March through May), is typically the wettest season, with 11.7 in (297 mm) of precipitation. Dry spells lasting one to two weeks are common during the growing seasons. St. Louis experiences thunderstorms 48 days a year on average.[13] Especially in the spring, these storms can often be severe, with high winds, large hail and tornadoes. Lying near the hotbed of the Tornado Alley, St. Louis reigns as one of the most frequently tornadic metropolitan areas, and has an extensive history of particularly damaging tornadoes. Some late autumns feature the warm weather known as Indian summer; some years see roses in bloom as late as early December.

Climate data for St. Louis, Missouri (Lambert–St. Louis Int'l), 1981−2010 normals Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 77 85 92 93 98 108 115 110 104 94 86 76 115 (25) (29) (33) (34) (37) (42) (46) (43) (40) (34) (30) (24) (46)

Average high °F (°C) 39.9 45.0 55.9 67.4 76.3 85.1 89.1 87.9 80.2 68.5 55.5 42.5 66.1 (4.4) (7.2) (13.3) (19.7) (24.6) (29.5) (31.7) (31.1) (26.8) (20.3) (13.1) (5.8) (18.9)

Average low °F (°C) 23.7 27.6 36.6 47.2 57.2 66.8 71.0 69.4 60.6 49.0 38.1 26.9 47.8 (−4.6) (−2.4) (2.6) (8.4) (14) (19.3) (21.7) (20.8) (15.9) (9.4) (3.4) (−2.8) (8.8)

Record low °F (°C) −22 −18 −5 20 31 43 51 47 32 21 1 −16 −22 (−30) (−28) (−21) (−7) (−1) (6) (11) (8) (0) (−6) (−17) (−27) (−30)

Precipitation inches 2.40 2.24 3.32 3.69 4.72 4.28 4.11 2.99 3.13 3.33 3.91 2.84 40.96 (mm) (61) (56.9) (84.3) (93.7) (119.9) (108.7) (104.4) (75.9) (79.5) (84.6) (99.3) (72.1) (1,040.3) Snowfall inches (cm) 6.0 4.2 2.6 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 4.3 18.2 (15.2) (10.7) (6.6) (1) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (1.8) (10.9) (46.2)

Avg. precipitation 9.4 8.2 11.1 11.4 11.3 9.6 8.3 8.1 7.5 8.5 10.1 9.4 112.9 days (≥ 0.01 in)

Avg. snowy days (≥ 0.1 4.9 3.3 1.8 0.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 3.5 14.5 in)

Mean monthly 161.2 161.0 198.4 222.0 266.6 291.0 310.0 269.7 237.0 207.7 141.0 130.2 2,595.8 sunshine hours

[] [14] [] Source: NOAA (extremes 1874−present), Hong Kong Observatory (sun only, 1961−1990) St. Louis 7

Flora and fauna

Before the founding of the city, the area was prairie and open forest maintained by burning by Native Americans. Trees are mainly oak, maple, and hickory, similar to the forests of the nearby Ozarks; common understory trees include eastern redbud, serviceberry, and flowering dogwood. Riparian areas are forested with mainly American sycamore.

Most of the residential area of the city is planted with large native shade trees. The largest native forest area is found in Forest Park. In Autumn, the changing color of the trees is notable. Most species here are typical of the eastern woodland, although numerous decorative

non-native species are found; the most notable invasive Tower Grove Park. species is Japanese honeysuckle, which is actively removed from some parks.

Large mammals found in the city include urbanized coyotes and white-tailed deer. eastern gray squirrel, cottontail rabbit, and other rodents are abundant, as well as the nocturnal Virginia opossum. Large bird species are abundant in parks and include Canada goose, Mallard duck, as well as shorebirds, including the Great Egret and Great Blue Heron. Gulls are common along the Mississippi River; these species typically follow barge traffic. Winter populations of Bald Eagles are found by the Mississippi River around the Chain of Rocks Bridge. The city is on the Mississippi Flyway, used by migrating birds, and has a large variety of small bird species, common to the eastern US. The Eurasian Tree Sparrow, an introduced species, is limited in North America to the counties surrounding St. Louis. Tower Grove Park is a well-known birdwatching area in the city. Frogs are commonly found in the springtime, especially after extensive wet periods. Common species include the American toad and species of chorus frogs commonly called spring peepers that are found in nearly every pond. Some years have outbreaks of cicadas or ladybugs. Mosquitos and houseflies are common insect nuisances; because of this, windows are nearly universally fitted with screens, and screened-in porches are common in homes of the area. Invasive populations of honeybees have sharply declined in recent years, and numerous native species of pollinator insects have recovered to fill their ecological niche.

Demographics

Historical populations Census Pop. %±

1810 1,600 —

1830 4,977 —

1840 16,469 230.9%

1850 77,860 372.8%

1860 160,773 106.5%

1870 310,864 93.4%

1880 350,518 12.8%

1890 451,770 28.9% St. Louis 8

1900 575,238 27.3%

1910 687,029 19.4%

1920 772,897 12.5%

1930 821,960 6.3%

1940 816,048 −0.7%

1950 856,796 5.0%

1960 750,026 −12.5%

1970 622,236 −17.0%

1980 452,801 −27.2%

1990 396,685 −12.4%

2000 348,189 −12.2%

2010 319,294 −8.3%

Est. 2012 318,172 −0.4%

[15] U.S. Decennial Census [16] 2012 Estimate

St. Louis grew slowly until the American Civil War, when industrialization and immigration sparked a boom, and it reached its peak population in 1950. That year, the Census Bureau reported St. Louis' population as 82% White and 17.9% African American.[17] After World War II, St. Louis began losing population to the suburbs, first because of increased demand for new housing, and later, white flight.[] St. Louis has lost 62.7% of its population since 1950 United States Census, the highest percent of any city that had a population of 100,000 or more at the time of the 1950 Census. Detroit and Youngstown, Ohio are the only other cities to have seen population declines of at least 60% in the same time frame.

The racial makeup of St. Louis in 2010. (Each dot represents 25 people: red dots According to the 2010 United States are Caucasian; blue dots, African-American; green, Asian; orange, Hispanic; gray, Census, St. Louis had 319,294 people living other.) in 142,057 households, of which 67,488 households were families. The population density was 5,158.2 people per square mile (1,990.6/km²). About 24% of the population was 19 or younger, 9% were 20 to 24, 31% were 25 to 44, 25% were 45 to 64, and 11% were 65 or older. The median age was about 34 years.

The population was about 49.2% African American, 43.9% White (42.2% Non-Hispanic White), 2.9% Asian, 0.3% Native American/Alaska Native, and 2.4% reporting two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3.5% of the population.[] St. Louis 9

The African American population is mostly centered in the north side of the city (the area north of Delmar Boulevard is 94.0% black, compared with 35.0% in the central corridor and 26.0% in the south side of St. Louis [18]). Among the Asian American population, the largest ethnic group is Vietnamese (0.9%), followed by Chinese (0.6%) and Asian Indians (0.5%). The Vietnamese community is most prevalent in the Dutchtown neighborhood; Chinese are concentrated in the Central West End.[] People of Mexican descent are the largest Latino group, and make up 2.2% of St. Louis' population. They have the highest concentration in the Dutchtown, Benton Park West, and Gravois Park neighborhoods.[] There are an estimated 70,000 Bosnians in the metro area and St Louis is home to the only Bosnian-language newspaper in the U.S.[19] In 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $29,156, and the median income for a family was $32,585. Males had a median income of $31,106; females, $26,987. Per capita income was $18,108. Some 19% of the city's housing units were vacant, and slightly less than half of these were vacant structures not for sale or rent. In 2010, St. Louis' per-capita rate of online charitable donations and volunteerism were among the highest among major U.S cities.[20]

United States Census Population and Rank Among Largest US Cities

Year 1860 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Population 160,773 310,864 350,518 451,770 575,238 687,029 772,897 821,960 816,048 856,796 750,026 622,236 452,801 396,685 348,189 319,294

8 4 6 5 4 4 6 7 8 8 10 18 26 34 51 58 U.S. [21][22] Rank

Languages As of 2010, 91.05% (270,934) of St. Louis city residents age 5 and older spoke English at home as a primary language, while 2.86% (8,516) spoke Spanish, 0.91% (2,713) Serbo-Croatian, 0.74% (2,200) Vietnamese, 0.50% (1,495) African languages, 0.50% (1,481) Chinese, and French was spoken as a main language by 0.45% (1,341) of the population over the age of five. In total, 8.95% (26,628) of St. Louis's population age 5 and older spoke a mother language other than English.[23]

Economy The 2011 Gross Metropolitan Product (GMP) of St. Louis was $133.1 billion, 21st-highest in the country.[] According to the 2007 Economic Census, manufacturing in the city conducted nearly $11 billion in business, followed by the health care and social service industry with $3.5 billion, professional or technical services with $3.1 billion, and the retail trade with $2.5 billion. The health care sector was the biggest employer in the area with 34,000 workers, followed by administrative and support jobs, 24,000; manufacturing, 21,000, and food service, 20,000.[24] The rivers of St. Louis play a large role in moving goods, especially bulk commodities such as grain, coal, salt, and certain chemicals and petroleum products. The Port of St. Louis in 2004 was the third-largest inland port by tonnage in the country, and the 21st-largest of any sort.[25] St. Louis 10

Major companies and institutions As of 2013, the St. Louis area is home to nine Fortune 500 companies: Express Scripts, Emerson Electric, Monsanto, Reinsurance Group of America, Centene, Peabody Energy, Ameren, Graybar Electric, and Edward Jones Investments.[] Other notable corporations from the area include MasterCard, Citigroup, Microsoft, Bank of America, TD Ameritrade, BMO Harris Bank, Arch Coal, Cassidy Turley, AT&T Communications, Scottrade, Wells Fargo Advisors (formerly A.G. Edwards), Energizer Holdings, Furniture Brands International, Kerry Group, Patriot Coal, Post Holdings, Inc., United Van Lines and Mayflower Transit, Ralcorp, Hardee's, and Enterprise Holdings (parent company of several car rental companies). Health care and biotechnology institutions with operations in St. Louis include Pfizer, the Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, the Solae Company, Sigma-Aldrich, and Multidata Systems International. General Motors makes railroad cars in the area, although Chrysler closed its production facility in nearby Fenton, Missouri. Several once-independent pillars of the local economy have been purchased by other corporations. Among them are Anheuser-Busch, purchased by Belgium-based InBev; McDonnell Douglas, whose operations are now part of Boeing Defense, Space & Security;[26] Mallinckrodt, purchased by Tyco International; and Ralston Purina, now a wholly owned subsidiary of Nestle.[27] The May Department Stores Company (which owned Famous-Barr and Marshall Field's stores) was purchased by Federated Department Stores, which has its regional headquarters in the area. The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis in downtown is one of two federal reserve banks in Missouri.[28]

Top employers According to St. Louis Business Journal, the top employers as of July 2013 are as follows:[29]

# Employer # of Employees

1 BJC Health Care 25,039

2 Boeing Defense, Space & Security 14,868

3 Washington University 14,091

4 Scott Air Force Base 13,000

5 SSM Health Care 11,898

6 Mercy 10,946

7 Schnuck Markets 10,919

According to St. Louis' 2012 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[30][31] the top employers in the city for 2011 are: St. Louis 11

# Employer # of Employees

1 Washington University 14,422

2 BJC Health Care 12,696

3 St. Louis University 10,140

4 City of St. Louis 8,099

5 Defense Finance and Accounting Service 6,320

6 Wells Fargo 5,524

7 St. Louis Board of Education 4,948

8 AT&T Services 4,358

9 State of Missouri 4,182

10 Anheuser-Busch, Inc. 3,701

Culture With its French past and numerous Catholic immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries, St. Louis is a major center of Roman Catholicism in the United States. St. Louis also boasts the largest Ethical Culture Society in the United States. Several places of worship in the city also are noteworthy, such as the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, home of the world's largest mosaic installation.[32] Other locally notable churches include the Basilica of St. Louis, King of France, the oldest Roman Catholic cathedral west of the Mississippi River and the oldest church in St. Louis, the St. Louis Abbey, whose distinctive architectural style garnered multiple awards at the time of its completion in 1962, and St. Francis de Sales Oratory, a neo-Gothic church completed in 1908 and the second largest church in the city. Many cultural attractions are located in the Greater St. Louis area, such as the Gateway Arch and the Delmar Loop. The city is also defined by music and the performing arts, especially its association with blues, jazz, and ragtime. St. Louis is home to the St. Louis Symphony, the second-oldest symphony orchestra in the United States, and until 2010, it was also home to KFUO-FM, one of the oldest classical music FM radio stations west of the Mississippi River.[33] Unique city and regional cuisine includes toasted ravioli, gooey butter cake, Provel cheese, the slinger, the Gerber sandwich, the St. Paul sandwich, and St. Louis-style pizza.

Sports St. Louis is home to professional Major League Baseball, National Football League, and National Hockey League teams, notable collegiate-level soccer teams, and has hosted several collegiate sports tournaments. St. Louis 12

Professional sports teams in St. Louis

Club Sport League Venue

St. Louis Blues Ice hockey National Hockey League Scottrade Center

St. Louis Cardinals Baseball Major League Baseball Busch Stadium

St. Louis Rams American football National Football League Edward Jones Dome

Professional sports The St. Louis Cardinals, one of the oldest franchises in Major League Baseball, play at Busch Stadium and have accumulated 11 World Series titles, with the most recent being in 2011. The Gateway Grizzlies and the River City Rascals of the Frontier League (which is not affiliated with Major League Baseball) also play in the area. The St. Louis Rams, an American football team in the National Football League play at the Edward Jones Dome and have won three NFL championships, including one Super Bowl victory. The St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League play at the Scottrade Center, and the region hosts NHRA drag racing and NASCAR events at the Gateway International Raceway in Madison, Illinois.

Amateur sports At the collegiate level, St. Louis has hosted the Final Four of both the women's and men's college basketball NCAA Division I championship tournaments, and the Frozen Four collegiate ice hockey tournament. Although the area does not currently support a National Basketball Association team, it hosts an American Basketball Association team called the St. Louis Phoenix. St. Louis University has won 10 NCAA Men's Soccer Championships, and the city has hosted the College Cup several times. In addition to collegiate soccer, St. Louisans have played for the United States men's national soccer team, and 20 St. Louisans have been elected into the National Soccer Hall of Fame. St. Louis also is the origin of the sport of corkball, a type of baseball in which there is no base running. The St. Louis TV market is the largest in the nation without a Division I college football team.

Parks

The city operates more than 100 parks, with amenities that include sports facilities, playgrounds, concert areas, picnic areas, and lakes. Forest Park, located on the western edge of city, is the largest park in the city, although it is not the largest park in the region. Another significant park in the city is the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, a National Memorial located on the riverfront in downtown St. Louis. The centerpiece of the park is the 630 feet (192 m) tall Gateway Arch, designed by noted architect Eero Saarinen and completed on October 28, 1965. Also part of the park is the Old Old footbridge in Forest Park Courthouse, where the first two trials of Dred Scott v. Sandford were held in 1847 and 1850.

Other notable parks in the city include the Missouri Botanical Garden, Tower Grove Park, and Citygarden. The Missouri Botanical Garden, a private garden and botanical research facility, includes the Climatron, a greenhouse built as a geodesic dome. Immediately south of the Missouri Botanical Garden is Tower Grove Park, a gift to the City by Henry Shaw. Citygarden is an urban sculpture park located in downtown St. Louis, with art from Fernand Léger, Aristide Maillol, Julian Opie, Tom Otterness, Niki de Saint Phalle, and Mark di Suvero.[34][35] The park is St. Louis 13

also divided into three sections, each of which represent a different theme: river bluffs; flood plains; and urban gardens. The park also has a restaurant – Joe's Chili Bowl. Another downtown sculpture park is the Serra Sculpture Park, with the 1982 Richard Serra sculpture Twain.[36]

Government The city of St. Louis has a mayor-council government with legislative authority vested in the Board of Aldermen of the City of St. Louis and with executive authority in the Mayor of St. Louis and six other separately elected officials.[] The Board of Aldermen is made up of 28 members (one elected from each of the city's wards) plus a board president who is elected city-wide.[37] The 2012 city budget is $938 million. It is scheduled to rise to $966 million in 2013.[] 236,253 registered voters lived in the city in 2012,[38] down from 239,247 in 2010, and 257,442 in 2008.[39]

Local and regional government Municipal elections in St. Louis are held in odd numbered years, with the primary elections in March and the general election in April. The mayor is elected in odd numbered years following the United States Presidential Election, as are the aldermen representing odd-numbered wards. The President of the Board of Aldermen and the aldermen from even-numbered wards are elected in the off-years. The Democratic Party has dominated St. Louis city politics for decades. The city has not had a Republican mayor since 1949 and the last time a Republican was elected to another city-wide office was in the 1970s. As of 2006, 27 of the city's 28 Aldermen are Democrats. Although St. Louis separated from St. Louis County in 1876, some mechanisms have been put in place for joint funding management and funding of regional assets. The St. Louis Zoo-Museum district collects property taxes from residents of both St. Louis City and County and the funds are used to support cultural institutions including the St. Louis Zoo, St. Louis Art Museum and the Missouri Botanical Gardens. Similarly, the Metropolitan Sewer District provides sanitary and storm sewer service to the city and much of St. Louis County. The Bi-State Development Agency (now known as Metro) runs the region's MetroLink light rail system and bus system.

State and federal government St. Louis is represented by eleven districts in the Missouri House of Representatives: all of the 76th, 77th, 78th, 79th, 80th, 81st, 82nd, and 84th, and parts of the 66th, 83rd, and 93rd, which are shared with St. Louis County.[] The 5th Missouri Senate district is entirely within the city, while the 4th is shared with St. Louis County.[] St. Louis shares the 1st U.S. Congressional district with northern St. Louis County.[] A Republican has not represented a significant portion of St. Louis in the U.S. House since 1949. The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit and the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri are based in the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse in downtown St. Louis. St. Louis is also home to a Federal Reserve System branch, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) also maintains major facilities in the St. Louis area.[40] The Military Personnel Records Center (NPRC-MPR) located at 9700 Page Avenue in St. Louis, Missouri, USA, is a branch of the National Personnel Records Center and is the repository of over 56 million military personnel records and medical records pertaining to retired, discharged, and deceased veterans of the U.S. armed forces.[41] St. Louis 14

Crime Since the mid-1990s, St. Louis index crime rates have declined, although rates of violent crime and property crime in the city of St. Louis remain higher than both the state and United States national averages.[42] St. Louis also frequently is ranked among the "most dangerous" in the country by CQ Press, although these rankings are controversial and do not reflect the crime rate of Greater St. Louis.[43][44] In 2012, St. Louis ranked at number 4 of the top 5 most dangerous cities in America comparing violent crime rates, behind Flint, Michigan, Detroit, and Oakland.[]

Education

The 77 public schools in the city proper, the largest district in the region, are attended by more than 25,000 students and operated by St. Louis Public Schools, which is run by a state-appointed board.[45] The city also has several private high schools, including secular, Catholic and Lutheran schools. The city is home to two national research universities, Washington University in St. Louis and St. Louis University, as classified under the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. St. Louis is home to the Covenant Theological Seminary and St. Louis University High School is the oldest secondary educational institution in Missouri. Concordia Seminary, of the Lutheran Church Missouri Synod, which also is headquartered in St. Louis.[46]

Media Greater St. Louis commands the 21st largest media market in the United States, a position it has held with little variation for more than ten years.[47] All of the major U.S. television networks have affiliates in St. Louis, including KTVI 2 (Fox), KMOV 4 (CBS), KSDK 5 (NBC), KETC 9 (PBS), KPLR-TV 11 (CW), KDNL 30 (ABC), WRBU 46 (MNTV), and WPXS 51 Daystar Television Network. Among the most popular radio stations in the St. Louis area are KMOX (AM sports and talk, notable for being the long-time flagship station for St. Louis Cardinals broadcasts), KLOU (FM oldies), WIL-FM (FM country), WARH (FM adult hits), and KSLZ (FM top 40 mainstream).[48] St. Louis also supports public radio with KWMU, an NPR affiliate, and community radio with KDHX. All-sports stations, such as KFNS 590 AM "The Fan", WXOS "101.1 ESPN", and KSLG are also popular in St. Louis. The St. Louis Post-Dispatch is the region's major daily newspaper. Other newspapers in the region include the Suburban Journals, serving parts of St. Louis County, while the primary alternative newspaper is the Riverfront Times. Three weeklies serve the African-American community: the St. Louis Argus, the St. Louis American, and the St. Louis Sentinel. St. Louis Magazine, a local monthly magazine, covers topics such as local history, cuisine, and lifestyles, while the weekly St. Louis Business Journal provides coverage of regional business news. St. Louis is also home to the nation's last remaining metropolitan journalism review, the Gateway Journalism Review, based at Webster University in the suburb of Webster Groves.[] Furthermore, St. Louis is served by an online newspaper, the St. Louis Beacon, which operates in partnership and shares facilities with KETC 9 TV.[49] St. Louis 15

Industries

Transportation

The city of St. Louis is served by four interstates and several U.S. highways and state roadways. Although there are no airports within the city limits, the city owns and operates Lambert-St. Louis International Airport, located in northwest St. Louis County. Freight rail and passenger rail service operate in the city on tracks owned by BNSF Railway, with passenger service provided by Amtrak and served at the Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center in downtown St. Louis. Bus service, light rail, and paratransit service in the city is provided by the Bi-State Development Agency, also known as Metro. St. Louis also A MetroLink light rail train in St. Louis maintains a port authority for river shipping, and taxicabs are regulated within the city.

Health care St. Louis is a center of medicine and biotechnology.[50] The Washington University School of Medicine is affiliated with Barnes-Jewish Hospital, the fifth largest hospital in the world, and the two institutions operate the Alvin J. Siteman Cancer Center.[51] The School of Medicine also is affiliated with St. Louis Children's Hospital, one of the country's top pediatric hospitals.[52] Both hospitals are owned by BJC HealthCare. The school's Genome Sequencing Center played a major role in the Human Genome Project.[53] St. Louis University Medical School is affiliated with Tenet Healthcare's St. Louis University Hospitals and SSM Health Care's Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital. It also has a cancer center, vaccine research center and a bioethics institute. Several different organizations operate hospitals in the area, including BJC HealthCare, SSM Health Care, Tenet and Mercy Healthcare.

Technology Boeing announced on May 13, 2013 it will cut 1,500 IT jobs in Seattle, Washington over the next three years with a combination of layoffs, attrition and relocation. Most of those will be relocated (approximately 600 jobs each) to St. Louis, Missouri, and North Charleston, South Carolina. The jobs will be created in a new IT center in each city.[54] Boeing already had a huge workforce in its north St. Louis campus, which is headquarters to its defense unit, employing almost 15,000. One reason for the shift is because in Seattle, Boeing is competing for other high-tech, higher-paid personnel at Microsoft and Amazon.com.[55] St. Louis 16

Commercial Real Estate Services In July 2013, Cassidy Turley announced plans to open a new office in downtown St. Louis initially with 30 employees in October, adding to the seven already in the region.[56] It has 800 employees in the region presently with its main St. Louis office in the Clayton, Missouri suburb.[57]

Architecture and neighborhoods

St. Louis skyline in September 2008 from the air looking west.

St. Louis skyline in 2007 from East St. Louis, Illinois looking west. The large building on the right side of the arch is One Metropolitan Square. The tallest building to its left is One AT&T Center. The tallest building on the right is One US Bank Plaza. The domed building to the left of the arch is the Thomas F. Eagleton United States Courthouse. The domed building beneath the arch is the Old Courthouse. The cylindrical building to the left of the arch is the Millennium Hotel. St. Louis possesses several significant examples of 19th-century architecture, such as the early stone construction Emmanuel DeHodiamont House, the Greek Revival style Chatillon-DeMenil House in the Soulard neighborhood, the Victorian era Campbell House, and the Wainwright Building, an early Louis Sullivan skyscraper. The city is divided into 79 government-designated neighborhoods.[58] The neighborhood divisions have no legal standing, although some neighborhood associations administer grants or hold veto power over historic-district development. St. Louis 17

Sister cities St. Louis has 16 sister cities.[]

• – Bologna, Italy • – São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil • – Bogor, Indonesia • – Samara, Russia • – Brčko, Bosnia and Herzegovina • – San Luis Potosí, Mexico • – Donegal, Co. Donegal, Ireland [] • – Stuttgart, Germany • – Galway, Co. Galway, Ireland • – Suwa, Japan [] • – Lyon, France • – Szczecin, Poland • – Nanjing, China • – Wuhan, China • – Saint-Louis, Senegal • - Yokneam, Israel

References

[2] St. Louis Public Library on "Mound City" (http:/ / www. slpl. org/ slpl/ interests/ article240099632. asp).

[3] STLtoday.com on "The Lou" (http:/ / www. stltoday. com/ blogzone/ the-editors-desk/ the-editors-desk/ 2008/ 05/ offended-by-the-lou/ ).

[4] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=St. _Louis& params=38_37_38_N_90_11_52_W_type:city(318172)_region:US-MO

[5] http:/ / stlouis-mo. gov

[6] Missouri QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau (http:/ / quickfacts. census. gov/ qfd/ maps/ missouri_map. html). [7] Hoffhaus. (1984). Chez Les Canses: Three Centuries at Kawsmouth, Kansas City: Lowell Press. ISBN 0-913504-91-2.

[8] www.usgennet.org. (http:/ / www. usgennet. org/ usa/ mo/ county/ stlouis/ attack. htm) Attack On St. Louis: May 26, 1780. [9] Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p. 32.

[11] St. Louis – News – A Sewer Runs Through It (http:/ / www. rftstl. com/ 2000-12-06/ news/ a-sewer-runs-through-it/ ).

[12] The Climatology of St. Louis and the Bi-State Area. http:/ / www. crh. noaa. gov/ lsx/ ?n=cli_of_stl [24] 2007 Economic Census.

[29] The Largest Employers in St. Louis-July 2013 (http:/ / www. bizjournals. com/ stlouis/ blog/ 2013/ 07/ the-largest-employers-in-st-louis. html?s=image_gallery)

[31] City of St. Louis CAFR (http:/ / stlouis-mo. gov/ government/ departments/ comptroller/ documents/ upload/ FY 2012 Comprehensive

Annual Financial Report. pdf), p. 194 [33] The station was sold by the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod for $18 million, funded in part through a donation by then-St. Louis Cardinals

star Albert Pujols, and converted to contemporary Christian music. Deidre Pujols sounds off on Christian radio, STLtoday.com (http:/ / www.

stltoday. com/ lifestyles/ faith-and-values/ civil-religion/ deidre-pujols-sounds-off-on-christian-radio/

article_72a3db58-2521-11e1-91c2-0019bb30f31a. html), Dec. 12, 2011

[34] Tim Bryant, " Citygarden an immediate hit with visitors (http:/ / www. stltoday. com/ blogzone/ building-blocks/ uncategorized/ 2009/ 07/

citygarden-an-immediate-hit-with-visitors/ )." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Jul. 1, 2009.

[35] David Bonetti, " Spectacular Citygarden is opening on schedule in St. Louis (http:/ / www. stltoday. com/ stltoday/ entertainment/ stories.

nsf/ visualarts/ story/ EFB03D819B8415B7862575E2000ACAB1?OpenDocument)." St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Jun. 28, 2009.

[36] (http:/ / stlouis. missouri. org/ citygov/ / parks/ parks_div/ serra. html)

[37] Guide to the Board of Aldermen (http:/ / stlouis-mo. gov/ government/ departments/ aldermen/ about/ index. cfm), StLouis-mo.gov

[41] accessdate=October 31, 2012 (http:/ / www. archives. gov/ veterans)

[42] St. Louis MO crime rates and statistics (http:/ / www. neighborhoodscout. com/ mo/ st-louis/ crime/ ). NeighborhoodScout. Retrieved on 2013-07-21.

[46] www.covenantseminary.edu Covenant Theological Seminary (http:/ / www. covenantseminary. edu) [48] Arbitron (June 2011). [49] stlbeacon.org

[53] Home - The Genome Institute at Washington University (http:/ / genome. wustl. edu). Genome.wustl.edu. Retrieved on 2013-08-16.

[58] Neighborhoods of the City of St. Louis (http:/ / www. stlouis-mo. gov/ government/ departments/ public-safety/

neighborhood-stabilization-office/ neighborhoods/ index. cfm), StLouis-mo.gov St. Louis 18

External links

• Built St. Louis (http:/ / www. builtstlouis. net/ )

• St. Louis Convention & Visitors Bureau (http:/ / www. explorestlouis. com/ )

• St. Louis Regional Chamber and Growth Association (http:/ / www. stlrcga. org/ )

• City-data.com – St. Louis (http:/ / www. city-data. com/ city/ St. -Louis-Missouri. html)

• Washington University - About St. Louis (http:/ / wustl. edu/ about/ stlouis)

• Historic maps of St. Louis in the Sanborn Maps of Missouri Collection (http:/ / mulibraries. missouri. edu/

specialcollections/ sanborn. htm) at the University of Missouri Article Sources and Contributors 19 Article Sources and Contributors

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Thayer, Bill of St. Louis, Billinghurst, BirgitteSB, Bjwuollet, Bkell, Bkonrad, Blightsoot, Bluelion, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Boffob, Bon Johndy, Boneillhawk, Bongwarrior, Booch, Borow1, Brentonf, Brian0918, Brian1979, Brianski, Brianwhit, Brossow, Brownshoeco, Brps311, Bry456, Bryan Derksen, Bryanclair, Bryankreutz 77, Bsmith8259, Buaidh, Buffaloe99, Buphoff, Burgz33, Burmiester, Burnwelk, C5mjohn, CSWarren, CTF83!, CWii, Cactus.man, CadetsSoccer2010, Caleymhm, Camembert, Camstl, CanisRufus, CapPixel, CapeHemingway, Capricorn42, Casey Abell, Catbar, Catgut, Cdc, Cebra, Cflm001, Champsdfw, Chance Harper, Chanheigeorge, Chase me ladies, I'm the Cavalry, Chicheley, ChicosBailBonds, Chocolatechipcookie91, Chowbok, Chr.K., Chris 73, Chris the speller, ChrisG1988, Christian Historybuff, Circus54, Claus Ableiter, ClementSeveillac, Clock88, Clorox, Closedmouth, Cmh, Cmiofsky, Colin.faulkingham, Colonies Chris, Commander Keane, CommonsDelinker, Compfreak7, Conan11, Conversion script, Cookiehead, Coolcaesar, Coolmercedes, CountyKid, CranialNerveX, CrazyC83, CrazyDreamer, CrazyTalk, Credidimus, Crowstar, Cs-wolves, Cuziluvit, Cvieg, CyMoahk, Cynic783, Cyzor, D55689951, DVD R W, Dabarkey, Daddylight, Dafoeberezin3494, Dalahäst, Dale Arnett, Daltnpapi4u, DanMS, Daniel32357, DanielCD, Danmarlene, Danny, DaronDierkes, Darth Twit, Dave Farquhar, Dave14225, Davebug, Davecostenaro, Davenbelle, Davewho2, David1287, DavidOaks, DavidSteinle, Davidboyd9, Daviddigi10, Davidebrown, Davidkevin, Dawn Bard, Ddnile, Deathardath, Deflective, Delirium, Delotrooladoo, Delusion23, Deor, Derek Ross, Derek.cashman, Descent, Digitalme, Dirk Beyer, Discospinster, Diwas, Dj gamache, Djln, Djodjo666, Dkriegls, Dlohcierekim, DocOfSoc, Dolovis, Domino theory, Donaldsoffer, Donation, Donner60, Doriftu, DougsTech, Dr31, Dragonninja97, Dralwik, Drowzy, Dschwen, Dtdisland, Ducarmont, Duchamps comb, Dufekin, Duke of Geography, Duncan, Duoraven, Dwscomet, Dyanega, Dyfsunctional, Dylant2011, E-Maning32NY43, ERTBen, Easonshane, Eastlaw, Eco84, Ecoleetage, Ecurran, Ed g2s, Edgehawk, Editedit1, Efrem7, Eliz81, Elkman, Elonka, Elwrucko, Emerymat, Emperorbma, Endersan, Enigmaman, Epolk, Equals42, Eric-Wester, Erpert, Euicho, EurekaLott, European Girl, Everyking, Evil Monkey, Evolauxia, Ewlyahoocom, Ewulp, Eyebeeuk, Farisrot, Fetchcomms, Feydey, Fifth Century East Germanic, Finn-Zoltan, Firsfron, Fitzaubrey, Flatassben, Flatman, Florida Is Hell, Fluri, Flyerdog11, Flyingember, Flymeoutofhere, Fnlayson, Fourthords, Fpo, Frank Prchal, Frankolive, Frankster200277, Fratrep, Free Bear, Freechild, Freeze92, Freshprince78, Frietjes, Frondelet, FunPika, Fuzheado, GT, Gaa47a, Gaius Cornelius, Galati, Gamer83, Gardar Rurak, Gary Kreie, Gasbag5, Gavin.collins, Gcanyon, Gdell, GeneralEndicott, GenericBob, Geoffrey Gibson, Geologyguy, Gerry D, Giancarlo1992, Gilgamesh, Goclenius, Godefroy, Godofnanjing, GoingBatty, Gojirae, Goodvac, Goplacez, Gopman1, GorillaWarfare, Gothamscholar, Grafen, Graham87, Greeklamb, Grey Wanderer, Greyscale67, Grosscha, GroveGuy, Guardian of the Rings, GumbyElvis, Guoguo12, Gurch, GuruBuckaroo, Gwguffey, Gyashinero, H3h, HGMark, HaarFager, Hadal, Haham hanuka, Hajor, HalfEnglish, Hall Monitor, Hallows AG, HangingCurve, Happynoodleboycey, Hardouin, Hargrimm, Hattusa, Hbent, Heegoop, Heimstern, Hephaestos, Heptapod, Herostratus, Hertz1888, Hfarmer, Highwayman91, Hjg001, Hmains, Hobartimus, Hongooi, Hooktonnfonnix, Hoponpop69, Hottentot, Howcheng, Hugh Manatee, Hut 8.5, I dream of horses, Icemanofbarcelona101, Ifasehun, Iful, IgnorantArmies, Improbcat, Indon, Indrian, IndulgentReader, Infrogmation, Innercitivoice, Instinct, Into The Fray, Ioeth, Iridescent, IronJohnandtheFarRoad, Ironski21, Irregulargalaxies, Isis Gremwald, Ivirivi00, Iwiwiwiwiwiw, J.delanoy, JACKSONVILLE, JASpencer, JB82, JBradHicks, JBsupreme, JForget, JHawk88, JaGa, Jackbauer24, JackofOz, James Kidd, James086, JamesBWatson, Jamesontai, Jamo2008, Jamse, Janlons, Jasontoon, Jauhienij, Jaysoncsia, Jcarkeys, Jchapell, Jcrocker, Jd027, Jdcaust, Jeanenawhitney, Jeff G., Jeff3000, Jeffenglish3274, JeffieAlex, Jenks24, Jennavecia, Jeremy Franey, JeremyA, Jeronimo, Jetcrew6, Jetcrew66, Jetfreak4, Jfruh, Jgera5, Jheiv, Jhendin, Jigga1206, Jivecat, Jjacobsmeyer, Jkahrs595, Jkt, Jleon, Jmkleeberg, Jmpearl1s, Jnaksjnaksjnaks, Joanierollmoan, Joanjoc, JoeCatch, Joebwe25, Joeseph0404, John, John P Salvatore, JohnWhitlock, Johnnysticks, Johnpacklambert, Jokerst44, JonMoore, Jonadin93, Joncnunn, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jossi, Journ3eb, Joyous!, Jpers36, Jredmond, Jrk3150, Jrmiller962, Juanmthompson, JudyLewin, Jujub41482, Juliancolton, Juntung, JustTheFactsUSA, Justfred, Justice League 05, Justincolorado, Jvanderweele, Jwikiedit, K3rb, KUsam, Ka99jacob, Kaelin100, Kahunakats, Kaisersanders, Kamoranakrre T. 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File:StLouisMontage.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:StLouisMontage.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:Redcody File:Flag of St. Louis, Missouri.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_St._Louis,_Missouri.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Dyfsunctional File:Map of Missouri highlighting Saint Louis City.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Map_of_Missouri_highlighting_Saint_Louis_City.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Dbenbenn file:Usa edcp location map.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Uwe Dedering Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 20

File:Speaker Icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Speaker_Icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Blast, G.Hagedorn, Mobius, Tehdog, 2 anonymous edits File:St Louis Birdseye Map 1896.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_Louis_Birdseye_Map_1896.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: BigMapBlog, EurekaLott File:St Louis Rivers.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_Louis_Rivers.png License: Public Domain Contributors: EurekaLott, Rd232, Sigfrid File:The Captains' Return statue and Eads Bridge.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:The_Captains'_Return_statue_and_Eads_Bridge.JPG License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors: John P Salvatore File:Tower Grove Park Scene 1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Tower_Grove_Park_Scene_1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bachrach44, Bluelion, Davenbelle File:Race and ethnicity 2010 St. Louis.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010_St._Louis.png License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Eric Fischer File:Forest PK bridge.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Forest_PK_bridge.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original uploader was Bluelion at en.wikipedia File:SLUH.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:SLUH.JPG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Kbh3rd, TMS63112 File:St Louis Metrolink train.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St_Louis_Metrolink_train.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Contributors: Matthew Black from St Louis, MO, US File:St. Louis skyline September 2008.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:St._Louis_skyline_September_2008.jpg License: unknown Contributors: F-15Cs_Missouri_ANG_over_St_Louis_Gateway_2008.jpg: Capt. Timothy Reinhart, USAF derivative work: ←fetchcomms File:Magnify-clip.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnify-clip.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Erasoft24 File:STL Skyline 2007 edit.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:STL_Skyline_2007_edit.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0 Contributors: Buphoff File:Flag of Italy.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Italy.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Indonesia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Indonesia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, rewritten by User:Gabbe File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Kseferovic File:Flag of Ireland.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ireland.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKopp File:Flag of France.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_France.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Drawn by User:SKopp, redrawn by User:Denelson83 and User:Zscout370 Recode by cs:User:-xfi- (code), User:Shizhao (colors) File:Flag of Senegal.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Senegal.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Original upload by Nightstallion File:Flag of Brazil.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Russia.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Zscout370 File:Flag of Mexico.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Mexico.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alex Covarrubias, 9 April 2006 Based on the arms by Juan Gabino. File:Flag of Germany.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Germany.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Japan.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Japan.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie File:Flag of Poland.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Mifter File:Flag of Israel.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: “The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of the Flag of the State of Israel” of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. The color of the Magen David and the stripes of the Israeli flag is not precisely specified by the above legislation. The color depicted in the current version of the image is typical of flags used in Israel today, although individual flags can and do vary. The flag legislation officially specifies dimensions of 220 cm × 160 cm. However, the sizes of actual flags vary (although the aspect ratio is usually retained). License

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