Groundwater Recharge Modelling a Case Study in the Central Veluwe, the Netherlands

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Groundwater Recharge Modelling a Case Study in the Central Veluwe, the Netherlands Groundwater Recharge Modelling A case study in the Central Veluwe, The Netherlands Hiwot Ghiday Gebreyohannes February, 2008 Groundwater Recharge Modelling A case study in the Central Veluwe, The Netherlands by Hiwot Ghiday Gebreyohannes Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, Specialisation: Groundwater Assessment and Modelling. Thesis Assessment Board Chairman Dr.Ir. M.W. Lubczynski WRS, ITC, Enschede External Examiner Dr.Ir.P.Droogers Future Water, Wageningen First Supervisor Dr.A.S.M.Gieske WRS, ITC, Enschede Second Supervisor Dr.Ing.T.H.M.Rientjes WRS, ITC, Enschede INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute. Dedicated to My Dearest mother with Love and Gratitude ‘Who encouraged me to knowledge’ Abstract Quantitative understanding of the process of groundwater recharge is fundamental to the sustainable management of groundwater resources since the recharge magnitude directly affects the amount of water that can be extracted from aquifers. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of meteorological forcing on groundwater recharge and water table fluctuations in the Central Veluwe (The Netherlands) which is characterized by deep phreatic groundwater and dense vegetation. Two models were used to simulate soil moisture flow in the unsaturated zone, namely: the Soil- Water-Atmosphere-Plant system (SWAP) and the Extended model for Aquifer Recharge and soil moisture Transport through the unsaturated Hardrock (EARTH). Both models make use of daily precipitation and potential evapotranspiration data to simulate soil water content, actual evapotranspiration, percolation, recharge and groundwater level fluctuations. The precipitation data was obtained by spatial interpolation of daily precipitation records from four stations within the study area and the potential evapotranspiration was calculated using Makkink and Penman-Monteith equations. Land cover classification for this study was done by considering LANDSAT ETM images, topographic maps and ground truth data as collected during field trips, while vegetation height was determined with LIDAR derived AHN data. Soil moisture, actual evapotranspiration, percolation, recharge and groundwater level fluctuations were simulated for a period of twenty years (1973-1992) and the simulated groundwater levels were compared with the observed levels. Both models appear to simulate the slow groundwater level fluctuations of the study area with high accuracy in the first 15 years of the simulation period. However, systematic deviations occurred in the last 5 years of the simulations probably as a result of increased groundwater abstractions in the area. In this research the effects of the abstractions cannot be quantified further since these are not considered in the design of the model structures. In this study, the SWAP and EARTH approaches have nearly identical results. The long-term mean annual total evapotranspiration that also includes evaporation from tree interception is found to be 515 mm while the groundwater recharge amounts to 345 mm. Groundwater recharge is only 39% of the mean annual precipitation and implies that 61% of precipitation is lost by evapotranspiration. This study also reveals that the highest recharge fluxes are from the area covered by mixed forest, light coniferous forest, heath and Molinia grass. The annual actual evapotranspiration is nearly constant throughout the modelling period. In contrast, the recharge rate shows a high temporal variability and follows a pattern similar to precipitation. The overall conclusion of this study is that groundwater level fluctuations in the Central Veluwe are affected by natural climatic variations and anthropogenic influences. Key words: Soil water flow modelling, groundwater recharge and groundwater level fluctuations i Acknowledgements First and foremost I would like to acknowledge the enabling environment created by the World Bank (International Bank for reconstruction and development) through the Joint Japan/World Bank Graduate Scholarship program (JJ/WBGSP). I am grateful to my organization for granting my leave of absence to pursue further studies and for all the help they have rendered this far. Special thanks go to my first supervisor Dr. A.S.M. Gieske for his guidance, un-reserving support, encouragement and suggestions from the commencement of this work. Not forgetting his ability of instilling hope when things appeared going in the negative direction. I greatly thank to my second supervisor Dr.ing.T.H.M.Rientjes for his support, encouragement, invaluable suggestions and comments to improve my research work. I thank the Veluwe water board province of Gelderland for providing me with groundwater abstraction data for the research work. I would like to acknowledge the Dinoshop subsurface data archive of The Netherlands for letting me to use the groundwater level data. I wish to express my appreciation to all the staff and support members of the Water Resources and Environmental Management (WREM) division for their willingness to help when ever called upon at any time and not failing to mention their love and concern to my entire being at ITC. I can not end without acknowledging the support received from my fellow classmates. I really enjoy being with you. I will remember you for making my life more pleasant in The Netherlands. My sincerest thanks to my family for always being there for me. Last but not least to all ITC Ethiopian community for providing home feeling environment. ii Table of contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................................... i Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. ii 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................1 1.1. Rationale .................................................................................................................................1 1.2. Problem statement...................................................................................................................1 1.3. Objectives, research questions and research hypothesis ........................................................2 1.3.1. General objective................................................................................................................2 1.3.2. Specific objectives..............................................................................................................2 1.3.3. Research Questions ............................................................................................................2 1.3.4. Research Hypotheses..........................................................................................................2 1.4. General methodology..............................................................................................................3 1.5. Thesis outline..........................................................................................................................5 2. Literature Review.............................................................................................................................6 2.1. Concepts of Groundwater Recharge.......................................................................................6 2.2. Factors that affect groundwater recharge ...............................................................................6 2.3. Groundwater recharge estimation techniques.........................................................................7 2.3.1. Direct measurement - Lysimeter ........................................................................................7 2.3.2. Water balance methods/soil moisture balance ...................................................................7 2.3.3. Hydrological models ..........................................................................................................7 2.3.4. Tracer methods ...................................................................................................................8 2.4. Water Dynamics in the Unsaturated Zone..............................................................................8 2.4.1. Differential equation of unsaturated flow ..........................................................................9 2.4.2. Numerical solution of soil water flow equation.................................................................9 2.5. Soil physical properties...........................................................................................................9 3. Description of the study area..........................................................................................................12 3.1. Location and topography ......................................................................................................12 3.2. Climate and
Recommended publications
  • Evapotranspiration in the Urban Heat Island Students Will Be Able To: Explain Transpiration in Plants
    Objectives: Evapotranspiration in the Urban Heat Island Students will be able to: explain transpiration in plants. Explain evapotranspiration in the environment Background: Objectives: Living in the desert has always been a challenge for people and other living organisms. observe transpiration by collecting water vapor Students will be able to: There is too little water and, in most cases, too much heat. As Phoenix has grown, in plastic bags, which re-condenses into liquid • observe and explain tran- the natural environment has been transformed from the native desert vegetation into water as it cools. spiration. a diverse assemblage of built materials, from buildings, to parking lots, to roadways. measure and compare changes in air tempera- • explain evapotranspira- Concrete and asphalt increase mass density and heat-storage capacity. This in turn ture due to evaporation from a wet surface vs. tion in the environment means that heat collected during the day is slowly radiated back into the environment a dry one. • measure and compare at night. The average nighttime low temperature in Phoenix has increased by 8ºF over changes in air tempera- the last 30 years. For the months of May through September, the average number of understand that evapotranspiration cools the ture due to evaporation hours per day with temperatures over 100ºF has doubled since 1948. air around plants. from a wet surface vs. a Some researchers have found that the density and diversity of plants moderate tem- relate evapotranspiration to desert landscap- dry one. peratures in neighborhoods (Stabler et al., 2005). Landscaping appears to be one way ing choices in an urban heat island.
    [Show full text]
  • Downloaded 10/02/21 08:25 AM UTC
    15 NOVEMBER 2006 A R O R A A N D B O E R 5875 The Temporal Variability of Soil Moisture and Surface Hydrological Quantities in a Climate Model VIVEK K. ARORA AND GEORGE J. BOER Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Meteorological Service of Canada, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (Manuscript received 4 October 2005, in final form 8 February 2006) ABSTRACT The variance budget of land surface hydrological quantities is analyzed in the second Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP2) simulation made with the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) third-generation general circulation model (AGCM3). The land surface parameteriza- tion in this model is the comparatively sophisticated Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS). Second- order statistics, namely variances and covariances, are evaluated, and simulated variances are compared with observationally based estimates. The soil moisture variance is related to second-order statistics of surface hydrological quantities. The persistence time scale of soil moisture anomalies is also evaluated. Model values of precipitation and evapotranspiration variability compare reasonably well with observa- tionally based and reanalysis estimates. Soil moisture variability is compared with that simulated by the Variable Infiltration Capacity-2 Layer (VIC-2L) hydrological model driven with observed meteorological data. An equation is developed linking the variances and covariances of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff to soil moisture variance via a transfer function. The transfer function is connected to soil moisture persistence in terms of lagged autocorrelation. Soil moisture persistence time scales are shorter in the Tropics and longer at high latitudes as is consistent with the relationship between soil moisture persis- tence and the latitudinal structure of potential evaporation found in earlier studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Why Do We Have So Many Different Hydrological Models?
    Why do we have so many different hydrological models? A review based on the case of Switzerland Pascal Horton*1, Bettina Schaefli1, and Martina Kauzlaric1 1Institute of Geography & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ([email protected]) This is a preprint of a manuscript submitted to WIREs Water. 1 Abstract Hydrology plays a central role in applied as well as fundamental environmental sciences, but it is well known to suffer from an overwhelming diversity of models, in particular to simulate streamflow. Based on Switzerland's example, we discuss here in detail how such diversity did arise even at the scale of such a small country. The case study's relevance stems from the fact that Switzerland shows a relatively high density of academic and research institutes active in the field of hydrology, which led to an evolution of hydrological models that stands exemplarily for the diversification that arose at a larger scale. Our analysis summarizes the main driving forces behind this evolution, discusses drawbacks and advantages of model diversity and depicts possible future evolutions. Although convenience seems to be the main driver so far, we see potential change in the future with the advent of facilitated collaboration through open sourcing and code sharing platforms. We anticipate that this review, in particular, helps researchers from other fields to understand better why hydrologists have so many different models. 1 Introduction Hydrological models are essential tools for hydrologists, be it for operational flood forecasting, water resource management or the assessment of land use and climate change impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrological Induced Earth Rotation Variations from Stand-Alone and Dynamically Coupled Simulations
    HYDROLOGICAL INDUCED EARTH ROTATION VARIATIONS FROM STAND-ALONE AND DYNAMICALLY COUPLED SIMULATIONS R. DILL, M. THOMAS, C. WALTER Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. The impact of continental water mass redistributions on Earth rotation is deduced from stand-alone runs with the Hydrological Discharge Model (HDM) forced by ERA40 re-analyses as well as by the unconstrained atmospheric climate model ECHAM5. The HDM is attached in three different approaches to the atmospheric forcing models. First, ECHAM5 and its embedded land surface model generates directly runoff and drainage appropriate for the subsequent processing with HDM, like it is re- alized in the dynamically coupled model system ECOCTH, too. Second, an intermediate Simplified Land Surface scheme (SLS) is used to separate ERA40 precipitation into runoff, drainage, and evaporation. Third, precipitation and evaporation are used as input for the Land Surface Discharge Model (LSDM), which estimates runoff and drainage internally for its HDM-like discharge scheme. The individual models are validated by observed river discharges. The induced rotational variations represent mainly the dif- ferent forcing from precipitation-evaporation and trends from inconsistent mass fluxes. The dynamical coupling of atmosphere and ocean has only a subordinated influence. 1. HYDROLOGICAL MODEL APPROACHES Water mass redistributions within the global hydrological cycle affect the Earth’s rotation and its gravity field, especially on seasonal to interannual timescales. Since Earth rotation variations and partic- ularly Length-of-Day are sensitive for deficiencies in the global water balance, consistent mass exchanges among the atmosphere, oceans and continental hydrology are mandatory for realistic simulations of hy- drospheric induced global integral Earth parameters.
    [Show full text]
  • Reference-Evapotranspiration-Report
    BUREAU OF METEOROLOGY REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION CALCULATIONS C.P. Webb FEBRUARY 2010 ABBREVIATIONS ADAM Australian Data Archive for Meteorology ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers AWS Automatic Weather Station BoM Bureau of Meteorology CAHMDA Catchment-scale Hydrological Modelling and Data Assimilation CRCIF Cooperative Research Centre for Irrigation Futures FAO56-PM equation United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation’s adapted Penman-Monteith equation recommended in Irrigation and Drainage Paper No. 56 (Allen et al. 1998) ETo Reference Evapotranspiration QLDCSC Queensland Climate Services Centre of the BoM SACSC South Australian Climate Services Centre of the BoM VICCSC Victorian Climate Services Centre of the BoM ii CONTENTS Page Abbreviations ii Contents iii Tables iv Abstract 1 Introduction 1 The FAO56-PM equation 2 Input Data 6 Missing Data 10 Pan Evaporation Data 10 References 14 Glossary 16 iii TABLES I. Accuracies of BoM weather station sensors. II. Input data required to compute parameters of the FAO56-PM equation. III. Correlation between daily evaporation data and daily ETo data. iv BUREAU OF METEOROLOGY REFERENCE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION CALCULATIONS C. P. Webb Climate Services Centre, Queensland Regional Office, Bureau of Meteorology ABSTRACT Reference evapotranspiration (ETo) data is valuable for a range of users, including farmers, hydrologists, agronomists, meteorologists, irrigation engineers, project managers, consultants and students. Daily ETo data for 399 locations in Australia will become publicly available on the Bureau of Meteorology’s (BoM’s) website (www.bom.gov.au) in 2010. A computer program developed in the South Australian Climate Services Centre of the BoM (SACSC) is used to calculate these figures daily. Calculations are made using the adapted Penman-Monteith equation recommended by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO56-PM equation).
    [Show full text]
  • Transpiration Evaporation Evapotranspiration
    FAO WaPOR SUB-NATIONAL LEVEL MAPS (30M) ASSESSING THE WATER CONSUMPTION OF CROPS BEKAA, LEBANON 30M 1000 m This map shows the amount of water consumed through evapotranspiration, or the amount of Legend (water consumed, mm/day) Here, land cover classification is used to identify the spatial distribution of various crops. Legend (crop type) water released back into the air through soil evaporation and plant transpiration, per day, in Wetland Tree cover (dense) Irrigated & rainfed wheat millimetres. Timely information on water consumption represents a critical tool for improving 0.1 mm This map shows the land cover classification of the same area as the one represented in water management in agriculture and irrigation. For example, it provides an objective and the evapotranspiration map on the left. This allows for the identification of the most Grassland Orchard (dense) Other crop common information base for discussing consumption-related water quotas, or for monitoring 2.5 mm common crops grown in any area. Bare Other perennial Grapes the impact of irrigation on water resources. All data are made publicly accessible, thereby Artificial Irrigated maize Irrigated orchard (sparse) allowing for participatory planning. Further distinction between evaporation and transpiration, 5.0 mm If information from both maps, land cover and evapotranspiration, are combined, it can Fallow Irrigated potatoes as allowed by WaPOR, provides key information for reducing non-beneficial water help with setting policies to target specific problem areas, and providing farmers with Irrigated other crops 7.5 mm consumption. recommendations on which agronomic practices best suit their cropping patterns. Maize Irrigated vegetables Irrigated other perennial Potato 10 mm Irrigated orchard (dense) Orchard (sparse) Vegetables Irrigated grapes Evapotranspiration is a key component of the water cycle in agriculture and is a combination of evaporation and plant transpiration.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydrological Controls on Salinity Exposure and the Effects on Plants in Lowland Polders
    Hydrological controls on salinity exposure and the effects on plants in lowland polders Sija F. Stofberg Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr S.E.A.T.M. van der Zee Personal chair Ecohydrology Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr J.P.M. Witte Extraordinary Professor, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Ecological Science VU Amsterdam and Principal Scientist at KWR Nieuwegein Other members Prof. Dr A.H. Weerts, Wageningen University & Research Dr G. van Wirdum Dr K.T. Rebel, Utrecht University Dr R.P. Bartholomeus, KWR Water, Nieuwegein This research was conducted under the auspices of the Research School for Socio- Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment (SENSE) Hydrological controls on salinity exposure and the effects on plants in lowland polders Sija F. Stofberg Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Wednesday 07 June 2017 at 4 p.m. in the Aula. Sija F. Stofberg Hydrological controls on salinity exposure and the effects on plants in lowland polders, 172 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2017) With references, with summary in English ISBN: 978-94-6343-187-3 DOI: 10.18174/413397 Table of contents Chapter 1 General introduction .......................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 Fresh water lens persistence and root zone salinization hazard under temperate climate ............................................................................................ 17 Chapter 3 Effects of root mat buoyancy and heterogeneity on floating fen hydrology ..
    [Show full text]
  • A Study on Water and Salt Transport, and Balance Analysis in Sand Dune–Wasteland–Lake Systems of Hetao Oases, Upper Reaches of the Yellow River Basin
    water Article A Study on Water and Salt Transport, and Balance Analysis in Sand Dune–Wasteland–Lake Systems of Hetao Oases, Upper Reaches of the Yellow River Basin Guoshuai Wang 1,2, Haibin Shi 1,2,*, Xianyue Li 1,2, Jianwen Yan 1,2, Qingfeng Miao 1,2, Zhen Li 1,2 and Takeo Akae 3 1 College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; [email protected] (G.W.); [email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (Q.M.); [email protected] (Z.L.) 2 High Efficiency Water-saving Technology and Equipment and Soil Water Environment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China 3 Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-13500613853 or +86-04714300177 Received: 1 November 2020; Accepted: 4 December 2020; Published: 9 December 2020 Abstract: Desert oases are important parts of maintaining ecohydrology. However, irrigation water diverted from the Yellow River carries a large amount of salt into the desert oases in the Hetao plain. It is of the utmost importance to determine the characteristics of water and salt transport. Research was carried out in the Hetao plain of Inner Mongolia. Three methods, i.e., water-table fluctuation (WTF), soil hydrodynamics, and solute dynamics, were combined to build a water and salt balance model to reveal the relationship of water and salt transport in sand dune–wasteland–lake systems. Results showed that groundwater level had a typical seasonal-fluctuation pattern, and the groundwater transport direction in the sand dune–wasteland–lake system changed during different periods.
    [Show full text]
  • Interannual Variations of Evapotranspiration and Water Use Efficiency Over an Oasis Cropland in Arid Regions of North-Western China
    water Article Interannual Variations of Evapotranspiration and Water Use Efficiency over an Oasis Cropland in Arid Regions of North-Western China Haibo Wang 1 , Xin Li 2,3,* and Junlei Tan 1 1 Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing of Gansu Province, Heihe Remote Sensing Experimental Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (J.T.) 2 National Tibetan Plateau Data Center, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China 3 CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-931-4967-972 Received: 15 March 2020; Accepted: 22 April 2020; Published: 26 April 2020 Abstract: The efficient use of limited water resources and improving the water use efficiency (WUE) of arid agricultural systems is becoming one of the greatest challenges in agriculture production and global food security because of the shortage of water resources and increasing demand for food in the world. In this study, we attempted to investigate the interannual trends of evapotranspiration and WUE and the responses of biophysical factors and water utilization strategies over a main cropland ecosystem (i.e., seeded maize, Zea mays L.) in arid regions of North-Western China based on continuous eddy-covariance measurements. This paper showed that ecosystem WUE and canopy WUE of the maize ecosystem were 1.90 0.17 g C kg 1 H O and 2.44 0.21 g C kg 1 H O over ± − 2 ± − 2 the observation period, respectively, with a clear variation due to a change of irrigation practice.
    [Show full text]
  • Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Automatic Weather Stations and Soil Water Measurement Systems
    SOLUTION Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Automatic weather stations and soil water measurement systems RELIABLE Campbell Scientific offers preconfigured and custom evapotrans- variety of ways that help plant managers (golf course super- piration (ETo) measurement and control systems to calculate intendents, commercial farmers, horticulturists, turf specialists, water loss due to evaporation and transpiration. These measure- homeowners) determine and apply irrigation efficiently and on a ments and calculations can be distributed and displayed in a schedule that encourages plant health. MAJOR SYSTEMS Measurements Datalogger Power Communications ET107 air temperature, relative humid- telephone, cell phone ity, wind direction, wind speed, rechargeable voice-synthesized Evapotranspiration precipitation, solar radiation, soil CR1000 battery with ac or solar phone, radio short haul, Monitoring Station temperature*, soil water content* source satellite, Ethernet wind speed, wind direction, MetPRO air temperature, precipitation, BP12 12 Vdc, 12 Ah Research-Grade Meteorologi- relative humidity, barometric CR6 battery recharged with Wi-FI, radio cal Station pressure, solar radiation, soil 20 W solar panel water content Custom Station telephone, cell phone, user voice-synthesized phone Fully customized measure- user specified specified user specified radio, short haul, satellite, ment and control system Ethernet HS2 HydroSense II Handheld soil water content - AA batteries Bluetooth Soil Water Sensor HS2P HydroSense II Display soil water content - AA batteries Bluetooth with Insertion Pole *optional More info: 435.227.9120 www.campbellsci.com/eto System Features Evapotranspiration Software Our ET stations provide continuous monitoring of temperature, Our PC-based support software simplifies the entire weather moni- solar radiation, rainfall, relative humidity, and wind speed and direc- toring process, from programming to data retrieval to data display tion.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Surface Energy Balance Models for Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration with Remote Sensing at High Spatiotemporal Resolution Over Large Extents
    Prepared in cooperation with the International Joint Commission A Review of Surface Energy Balance Models for Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration with Remote Sensing at High Spatiotemporal Resolution over Large Extents Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5087 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Cover. Aerial imagery of an irrigation district in southern California along the Colorado River with actual evapotranspiration modeled using Landsat data https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov; https://doi.org/10.5066/F7DF6PDR. A Review of Surface Energy Balance Models for Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration with Remote Sensing at High Spatiotemporal Resolution over Large Extents By Ryan R. McShane, Katelyn P. Driscoll, and Roy Sando Prepared in cooperation with the International Joint Commission Scientific Investigations Report 2017–5087 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior RYAN K. ZINKE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey William H. Werkheiser, Acting Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2017 For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment—visit https://www.usgs.gov or call 1–888–ASK–USGS. For an overview of USGS information products, including maps, imagery, and publications, visit https://store.usgs.gov. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also may contain copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must be secured from the copyright owner.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling Groundwater Recharge
    Groundwater recharge in Slovenia Energie & Umwelt Energie Results of a bilateral German-Slovenian Research project Energy & Environment Energy Mišo Andjelov, Zlatko Mikulič, Björn Tetzlaff, Jože Uhan & Frank Wendland 339 Groundwater recharge in Slovenia recharge Groundwater Member of the Helmholtz Association Member of the M. Andjelov, Z. Mikulič, B. Tetzlaff, J. Uhan & F. Wendland F. J. Uhan & B. Tetzlaff, Z. Mikulič, M. Andjelov, Energie & Umwelt / Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment Energy & Environment Band/ Volume 339 Band/ Volume 339 ISBN 978-3-95806-177-4 ISBN 978-3-95806-177-4 Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment Band / Volume 339 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3) Groundwater recharge in Slovenia Results of a bilateral German-Slovenian Research project Mišo Andjelov, Zlatko Mikulič, Björn Tetzlaff, Jože Uhan & Frank Wendland Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment Band / Volume 339 ISSN 1866-1793 ISBN 978-3-95806-177-4 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Publisher and Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Distributor: Zentralbibliothek 52425 Jülich Tel: +49 2461 61-5368 Fax: +49 2461 61-6103 Email: [email protected] www.fz-juelich.de/zb Cover Design: Grafische Medien, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Printer: Grafische Medien, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Copyright: Forschungszentrum Jülich 2016 Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment, Band / Volume 339 ISSN 1866-1793 ISBN 978-3-95806-177-4 The complete volume is freely available on the Internet on the Jülicher Open Access Server (JuSER) at www.fz-juelich.de/zb/openaccess.
    [Show full text]