Integrated Surface-Subsurface Water Flow Modelling of the Laxemar Area Application of the Hydrological Model ECOFLOW
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A GIS-Based Software to Simulate Groundwater Nitrate Load from Septic Systems to Surface Water Bodies
Computers & Geosciences 52 (2013) 108–116 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Computers & Geosciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/cageo ArcNLET: A GIS-based software to simulate groundwater nitrate load from septic systems to surface water bodies J. Fernando Rios a, Ming Ye b,n, Liying Wang b, Paul Z. Lee c, Hal Davis d, Rick Hicks c a Department of Geography, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA b Department of Scientific Computing, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA c Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, FL, USA d 2625 Vergie Court, Tallahassee, FL 32303, USA article info abstract Article history: Onsite wastewater treatment systems (OWTS), or septic systems, can be a significant source of nitrates Received 17 June 2012 in groundwater and surface water. The adverse effects that nitrates have on human and environmental Received in revised form health have given rise to the need to estimate the actual or potential level of nitrate contamination. 4 October 2012 With the goal of reducing data collection and preparation costs, and decreasing the time required to Accepted 5 October 2012 produce an estimate compared to complex nitrate modeling tools, we developed the ArcGIS-based Available online 16 October 2012 Nitrate Load Estimation Toolkit (ArcNLET) software. Leveraging the power of geographic information Keywords: systems (GIS), ArcNLET is an easy-to-use software capable of simulating nitrate transport in ground- Nitrate transport water and estimating long-term nitrate loads from groundwater to surface water bodies. Data Screening model requirements are reduced by using simplified models of groundwater flow and nitrate transport which Denitrification consider nitrate attenuation mechanisms (subsurface dispersion and denitrification) as well as spatial Septic system Nitrogen variability in the hydraulic parameters and septic tank distribution. -
Climate Models and Their Evaluation
8 Climate Models and Their Evaluation Coordinating Lead Authors: David A. Randall (USA), Richard A. Wood (UK) Lead Authors: Sandrine Bony (France), Robert Colman (Australia), Thierry Fichefet (Belgium), John Fyfe (Canada), Vladimir Kattsov (Russian Federation), Andrew Pitman (Australia), Jagadish Shukla (USA), Jayaraman Srinivasan (India), Ronald J. Stouffer (USA), Akimasa Sumi (Japan), Karl E. Taylor (USA) Contributing Authors: K. AchutaRao (USA), R. Allan (UK), A. Berger (Belgium), H. Blatter (Switzerland), C. Bonfi ls (USA, France), A. Boone (France, USA), C. Bretherton (USA), A. Broccoli (USA), V. Brovkin (Germany, Russian Federation), W. Cai (Australia), M. Claussen (Germany), P. Dirmeyer (USA), C. Doutriaux (USA, France), H. Drange (Norway), J.-L. Dufresne (France), S. Emori (Japan), P. Forster (UK), A. Frei (USA), A. Ganopolski (Germany), P. Gent (USA), P. Gleckler (USA), H. Goosse (Belgium), R. Graham (UK), J.M. Gregory (UK), R. Gudgel (USA), A. Hall (USA), S. Hallegatte (USA, France), H. Hasumi (Japan), A. Henderson-Sellers (Switzerland), H. Hendon (Australia), K. Hodges (UK), M. Holland (USA), A.A.M. Holtslag (Netherlands), E. Hunke (USA), P. Huybrechts (Belgium), W. Ingram (UK), F. Joos (Switzerland), B. Kirtman (USA), S. Klein (USA), R. Koster (USA), P. Kushner (Canada), J. Lanzante (USA), M. Latif (Germany), N.-C. Lau (USA), M. Meinshausen (Germany), A. Monahan (Canada), J.M. Murphy (UK), T. Osborn (UK), T. Pavlova (Russian Federationi), V. Petoukhov (Germany), T. Phillips (USA), S. Power (Australia), S. Rahmstorf (Germany), S.C.B. Raper (UK), H. Renssen (Netherlands), D. Rind (USA), M. Roberts (UK), A. Rosati (USA), C. Schär (Switzerland), A. Schmittner (USA, Germany), J. Scinocca (Canada), D. Seidov (USA), A.G. -
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15 NOVEMBER 2006 A R O R A A N D B O E R 5875 The Temporal Variability of Soil Moisture and Surface Hydrological Quantities in a Climate Model VIVEK K. ARORA AND GEORGE J. BOER Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Meteorological Service of Canada, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (Manuscript received 4 October 2005, in final form 8 February 2006) ABSTRACT The variance budget of land surface hydrological quantities is analyzed in the second Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP2) simulation made with the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) third-generation general circulation model (AGCM3). The land surface parameteriza- tion in this model is the comparatively sophisticated Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS). Second- order statistics, namely variances and covariances, are evaluated, and simulated variances are compared with observationally based estimates. The soil moisture variance is related to second-order statistics of surface hydrological quantities. The persistence time scale of soil moisture anomalies is also evaluated. Model values of precipitation and evapotranspiration variability compare reasonably well with observa- tionally based and reanalysis estimates. Soil moisture variability is compared with that simulated by the Variable Infiltration Capacity-2 Layer (VIC-2L) hydrological model driven with observed meteorological data. An equation is developed linking the variances and covariances of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and runoff to soil moisture variance via a transfer function. The transfer function is connected to soil moisture persistence in terms of lagged autocorrelation. Soil moisture persistence time scales are shorter in the Tropics and longer at high latitudes as is consistent with the relationship between soil moisture persis- tence and the latitudinal structure of potential evaporation found in earlier studies. -
Why Do We Have So Many Different Hydrological Models?
Why do we have so many different hydrological models? A review based on the case of Switzerland Pascal Horton*1, Bettina Schaefli1, and Martina Kauzlaric1 1Institute of Geography & Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland ([email protected]) This is a preprint of a manuscript submitted to WIREs Water. 1 Abstract Hydrology plays a central role in applied as well as fundamental environmental sciences, but it is well known to suffer from an overwhelming diversity of models, in particular to simulate streamflow. Based on Switzerland's example, we discuss here in detail how such diversity did arise even at the scale of such a small country. The case study's relevance stems from the fact that Switzerland shows a relatively high density of academic and research institutes active in the field of hydrology, which led to an evolution of hydrological models that stands exemplarily for the diversification that arose at a larger scale. Our analysis summarizes the main driving forces behind this evolution, discusses drawbacks and advantages of model diversity and depicts possible future evolutions. Although convenience seems to be the main driver so far, we see potential change in the future with the advent of facilitated collaboration through open sourcing and code sharing platforms. We anticipate that this review, in particular, helps researchers from other fields to understand better why hydrologists have so many different models. 1 Introduction Hydrological models are essential tools for hydrologists, be it for operational flood forecasting, water resource management or the assessment of land use and climate change impacts. -
Chapter 3. Hydrology
3 Hydrology Robert R. Ziemer and Thomas E. Lisle Overview transient snow packs during rain on snow events. l Streamflow is highly variable in mountainous l Removal of trees, which consume water, areas of the Pacific coastal ecoregion. The tends to increase soil moisture and base stream- timing and variability of streamflow is strongly flow in summer when rates of evapotranspira- influenced by form of precipitation (e.g., rain- tion are high. These summertime effects tend to fall, snowmelt, or rain on snow). disappear within several years. Effects of tree l High variability in runoff processes limits removal on soil moisture in winter are minimal the ability to detect and predict human-caused because of high seasonal rainfall and reduced changes in streamflow. Changes in flow are usu- rates of evapotranspiration. ally associated with changes in other watershed l The rate of recovery from land use processes that may be of equal concern. Studies depends on the type of land use and on the of how land use affects watershed responses are hydrologic processes that are affected. thus likely to be most useful if they focus on how runoff processes are affected at the site of disturbance and how these effects, hydrologic Introduction or otherwise, are propagated downstream. l Land use and other site factors affecting Streamflow is an essential variable in under- flows have less effect on major floods and in standing the functioning of watersheds and large basins than on smaller peak flows and in associated ecosystems because it supplies the small basins. Land use is more likely to affect primary medium and source of energy for the streamflow during rain on snow events, which movement of water, sediment, organic mate- usuallv produce larger floods in much of the rial, nutrients, and thermal energy. -
Hydrological Induced Earth Rotation Variations from Stand-Alone and Dynamically Coupled Simulations
HYDROLOGICAL INDUCED EARTH ROTATION VARIATIONS FROM STAND-ALONE AND DYNAMICALLY COUPLED SIMULATIONS R. DILL, M. THOMAS, C. WALTER Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences Telegrafenberg, D-14473 Potsdam e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT. The impact of continental water mass redistributions on Earth rotation is deduced from stand-alone runs with the Hydrological Discharge Model (HDM) forced by ERA40 re-analyses as well as by the unconstrained atmospheric climate model ECHAM5. The HDM is attached in three different approaches to the atmospheric forcing models. First, ECHAM5 and its embedded land surface model generates directly runoff and drainage appropriate for the subsequent processing with HDM, like it is re- alized in the dynamically coupled model system ECOCTH, too. Second, an intermediate Simplified Land Surface scheme (SLS) is used to separate ERA40 precipitation into runoff, drainage, and evaporation. Third, precipitation and evaporation are used as input for the Land Surface Discharge Model (LSDM), which estimates runoff and drainage internally for its HDM-like discharge scheme. The individual models are validated by observed river discharges. The induced rotational variations represent mainly the dif- ferent forcing from precipitation-evaporation and trends from inconsistent mass fluxes. The dynamical coupling of atmosphere and ocean has only a subordinated influence. 1. HYDROLOGICAL MODEL APPROACHES Water mass redistributions within the global hydrological cycle affect the Earth’s rotation and its gravity field, especially on seasonal to interannual timescales. Since Earth rotation variations and partic- ularly Length-of-Day are sensitive for deficiencies in the global water balance, consistent mass exchanges among the atmosphere, oceans and continental hydrology are mandatory for realistic simulations of hy- drospheric induced global integral Earth parameters. -
Subsurface Drainage Processes, by Elizabeth Keppeler, and David Brown
Subsurface Drainage Processes and Management Impacts1 Elizabeth Keppeler2 and David Brown3 Abstract: Storm-induced streamflow in forested upland watersheds is linked to he hydrologic response of forested watersheds to rain events rainfall by transient, variably saturated flow through several different flow Toccurs through several interrelated flow processes. Soil surface paths. In the absence of exposed bedrock, shallow flow-restrictive layers, or conditions determine whether rainfall will run off as surface flow or compacted soil surfaces, virtually all of the infiltrated rainfall reaches the stream whether it will infiltrate and travel through the subsurface. as subsurface flow. Subsurface runoff can occur within micropores (voids between Infiltration capacities for soils in the coastal redwood region exceed soil grains), various types of macropores (structural voids between aggregates, plant and animal-induced biopores), and through fractures in weathered and maximum rainfall intensities common in the region. Exceptions consolidated bedrock. In addition to generating flow through the subsurface, occur in isolated areas where bedrock is exposed at the land surface. transient rain events can also cause large increases in fluid pressures within a More widespread are infiltration limitations resulting from soil hillslope. If pore pressures exceed stability limits of soils and shallow geologic compaction associated with road building, landings, and other materials, landslides and debris flows may result. Subsurface monitoring of constructed surfaces. Over the great majority of forested landscapes, pipeflows and pore pressures in unchanneled swales at North Fork Caspar Creek rainfall infiltrates into the soil and flows through the subsurface to in the Jackson Demonstration State Forest began in 1985. Four sites have been streams, rivers, and lakes. -
Hydrological Controls on Salinity Exposure and the Effects on Plants in Lowland Polders
Hydrological controls on salinity exposure and the effects on plants in lowland polders Sija F. Stofberg Thesis committee Promotors Prof. Dr S.E.A.T.M. van der Zee Personal chair Ecohydrology Wageningen University & Research Prof. Dr J.P.M. Witte Extraordinary Professor, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Department of Ecological Science VU Amsterdam and Principal Scientist at KWR Nieuwegein Other members Prof. Dr A.H. Weerts, Wageningen University & Research Dr G. van Wirdum Dr K.T. Rebel, Utrecht University Dr R.P. Bartholomeus, KWR Water, Nieuwegein This research was conducted under the auspices of the Research School for Socio- Economic and Natural Sciences of the Environment (SENSE) Hydrological controls on salinity exposure and the effects on plants in lowland polders Sija F. Stofberg Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr A.P.J. Mol in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Wednesday 07 June 2017 at 4 p.m. in the Aula. Sija F. Stofberg Hydrological controls on salinity exposure and the effects on plants in lowland polders, 172 pages. PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands (2017) With references, with summary in English ISBN: 978-94-6343-187-3 DOI: 10.18174/413397 Table of contents Chapter 1 General introduction .......................................................................................... 7 Chapter 2 Fresh water lens persistence and root zone salinization hazard under temperate climate ............................................................................................ 17 Chapter 3 Effects of root mat buoyancy and heterogeneity on floating fen hydrology .. -
A Study on Water and Salt Transport, and Balance Analysis in Sand Dune–Wasteland–Lake Systems of Hetao Oases, Upper Reaches of the Yellow River Basin
water Article A Study on Water and Salt Transport, and Balance Analysis in Sand Dune–Wasteland–Lake Systems of Hetao Oases, Upper Reaches of the Yellow River Basin Guoshuai Wang 1,2, Haibin Shi 1,2,*, Xianyue Li 1,2, Jianwen Yan 1,2, Qingfeng Miao 1,2, Zhen Li 1,2 and Takeo Akae 3 1 College of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; [email protected] (G.W.); [email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (J.Y.); [email protected] (Q.M.); [email protected] (Z.L.) 2 High Efficiency Water-saving Technology and Equipment and Soil Water Environment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010018, China 3 Faculty of Environmental Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-13500613853 or +86-04714300177 Received: 1 November 2020; Accepted: 4 December 2020; Published: 9 December 2020 Abstract: Desert oases are important parts of maintaining ecohydrology. However, irrigation water diverted from the Yellow River carries a large amount of salt into the desert oases in the Hetao plain. It is of the utmost importance to determine the characteristics of water and salt transport. Research was carried out in the Hetao plain of Inner Mongolia. Three methods, i.e., water-table fluctuation (WTF), soil hydrodynamics, and solute dynamics, were combined to build a water and salt balance model to reveal the relationship of water and salt transport in sand dune–wasteland–lake systems. Results showed that groundwater level had a typical seasonal-fluctuation pattern, and the groundwater transport direction in the sand dune–wasteland–lake system changed during different periods. -
Hydrogeologic Characterization and Methods Used in the Investigation of Karst Hydrology
Hydrogeologic Characterization and Methods Used in the Investigation of Karst Hydrology By Charles J. Taylor and Earl A. Greene Chapter 3 of Field Techniques for Estimating Water Fluxes Between Surface Water and Ground Water Edited by Donald O. Rosenberry and James W. LaBaugh Techniques and Methods 4–D2 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Contents Introduction...................................................................................................................................................75 Hydrogeologic Characteristics of Karst ..........................................................................................77 Conduits and Springs .........................................................................................................................77 Karst Recharge....................................................................................................................................80 Karst Drainage Basins .......................................................................................................................81 Hydrogeologic Characterization ...............................................................................................................82 Area of the Karst Drainage Basin ....................................................................................................82 Allogenic Recharge and Conduit Carrying Capacity ....................................................................83 Matrix and Fracture System Hydraulic Conductivity ....................................................................83 -
“Dealing with Natural Hazards” Module 2 Floods Flood-Producing
Module 2 Floods Flood-producing processes Swiss Virtual Campus “Dealing with Natural Hazards” Module 2 Floods Flood-producing processes “Dealing with Natural Hazards and Risks” 1 Module 2 Floods Flood-producing processes CONTENTS INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................3 THE MYSTERY OF STORM FLOW........................................................................3 PROCESSES GENERATING WATER DISCHARGE..........................................5 THE RIVER FLOW COMPONENTS ................................................................................5 PROCESSES GENERATING SURFACE FLOW ...............................................................6 VARIABLE SOURCE AREA CONCEPT...........................................................................8 PROCESSES GENERATING SUBSURFACE FLOW.........................................................9 PROCESSES GENERATING GROUNDWATER FLOW ...................................................11 THE RIVER FLOOD HYDROGRAPH...................................................................13 DOMINANT PROCESSES - SPACE AND TIME SCALES...............................14 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INTERNET RESSOURCES...........................................16 Lausanne, le 26.11.2002 C. Picouet & A. Beney A. Musy EPFL / HYDRAM “Dealing with Natural Hazards and Risks” 2 Module 2 Floods Flood-producing processes Introduction Apart from the rare effects of Jökulhaups, ice jam, or dam failures, floods in most river basins are caused almost -
Watershed Surface and Subsurface Spatial Intraflows Model
Watershed Surface and Subsurface Spatial Intraflows Model Thomas E. Croley II1 and Chansheng He2 Abstract: We present new developments to the original, spatially lumped large basin runoff model ͑LBRM͒ of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory. In addition to making it a two-dimensional, spatially distributed model, we modify it to allow routing flows between adjacent cells upper soil zones, lower soil zones, and groundwater zones. We modify the LBRM continuity equations for these additional flows and add corresponding corrector terms to the original solution equations. We derive the flow network from elevation and hydrography and the LBRM automatically arranges cell computations. We apply the newly modified LBRM to the Kalamazoo River watershed in Michigan and to the Maumee River watershed in Ohio. The simulations show that the Kalamazoo River has dominant groundwater storage, allowing delayed and sustained hydrologic responses to rainfall whereas the Maumee River lacks any significant groundwater storage, allowing a fast flashy response to rainfall. These results are characteristic of the study watersheds, indicating that the addition of subsurface intraflows in the model has improved watershed representation. DOI: 10.1061/͑ASCE͒1084-0699͑2006͒11:1͑12͒ CE Database subject headings: Hydrology; Watersheds; Parameters; Subsurface flow; Hydrologic models. Introduction representation of the flow cells comprising the watershed ͑Croley and He 2005͒ and applied it to the Kalamazoo watershed ͑Croley Effective management of the Great Lakes water resources et al. 2005͒. This involved changes to the model structure to apply requires better representation and simulation of the Great Lakes it to the microscale as well as organization of watershed cells and hydrological systems.