Timothy M. Shaw, Professor of Political Science and International
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International Political Economy Series General Editor: Timothy M. Shaw, Professor of Political Science and International Development Studies, and Director of the Centre for Foreign Policy Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Titles include: Leslie Elliott Armijo (editor) FINANCIAL GLOBALIZATION AND DEMOCRACY IN EMERGING MARKETS Gabriel G. Casaburi DYNAMIC AGROINDUSTRIAL CLUSTERS The Political Economy of Competitive Sectors in Argentina and Chile Matt Davies INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY AND MASS COMMUNICATION IN CHILE National Intellectuals and Transnational Hegemony Yvon Grenier THE EMERGENCE OF INSURGENCY IN EL SALVADOR Ideology and Political Will Ivelaw L. Griffith (editor) THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DRUGS IN THE CARIBBEAN Jerry Haar and Anthony T. Bryan (editors) CANADIAN–CARIBBEAN RELATIONS IN TRANSITION Trade Sustainable Development and Security Tricia Juhn NEGOTIATING PEACE IN EL SALVADOR Civil–Military Relations and the Conspiracy to End the War R. Lipsey and P. Meller (editors) WESTERN HEMISPHERE TRADE INTEGRATION A Canadian–Latin American Dialogue Don Marshall CARIBBEAN POLITICAL ECONOMY AT THE CROSSROADS NAFTA and Regional Developmentalism Juan Antonio Morales and Gary McMahon (editors) ECONOMIC POLICY AND THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY The Latin American Experience Henry Veltmeyer, James Petras and Steve Vieux NEOLIBERALISM AND CLASS CONFLICT IN LATIN AMERICA A Comparative Perspective on the Political Economy of Structural Adjustment Henry Veltmeyer, James Petras THE DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL CHANGE IN LATIN AMERICA International Political Economy Series Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71708-0 hardcover Series Standing Order ISBN 978-0-333-71110-1 paperback (outside North America only) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England The Political Economy of Drugs in the Caribbean Edited by Ivelaw L. Griffith Professor of Political Science and Associate Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences Florida International University Miami Florida First published in Great Britain 2000 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN 978-1-349-40266-3 ISBN 978-0-230-28896-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230288966 First published in the United States of America 2000 by ST. MARTIN’S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-23258-0 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The political economy of drugs in the Caribbean / edited by Ivelaw L. Griffith. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-23258-0 (cloth) 1. Drug traffic—Caribbean Area. 2. Narcotics, Control of—Caribbean Area. I. Griffith, Ivelaw L. HV5840.C37 P64 2000 363.45'09729—dc21 99–087197 Editorial matter, selection and Chapter 1 © Ivelaw L. Griffith 2000 Chapters 2–13 © Macmillan Press Ltd 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000 978-0-333-71072-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 0LP. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 109 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 Contents List of Tables and Figure vii List of Abbreviations ix Preface by Timothy M. Shaw xiii Notes on the Contributors xvii Acknowledgements xxii Map of the Caribbean Basin xxiii Introduction: Drugs and Political Economy 1 Ivelaw L. Griffith Part I Regional and International Contexts 1 Drugs and Political Economy in a Global Village 11 Ivelaw L. Griffith 2 The Globalization of Finance: Role and Status of the Caribbean 29 Hilbourne A. Watson 3 Debt, Drugs and Structural Adjustment in the Caribbean 58 Richard L. Bernal, Winsome J. Leslie and Stephen E. Lamar 4 Ethnicity, the Nation-state and Drug-related Crime in the Emerging New World Order 81 John F. Stack, Jr Part II Connections and Consequences 5 Narco-criminality in the Caribbean 97 Gary Brana-Shute 6 Democracy and Political Economy in the Caribbean 113 Clifford E. Griffin 7 Drugs and Post-Intervention Political Economy in Haiti and Panama 138 Orlando J. PeÂrez v vi Contents 8 `Narcodemocracy' or Anti-drug Leviathan: Political Consequences of the Drug War in the Puerto Rican High-intensity Drug-trafficking Area 162 Jorge RodrõÂguez Beruff 9 Cooperation and Conflict in the US±Caribbean Drug Connection 183 Trevor Munroe Part III Coping Strategies and Countermeasures 10 Drug Prevention and Rehabilitation in the Caribbean 203 Sonita Morin Abrahams 11 Fighting the Dragon: the Anti-drug Strategy in Central America 218 Gabriel Aguilera Peralta 12 Multilateral Narcotics Interdiction Measures in the Caribbean 230 Captain Richard R. Beardsworth 13 Regional and Global Action to Combat Drugs in the Caribbean 246 Tim Wren Index 265 List of Tables and Figure Tables 1.1 Key Economic Indicators for Caribbean Countries 13 2.1 Global Distribution of Small Island Tax Havens and OFCs 42 2.2 Caribbean Ranking among Major Money-laundering Countries in 1995 45 3.1 World Bank Structural Adjustment Loans to Caribbean Countries, 1980±95 62 3.2 IMF Agreements with Caribbean Countries, 1977±97 63 3.3 External Debt of Selected Caribbean Countries, 1980±95 68 6.1 Estimated Number of Registered Companies in the Caribbean 121 6.2 Estimated Annual Employment and Direct Government Revenues from the Offshore Sector 122 6.3 US Counternarcotics Funding for the Caribbean for Fiscal Years, 1991±95 125 6.4 US Deportees for Narcotics Violations by Nationality 132 8.1 Murders in Puerto Rico, 1985±96 166 8.2 Legal Weapons in Puerto Rico, 1997 166 8.3 Consolidated Budgets (Local plus Federal Funds) of the Main Civilian Public Security Agencies of Puerto Rico, 1992±96 169 8.4 Total Personnel of Puerto Rico's Police and Corrections Departments, 1992±98 169 9.1 United Nations Conventions on Drugs and Commonwealth Caribbean Adherence 184 9.2 President's Request versus Congressional Action 187 9.3 Counter Narcotics Funding in the Transit Zone, Fiscal Years, 1991±95 187 9.4 JIATF±East Maritime Assets, Fiscal Years, 1991±95 188 9.5 Air and Maritime Drug-trafficking Events and Results, 1992±95 188 9.6 Counternarcotics Funding in Source Countries, Fiscal Years, 1991±95 189 9.7 Selected Eastern Caribbean Host Nation Maritime Interdiction Assets 191 vii viii List of Tables and Figure 12.1 OPBAT Seizures, 1983±99 235 Figure 8.1 The Emerging Military±Police Complex in Puerto Rico Military and Police Security Agencies 175 List of Abbreviations ABA American Bar Association ACCP Association of Caribbean Commissioners of Police ALP Antigua Labour Party ATF (US) Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms BANAICO Banco Agro Industrial y Comercial de Panama BCCI Bank of Credit and Commerce International BIS Bank for International Settlements CACPA Central American Chiefs of Police Association CARIAD Caribbean Institute on Alcoholism and Other Drugs CARICOM Caribbean Community and Common Market CBI Caribbean Basin Initiative CCLEC Caribbean Customs Law Enforcement Council CDB Caribbean Development Bank CFATF Caribbean Financial Action Task Force CICAD Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission CIFAD Inter-Ministeral Drug Control Training Center CINSEC Caribbean Island Nations Security Conference DARE Drug Abuse Resistance Education DEA (US) Drug Enforcement Administration DFI Direct Foreign Investment DLO Drug Liaison Officers ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UN) ECU European Currency Unit EPIC El Paso Intelligence Center EPZ Export Processing Zone ERP Economic Recovery Program ESM European Single Market EU European Union FATF Financial Action Task Force FBI (US) Federal Bureau of Investigation FDI Foreign Direct Investment FMF Forward Military Financing FMU Fertility Management Unit FOB Forward Operating Base FRAPH Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti ix x List of Abbreviations FTAA Free Trade Area of the Americas FURA Fuerzas Unidas de Rapida Accion GAC Guyana Airways Corporation GANTSEC (US Coast Guard) Greater Antilles Section GAO (US) General Accounting Office GATS General Agreements on Trade and Services GATT General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs GDP Gross Domestic Product GNP Gross National Product GSP Generalized System of Preferences HFLE Health and Family Life Education HIDTA High-Intensity Drug-Trafficking Area HNP Haitian National Police IBC International Business Company IBF International Banking Facilities IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICIC International Credit