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‘Fight or Flight Response’ hormone——Adrenaline Christian W Buskey, Xin Chen, Rui Che and Barbara Brabetz Department of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, SUNY Cobleskill, Cobleskill, NY 12043 Abstract α2B adrenergic receptor mutation causes Autosomal Adrenaline is a hormone secreted by the body. When people dominant cortical myoclonus and epilepsy (ADCME) experience certain stimuli, such as excitement, fear, and The main symptoms of the disease are muscle cramps, seizures, seizures, stress, they release adrenaline, which causes the heart to even loss of consciousness, and complex mixtures. The α2B adrenergic beat faster, blood flow faster, and breathing faster. This can receptor is a subtype of the adrenergic receptor family. The give the body more energy and make people respond more human gene encoding this receptor has the symbol ADRA2B, which locate on quickly. We call this ‘Fight or Flight Response’. Extracts of the chromosome 2. Through research(De Fusco, Maurizio et al 2014), we found adrenal gland were first obtained by Polish physiologist that one kind of the mutation of A could lead to ADCME. They found a in- Napoleon Cybulski in 1895. In 1901, Takamine successfully frame insertion and deletion in α2B adrenergic receptor, which substitutes five isolated and purified the adrenaline. Nowadays, people more amino acids, HGGAL, with four new residues, QFGR(Figure 4). We can find and more use adrenaline as medicine to treat many kinds of that from the 3D structure(Figure 5), the mutant amino acid stretch diseases especially Rescue cardiac arrest and anaphylactic Gln_Phe_Gly_Arg is expected to result in different physical-chemical shock. properties of the domain in comparison to the wild type, due to the insertion of a very hydrophobic and bulky residue (Phe) and a positive charge (Arg). Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction The chemical structure of epinephrine is C9H13O3N(Figure 1,2). Adrenaline is Figure 4 Figure 5 synthesized by a series of enzymes in the adrenal medulla(Figure 3). First, tyrosine is Treatment oxidized to L-Dihydroxyphenylalanine(L- As a rule, cortical myoclonus is treated with a combination of drugs. Sedation DOPA), then decarboxylated to get Dopamine. and ataxia are the main side effects of polytherapy. Large doses of drugs can Oxidation produces noradrenaline. The final effectively relieve symptoms. But it tends to come back in a few months, and step in the synthesis of adrenaline is the once the drug is stopped, it can get worse. To solve this problem, people still methylation of noradrenaline. The adrenaline need to continue their research. then reacts with the α- and β- adrenergic receptor, which causes vasoconstriction and Literature Cited vasodilation respectively. 1. De Fusco, M., Vago, R., Striano, P., Di Bonaventura, C., Zara, F., Mei, D., … Casari, G. (2014). The α2B adrenergic receptor is mutant in cortical myoclonus and epilepsy. Annals of Neurology, 75(1), 77– 87. http://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24028 Figure 3 2. Lieberman M, Marks A, Peet A (2013). Marks' Basic Medical Biochemistry: A Clinical Approach (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 175. ISBN 9781608315727. .

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The European Roots of Instrumental Lie Detection 131
EUROPEAN POLYGRAPH Volume 6 • 2012 • Number 2 (20) UDO UNDEUTSCH* Jan Widacki* Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University POLAND The actual use of investigative physiopsychologicalThe European Roots examinations of Instrumental Lie Detection in Germany Key Words: history of lie-detection, Munsterberg, Mosso, Lombroso, lie-detection in Europe It is generally assumed that polygraphy originated in America. Yet the ﬁ rst attempts at instrumental lie detection were performed in Europe earlier than in America, still in the 19th century. Positivism sought experimental pursuits for establishing methods of exam- ining spiritual life. Subjects formerly described by poets and considered by philosophers were now to be measured, described in scientiﬁ c language, and explained in the same language. Th e pioneer of empirical – including experimental – methods intended to permit investigation of spiritual life, simultaneously rejecting metaphysics * [email protected] 130 JAN WIDACKI and embracing physiology, was the German scientist Wilhelm Wundt (1834– 1920). In 1885, Hugo Munsterberg (1863–1916), who arrived at the University of Leipzig from Danzig (now Gdańsk – a German city at the time), defended his doctoral thesis in philosophy (actually: psychology) under the supervision of Wundt. Two years later, the same scientist was conferred another doctorate, this time in medicine at the University of Heidelberg (D.P. Schulz, S.E. Schulz 2008, p. 241). With two doctorates in hand, and even more importantly, a meticulous grounding in psychology and physiology, Munsterberg began working at Freiburg University, where he established his own laboratory for psychophysical examinations (Schulz & Schulz, 2008). Encouraged by Wil- liam James (today remembered primarily as a philosopher, as his authorship of the fundamental Principles of Psychology, published in 1890, is generally forgotten), Munsterberg moved from Freiburg to the United States, where he headed the laboratory of psychology at Harvard University.
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