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EN TORNO a LOS DETECTIVES Bola América sin nombre, no 16 (2011) 171-180 ISSN: 1577-3442 / eISSN: 1989-9831 Carmen de Mora Catedrática de literatura hispano- americana en la Universidad de Sevilla. Es autora de numerosas publicaciones sobre narrativa his- panoamericana contemporánea, relato breve y literatura Colonial. Entre sus libros figuran: Teoría y práctica del cuento en Cortázar (1982), Las siete ciudades de Cí- EN TORNO A LOS DETECTIVES bola. Textos y testimonios sobre la expedición de Vázquez Coronado (1992), En breve. Estudios sobre el SALVAJES DE ROBERTO BOLAÑO cuento hispanoamericano contem- poráneo (2ª ed. 2000) y Escritura CARMEN DE MORA e identidad criollas. El Carnero, Universidad de Sevilla, España Cautiverio feliz e Infortunios de Alonso Ramírez (2010). Es editora [email protected] de Nuevas lecturas de La Flori- da del Inca (2008) y Humanismo, mestizaje y escritura en los Comen- tarios reales (2010). RESUMEN En el presente artículo se examinan algunas cuestiones fundamentales de la obra de Bolaño en general y de Los detectives salvajes, en particular: el lugar que ocupa el escritor en la narrativa hispanoamericana de los últimos años; la estructura tripartita de la novela con las peculiaridades espaciales y las alteraciones cronológicas que presenta; la proyección autobiográfica y el mito de la vida artística; y el género policial como «architexto» de la novela. Por último, se profundiza en aspectos compositivos de Los detectives salvajes que tienen que ver con las razones que mueven la escritura postdictatorial de Bolaño. Palabras clave: Roberto Bolaño, Los detectives salvajes, narrativa chilena última, novela policial. ABSTRACT This contribution examines some fundamental aspects of Bolaño’s works in general and of Los detectives salvajes, especially: the writers’ place in current Hispanoamerican narrative; the Cubierta Los detectives salvajes. tripartite structure of the novel with its spatial particularities and chronological alterations; the autobiographical projections and the myth of artistic life; and the detective story as the novel’s «architext». Lastly, the article goes more deeply into some compositional aspects which are connected with the motivations of Bolaño’s post-dictatorial writing. Keywords: Roberto Bolaño, Los detectives salvajes, current Chilean narrative, detective novel. Introducción tes: La literatura nazi en América y Estrella distante, ambas de 1996. Como se sabe, Roberto Bolaño (Los Án- Entre las generaciones más recientes de geles, Chile, 1953-Barcelona, 2003) empezó a escritores latinoamericanos, Bolaño se ha ser un escritor reconocido y de extraordinario convertido en un referente, sobre todo desde éxito a raíz de la publicación de Los detecti- que a partir de la década de los noventa su ves salvajes en 1998, obra con la que ganó en obra llegó a un considerable número de lec- España el premio Herralde de novela y con tores. Este reconocimiento se materializó en la que obtuvo el Premio Rómulo Gallegos, el Encuentro de Autores Latinoamericanos el más prestigioso que se concede en Hispa- promovido por la Editorial Seix Barral –más noamérica. Consiguió también el del Consejo exactamente, por Adolfo García, director del Nacional del libro y del Círculo de Críticos sello– y celebrado en la sede de la Fundación de Arte de Chile. Antes de publicarla, ya ha- Lara, que tuvo lugar en Sevilla, en junio de En torno a Los detectives salvajes de Roberto Bolaño bía sacado a la luz otras dos obras importan- 2003, cuando apenas le quedaban a Bolaño CARMEN DE MORA 171 América sin nombre, no 16 (2011) 171-180 unos días de vida. Algún episodio de aquel acompañado de una imagen reduccionista de encuentro ha sido recreado por Volpi en su la novela acorde con las expectativas de los libro de ensayos Mentiras contagiosas (2008). lectores americanos: de un lado, la rebeldía En él participaron, además de Bolaño: José idealista de la juventud y la afición por la María Conget, Jorge Franco, Rodrigo Fre- poesía, identificada con los 70; de otro, las sán, Santiago Gamboa, Gonzalo Garcés, consecuencias morales que se desprenden Fernando Iwasaki, Mario Mendoza, Ignacio de llevar tales actitudes hasta sus últimas Padilla, Cristina Rivero Garza, Edmundo consecuencias, pues casi todos los persona- Paz Soldán, Iván Thays y Jorge Volpi. Las jes desaparecen o terminan de forma trágica Actas de aquella reunión se publicaron con (Pollack, 2009, p. 361). También la prestigiosa el título de Palabra de América (Editorial escritora Susan Sontag contribuyó al éxito Seix Barral y Fundación José Manuel Lara, de su recepción cuando sentenció: «Bolaño Edición en inglés de Los detecti- Barcelona, 2004), prologadas por Guillermo es el más influyente y admirado novelista en ves salvajes. Cabrera Infante, con epílogo de Pere Gim- lengua española de su generación» (Manzoni, ferrer. Al debatir sobre la identidad de la Gras, Brodsky, 2005, p. 72). literatura latinoamericana actual y las nuevas Además de los conocimientos enciclopé- generaciones llegaron a la conclusión de que dicos que poseía en lo referente a literatura y 1 Borges era tal vez el escritor más fecundo e cine, las circunstancias personales de Bolaño El temido agente literario Andew Wylie, El Chacal, se ha hecho influyente del siglo pasado para las letras his- sin duda jugaron un papel: la vida azarosa que con algunos inéditos de Bolaño, panas actuales y que el más influyente de la llevó durante años, la experiencia que vivió entre ellos, la novela El Tercer 2 Reich y Los sinsabores del ver- actualidad era Bolaño, el que estaba abriendo en la cárcel cuando le sorprendió en Chile . dadero policía, publicadas en caminos nuevos. donde se encontraba de paso, el golpe mili- 2010 y 2011 respectivamente. La fama y el éxito del escritor chileno tar, la relación de algunas de sus obras con el 2 han trascendido las fronteras de habla hispa- subgénero de las novelas de las dictaduras del Algunos conocidos suyos han na. ¿Cómo se explica el fenómeno Bolaño? Cono Sur, la grave enfermedad que padecía y negado tal experiencia y tam- bién que estuviera en Chile ¿Qué factores han determinado que se haya la muerte a los cincuenta años, todo ello ha re- cuando ocurrió el golpe. Sin convertido en un escritor de culto a nivel in- percutido en la dimensión internacional de su duda, el mismo Bolaño fomentó la mitificación de su biografía a ternacional? No cabe duda de que el mundo figura y en la imagen de Bolaño que se ha que- sabiendas de que podía resultar editorial y los medios han jugado un papel en rido vender en Estados Unidos3: la del joven un complemento de su literatura la canonización del escritor1. contestatario, idealista y rebelde de los años con cierto atractivo para los lectores. La lectura que se ha hecho en Estados infrarrealistas; de ahí que la foto del escritor Unidos de la obra de Bolaño es muy distinta a que aparecía en la edición norteamericana 3 Entre las leyendas que circulan la europea, según ha explicado Sarah Po llack, fuera una de juventud, con melena y aspecto en Estados Unidos sobre su bio- profesora de la City University de Nueva hippie, y no la del hombre maduro y respon- grafía está la de su adicción a la heroína que supuestamente le York, al examinar el fenómeno Bolaño en sable que era cuando la escribió. En la prensa habría provocado una enferme- el mercado editorial norteamericano en su se le comparó con James Dean, Kurt Cobain, dad hepática irreversible. artículo «Latin America Translated (Again): Jim Morrison4 o Jack Kerouac. Con el añadi- 4 Roberto Bolaño’s The Savage Detectives in do de que la crítica, probablemente inducida Él escribió con Antoni García the United States». La autora encuentra detrás por el propio Bolaño, ha encontrado en el Porta Consejos de un discípulo de Morrison a un fanático de de la construcción del mito Bolaño tanto un chileno el digno sucesor de los escritores del Joyce (1984). operativo de marketing editorial como una Boom, pues tras el agotamiento del realismo redefinición de la imagen de la cultura y la mágico, cuyo paradigma está representado literatura latinoamericanas que se ha difundi- por la literatura de García Márquez, los mer- do entre el público lector. Este fenómeno se cados demandaban un producto que ofreciera produjo cuando Jonathan Galassi, editor jefe una imagen nueva de la literatura latinoame- de la estadounidense Farrar, Straus & Giroux ricana. Y es ahí donde Bolaño, al menos por (FSG), una de las firmas más selectas del mun- ahora, con el «realismo visceral» ha llegado a do editorial neoyorkino, publicó la versión en cubrir un vacío. En efecto, la transformación inglés de Los detectives salvajes con el título del infrarrealismo en «realismo visceral» –ex- de The Savage Detectives, en 2007. Las obras presión que evoca y rechaza al mismo tiempo anteriores a esta se habían publicado en una el «relismo mágico»– así como su instalación prestigiosa editorial independiente y mino- en Barcelona, sede editorial del «Boom», in- ritaria, New Directions. No obstante, como vitan a pensar que Bolaño era muy consciente En torno a Los detectives salvajes de Roberto Bolaño Pollack demuestra en su ensayo, el éxito de del espacio que se estaba disputando en el CARMEN DE MORA Los detectives salvajes en Estados Unidos iba campo literario latinoamericano. 172 América sin nombre, no 16 (2011) 171-180 Los detectives salvajes (1998) do por preguntas metafísicas. Los personajes de Bolaño son menos especulativos, se da en Extensa y muy ambiciosa, es una novela de ellos un instinto de supervivencia, un vitalis- 609 páginas, que recuerda los grandes proyec- mo que los empuja a la aventura y la acción, tos novelísticos de los escritores del «Boom», aunque a la postre todo resulte inútil. pero la actitud literaria de Bolaño toma sana García Madero es un muchacho huérfano distancia de sus precursores latinoamericanos. de 17 años, estudiante de derecho, que vive El título es un oxímoron porque «detective» con sus tíos y cuya verdadera vocación es es un tipo específico de policía, el que practica la literatura.
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