An Analysis of Reality Construction Through Conflicts in Gillian Flynn's

Monica Prilly Aditya An Analysis of Reality Construction through Conflicts in Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl

An Analysis of Reality Construction through Conflicts in Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl

Monica Prilly Aditya English Language and Literature Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia [email protected]

ABSTRACT The complexity of Gone Girl evoked wide aspects to explore. The current study focused on the issue of reality construction in the novel. It was aimed at answering the question of how the male and female central characters constructed the versions of reality through conflicts which were a result of multiple narrative perspectives used in the novel. The data were analyzed by using Bartley, Blanton, and Gilliard’s (2005) three aspects of marital relationship. The findings indicated that the reality in the novel was dominantly constructed through the conflictive marital relationship between the male and female central characters. The conflicts were found in the aspects of marital relationship particularly in the decision-making process and the attitude towards gender roles and stereotypes. In terms of decision making, the conflicts resulted from the process and the outcomes of major decision-making including the decision to move to a new city, decision to have children, decision regarding career choices and the decision of getting a divorce. Meanwhile, from the aspect of attitude towards gender roles and stereotypes, the male and female central characters appeared to demonstrate double standards and hypocritical attitudes which led to conflicts in the novel. Therefore, from the findings it could be concluded that the text indicated a tendency for men and women to be involved in conflicts since they had different presumptions, interests, and egos in constructing their version of reality.

Keywords: reality construction, marital relationship, marital conflicts, decision-making, gender role attitudes, double standard

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INTRODUCTION In relation to this, men and What was considered as reality or women possessed different something real had been an issue for a characteristics or values when it came long time. Constructivism believed to constructing reality. Gilligan that instead of being discovered, (1982, cited in Hoffman, 1990) stated reality was invented by human beings that while men valued the system of (Watzalwick, 1982, cited in Hare- independence, autonomy, and Mustin and Marecek, 1984 p. 455). control, women tended to show a Hare-Mustin and Marecek (1984) contrasting aspect of values which are stated that rather than passively relationship and connection (p. 7). observing reality, humans were These characteristics appeared to involved in the construction of produce different versions of reality meaning that formulated and from both genders since they had organized their perception and different aspects of value in life. experience of life. This led to an idea In literary works, different that human’s understanding of reality values that tended to influence the was representation or a re- points of view between men and presentation, not a replica, of what women could be found in multiple was out there (p. 455-456). narrative perspectives used in Since reality was constructed contemporary fiction. Koss (2009) through language, the work of fiction stated that “today’s multiple narrative could be one of the examples of its perspective novels are characterized realization. As explained by Waugh by multiple voices, narrators, points (1984), “If our knowledge of this of view, structures, and perspectives” world is now seen to be mediated (p. 74). Furthermore, Itkonen (2012) through language, then literary fiction explained that fictional text produced (worlds constructed entirely of a social reality that could only be language) becomes a useful model for accessed by the reader through the learning about the construction of influence of the perspective he or she ‘reality’ itself” (p. 3). was allowed within the narrative since the external consciousness of the

Monica Prilly Aditya An Analysis of Reality Construction through Conflicts in Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl

reader put him or her in the outsider conflicts and disagreements between position (p. 3). Therefore, this them. Thus, this study focused on multiple narrative perspective could these different values between Nick lead to a different way of reality and Amy and how these triggered construction in fiction that would also conflicts which influenced the influence how the reader interpreted versions of reality constructed in the the reality in the novel. novel. Gone Girl was a work of fiction exemplifying the use of THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK multiple narrative perspectives. The Reality Construction in Fiction story was told from two points of Reality was constructed through view which were Nick Dunne’s and language and one of the examples of Amy Elliot Dunne’s. The complexity its realization is the work of fiction. of the novel evoked wide aspects of As explained by Waugh (1984), issue to explore and the current study “If our knowledge of this focused on the reality constructed by world is now seen to be mediated the male and female central through language, then literary fiction characters. Amy and Nick Dunne (worlds constructed entirely of were given the position as the first- language) becomes a useful model for person narrator which led to two learning about the construction of different versions of reality offered in ‘reality’ itself.” (p. 3) the novel. Bruner (1991) also noted the Gone Girl indicated the importance of language in reality difference between men and women construction by saying that “language in a number of aspects including the and other symbolic systems mediate way they viewed certain events and thought and place their stamp on our issues considered as reality representations of reality” (p. 3). constructed in the novel. Both Amy The term reality was related to and Nick had their own ways of a literary movement called realism thinking, behaving, and responding to which was described by Phillips a situation that oftentimes led to (1987 as cited in Maxwell, 2012) as

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“the view that entities exist well-made plot, chronological independently of being perceived, or sequence, the authoritative independently of our theories about omniscient author, the rational them” (p. 3). In addition, Schwandt connection between what characters (1997 as cited in Maxwell, 2012) ‘do’ and what they ‘are’, the causal supported this idea by saying, “in connection between ‘surface’ details scientific realism, ‘Reality’ refers to and the ‘deep’, ‘scientific laws’ of whatever it is in the universe (i.e., existence).” (Waugh, 1984, p. 7) forces, structures, and so on) that In other words, the causes the phenomena we perceive conventional rules of order in reality with our senses” (p. 3). From this construction in fiction had changed point of view, it could be said that into more complex ones. All in all, reality was something which was contemporary world viewed reality as already there for human to perceive or socially constructed and therefore in other words an independent literary fiction could be a significant universe. model of learning the reality However, this idea of reality construction itself. had been rejected by both positivists and constructivists during the Multiple Narrative Perspectives twentieth century. One of the forms of The effect of reading a work of fiction rejection was contemporary in which the story was told from metafictional writing that Waugh different perspectives was different (1984) described as both a response for the readers. As explained by Gillis and a contribution to the idea that (2002), reality is an independent or permanent “When more than one universe but instead it was a series of character tells the story (or stories), constructions, artifices, impermanent the effect is somewhat different. Our structures. She explains, loyalties are not to one but to the “More novelist have come to whole. And while we become aware question and reject the forms that of how each character sees and correspond to this ordered reality (the responds to events, we are also aware

Monica Prilly Aditya An Analysis of Reality Construction through Conflicts in Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl

of how the events affect the one of the apparent issues that trigger characters’ relationship. We acquire a conflicts between the main characters kind of intimate omniscience by was the relationship and equity within viewing the world through multiple their marriage. Thus, this study lenses.” (p. 52) focused on the exploration of aspects In her article, Gillis (2002) of marital relationship based on a also identified the emerging trends in study conducted by Bartley, Blanton, the use of multiple narrative and Gilliard in 2005. perspectives in popular fiction Bartley et al. (2005) had specifically in the realm of young conducted a study on the aspects of adult literature which were; he said, marital relationship on husbands and she said narrative perspective in wives in dual-earner marriages. The which more than one character tells a aspects examined include the story (multiple narrators) through differences in perceived decision- first-person point of view, he thought, making, gender-role attitudes and she thought: over-the-shoulder division of household labor. narratives in which a story (or stories) Likewise, they also investigated the is narrated in third-person point of impact of these aspects on perceived view by more than one character, and marital equity (Bartley, et al., 2005). they said narrative perspective which Decision making involves both people and various Marital power had a kinds of writing such as a diary or significant role in influencing the newspaper article that relate to a process of decision making within a particular event or setting. family. It was defined as the ability possessed by one partner to impose Marital Relationship and Equity his/her will on the other spouse that Since fiction can be considered as a was manifested particularly towards model to study reality, social issues the ability to make major decisions happening in real life such as marital (Blood and Wolfe 1960 as cited in relationship and equity can be Mirowsky, 1985). explored through fiction. In Gone Girl

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From the perspective of as “situated identities-assumed and conflict theory, Sprey (1979 as cited relinquished as the situation in Bartley et al., 2005) explained that demands” (West & Zimmerman, marriages were about a competition 1987 p. 127-128). Furthermore, for power and control of resources Fischer and Arnold (1994) defined between two persons through gender role attitude as “attitudinal negotiation, bargaining, and conflict differences regarding the roles, rights, management. Power that became the and responsibilities of women and focus of conflict theory was viewed as men” (p. 164). Bartley et al. (2005) the ability to control the outcome of also made a similar definition by decision making process (Sprey 1979 referring gender roles to “behaviors as cited in Bartley et al., 2005). and attitudes prescribed and assigned Furthermore, Steil and to males and females by the broader Weltman (1991 as cited in Bartley et culture solely on the basis of gender” al., 2005) stated that in contemporary (p. 72). From these definitions, it can marriages the division of decision- be said that gender role is attributes, making was based on the traditional roles, rights, and responsibilities gender lines, with wives making adhered to men and women based on decisions concerning day-to-day what society thinks is appropriate for household details and husbands them. making the major decisions, such as Furthermore, the traditional those concerning career choices and gender roles imposed the realms of resource allocation. expertise of men and women, with men holding the power in the outside Gender role attitude world and women holding the power West and Zimmerman (1987) at home (Beavers 1982 as cited in described gender as certain behaviors Bartley et al., 2005). In line with this or conducts based on prescriptive statement, Rogers and Amato (2000 conceptions of attitudes and activities as cited in Katz-Wise, Priess, & Hyde, that were appropriate for one's sex 2010) explained that gender-role category while roles were described attitudes can range from traditional to

Monica Prilly Aditya An Analysis of Reality Construction through Conflicts in Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl

egalitarian (nontraditional). While the points, making the dichotomy of focus of traditional gender-role ideological concepts – traditional and attitudes was on the interdependence egalitarian- somewhat arbitrary since of partners and the distinction in some individuals neither were neither power between the husband as a purely traditional nor egalitarian breadwinner and the wife as a (Lavee & Katz, 2000). homemaker, nontraditional gender- According to previous role attitudes prioritized egalitarian researches Bartley et al. (2005) also power relations and less gender- concluded that the increasing amount differentiated roles. This then allowed of time for men and women involved both partners to give equal in low-control, feminine, repetitive contributions to the family both types of family work contributed to economically and in child rearing. lower marital quality, psychological Division of Household Labor distress, feeling of inequality, as well According to Lavee and Katz as the increase of marital conflicts. It (2002), there were at least three ways was suggested that equal division of of how gender ideology influenced household labor does not guarantee an the links between the division of increase of marital quality. Instead, labor, perceived fairness, and marital what contributed greater to the marital quality. First, the division of labor satisfaction was the perception of itself is dependent on the spouses’ fairness between couples (Greenstain, orientation towards gender role. 1996). Second, gender role ideology tended to influence the perception of fairness RESEARCH METHOD or injustice of the division of labor. In doing the analysis, the study Third, gender role ideology might employed a qualitative descriptive influence the association between method. The qualitative descriptive perceived fairness and marital quality. method was chosen in this study since However, they also pointed it was the most suitable method to out that gender ideology changed serve the purpose of revealing the gradually without clear dividing conflicts that occurred in detail and

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how it related to the construction of FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION reality in the novel. Conflictive Marital Relationship The data were taken from a novel The analysis showed that the versions entitled Gone Girl which was written of reality in the novel were by Gillian Flynn and first published in dominantly constructed through the 2012. In this study, the first step in conflictive marital relationship collecting the data was by doing an between the male and female central intensive close reading. Then, the characters. It was found that Nick and most relevant textual evidence was Amy viewed the same issue through highlighted with regard to some the lens influenced by their own egos, considerations: (1) from whose point interests and presumptions towards of view a conflict was narrated; and gender roles and stereotypes. (2) the setting in which a particular Furthermore, the versions of reality conflict occurred. constructed through the conflictive This textual evidence was later on marital relationship were specifically categorized into the table consisting elaborated based on: (1) the conflicts of conflicts based on Bartley, on the decision-making; and (2) the Blanton, and Gilliard’s (2005) three conflictive attitude towards gender aspects of marital relationship: (1) roles and stereotypes. decision making; (2) gender roles attitude; and (3) division of household Conflicts on The Decision Making labor. However, due to the close The explanation of conflicts based on relationship on the idea of gender role the decision making was emphasized attitude and division of household on the conflicts in major decision labor, the current study combined making including moving to a new these two aspects into one category city, having kids, career choices, and which was the attitude towards gender getting a divorce since these appeared roles and stereotypes. to be the primary causes that triggered the conflict between the male and female main characters in the novel.

Monica Prilly Aditya An Analysis of Reality Construction through Conflicts in Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl

After examining how Nick The excerpt showed that he was filled and Amy made a decision, it was with remorse because of the decision, found that both of them were involved “I did not yet understand how foolish, in the making of these major how optimistic, how, yes, just like decisions within their marriage. There Nick I was for thinking this. The were at least four major decisions misery it would lead to.” (Part 1 p. 6). made by Amy and Nick. They were Later on, it was found that the misery the decision to move to a new city, was their changing emotions and having kids, career choices, and attitudes towards each other. finally the decision of getting a On the other hand, Amy had divorce. her own version of how Nick made In the beginning of the novel it the decision to move back to his was found that Nick made a major hometown. It was found that there decision to move back to his was no compromise or conversation hometown in Missouri after he lost between them before the decision was his job as a writer in New York. He made. It could be seen that Amy did decided to do so after he got a phone not partake in the process of making call from his twin sister, Margo, this decision. Nick appeared to think informing that their mother was dying that to move back and help his dying from cancer. Nick remembered about mother were the right thing they the occurrence of him making the needed to do. However, Amy decision in the morning before his considered the way Nick told the wife went missing. Without talking to decision as something that triggered a his wife first, Nick made the decision conflict. to move back to his hometown. The finding showed that Nick However, he appeared to admit and plays a pivotal role in deciding to realize that the decision was based on move to a new city. As the one who his optimism that everything would made the decision, Nick did not be okay when he moved and brought realize that there was other’s feeling his wife to a new city whose life was or opinion to consider. Therefore, it completely different from New York. could be said that this abrupt, one-

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sided and inconsiderate decision had to take one more spectacular become one of the triggers that led to precaution to make Nick stay in their conflicts and unpleasant relationship marriage. The precaution turned out between Nick and Amy in the future. to be her getting pregnant. For Amy, Next, another major decision getting pregnant was an action that in their marriage was whether they must be taken so that Nick would stay would have children or not. From and stop asking for a divorce as well Nick’s point of view, it could be seen as to prevent him from publishing his how Amy decided not to have kids book about the dreadful truth behind even though Nick really wanted to. Amy’s missing case. She thought that For Nick, having a baby was very it must be done to protect her against important to him because the baby her husband instead of getting would be the proof that he could love pregnant because she really wanted someone unconditionally. He wanted to. to make sure he was capable of raising Furthermore, career choices a kid that was far better than him. His were another major decision that desire was also based on the fact that triggered the conflict in the story. he did not want to be like his father When the couple moved back to who abandoned his family and was Missouri, Nick decided to buy a bar not able to raise him and his sister by using his wife’s money. As the properly. story went on and it was discovered Surprisingly, Amy never that Nick had an affair with another appeared to talk about her thoughts on woman for more than a year, he never having a baby throughout the novel. had the courage to tell Amy about it She never mentioned about whether and asked her for a divorce. His she wanted to have children or not or reason was because the bar was the reason behind it. All information financed by his wife and thus it was about her not wanting to have essentially hers. Nick could not lose children was found in Nick’s side of the bar because he as well as his twin the story. However, in the end of the sister would lose their jobs too. novel, she mentioned that she needed

Monica Prilly Aditya An Analysis of Reality Construction through Conflicts in Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl

From Amy’s point of view, it of the novel, Nick and Amy got into a was found that Amy did not show a dispute which ended with Nick trying disagreeable reaction towards Nick’s to strangle Amy. Nick demanded decision to open a bar in a significant Amy to tell him what was actually way. She did not see this as a big going on or the truth behind her problem at first. However, when Amy missing case and was finally brave secretly discovered that Nick had an enough to ask Amy for a divorce. The affair with a younger woman, the fact finding showed that Amy’s that she had given Nick everything megalomaniac nature or her strong she had while Nick always took and desire of power and domination was took from her became her justification irritated by Nick’s reasons of refusal of framing Nick for her murder and to stay in the marriage as well as his running away. insistence to get a divorce. Later on, Thus, choosing a career was she kept convincing Nick to stay by not an explicit trigger of the conflict telling Nick the ugly truth about between Nick and Amy. However, it himself through harsh and hurtful appeared to have a significant impact words. This later on led to physical on their reasons of taking certain conflict when Nick tried to strangle actions. The fact that Amy had a Amy. pivotal role in supporting Nick’s From the findings, it could be career by giving her money to finance seen that in the making of a decision the bar indirectly became the reason both Nick and Amy prioritized their why Nick did not ask Amy for a own needs and egos. However for divorce. Amy, on the other hand, Amy her decision was also a reaction chose to disappear and framed her towards Nick’s action. Both of them husband for her murder because she appeared to take each other for was furious with Nick who always granted. The decisions were made took and took everything from her. with their own presumption about The last major decision was their partner. This indicated that there whether the couple would end their was no consideration of each other’s marriage in divorce or not. In the end

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feelings, needs, or the effect of the Conflictive Attitude Towards decision on their relationship. Gender Roles and Stereotypes Moreover, it could be The conflict in the novel was also interpreted that Nick and Amy viewed built through the attitude of the male the same issue in different ways. Both and female main characters towards of them appeared to carry their own gender. After analyzing the novel it presumptions about gender roles and was found that both Amy and Nick stereotypes. For example, in deciding often talked about gender stereotypes to have children or not, while Nick which led to their expectations focused on the values he would give towards each other. These to his children, Amy focused more on expectations eventually triggered the daily routine she would endure as conflicts between the two although it a mother. These different views led to appeared that most of the time they different versions of constructing the did not explicitly express their reality or what really happened in the contradictory views to each other or, novel. Later on, these different views in other words, the conflicts happened became the trigger of the conflicts in their own minds. The findings that caused damage to their covered three important points of relationship. It was also evident that attitude towards gender that appeared there was a competition of power to trigger conflicts in the novel: (1) within their marriage. Both of them Nick’s double standards towards tried to dominate and control each gender roles (2) Amy’s double other which could be seen through the standards on relationship and decision-making process. This was in marriage (3) Nick and Amy’s line with the conflict theory stated by hypocrisy and gender stereotypes. Sprey (1979) used in the study by Nick double standards were Bartley et al. (2005) that marriages found in his attitude towards gender were about a competition for power roles. While gender role attitudes and control between two persons over were divided into traditional and the outcome of the decision making egalitarian, the finding showed that it process. was hard to decide whether Nick’s

Monica Prilly Aditya An Analysis of Reality Construction through Conflicts in Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl

attitude towards gender was pretending to be a person that was not traditional or egalitarian. While his themselves. attitude towards men’s role appeared to be strongly traditional, he showed Conflicting Construction of Reality both egalitarian and traditional Between Men and Women attitudes towards women’s role. From the discussion above, it was While in the first part of the concluded that the text indicated a novel Nick often talked about his tendency for men and women to be career, Amy appeared to be more involved in conflicts since they have interested in her views towards different ways of constructing reality. relationship and marriage. There were The factors that caused these conflicts a number of events in which she included the different views towards discussed about what she expected particular issues which were from men and relationship. The represented through the process of findings showed that Amy had double making major decisions as well as the standards on women and men in double standards they applied to one relationship. While, she did not want another. The findings indicated that to be like other women who made both men and women had their own their husbands do what they wanted egos and interests that appeared to be them to do, she actually did make her their main consideration of taking husband do tasks to prove his love to major decisions. In terms of double her. This could be an indication of standards, the text implied that men Amy’s hypocrisy. Moreover, the and women had their own findings also showed that in the first expectations towards the respective few years of their marriage, both Amy gender which were influenced by the and Nick were not themselves. They norms and attitudes that society built tried hard to hide their real wants and around them. These expectations later personalities. Instead, they appeared on became the trigger for conflicts to please each other by doing things when a man or a woman met their that both of them did not like and partners that provoked the essence of

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relationship between men and chapter, it was revealed that the women. reality in Gone Girl was constructed Moreover, the text indicated through the conflictive marital that these conflicts had significant relationship between the female and effects on both men and women’s male central characters, Nick Dunne senses of identity and their and Amy Elliott Dunne. The findings relationship between one another. were based on the three aspects of More importantly, the text showed marital relationship from a study that the effect was more evident on conducted by Bartley et al. in 2005. women that the main female character These aspects were decision-making, finally decided to leave her partner gender roles attitude, and division of that has broken both her expectations household labor. However the current and her sense of identity. From all the study only focused on the conflicts conflicts shown above, it implied that which were based on decision making in the end men ruled. Therefore, it and gender roles attitude since could be interpreted that the title, division of household labor was still Gone Girl, was appropriately chosen part of the aspect of gender role because it implied that the sense of attitude. identity of a girl had disappeared and In terms of decision making, in the end she became a woman who the conflictive marital relationship got into the man’s world and needed could be seen from the process as well to follow the man’s standard of as the effect of major decision making becoming a woman. which included the decision to move to a new city, decision to have kids, CONCLUSION decision regarding career choices, and This study was aimed at answering a finally the decision to get a divorce. research question on how the male The findings showed that in the and female central characters process of making a decision, both construct their reality in Gillian male and female characters did not Flynn’s Gone Girl. From the findings consider each other’s feelings, and discussion in the previous interests, or the effect of the decision

Monica Prilly Aditya An Analysis of Reality Construction through Conflicts in Gillian Flynn’s Gone Girl

on their relationship. Also, it appeared effect on both men and women’s that the decisions made in their senses of identity and their marriage were based on their own relationship between one another. egos, desires, and interests and More importantly, the text showed therefore led to conflicts within the that the effect was more evident on marriage. women that the main female character Furthermore, gender roles finally decided to leave her partner attitude also became the trigger that has broken both her expectations towards the male and female and her sense of identity in the novel. characters’ conflictive marital After conducting the study, it relationship. After analyzing the is suggested that the research in the novel it was found that both Amy and future will relate the reality Nick often talked about gender constructed in a novel to the stereotypes which led to their construction of identity of the expectations towards each other. The characters since the reality itself has findings also indicated that there were an influence on the changes of double standards applied by Nick and characters’ identity in the novel. In Amy that affected their marital addition, it is hoped that the study relationship. While Nick’s double may contribute to the development of standard was on the roles of men and formal literary analysis that focuses women, Amy had her own double on the reality construction standards on relationship and particularly through the relationship marriage. It was also found that both between main characters in the novel Nick and Amy showed hypocritical and how it relates to the life of people aspects in their views towards gender. in general. In conclusion, the text indicated a tendency for men and REFERENCES women to be involved in conflicts Babcock, J., Waltz, J., Jacobson, N., since they have different ways of & Gottman, J. (1993). Power constructing reality. It signified that and violence: The relation between communication these conflicts had an incredible patterns, power discrepancies,

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