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Dynamics of Inter-Clan Conflict Between the Degodia...Pdf KENYATTA UNIVERSITY DYNAMICS OF INTER-CLAN CONFLICT BETWEEN THE DEGODIA AND THE GARRE OF MANDERA COUNTY, KENYA; 2008-2015 BY MUKTAR ABDI REG NO: C50/CTY/PT/29523/2014 A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF PEACE AND SECURITY IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS OF KENYATTA UNIVERSITY JUNE, 2017. ii DECLARATION This project is my original work, and it has not been presented for a degree in any other university or institution of higher learning. Signature…………………………………Date………………………… Name: Muktar Abdi Registration Number: C50/CTY/PT/29523/2014 This project has been submitted for examination with our approval as the university supervisors. Signature………...........................Date………………….. Name: Dr. Mwangi Owino Susan. Department of History, Archaeology and Political Studies iii DEDICATION This research work is dedicated to my entire family members for their support, love and encouragement throughout the period of my studies. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENT The successful completion of this research project was made possible by the support I received from my family and friends. My deepest gratitude goes to Dr. Susan Mwangi who tirelessly guided the research during the entire period. I also thank the lecturers at the department of peace and conflict management, Kenyatta University. v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ...................................................................................ii DEDICATION ..................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT ....................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................... v ABSTRACT .......................................................................................... x OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS ........................................ xi CHAPTER ONE .................................................................................... 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................ 1 1.1 Background to the Study .................................................................. 1 1.2 statement of the problem .................................................................. 7 1.3 Research objectives .......................................................................... 8 1.4 Research questions ........................................................................... 9 1.5 Research premises ............................................................................ 9 1.6 Justification and significance .......................................................... 10 1.7 Scope and limitations ..................................................................... 12 1.8 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................... 15 1.8.1 Review of related literature .......................................................... 15 1.8.2 Theoretical framework ................................................................ 20 vi 1.9 Research Methodology ................................................................... 23 1.9.1. Research design .......................................................................... 23 1.9.2 Site of the study ........................................................................... 23 1.9.3 Target population ........................................................................ 24 1.9.4 Sampling techniques .................................................................... 25 1.9.5 Data collection instruments.......................................................... 25 1.9.6 Validity and Reliability ............................................................... 26 1.9.7 Data collection procedures ........................................................... 26 1.9.8 Data analysis and presentations ................................................... 26 1.9.9 Data management and ethical considerations ............................... 27 10. Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents ........................... 28 10.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 28 10.2 Age ............................................................................................. 28 10.3 Ethnic composition of Mandera County ........................................ 28 10.4 Sex ............................................................................................... 29 10.5 Occupation ................................................................................... 30 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................. 31 2.0 The Nature and Causes of the Conflicts between the Garre and the Degodia ............................................................................................... 31 vii 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 31 2.2 The composition of the Garre and the Degodia ............................... 31 2.2.2 Somali people .............................................................................. 32 2.2.3 The Garre clan ............................................................................. 34 2.2.4 The Degodia clan ........................................................................ 39 2.5 Nature and Dynamics of the Garre and Degodia Conflict................ 47 2.5.1 Introduction ................................................................................. 47 2.5.2 Historical Land grievances .......................................................... 48 2.5.3 The shifta war: The secessionist conflicts; 1963-1967.................. 52 2.5.4 Declining pastoralism 2005-2007 ................................................ 55 2.5.5 Role of Warlord Politics (Politisation of Clan Conflicts) .............. 57 2.6 Major Actors in the Degodia - Garre Conflict ............................... 61 2.6.1 Introduction ............................................................................... 61 2.6.2 The youths as a political pawn ..................................................... 62 2.6.3 Business people and politicians as warlords in the Degodia and Garre conflicts...................................................................................... 63 2.6.4 Women: victims and perpetrators ............................................... 64 2.7 Major Weapons used in the Degodia and Garre conflicts ................ 65 2.8 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 67 3.0 THE GARRE AND MURULE PACT 2010-2013 ...................... 70 viii 3. 1 Introduction ................................................................................... 70 3.2 Background to the pact ................................................................... 70 3. 3 Political exclusions ........................................................................ 71 3.4 Continued Warlordism ................................................................... 73 3.5 Conclusion .................................................................................. 75 4.0THE DEVOLVED GOVERNMENT; A BLESSING OR A CURSE TO THE TWO COMMUNITIES? ....................................................... 76 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 76 4.2 The 2013 general elections ............................................................. 76 4.3 Skewed Political representation in the County after the 2013 general elections ............................................................................................... 80 4.4Social and Economic Exclusions after the 2013 General Elections .. 80 4.5 Impacts of the Exclusions ............................................................... 83 4.6 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 86 CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................. 87 5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..... 87 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 87 5.2 Summary and conclusions .............................................................. 87 5.2 Recommendations .......................................................................... 91 REFERENCES .................................................................................... 94 PRIMARY SOURCES ......................................................................... 94 ix APPENDICES ................................................................................... 112 APPENDIX 1: INTERVIEW SCHEDULE ........................................ 112 APPENDIX 2: STUDY TIMELINE ................................................... 113 x ABSTRACT Various communities in Kenya have had conflicts over time with the pastoral communities taking the lead. More specifically the Northern part of Kenya registered several inter clan conflicts with Somali sub tribes fighting over resources. However, the Garre and the Degodia stand out as the two had adverse relations for several decades. This study therefore, focused on inter-clan conflicts between the Degodia and the Garre of Mandera County in the period 2008-2015.It seek to investigate the dynamics of inter-clan conflicts between the Degodia and the Garre in Mandera County. The main objectives were to examine the causes of inter- clan conflicts between the
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