THE: E:NGINE:E:R­ \J OLUME 5 NUMBER 2 )UMMER 1975 ~E~TURE)

8 OPO Reorganization/COL Carl P. Rudolph 12 Getting The Gas Out/CPT William T. Maddox 14 The Itschner Award/CPT Richard B. Polin 16 All In The Family/COL Charles E. Edgar III 20 OERs/LTC Leslie H. Savage 22 Mobility and the Contemporary U ET/Robert W. Harrington 26 Chapel of Hope/PFC Barbara L. Long 28 The Military Engineer and the Future/GEN Bruce C. Clark 30 NCOES/SFC William D. Johnson 34 Interservice Training for Equipment Operators/ CPT Robert A. For 35 Measures of Effectiveness/Mark G. Pel I 38 New Tools for Old Tasks/MAJ William H. Sprinsky 41 Army Training Goes Modern/Stanley Georges 42 1000 Good Books/CPT Stephen P. Meyer

DEPARTMENT)

1 Chief's Briefs/History 2 Pipeline/News Items 4 Engineer Potpourri/Engineer Branch 32 Helping Hands/LTC Howard J. Guba 44 Bridging the Gap/Career Notes :UniteclSfates Army .. ... LEngil"leei School ·» · ForfBelvoir,Virgini.a:..

· : c om ~ ~ ri d im t :BG .JamesA.' Johnson.

Assistant : Commanda~t . · . BG H ~}"'cK.RoperJr . .

·Editors· ...... · . C O L· C ha r l es E ~. Edgar 'lIt . LTC Arthur-E. Williams . .. . . Editorial Board BG James A .Johnson . BG H, ·M c K. Roper Jr. .coi, Charles. E. ' Edgar III COL.JohriC. Chand ler . COL ·James ·M. ·Neil . . COL Huqh.C. Robinson.. LTCArthurE. .Wi Iliams St ephen H. Long, last Chief of th e Corps of Topographical CSM Adriano C.Benini Engineers, was born December 30, 1784 in Hopkin ton, New Hampshire. Dr. C.O...c;ray . App ointed a second lieutenant in the Corps of Engineers in 1814, Long ta ught math ematics at West Point for two years. In 1816 he was Production Manager ferred to the top ographical engineers with the brevet rank of JohriW. Savage Jr. . . . . _. ' . . and remained with this branch for the r est of his career . Production Assistants In 1817 Long conducte d extensive explorations in th e Northwest. SP4 K. Gupta:-' . . .. Commanding the exp edition to the Rocky Mountains in 1819-1920, he discovered the peak which bears his name. Colonel Long was then . PFCPatricia Stachowiak Mr. William' W. Behring assigned to explore th e northern boundry of th e United States, which . . . . . he fixed at the 49th parallel at P embina (now in N. Dakota), in 1823. The Efig ; ~ ee,:, is an au thorized QUl1rfcrly pub lica­ ti on of .trre U.S .. Arm y · Eng lri e.V Schoo l. It . is pubt ished to pr ovlde fa ctu al ~ ';d . In-depth infor m e. In 1827 he help ed select th e route of the Baltimore and Ohio t ion of in terest to" 'al l En g i.heer un ,jts. , A r t icles. PhotQ9r ap h;',and ar f work of general i n t.e r~s i';"ay be Railroad and became its Chief of Surveys and a member of its Board of · ·sub m i tl ed for consider a tion to : , Editor. T he E ngi. E ngineers. The expertise developed by this experi ence enabled Long .nee r; USA E ng j"neer :SChOOI, Fort. Belvo ir , V irgin ia 22060.' vre ws a nd op in ions ex pr essed"here in 3~e not to aut hor the first 'Railroad Manual' in 1829. · n e"ces·sar i ly those Of the Depar tmenr of the .Ar m y . u seoi funds. tor pr .inttng of this pu b lica t ion hes been approved by .Headquar ter s. DeDil riment of 'he Colonel Long in 1836 obtained patents on his method of bracing and Ar my. Janu ar y 1. 1974. . . count er bracing wooden bridges, an area in which he became inter ested Eng i ~ eer M,,'lJaIine Te lephon e : (703) : 6&4.2'838. ­ through his railroad work. Many early railroad bridges were .. Autovon : ·354-2838 . . ' . constructed according to his specifications. ABOUT THE COVER' Long for yea rs was chief engineer for the improvement of western Captain J ~ h n ·V . Kauff~anJs rivers. with headquarters at Louisville and later at St. Louis in 1858. .. painting depicts the twin roles performed by' Engineer Corps On Sept emb er 9, 1861 Colonel Long became Chief of the Corp s of personnel: they undertake all Topographi cal En gineers. Upon merger of the two corps on March 3, the activities commonly as­ 1863, he became the senior officer to t he Chief Engineer, Corps of Engineers. He re tired the sam e year. soclatediwlth soldiering, 'and as combat eng ineers, both dur­ Stephen H. Long died at Alton, Illinois on September 4, 1864. · ing war and..peace, they en­ gage ina whole range of enql­ John M. Dervan ' neei-ing activities . requiring Asst. Curator, US A rm y Engineer Museum sk llls, preclslontand selfless­ ness. ·PIPELINE. PIR RECREATION the resident program and is clippings, photographs, or OPPORTUN ITI ES designed to prepare officers maps, would be duplicated and for duty as commanders and returned immediately. DETAILED IN general staff officers. CORPS PHAMPHLETS A course description is avail­ THE DMA APPROVED Outdoor enthusiasts can now able in DA Pamphlet 350-10. DEFINITION avail themselves of free Direc­ This can be obtained by writ­ OF MC & G tor ies of Recreation Opportuni­ ing, The Commandant, Com­

ties at US Army Corps of mand and General Staff Col­ If Ma pping, charting, and Engineers Projects. lege, ATTN: DN R I, Ft. Leav­ geodesy (MC&G) comprises Six directories covering the enworth, Kansas 66027. the collection, transformation, continental USA are available: generation, dissemination, and New England, Northeast, Mid­ ENGINEER OFFICERS storing of geodetic, geomag­ wes t, West, Southwest and AND WARRANT netic, gravimetric, aeronauti­ Southeast. cal, topographic, hydrograph­ Each contains a detailed OFFICERS ic, cultural, and toponymic map and lists the various out­ DIRECTORY data. These data may be used door facilities. AVAILABLE for military planning, training, For your copy write to: The Directory of Corps of and operations including aero­ Public Affairs Office Eng inee rs Officers and War­ nautical, nautical, and land Office of Chief Engineers rant Officers (1975 Ed ition) is naVigation, as well as for Washington D. C. 20314 available for purchase at the weapon orientation and tar get USAES. Ma i l order requests position ing. The data may . shou ld be sent to: USAES presented in the form of to Periodical Publications Fund, graphic, planimetric, relief, or Office of the Secretary, thematic maps and graphics; USAES, Fort Belvoir, VA 22060. nautical and aeronautical Cost is $2.25 per copy (covers charts and publications; and in handling and mailing costs). simulated, photographic, digi­ Make checks payable to: tal, or computerized formats." USAES Periodical Publications " M C& G does not include the Fund. evaluation of topographic, hydrographic, or aeronautical features for their effect on FAR EAST DISTRICT, military operations or intelli­ CORPS OF ENGINEERS gence." SEEKS ASSISTANCE STATUS OF FAMECE Information is being compiled NONRESIDENT for a history of the Far East The Validation Phase In COURSE DETAILED District, Corps of Eng ineers, Processing Rev iew (I PR) for 1957 to 1975. If anyone has the Family of Military Eng i­ genera I information, anec­ neer Construction Equipment Engineer Officers who have dotes, photographs, newspaper (FAMECE) was held at the graduated from their branch clippings, brochures, maps, or USAES 31 Oct - 1 Nov '74. The advanced courses are en­ the like concerning the Dis­ I PR concluded that the results couraged to apply for enroll­ trict, please contact Earle of the competitive prototyping ment in the Command and Whitmore, Historian, Far East effort, to incl ude Deve,_ General Staff College non-resi­ District, Corps of Engineers, menta I Testing/Operatio dent program. APO San Francisco 96301. Any Testing demonstrated the Mil ­ The course closely parallels temporary loans, such as news tary worth of FAMECE and

2 'J INE. PIPELINE.

recommended that the pro­ at Platoon Level). Emphasis In the study, which is ex­ gram enter Full Scale Develop­ is placed on the management pected to run for ten years, ment (FSD). The recom­ of training at the squad, pla­ measurements are made of mendation was approved toon and company level." The pavement strength, degree of by Deputy Chief of Staff for 26 week course is presently frost heave, and depth of frost Research, Development and being systems engineered and penetration in the roadway. In Acquisition when it approved in-resident EOAC students are addition to normal traffic, the the IPR minutes on 16 Dec. '74. assisting in this effort to pro­ pavements are subjected to Subsequent to this action an vide the field input as to what repeated loads simulating announcement was made by tasks should be included in added traffic to study the the Source Selection Authority resident training. The overall structural response of the road­ of the contractor selected for objective is to qualify the way. The testing is conducted FSD and a contract was graduate as a military engi­ when the pavement section is awarded to the Clark Equip­ neer to meet primary speciali­ frozen, thawing, and complete­ ment Company on 24 Dec. '74. ty under OPMS. ly thawed. Clark Equipment Company Results to date indicate that will build two additional proto­ there is a greater than normal types (dumper and loader degree of frost heaving in the modules) for del ivery in early CR ELL Test New section without the base 1976. The entire family (17 Concrete Application course. However, the heaving complete vehicles - 2 of each tends to be at a uniform rate, vehicle plus an extra dumper leaving a relatively smooth hlcle) is scheduled for de­ Savings in highway construc­ pavement surface. The road­ Jry in the fall of 1977 for tion costs throughout the coun­ way returns to near normal csting in 1977 and 1978. The try are being sought through a after the spring thaw. family is scheduled for fielding long term study being con­ The uniformity of the sub­ in 1980. ducted at the U. S. Army Cold grade is the key factor for the Regions Research and Engi­ development of uniform heav­ neering Laboratory (CRREL). ing. In construction the sub­ CHANGE TO EOAC A test road section was con­ grade was prepared by scrap­ structed in 1971 to compare ing, blending, and recompact­ The recent change in lengths standard construction tech­ ing 18 inches of the native silty of the Engineer Officer Ad ­ niques utilizing a granular subgrade soil. vanced Course (EOAC) will be base course between the road In the spring, the subgrade implemented at the USAES subgrade and the asphaltic beneath the ABC section was with class reporting in Septem­ concrete surface, with one in found to have a high water ber 1975. The EOAC will be 26 which a thick asphaltic con­ content. The water cannot weeks in length, a reduction crete (ABC) pavement is ap­ easily drain through the fine from 32 weeks. The changes to plied directly to the subgrade. grained silt and results in a accomplish this reduction are This latter method eliminates reduction in the pavement's elimination of all electives and the cost of the granular base load carrying ability. reduction of some technical course, usually gravel and Seeking to solve this drain­ aspects of engineering and sand. age problem, a related study is some corresponding increases The road section, located ad­ being conducted in which a of military engineering. The jacent to the CRR EL facility, tough, porous fabric, overlain course purpose remains the leads to the Hanover town with a layer of porous asphalt, same: "To prepare engineer gravel pits and is subject to is placed below the asphaltic officers to be technically, tacti­ heavy truck traffic, particular­ concrete wearing surface to y and administratively ly during the frost melting provide proper drainage. Pre­ rpetent : Company Com­ period. This is the most criti­ liminary results from this manders and Battalion Staff cal time to the year for proper study are supporting the feasi­ Officers (including a refresher performance of roadways. bility of this concept. 3 Engineer Personnel Managers in OPD - Reorganization of OPD has taken place. Listed below are the players, their organization and their telephone numbers. The "P" is still in Personnel and Profession. Colonels Division : (DAPC-OPC-AE) Engineer Assignments, LTC Thomas Sands, 325-7871 LTC Division: (DAPC-OPL-AS) Engineer Assignments, LTC Henry Covington, 325-0423 Majors Division: (DAPC-OPM·AS) Engineer Assignments, MAJ Ted G. Stroup, 325-8107 Combat Support Army Division: (DAPC-OPF-EN) Division Chief COL Carl P. Rodolph 325-0628 Engineer Branch Chief LTC Charles E. Eastburn 325-7434 CPT Assignments MAJ James E. Corbin 325-0650 LT Assignments CPT Mi Iton Hunter 325-0651 Professional Development MAJ Martin Suydam 325-7426 Warrant Officer Division: (DAPC·OPW·WU) Engineer Assignments CW4 Jean L. Derby 325-7837 (For Autovon dial 221 and the las t four digits) The mailing address remains the same: 200 Stovall Street, Alexandria, Virginia 22332 OPMS - Alternate specialty designations have now been made for all Eng ineer officers Wie rl greater than seven years of active commission service. The spectrum of specialties that ;I' compatible with being an Engineer are extremely broad. Table 1 shows the percentage of Eng ineer officers by grade designated into various alternate specialties. The table is reflective of the diversity of the Army's requirement in alternate specialist for engineer officers beyond the eighth year of service. As you would expect, the heaviest concentrations are in specialties oriented on the applied physical sciences and analytical techniques. However, there are large requirements in other areas for officers with engineer skills and aptitudes. Since alternate specialty designations are based on the size of the specialty requirements at higher grades, you can see that there are indeed multiple path routes to success.

ALTERNATE SPECIALTY DESIGNATIONS PERCENT BY GRADE

ALTERNATE SPECIALTY LTC % MAJ % CPT7YRS % In fantry 11 Armor 12 Fi eld Artillery 13 A ir Def Artillery 14 Cmbr Comm -Elec 25 F ix ed Tel ecomm Sys t 26 Comm-E lec Engr'g 27 Audi o-Vis Instr T ech 28 1 La w Enfor cement 31 1 1 T act/Strat Intell 35 2 2 5 Counterintell /H UMI NT 36 1 1 Cryptolog y 37 1 Personnel Mgmt 41 8 6 Personnel Admin 42 1 1 Club Mgmt 43 F inance 44 • 4 Co m pt roll e r 45 3 3 3 Info rmation 46 1 1 1 Ed uca ti on 47 9 10 7 Fore ig n Ar ea 48 11 9 9 O R/ SA 49 4 8 9 R&D 51 22 23 20 Atomic E ne r g y 52 8 5 6 ADP S3 2 3 3 Ops & Fo r ce Dev 54 13 10 11 Av n Mat Mg m t 71 1 1 1 Com m -E lec Ma t Mgmt 72 Mis s ile Ma t Mgmt 73 Chemi ca l 74 Mun it ions Mat Mgmt 75 Ar mamen t Mat Mgmt 76 Ta nk / Gro un d Mo b Ma t Mgt 77 POL Mg mt 81 Food Mg mt 82 Gen Trp Spt Mat Mg m t 83 Tr affic Mgmt 86 Ma r & Te r m Opns 87 1 1 Hw y & Rai l Opns 88 1 1 Ma int Mgmt 91 3 S 5 Sup ply Mgmt 92 6 5 4 Log Svcs Mgmt 93 1 1 1 Transporta t ion Mgmt 95 1 r ocureme nt 97 5 5 4 Log is tics 98 T A BLE 1.

Stability .. . Expect 36 months on station except for short tour areas. If you have questions concerning the date when you will be next available for reassignment, contact your assignment officer. The name of the game is stay put and do a professiona I job.

GRADUATE SCHOOL NOTES: Graduate School Opportunities in FY 76. We antic ipate the fol lowing graduate school input during FY 76 in support of Army requirements:

FUNDED GRADUATE TRAINING PARTIALLY FUNDED TRAINING

AE R B 31 Deg r ee Comple tion Program Boot strap 16 USMA Inst r uc tor Tr a in ing 20 Advance Degree P rog ram for ROT C Inst ru ctor Duty 19 USM A/Rotc Top 5% 20 Cooperati ve Degree Prog ra m 5 TOTAL - 111

Fully Funded Advanced Degree Training (AR 621-1, Chapter 4). This is t he principal program f or obtaining a graduate degree and provides t he primary means to train officers at t he masters lov el. Application is made by forwarding DA Form 1618·R. An officer's application is automatically ider ed each time-he becomes available for reassignment. The primary zone for consideration school ing is 5 to 14 years service. An outstanding overall record of performance is necessary to be a contender for selection. For planning, the FY 76 in put will be in these disciplines: 22 Civil Engineers, 1 Geodetic Science, 1 Topography/Photogrammetry, 1 Foreign Area Studies, 1

5 Procurement/Logistics Management, 1 ADPS Engineering, 1 Nuclear Physics, 1 ADPS Business, 2 ORSA Engineering.

CALENDAR School Input Application Due Selections Announced

Jan 76 1 J UI 75 15 A ug 75 Jun 76 1 Nov 75 15 Jan 76 Sep 76 1 Feb 76 15 Mar 76

Advanced Degree Program for ROTC Instructor Duty (AR 621-101). ROTC inputs preceded by graduate training are being programmed ahead as far as the summer of 1978. Quotas will permit 19 Engineers to enter graduate school in FY 76 with a follow-on ROTC assignment. Degree Completion Program (Bootstrap) for Graduate Degree (AR 621-1, CH 8). Th inking about beginning a masters degree off-duty with a goal of obtaining a " bootst r ap" to finish degree requirements? Good plan, but be sure that the academic discipline is one which we can support. All new participants after July 1975 must study in an academic discipline for wh ich an AERB position exists and serve in a follow-on utijization assignment. f !' GRADUATE: CIVIL SCHOOL ACADEMIC DISCIPLINES. Regardless of progra .~ Army sponsored graduate tra ining is restricted to those disciplines in which the Army Educationa Requirements Board has validated requirements and a "shortage" of qualified officers exists. Currently, for Engineer officers these disciplines are as listed below: BUSINESS: BAL ORSA Analysist BAM Comptrollership BAN ADPS Business BBF Logistics Management B B P Procurement ENGINEERING: CCX Civil Engineering CF X Aeronautical Engineering CLX Nuclear Effects Engineering CEX Chemical Eng ineering CSX Engineering Physics CUC ORSA Engineering CUA ADPS Engineering PHYSICAL SCIENCE : DEX Geodetic Science DE D Topography & Photogrammetry DLX Physics OLD Nuclear Physics SOCIAL SCIENCE: E BX Foreign Area Studies

6 UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOL NOTES: Degree Completion Program ( Bootst r ap) (AR 621-1 , Ch 8). The current est imate is that 40 Engineers will intiate undergraduate training under th is program during FY 76. The maximum period of training that can be supported is 18 months. Our objective is to support those officers w ith outstanding performance r ecor ds in obtaining a bachelors degree in d isciplines that the Army can use. These disciplines are too numerous to list, but undergraduate education directed in the areas where graduate level shortages ex ist get preferential consideration. See the disciplines previously listed.

CALENDAR School Input Application Due Selections Announced

J an 76 Jul 75 Aug 75 J un 76 Dec 75 Jan 76 sec 76 Ma r 76 Apr 76

ADVANCED COURSE CLASSES SCHEDULED

Engineer Officer Advanced Course (EOAC) classes beginning after 1 July 1975 wi ll be reduced n course length from 32 weeks to 26 weeks. Three Advanced Course classes are sched uled for FY 76.

EOAC 1 - 76 28 Sept 75 20 Apr 76 2 ·76 8 Feb 76 12 Aug 76 3 - 76 6 Jun 76 14 Dec 76

The FY 76 schedule for the 12 week long Engineer Officer Basic Course (EOBC) classes is as follows: EOBC 1 - 76 10 Jul 75 3 Oct 75 2 - 76 26 Aug 75 21 Nov 75 3 - 76 20 Oct 75 30 Jan 76 4 - 76 8 Jan 76 2 Apr 76 5 - 76 5 Feb 76 30 Apr 76 6 - 76 8 Apr 76 2 Jul 76 7 - 76 12 May 76 6 Aug 76 Engineer Noncommissioned Officer Advanced (ENCOA) and Basic (ENeOS) courses are pro­ gramed in accordance w ith career management fields.

4 ENeOA course and 20 ENCOB courses are scheduled for FY 76. Details and dates of courses ar e ava ilable in USAES Pam 350-1, or contact ief, Resident Training Management Division nited States Army Eng ineer School ATTN: Operations Branch Fort Belvoir, Va 22060 7 Colonel Carl P. Rodolph, Jr.

On 19 May 1975, the Officer Personnel Di­ qualified officer. There was no internal OPD rectorate, U.S. Army Military Personnel Center, mechanism to determine if the best qualified and Department of th e Army, was reorganized and the available LTC from among all branches was placed traditional "branch concept" of personnel manage­ against th e requirement. The single OPD excep ­ ment, as we once knew it, was eliminated. This is tion was in the Colonel's Division, created in 1962, th e most evolutionary change in officer career which receives all 0-6 requirements and assigns management since the inauguration of the Officer officers worldwide based upon a total review of Personnel Act of 1947. Essentially, the reorgani­ individual qualifications and experience. The zation permits the "streamlining" of OPD for "success story" in the Colonel's Division was in optimum professional development and utilization many ways a precursor to the OPD reorganization. under the Officer Personnel Management System The Colonel's Division, retained as previously (OPMS) as promulgated by the Chief of Staff, organized, is depicted in Figure 2. The 14 career Army in March 1973. Although the OPD internal branches have been replaced by 6 divisions which reorganization has been completed, assignments manage lieutenant colonels, majors, company will not fully be made by primary and secondary grades and warrant officers. Three of the 7 specialties until January 1976. As a matter of divisions are configured to handle the assignment review, OPMS has three primary objectives for and professional development of all company grade officer professional development: officers and are grouped as Combat Arms (Armor, Artillery, Infantry and Air Defense Artillery), • To develop officers in the proper numbers Combat Support Arms (Engineer, Military Intel and skills to meet Army requirements and maxi­ gence, Military Police and Signal) and Comb mize the individual officer's abilities, aptitudes and Service Support (Ordnance, Quartermaster an interests. Transportation). The three functional chiefs (Pro­ • To assign officers based upon Army require­ fessional Development, Distribution and Resource ments and within capabilities in consonance with Management) retained the bulk of their previous individual competence and desires. responsibilities, exclusive of some internal OPD • To improve the overall motivation and pro­ alignments. fessional satisfaction of the Officer Corps. The OPD reorganization is more than cosmetic Before launching into reorganizational changes, and the impact upon officer professional develop­ it is important to review the previous configura­ ment is far reaching. For example, by this fall, all tion of OPD. Figure 1 delineates the traditional field grade officers will be managed by specialty in OPD organization consisting of 14 separate the appropriate division commensurate with their branches, a Colonel's Division, and the functional grades. Under this personnel management con­ chiefs (Professional Development and Plans, Dis­ cept, each division, like the Colonel's Division, will tribution and Personnel Actions). Historically, receive all requisitions and assign officers based branches primarily have been concerned in making upon primary or alternate specialty qualifications. assignments to meet Army requirements. Pro­ To assist field grade divisions in the management fessional development, an equally important mis­ of personnel, each division will have a number of sion, was accomplished, by some branches, in a multiple Specialty Management elements (assign­ secondary fashion. Further, there was no central ment officers), a Professional Development "clearing house" to insure that an officer selected Branch, Personnel Actions Branch and Personnel for an assignment in a specific grade was in fact Support Branch. Specialty managers will have the best qualified member of a Special Career responsibility for the assignment of all officers in Program (SCP) . For example, when OPD pre­ two or more specialties. For example, a lieutenant viously received a requirement for a lieutenant colonel, with Engineer as his primary speciaIJ-.' colonel qualified in Operations Research and would direct requests for information to the En ;: Systems Analysis (ORSA), the requirement for fill neer Specialty Manager of the Lieutenant Colone ~ . was given to a branch having an available ORSA Division. However, if the engineer officer had an

8 OFFICER PERSONNEL DIRECTORATE

D IRECTOR

DEPUTY 01 R EC TOR E X ECU TIV E OFFICER I ADMI N 1STRAT IVE SERV ICE O F FICE I I I D E P UT Y FOR D EP UT Y FOR D EP UTY F OR OF F ICER P ROFESSIONAL P ERSON NEL AC T IONS D EV AN D P LANS D I STRIBU TI ON

I

COLONEL S DI VI SION L OG I STI CS 01 VI SION

I I I I

A djutant Ge neral A ir Def ens e Av ia tion Warrant A rmor Br anc h En g ineer Bran ch Branch Arti l ler y Bra nc h Officer Br an ch

I I I I

Field Arti llery M ilitary Intell ig ence M ii itary Pol ic e Finance Branch In fa nt r y Branch Branch Br an ch Branc!>

Sig na l Branch

F Igu re '

NEW ORGANIZATION

01 RE CTOR

D EP D IR

I I CHI EF CH IEF CH I E F E X E CUTI VE PROFE SS10NAL OFF ICER RE SOURC E O F F ICE R DEV E L O PM E NT DI ST RI B U T IO N MANAGEM E NT

I I

COLONE L S L T CS M AJORS CO GD DI VI SI O N D IV ISION D IVI SIO N CA DI V

I I

CO GO CO G D WO CS A DIV CSSA DI V D I V IS ION F ig ure

9 alternate specialty of Operations and Force De­ At th e beginning of this article. the demise of velopment, he would make contact with th e th e traditional "branch concept" was mentioned. lieutenant colonel managing Foreign Area Officer In a practical sense, branch association has been (F AO) and Operations and Force Deve lopment replaced with sp ecialty for field grade officer sp ecialty assignments. The Lieutenant Colonel's How ever, as a r esult of organizational identity a Divi sion organizational structure is illustrated in pride, DA decided to preserve the current branch Figure 3. By now it should be obvious that each concept for company grade officers. Therefore, Ar my officer must "check into the net" with two CA, CSA, and CSS Divisions - each head ed by a assignment officers, primary and altern ate, to colonel - will r etain the current structure in the r eceive information and professional dev elopm ent assignm ent br anches. For example, th e CSA guidance . Division will consist of a total of 7 br anches: As a matter of interest, one of th e perennial En gineer, Military In telligence, Military Police, OPD pr oblems has been the dichotomy betw een Sig nal, Professional Development, Personnel Ac­ the assignment officer, who is faced with the tion s, and Personnel Support. inescapable fact of getting a qualified individual on Figure 4 illustrates the Warrant Officer Divi­ station within accep table time limits, and the sion - a totally new and centr alized management professional development officer, who primarily is organization for warrant officers. Previously, concerned with the indi vidual dev elopment of an aviation warrant officers were managed by a officer today to meet an Army r equirement in t he single OPD eleme nt , while the remainder were fu ture. All too frequently, the professional de­ handl ed by their respective career branches. The velopme nt mus t be temp orarily deferred to meet consolidation of warrant officer man agement and an immediate high prior ity officer requirement. professional development was inevitable because This accommodation is most pronounced during of t he dupl icatory efforts in Warrant Officer periods of conflict . However. proper balance in Aviation Branch and other career branches. War­ assignme nts/ professional development must, and rant officers now have a central point of contact will, be kept in the proper perspective in the new concerning car eer management. OPD or ganization. Th e Officer Personnel Directorate is quite

LTC DIV

CH IEF

PO BR SP T BR

I I I 1

E N (21) I N ( I I) ARMOR ( 12) FA ( 13) A DA (] 4) A E (52)

I I I I

INTEL S P EC C-E S P E C LAW EN (31 F Aa (48) LOG SP EC (35-37) (25-28) ED UC (47) OPNS & FD (54 ) 01 -97)

I I

O RSA, R&D. A DP F I, INFO, CaMP PE RS S PE C (49, 51. 53) (44, 46, 45) W -43)

F Igu re 3

10 WARRANT OFFICER DIVISION - OPW

WARRANT OFFICER DIVISION - OPW

FUNCTIONAL BRANCHES I I

PROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONAL PERSONNEL PERSONNEL DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT A CTIONS SUPPORT COORDINATOR

PROFESSIONAL MANAGERS/ A SSIGNMENT OFFICERS I I

GRAPHI CS A N D INVESTIGATION COMMUNICATIONS SE R V I CES A DMI N IS T RAT IO N INTELLIGENCE ELECTRON ICS SUPPLY

I I MEeHAN ICAL & WEAPON S AND MARINE AVIATION UTILITIES MAINTENANCE Figure 4

. thused with the new organization and antici­ cer Professional Development and Utilization", t es the assignment officer playing even a March 1974, "... how well you do in the Army 'greater future role in the assignment and pro­ depends not on our system of management but fessional development responsibilities for Army ra ther on your individual efforts and dedication to officers. The Assignment and Professional De­ service. " velopment officer will coordinate freely with counterparts of other OPD Divisions and func­ Colonel Carl P. Rodolph, Jr., is Chief of the tional chiefs to insure optimum career develop­ Combat Supp ort Arms Di vision, Officer Personnel ment. Additionally, specialty monitors located at Dire ctorate, Military Personnel Center, Depart­ the functional chief lev el will be responsible for m ent of Army. He was pre viously the Chief of "or chestrating" th e efforts of Division Professional Engineer Branch, OPD, MILPERCEN. Sin ce be­ Development officers. The specialty monitors also ing commissioned in 1952. he has served in a act as the point of contact for agencies, external to variety of command and staff assignments to OPD, coordinating plans and policies regarding include construction units in Europe; Vicksburg OPMS specialt ies. Engineer District; HQ. 8th US Army, Korea; tours There is some genuine concern of Engineer with both A CSI and ACSFOR on the Army staff; officer s who have become accustomed to spec­ and a previous tour in the Engineer Branch, OPD. ialized career development treatment by Engineer Colonel Rodolpli's - Vietnam tours include assign­ Branch in the past. The question most frequently ments as engineer, 173d Airborne Brigade (Sepa­ asked is: "Will the "P" in personnel be lost in the rate), CDR, 577th Engineer Battalion (Construe­ new or ganizational maze?" Th e answer is no! In tum) and CDR, 326th Engineer Battalion, JOist reality, OPMS is nothing more than a formalization Airb orne Division (Airmobile) . He recently served of an informal management procedure that has as CDR, U.S. Army Engineer School Brigade, Fort been practiced in the Corps of Engineers for years. Belvoir. Colonel Rodolph is a graduate of the Each officer will continue to ha ve a "resident OPD Engineer OA C, th e Command and General Staff xpert" who is vitally interested in the individual, College and the National War College. His civilian assignment, and the officer's professional education includes degrees in Industrial Manage­ velopment. As General Abrams, our former ment, Civil Engineering and International R ela­ Chief of Staff, Army, so aptly stated in his tions . Colonel Rodolph is a registered professional indorsing comments of DA Pamphlet 600-3, "Offi- engineer.

11 The Henry Larcom Abbot Award Th e pol lu ta n t flows on t he surface of the water until it is stopped b y th e polyethylene fi lm . It is then trapped by • the g r ave l and flows into t he perforated pipe. Ing 0 -EXISTING SEWER ( G E RMAN)

...... COMMERCIA L POL SEP ARATOR T ( Pla ced in underground concrete box)

Pollutant pumped from POL as by Facility En g in eer

Out Total length of drain - 350 All pi pe has a .5° slope towards separator CPT William T. Maddox During th e fall of 1971, an excavation for an autobahn in terchange near Aschaffen burg, Germany, produced soil that smelled like gasolin e. Further investigation reveal ed that most of th e surrounding land was also polluted. The German I EXISTING Waterway's Commission began a systematic I search for the source which led them to a US Army Class III Point located on the edge of the ord er to r emove a small amount of pollutant. city. At appr oximately th e sam e time, a br ewery Since this method was tim e consuming and did not one mile fr om th e Class III Point discove r ed the produce a lastin g solution, it was abandoned afl _ presence of hydrocarbons in its well water. four months. 'I Excavations in the area adjacent to the Class III In March, 1972, US Army Engineer Comma Point indicated that all land north of the Class III Europe, called on the 293rd Engineer Battalion Point was saturated with fuel. Army personnel (Const ), to install a more efficient and longer began to dig test holes within the confines of the lasting system. As designed by ENGCOM and the Class III Point. As a result, it was discovered t hat Facility Engineer, Aschaffenburg, the plan called an underground pipe, previously a fill stand for for the installation of a POL separator and Fren ch tankers, had been leaking into the ground. This Drain. The French Drain was to be installed as pipe had been capped off above the ground after shown in Figures I and II . With this drain an accid ent had damaged th e re mainder of th e fill instal1ed on th e "downstream" side of the Class III stand. It as surmised that th e pipe had been Point, it wa s hoped that all of the pollution would leaking since th e accident. Test s taken in the area be "s kimmed" from the surface of the natural showed th at th e fuel was passing through th e soil water. into th e natural underground water system and In order to be effective, th e French Drain had being carried downstream to th e wells of th e to be installed below the natural water table, and brewery. A large amount of th e pollutant was also at a level wh er e it would intercept the pollutant being absorbed into the soil on the north or during both wet and dry seasons. A survey of the downstream side of the Class III Point. level of th e water table indicated that th e To provide an immediate solution, earthmoving fluctuation was not more than t wo feet at any equipment was used to remove all of the topsoil in time. It was also determined that th e water table the open field north of the Class III Point. Large was presently at a high poin t du e to the spring open ditches were dug to a depth below th e snow and r ain. natural water table in order to allow the pollutant Working below the water ta ble presented to "surface" with the water that filled the ditches. many construction problems for the engineers. This polluted water was then pumped out of the The problem of how to place the concrete pads for ditches by 5000 gallon fuel tankers and dumped in the five manholes was solved by digging su a place chosen by the German authorities. This holes adjacent to the work ar ea which carried system failed due to the fact th at a large quantity water away . Th e soil was the n compacted and t t of water had to be pumped from the ditches in pads plac ed . These sumps were continuously

12 TYPICAL CROSS SECT ION OF A FRE NCH DRAI N

CLASS III POI NT

-x) LOCATION OF LEAK

Watllr Flow )L separato 0/ :::// WATER FLOW o Sm al l Grav el

Polyethylene 1 Meter IGMANHOLE Fi lm

JG DRAIN (G E RM A N) Perforated Concrete Pip e

pumped by using a submer sible sump pump. Since it was impossible to determine the Due to th e pr evious attemp t to solve th e amount of pollutant in the ground. only broad problem, there were areas where t he French estimates of th e time r equired to remove the rain had to be placed in existin g ditches which pollutant could be made. It was estimated that th e ere full of polluted water and mud. By insta lling major portion of the pollutant would be removed he POL separator first and working back from it. in th e first year, with the remainder being th e polluted water in th e open ditches could be removed in two or three year s. Designed to pum ped into th e pip e. This allowed the pollutant operate indefinitely, the system will provide a to be collected by the separator. Earthmoving lasting barrier should another spill or leak occur. equipment was used to remove th e three feet of These estimates were acceptable to the German mud in the bottom. Dry fill was then brought in Government. and compacted to provide a bas e for the French Th e use of Army Engineers to solve this Dr ain. As each section was completed, the water problem allowed th e US Army to overcome a from another section was pumped into t he pipe situation that caused a great deal of bad publicity and the process repeated. and hard feelings with our host nation. A civilian The usual spring r ains caused some delay in contract for this system would hav e been more th e completion of the project, but this was kept at costly and th e tim e of completion would have been a minimum by only compacting th e ditch in an area delayed considerably. As a result of their out­ that could be complet ed and backfilled by the end standing work. 1st Platoon of C Company. 293rd of the working day. Th e duration of the project Engineer Battalion, received an Engineer Com­ was 37 calendar days which was commended by mand Outstanding Construction Award. the representatives of t he city and th e German Government. Captain William T. Madd ox is curre ntly A s­ The system began t o work immediately. A sistant Divisional. Engineer, 1st Enqr Bn, 1st Inf lar ge amount of fuel was separated from th e water Div, Ft. Riley, Kansas. He holds a BS degree in being pumped into the pipe during the construc­ enginee ring mechanics from the Univ. of Wis­ tion phase. As sections were completed. water consin and is a graduate of the Engineer Offi­ began to now in the pipe continuously. After the cer Advanced Co urse . His assignments in­ last pip e was in place. a steady r ate of now clude, Construction Plat oon L eader. C Company, veloped and th e separator had approximately 293d Enqr Bn, Baumholder, Germany; Adjutant, 'fee gallons of fuel in it per day. This fuel was 293d Engr Bn; Aide-de-Camp, ADC-B 8th Inf Div, pumped from th e separator by th e Facility Engi­ Baumh older, Germany; and Chief of Work Co ordi­ neer on a daily basis. nation, Facilitie s Engineer, Frankfurt, Germany.

13 DISPLAYING THE ITSCHER AWARDS presented to them by Lieutenant General William C. Gribble Jr. are from left: Capt. Quinn D . Cloward, Commander, Co D, 1457th Engr Bn (CBT), Utah National Guard; Capt. David E . Spaulding, Command, er, Co D, 802d Engr Bn , 2d Engr Group, 8th US Army, Korea; and Capt. Glenn L . Ca'mpbell . Commander, Co S, 456th Engr an (CBT), 99th ARCOM, 1st US Army (Pennsylvania ) .

CPT Richard B. Polin The Emerson C. Itschner Award is awarded by The Army National Guard winner was ComI' the Society of American Military Engineers pany D, 1457th Engr Bn, Utah National Guar (SAME) to the engineer company which best The two runnersup were: Company B, 724th En . symbolizes the character, mission and performance Bn (CBT), Wisconsin Army National Guard; and of the Corps of Engineers. The award, presented Company B, I092d Engr Bn (CBT), West Virginia annually at the Engineer Dinner at Ft. Belvoir, is Army National Guard. named in honor of LTG Emerson C. ltschner, a The Army Reserve winner was Company B, former Chief of Engineers and past president of 458th Engr Bn (CBT), 1st US Army (Pennsyl­ the society. vania). Runnersup were: Company C. 397th Engr One of the aims of the award is to promote Bn (CBT), 385th Engr Gp, 416th Engr Command, leadership in junior officers and to foster "espirit" 5th US Army (Wisconsin); and Company D, 820th in company sized engineer units. For the purposes Engr En (CBT), 124th ARCOM, 6th US Army of the competition, company sized units include all (California). engineer numbered and lettered or headquarters Although the designation of a single winner companies, separate or belonging to a battalion, from a field of highly qualified finalists is a difficult brigade, group or larger organization, and acti­ chore at best, the Itschner Award Selection vated under a TOE/TDA. In the past, the award Committee would like to see more units compete was limited to active duty units. In 1974, the for this award. The key to turning out a winner, competition was expanded, providing separate in addition to having the qualifying credentials, is awards for both National Guard and Reserve to adequately document the unit's activities over units. the course of a given calendar year. A company The winner, active Army, for calendar year information specialist, armed with pen and camera, 1974 was Company D, 802d Engr Bn, 2d Engr Gp, in conjunction with the various levels of local 8th US Army, Korea. The three runnersup were: military and civilian news media, can go a long 503d Engr Co (LE), 7th Engr Bde, VIII Corps, way toward enhancing the attractiveness of an Europe; Company A, 92d Engr Bn, US Army already worthy endeavor. c-; Forces Command, Ft. Stewart, Georgia; and Company A, 4th Bn (Specialist), 4th Advanced It is true that some units, by virtue of the' ) Individual Training Bde (Engr), Ft. Leonard location or circumstances, have an ad van tag , Wood, Missouri. when it comes to the performance of tasks which

14 are apt to mak e the headlines. Nevertheless, it is its educational development program, to equally tr ue that an outstanding unit will perform include GED tests passed, high school di­ . s ass igned missions in a most commendable plomas r eceived , an d college cour ses und er­ anner at all tim es. General Bru ce C. Clarke ta ken. Additionally, officer and NCO de­ USA Ret ) once said, "The best unit in an velopme nt programs should be outlined. organization is always the one which is excellent • Army life: The selection committee will be or best in all things." The description can be examining those accomplish ed actions which applied to any sized unit and strongly suggests contri bute towar d bett ering the unit 's living th at th e measure of excellence is dependent conditions . For example, efforts t o improve neith er on amplitude nor on pr ominence. EM living conditions, development of mutu al The award selection committee has recently tr ust within the comma nd, and the effective­ submitted to SAME a proposed entry format to ness of ongoing progr ams such as hum an be used by next year 's cont estants. Although a r elations, eq ual opportunity, drug/ alcohol new form at has not been finalized, the following abuse, and crime prevention. information can be used as a guide in prepari ng • Enlistm en ts should be categorized as either next year's entry. first term or car eer reenlistments. Th e necessary infor mation should be bound in a Another area of condsid eration is welfare of t he simple three r ing folder or loose leaf notebook, and command. Here the unit should discuss its safet y be compatible with the evaluation criteria dis­ and accide nt prevention progr am, to include the cusse d in th e ensuing par agraphs. number of r eportable military accidents and miles Th e unit should prov ide a statement outlin ing driven, t he number of r eportable personal injuries , its command mission. Th is is not to be confused and the status of t he Occupational Safety Health with t he ge neral mission, as stated in TOE. Fol­ Act pr ogr am. Additionally , the AW OL and Court­ lowing this, mission accomplishments should be Martial r ates will be analyzed in order to help documented . Specifically, comba t su pport tasks, det ermine the maintenance of good order and constructi on tasks, and trainin g and inspection discipline within t he organization. r esults should be highlighted. Combat support, Th e selection committee will also review the he cr ux of a combat engineer 's miss ion, normally unit's contribut ions to the image of the Corps of nsists of engineer support of FTX s and ot her Enginee rs . Community relations pro grams, es­ ajor exe rcises, to include the testing of sup­ pecially wit h r espect to improving the environ­ ported units. Construction oriented combat sup­ ment ; domestic action pr ogr ams; and any other port - the fabrication or maintenance of tactical uniq ue cont ributio ns, such as recommendation s for facilities, is closely akin to constr uctio n support, changes to doctrine, will be considere d. which is simply th e performance of engineer Two bro ad and significant areas of concern are: projects in gener al. In either case, these provide contr ibutions to Ar my goals and unit affiliati ons an excellent opportunity for engineer units to (i.e. Ar my National Guard, Reser ve, Allied , etc.), improve th eir "es pir it de corps" while producing a and the major commander' s evaluation. tan gible mean s by which t heir engineer skills can Finally, it should be emphasized t hat proper be r ealized and appreciat ed by supported units. document ation of t hese, and any other report able Training conducted should be listed by ty pe ­ activities t hroughout the year, can go a long way demolitions, river crossings, quarry operations, toward meriting serious conside ration for the and so forth . MOS qualification progr ams should Itschner Awa r d. While it is true that actions be discussed where ap plicable , wit h a listing of speak louder than words, it must be remember ed what the unit is doin g to maintain high skill levels t hat the prepondera nce of outstanding engineer (i.e. nigh t training, schools, etc.). Details of units around th e world only se rves to increase the adven ture training - a specific form of dynamic difficulty of choosi ng "the best." The annual training, to includ e acti vities as rapeJling, orien ­ presentation of this coveted award provides a teering, cross country and surv ival exercises, means of r evitalizing the competition and r enew­ should be discussed, as well as ATT/ ORTT ing t he challenge. How does your unit stand resul ts, and any other innovations in training or agai nst t he ot hers? You can find out in 1975. management. Infor mation such as results of inspection, sho uld be well documented. Captain R ichard. B. Polin is presen tly en rolled in a graduate program at George Was hington Types of pr ofessional Ar my pr ogr ams being University. He earned a BSCE degree from pport ed should be listed. Considered along Lafayette College and is a graduate of the iese lines are: professionalism, Army life and Engineer Officer Advanced Course, 1-75. He has enlistme nts . served previouls ly with 12th Engr Bn, Germany • Professionalism: The unit should identify and US Army Engineer District , Far E ast, K orea.

15 ..--­

Colonel Charles E. Edgar III

We have all, from time to time, received a The USAES's story really needs to be told to letter advising of a new assignment. It frequently our Engineer community because if you were likl " concluded with the often repeated phrase: You will me prior to my assignment here, your knowledg 11l find this assignment to be both challenging and too, was limited and you basically had a "student rewarding. view", That is, you attended the Engineer Officer It is true sometimes the job lives upto its Basic (EOBC) and Engineer Officer Advanced billing, while on other occasions, it does not pan (EOAC) Courses. If this describes you, you are far out quite the way in which it was anticipated. from alone because I have found this true of most What follows is my attempt to share with you an engineer officers. Alternatively, you might have insight into an assignment which falls into the had a previous assignment here on the staff and former category. Specifically, my purpose is to faculty. In either case, that experience is probably tell you about the challenging and rewarding your perspective of USAES and that is where it assignment to the United States Army Engineer ends. What's mor e, and which is not well known is School (USAES); what is going on here; what it tha~ the student or former instructor perspective means to you, the Corps and the Army and to urge is only the tip of the iceberg in the total of you to seek duty here at the "Home of the activities currently taking place at USAES. These Engineers." activities are at the same time interesting, excit­ Before discussing assignment to the USAES, ing and far-reaching. In many instances, they are one cannot talk about the Engineer School without also dynamic and always there is the challenge. considering the rest of the Engineer team here at The challenge , . . Your reaction at this point Fort Belvoir, all of whom contribute today toward probably something like - "Oh really, at Belvoir, making Colonel William Fairfax's former property, the Engineer School ... Why I remember ..." truly the "Home of the Engineers". The specifics Yes, we all remember. However, we remember of assignment to the Engineer Center are worthy the way it was - not the way the USAES is today! of separate treatment and will no doubt be The USAES mission assumed new proportions addressed in a subsequent issue of The Engineer. with the reorganization of the Department of the Suffice it to say now that the school and the center Army staff. The Directorate of Military Enginee' are equal partners -in the efforts here at Fort ing and Topography, Office of the Chief I Belvoir to produce and train the best Engineer Engineers, was eliminated and its functions dis­ possible to meet the needs of the Army. tributed to other organizational elements of the

16 Department of the Army. Additionally, the Com­ In order to accomplish our mission. we have a bat Development Command, with its Engineer Deputy Commandant for Training and Education gency, was deactivated. As a result, the USAES (DC/T&E), a Deputy Commandant for Combat and ssumed new and increased mission responsibil­ Training Developments (DC/ CTDj, a School Bri­ ities. As such, the Engineer School is now the gade to provide administrative support and control fountainhead of military engineering within the for the staff. faculty and students. plus the Army. This encompasses both formal professional requisite administrative staff to provide comptrol­ development and skill progression training, as well ler, logistical, educational and liaison support. as the responsibility for combat developments, to This organization is outlined in the chart below. include concepts and materiel system develop­ ment. Thus, the mission of USAES is not only to From the chart, it will be noted that the edu cate military engineers but also to develop the Defense Mapping School (DMS) is under the doctrine which guides our whole reason for operational control of th e Commandant. DMS. being - namely support of the Army in the field. commanded by an Engineer officer and staffed

COMMAND

SPECiAl ASSISTANT EDUCATIONAl ADVISOR

I I DIRECTORATE OF EDUCA TlOMAL OFFICE OF MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY AND BUDGET (

------_._---~ I I I ~

SECRETARY OFFICE OF LOGISTICS SCHOOL BRIGADE DEFENSE I I MAPPING SCHOOL

DEPUTY COMMANDANT ~ DEPUTY COMMANDANT FOR COMBAT AND FOR TRAINING DEVELOPMENTS i TRAINING AND EDU CATION

I I OmRTMElH OF ORGANIZATION DOCTRINE AND TRAINING RESIDENT TRAINING ARMY WIDE OIYISION DEVELOPMENT DIYISIOr: MANAGEMENT DIVISION TRAINING SUPPORT

I I CONCEPTS AND MATERiEl SYSTEMS DEPARTMENT or DEPARTMENT OF STUDIES OIYISION DIVISION APPlIED ENGINEERING ENGINEERING SCIENCE

I I UNITED STATES ARMY DEPARTMENT OF DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY SCIENCE MECHANICAl AND ENGINEER SCHOOL TECHNICAL EQUIPMENT

17 by all the military services, is an activity of the There is constant and continuous discussion and Defense Mapping Agency. It provides instruction coordination between developer and instructor. to USAES students formerly taught by the old Th e ideas of both are "key" in the total develop­ USAES Department of Topography. ment and training products are improved as result of such discussion and exchange. Despite the changes, the heart of our mission here at USAES remains to provide well trained Many and varied programs compr ise the CTD and educated engineer soldiers. This can be mission. The organizational development program divided into two major parts - the resident has as its objective the ke eping of all engineer curriculum and Army Wide Training Support TO&E s curr ent, (some 90 in number) as well as (AWTS). The DC/T&E provides 30 resident developing new ones as requ ired by new equip­ courses of instruction: 13 are professional develop­ ment, doctrine and concepts. The Material De­ ment, 14 skill progression and 3 functional. velopm ent Program concerns itself with new and improved engineer equipment and its operational The professional development courses are de­ test and evaluation. Training development deals signed to prepare commissioned officers, warrant with both individu al and unit training. The former officers and noncommissioned officers to effective­ includes the development of MOS job descriptions ly perform the duties required in assignments of and testing - key features in on going Enlisted progressively greater responsibility, (e.g. EOBC , Personnel Management System (EPMS) develop­ EOAC, ENCOB. ENCOA). men t . Th e latter includes the determination of Skill progression courses train military person­ proc edures and techniques that serve to increase nel in skills related to a specific MOS (e.g. Engi­ th e effectiveness of unit training. such as the neer Equipment Repair Te chnician, Soils Analyst Army Training Evaluation Progr am (ARTEP ) and and Power Pack Specialist). Functional courses Tr aining Extension Courses (TEC). The training complement both professional development and literature of the USAES (we have proponency for skill progression courses by enhancing the individ­ some 195 publications), includes development and / ual's effectiveness in selected areas (e.g. Atomic or revision of FM's. TM's, TC s and "How to Fight" Demolition Munitions and Facilities Engineer). manuals and pamphlets. Significant recently was The magnitude of the resident curriculum is the TC public ation which detailed the concept for considerable: some 11,000 students were program­ employment of the Engineer Combat Battalil r ~ ed in FY 75 and 333 classes were required to (Heavy), portions of which were r eprinted in t satisfy the programed input. The second major Winter-Spring issue of The Engineer, This ba part of the T&E mission, Army Wide Training talion's TO&E was also developed at USAES. The Support, has key programs associated with it. studies program encompasses in house and con­ many of which are Reserve and ROTC oriented. tract st udies and provides supporting input to the studies of other agencies insofar as engineer It is in the Department of Army Wide Training Support that nonresident instruction is conducted. impa cts are concerned. These efforts covered a wide sp ectrum to include th e Scenario Oriented Some 22,000 students representing the different Recurring Evaluation System (SCORES), a key branchs of the Armed Forces.Federal agencies and foreign nations were enrolled during FY 75, an feature in th e TRADOC study community, to increase of 7,000 over the previous FY. USAES engineer cellular teams. mobile training teams frequently visit USAR The above outlines much of what is going on schools, units, posts and ROTC units. General here at USAES. What does it mean to you as an Officer Reserve Component seminars, comman­ enginee r in the United States Army? What it der's conferences and other programs are actively means is simply this: What the En gineer Scnooi pursued under this mission here at USAES. does, or fails to do, will affect you personally Our Army Wide Training Support is dynamic and through out your career, the Corp s pr ofessionally is recognized within the TRADOC community as in its ability and capability to support our Army materially contributing to total Army force readi­ and th e Army in its mission to defend the nation. ness. The real significance of this statement Thus, aJJ of us have a stake in the USAES product comes home when one realizes that 70% of the wheth er the product is the graduate, a document engineer force structure is found in the Reserves. or a piece of equipment. Forty Nine Engineer Battalions are in the active The challenge is here at USAES - both force while 101 are in the reserve. personnall y and professionally. What ever or Th e Combat and Training Developm ents (CTD) wherever your interests may lie, whether you mission has come a long way and ha s expanded an officer or noncommissioned officer, what goa, much since its return to USAES. In fact , it is still on at the Engineer School affects you and if you growning as a result of a variety of initiatives. wish to influence the action of th e Corps of

18 Engineer s and indeed certain aspects of the Army. taught to our junior leaders. Our officer pro­ you should fight to be assigned here. As an fessional development courses have provided the instructor you can personally put your stamp on proof of the pudding. As a result. a similar ( 'terally hundreds of resident students, both offi­ program is now in effect for our most outstanding er and enlisted. This opportunity presents you noncommi ssioned officers (NCO). This expansion with an ideal and meaningful way in which you can of a proven cycle must continue to be strengthened use both your own field experience plus any and improved. Experienced. mature instructors special academic education you may have received and developers are essential if we are to achieve in any of the many disciplines pursued by Engi­ success on the modern battlefield, which is ever neer officer and enlisted students. Personally, you increasingly complex and dynamic. It is a fact of can ex per ience the professional stimulation that life that the product of our officer and NCO comes from exposing your thoughts and ideas to professional development courses will influence the analysis and criticism of others. Furthermore, the combat engineer support and. indeed the what better chance is there to get surfaced and combat operations, of the Army for years to come. possibly adopted than those set techniques you In today's smaller professional Army. we cannot learned in "the school of hard knocks?" We afford to produce an inferior quality officer or esp ecially desire instructors who have not only the NCO graduate. If war comes. we must win the technical exper tise but also the practical exper i­ fir st battle. ence of having led at the squad, platoon, company, Th e foregoing provides only a window to view battalion and group lev els. just some of the_ ongoing activities here at If your druthers lie mor e in the field of R&D, USAES. A complete list would be too numerous force planning, personnel management or writing to mention in this r eading. We here at the fields. you can easily find a meaningful and Engineer School encourage you to write or call us productive home in CTD. Assignment here is if you have questions about assignment to USAES. exciting, difficult and demanding. The Family of The challenge is here at Fort Belvoir. There is Scatterable Mines (FASCAM). Ribbon Bridge, r esponsibility, room for individual initiatives, the Fu el Air Explosive (FAE), Family of Military opportunity to personally influence the future of Engineer Construction Equipment (FAMECE) and th e Corps in both officer and enlisted ranks. as e Medium Girder Bridge (MGB) are some well as th e equipment we will use and th e doctrine amples of CTD's involv ement in materiel sys­ we will follow in its employment. Lastly, there is tems development. The concept of employment th e reward: knowing you have contributed to and the basis of issue of these and other items making a better Corps of Engineers to support the reflect th e USAES imprint. The Corps of Engi­ Army in the field. No true Engineer can ask for neers is proponent for some 32 officer and 63 more or do less. enlisted MOS s. Many of the latter are under consideration for consolidation und er EPMS. It is Colonel Charles E. Edgar, III is currently the in this endeavor where those who wish to plow E xecutive Officer, USAES and will become the new ground in personnel development and training Little Rock Dis trict Engineer in late July. Since will find their nitch. being commissioned as a Distinguish ed Military Graduate from the Virginia Military Institute in For those who seek the challenge of troop 1958, he has served in a variet y of comm and and command. ser vice in the USAES Brigade provides staff assignm ents to include th e 237th Engr Bn a testing of all leadership qualities. The Brigade (Combat) in Germany; Battalion and Group Advi­ comprises three battalions, which includes com­ sor duty in th e 6th Engr Gp (Cons t ), ARVN; Chief, mand of both staff and faculty, officer and NCO Education S ection, Eng'!' Branch. OPD; Engineer students, as well as Advanced Individual Training Plans Officer, I Field Force Vietnam and as a staff (AIT) enlisted men and women . officer in S trategy and Policy Branch. Plans The impact of th e USAES instructor or de­ Division, ODCSOPS, DA. Col Edgar commanded veloper is far-reaching in every sense. This the 577th Engr En (Cons t) in Vietnam. He has assignment is. in fact, a grave responsibility. De­ served as an A rea Engineer, Louisville District velopment for the future and teaching the prin­ and in OCE as th e E xecutiv e Officer. Civil Works ciples of military engineer professionalism are and the Assistant Director, Civil Works, Lower tasks that cannot be taken lightly. If there is one Mississippi Valley Division. His civilian education sson our Army has learned tim e and time again include s Bachelor (VMJ) and Mas ters (Iowa State the wars we hav e fought , it is that we owe our Unive rsit y) degree in Civil Engineering. He is a cccss to the professional education of our graduate of th e USAES. th e CGSCC and gradu­ officers more th an to any other single factor. As ated with distinction fr om the Naval War College. our doctrine was evolved. it was thoroughly Col Edgar is a Registered Professional Engineer. J9 LTC Leslie H. Savage If th e Chief of Staff, Army, knew every officer (DA) select ion boards and career branch on active duty well enough to evaluate his/her personnel. manner of performance and potential, th ere would • Th e ent ire efficiency file is reviewed by be little need for th e Officer Evaluation Report branch personnel managers for all personnel (OER) system. Unfortunately, the size of our actions. Although education (civilian and Army pr ecludes thi s and som e type of evalu ation military), experience, availability for re­ syste m is therefore required to determine how as signment , and skills are important, the well, or poorly in some instances, an officer is OER r emains th e most important single docu ­ performing his job . Despite the Army's efforts to ment in an officer 's official personnel records. devise an optimum system , such a goal conti nues Given the above frame of reference, the to elude us and the present OER (DA Form 67-7) standard qu estion consistent ly asked is, "How can is no except ion. How ever, it is extremely impor­ I influ enc e t he personnel syste m?" The answer is ta nt that personnel performance be evaluated predicated upon how well a series of raters, objectively and that th e OER system be respon­ indorsers, and reviewers evaluate your job per­ sive to both career development and selection for ma nce . In oth er word s, your OER should be a boards. Wh y is thi s important ? Th ere are two r eflection of your "total performance." If you are a impor ta nt reasons: rater or indorser, it is your responsibility to provide both DA and th e rated officer an accurate • Th e OER sy stem is desi gn ed to accur ately ev aluation of both performance and future poten­ reflect the manner of performance of speci­ tial. Th e manner in which we und ertake thi fied duties, over a rated period, in a form objecti ve analysis helps determine th e tota l effec­ readil y usable by Department of the Army tiveness of th e OER system. An applicable

20 variation of the Golden Rule might well be: raters good narratives? Compare the two previous and indorsers should exert the same painstaking comments with that of an indorser who described care in the completion of OERs on subordinates one of his company commanders: "This officer is ( hat they would expect in the preparation of their the m ost out standing company comm ander in th e own reports. g~oup which consists of nineteen en gineer compa­ m eso He zs head and shoulders above his peers. A review of the large number of OERs, His com pan y consis tently excelled in every project received at MILPERCEN during the past year, and mission assigne d to include several extensive reveals that this rule is frequently violated or periods of engineer support to an inf an try brigade ignored. The first principal weakness is found in operation." In a few succinct, but illustrative th e narrative portions. Narratives ar e extremely sentences, this indorser additionally described important and provide the reader an insight as to three spceifi c projects accomplished by the unit. special duties, professional attributes and overall Anyone reading this OER has a clear picture of degree of performance. In this regard, two the respective officer's performance and potential. sections of DA Form 67-7, Part III (Description of The real challenge is to rate an officer whose Duties) and Part VII (Comments), ar e extrem ely performance has been average. Selection Board important. Clearly, we cannot expect an Armor or members must be abl e to determine the most Infantry colonel sitting on a promotion board to be deserving for promotion or selection for school. familiar with the duties of a company commander of a light equipment company; or of a resident Accurate and comprehensive ratings can be more easil y accomplished if th e r ater is objective and engineer of an Engineer District; or of any other unique Corps of Engineers job. Therefore, it is mak es clear and concise observations. In summary, the success of any evaluation ess ential that the specific assigned duties be clearly delineated (Par t III provides for this) to system depends on th e combined effor ts of the includ e th e magnitude or lev el of responsibility. officer corps . How much time did you spend on a How ever, Part VII of the DA 67-7 Form, presents subor dinate's OER? How well did you really a real challenge since pr evious OERs (DA Forms describe his manner of performance? Were you 67-5 and 67-6), had no sp ace restrictions th er eby guilty of bein g vague and verbose, or did you permitting narratives to be exp anded on additional write clear, simple statements telling what the ages. Rater s enjoying an ease of facility with th e officer did and how well he performed the assigned 'Queen's English" were frequently able to trans­ job? form average performance into something that In conclusion, th er e is no document more important to a military officer than the OER. As would do justice to the General Officer Corps. such, it is th e keystone for career dev elopment, This ability to ' articulate often resulted in a promotion, selection for schooling, separation, and distorted image of an officer's ability and /or per­ other personnel activities, all of which greatly formance, and placed an additional reading burden affect an individual's career. Bearing that in mind, on the tight of selection boards. each of us should give the same consideration, By contrast, DA Form 67-7 restricts comments time and th ought to t he writing of an OER as we to the spa ce provided on the form. The rater and would expect of those who prepare our report. indor ser, st ripped of the potential for substantial The officer corps deserves noth ing less. verbiage, must th erefore write concise, succinct statements describing an officer's manner of performance. Unfortunately, some rating officials L ieutenant Colonel Leslie H. Savage is Chief, have not matched the challenge, in that, they Personnel Actions, Com bat Support Arms Divi­ manage to utilize the space with less than sion, Offi cer Personnel Directorate, US Army substantive evaluations, and with inform ation of Military P ers onnel Center. H e is a 1958 graduate limited use to personnel managers and selection of the Virginia jHilitary Instit ute w here he re­ boards. For example, the following comments ceioed a Bachelors D egree in Civil Engineering. describ ed a lieutenant serving as 82 of a combat He also earned a Masters Degree in Civil Engi­ engineer battalion: "This officer performed a neering from th e University of Illino is. His varie ty of tasks wi th conside ra ble skill and within militar y education includes the E ngineer Officer specified parameters. He was always pleasant in A dv anced Course, A rmy Com m and and General my presence. He supporte d the Equal Opportu­ Staff College and the Bf.i,tish A rmy Staff College. nity Program." Another comme nt described a He served three tour s in Vietnam to incluse 18 aptain who commanded an engineer construction months with the 65th E ngineer Battalion, 25th mpany. It read, "This offi cer demonstrated Infantry Division. Other assignments include th e ompet ence and professional Judgement in accom­ 168th E ngine er Battalion, the 32d Army A ir plishing the myriad of related and unrelated Defense Comm and and Commander, 82d Enginner requirem ent s placed on his unit." Were t hese Battalion in German y. 21 I J \

MOBILITY ANDTHECONTEMPORARY UET

Robert W. Harrington

The mobility doctrine has its foundation in th e been under development for many yea rs . Th e principles of war. One of its salient doctrinal current r equirement for the UET is stated in pr ecepts is that combat support units should hav e par agraph 636c(5) of t he Army's Catalog of mobilit y which equals th at of t he units they Approved Requir em ents Documents. This r equire­ support. Thus, combat enginee r units must be ment is for an ar more d, amphibious , combat sufficiently mobile to provide combat support in enginee r t ractor having the capabilities of dozing, th e ground gaining enviro nme nt of th e forward rough grading , excavating, hauling and winching; battle area. It is this pr ecept which has provided capable of being air transpor table and assau_ the impetus for the developm ent of th e Univ ersal airc raft landed ; and having high mobility. Th Engineer Tr actor (UET). Th e UET, as it is tracto r will be the principal item of eart hmovin commonly known in the "en gineer family," has equipment for divisional and corp s comb at

22 engineer units and will replace the crawler trac­ requirement or program was forthcoming. tors in these units. Additionally, the UET will Although initial approval of the military specifi­ provide an increase in hauling capability and a cations was obtained in 1960, revisions to the scraper capability not presently organic. requirement were pending at all times during the The development of the UET has spanned development stage until the approval of the Quali­ many years and under gone four generations of tative Materiel Requirement (QMR) in 1965. Even prototype evaluation. A search of the "archives" though many of the changes were major, the basic establishes 1958 as the year in which the engineer tractor remained the same. For example, the R&D community decided to embark on a program tractor was orginally intended as an earthmover to develop a UET. Industry bids had been for use by airborne engineer units. The emphasis solicited earlier by the Mobility Equipment Re­ was then changed to that of a squad vehicle for use search and Development Center, Ft. Belvoir, VA, by other combat engineer units as well as airborne (formerly Engineer Research and Development units. Subsequently, a requirement was added for Laboratories) for the forerunner of the UET - a armor protection for the operator and lateral rubber-tired ballastable airborne tractor to fulfill protection for troops being transported in the bowl the needs of airborne engineer units. Following of the UET. However, the years went by without this initial effort were feasibility studies, an a UET. industry proposal for a ballastable erawler Why then has it taken so long? There are many scraper-dozer, prototype fabrication, and the reasons. It will be too lengthy to explore each of eventual drafting of military characteristics which these adequately within the scope of this article. were to guide a materiel development program. However, two observations are particularly ger­ The above efforts were followed by a frustrat­ mane. First, the differing opinions on the need, g period for the materiel developer. Within the capabilities, utilization and technological approach my there were divergent views on what the to the UET meant that a firm requirement was not ET should be. Innumerable reviews and assess­ established until the initial development of the ments were made of the program, but no firm item was nearly complete. As previously stated,

23 tinuous monitoring of hardware development and testing. and to institute the degree of management discipline necess ary for timely decision making. The present UET is intended to provid combat engineer units, especially those in supp of mech ani zed and armored units. with a versati ta ctical eart hmover possessing essentially the same mobility as vehicl es of the supported units. The UET is designed to travel light and work heavy in ke eping with mobility requirements. It features a front loading scraper bowl and a hydraulically operated apron with a positive load ejector. The dozer blad e, which is integral to the scraper apron, is hinged and can be folded to increase th e angle of approach when th e tractor is used as a trans­ porter. Th e engine and power train ar e in the r ear of th e tractor. The UET converts to an armored vehicle without attachments by closing an armored hatch which is normally stored behind the opera­ tor, who is th e only crew member. For general constr uction work, a windshield and canvas soft top can be installed. Dozing and scra ping are accomplished by raising and lowering the entire front of the tractor by means of the hydropneu­ rnatic suspension system, rather than by indepen­ dent operation of the blade and bowl. At the opt ion of th e operator, the suspension system of the UET can be quickly positioned for a smooth. fast, resilient ride over uneven terrain, or made rigid and tiltahle for slow-speed maneuverable dozint- ~ excavating. loading, pushing, or towing operati on ') Tree felling is accompli shed by raising th e apron, and consequently th e dozer, to obtain additional leverage. Although th e UET weighs only 32,000 pound s, its work capability for bull­ dozing operations can nearly be doubl ed by loading th e scr aper bowl with earth ballas t, thus increas­ ing th e tractor's gross weight by approximately 20.000 pound s. Moreover. the ope n bowl, fron t loading configuration is exceptionally well suited for self-loading, transporting and unloading of palletized loads. barrier materials, or oth er items need ed to support combat operations. In addition to its ability to perform bulldozing and scrapin g functions. th e UE T can also function as a haul vehicl e capable of speeds up to 30 mph. This mobility enables th e UET to move individually and rapidly from job to job. on-road or cross-count ry, as well as move in convoy without the ne ed for truck-tractor and semi-trailer support. Th e UET the QMR was not approved until 1965. making it has th e capability of crossing inland water ways by an after-the-fact occurrence rather than providing floatin g and propelling its elf with its tracks. This a coordinated guide for the dev elopm ent program. limited swim capability in calm water is equal t o Secondly, and perhaps of gr eater importance, was that of the ar mored personnel carrier, M113. the lack of a viable materiel dev elopm ent manage­ However, before amphibious oper ations. a sea ment program to firmly establish user require­ must be installed on th e scraper apron; th ments, to clearly defin e these requirements to the r equires about 15 minu tes. With th e bul!doz developer and to industry, to provide for con­ blade, th e UET can prepar e shore entries and

24 exits for other amphibious vehicles - for exam­ was approved by DA in 1971. Independent reviews p.1c. in the assualt phase of river crossing opera­ of th e UET drawing package and previous TECOM tions. It can also wad e and work in water too test reports was accomplished by awarding com­ allow for swimming. Using its winch. th e UET petitive shakedown and evaluatio n contracts to n as sist oth er vehicles in crossing obstacles and two firms with consider able experience in the or recovery operations. production of high speed tracked vehicles. Each Although it can be employed in airborne firm was furnish ed with a rebuilt prototype and all operations, th e UET is intended for use mostly, design data to assist them in th eir development but not exclusively, by combat engineers in of proposals for r ede sign, component testing, fabri ­ support of mechanized and armored units and will cation of prototypes. conduct of in-house testing, replace the crawler tractors as well as t heir and support of TE COM acceptance check test. transport vehicJes in these units. As a result of th e proposals r eceived. an Advanced Anot her potential use of the UET is "digging Production Engineering contract was awarded to in" of field artillery for firing bat teries. In 1973, Pacific Car and Foundry Co., Renton, Washin gton, th e Field Artillery School informed the USAES for accomplishment of the above task s. As of thi s tha t, in t heir opinion, ear thmoving equipment writing, the fabrication of four UET prototypes is presently in t he inv entory did not possess t he complete and contr actor shakedown testing is in mobility characteristics r equired to support artil­ pr ocess. Upon conclusion of this test phase, lery units in the fluid battlefield environments scheduled for this summe r, the UETs will be postulated for the future. As such, th ey expressed shipped to Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD.. where an interest in th e UET, and, in conjuctio n with the each tr actor will und ergo 650 hours of acceptance USAES, will monitor future testing to aid t hem in check testin g. The primar y obje ctive of th e check determining t he suita bility of the UET for field test is to demon strate reliability and durability use. improvement and to r eaffirm th e performan ce and Since late 1964, th e UET has und ergone exte n­ mobility data obtained from ear lier TECOM tests. sive enginee ring and se rv ice testing by the Army's Improving the low r eliablility of the UET is a Test and Evaluation Command (TECOM), Aber­ formidable ta sk. Th e UET is mor e complex th an deen Proving Grounds, MD., in which military any of th e single purpose constr uct ion veh icles tility and function al performance were demon­ pr esently in th e engineer inventory. Mobility and r ated. Test r eports concluded that the UET good performance at both high and Jaw speeds has erfor med its earthmoving and hauling functions in never been accomplishe d in a tr acked constr uction an outstanding manner - when it was operational. vehicle prior to th e UET, and complexity has been How ever. failur e to meet r eliability, durability , the resul t. Since reliability generally is a function and main tainability r equirements have precluded of the total parts and components of an end item, its accepta nce for use by troops in th e field. The the added components pr esent anot her factor t hat Army Materiel Comma nd (AMC) conducted a makes the UET r eliabil ity goal difficul t t o achieve. Development Acceptance In-P roce ss Review (IPR) If th e check te st demonstrates that re liability and on t he UE T in October 1969. The materiel durability have improved to a level which the developer 's position to accept th e UET was not Army can accept , then the UET may be adopted. agr eed to by the oth er t hree votin g members If th e UET surv ives and is adopted for Army use, (USACDC, USACONARC, and LDSRA). The production should begin in 1977 - 19 years after maj or poin t of disagreement concerned the im­ the pr ogram firs t saw th e light of day! Only field provement in r eliabili ty th at could be ex pected operational use will tell us if it was worth waiting. through increased quality control and hard tooling in quantity production . Since this was essentially Mr. Robert W. Harrington is assigned to the a tec hnical question. the four IPR members Engineer School; Deputy Commandant for Combat recommended to Dep artment of th e Army (DA) and Tm ining Developments, as an operational test that an ad hoc group of the Army Scientific and ev aulation project officer 'With the Mate riel Advisory P anel be presented the UET pr oblem for Sys tems Division. His previous assignm ents were r eview and formulation of recommendations for 'Wit h the Department of Mec hanical and Technical futu re efforts. Equipment where he was invo lved in developing The present development program for t he UET tmining courses in the operation, maintenance and is in accordance wit h th e progr am plan recom­ repair of engineer missile support equipmen t for mended by the ad hoc gro up in their re port to DA US and foreign military students, and 'With the 1970. A product management office has been Engineer A gency of Combat Development s tablished within AMC t hat has total progr am Command as a project officer for test and evalu­ responsibility for completion of development and ation of airborne and airm obile construction equip­ initial production of th e UET. An updated QMR m ent.

25 The construction of a complete chapel is a major project for any constr uction company, either military or civilian. The men of the 983d Engineer Battalion (Construction), who meet only one week6 end a month. undertook such a challeng• Teac hers, factory workers. store clerks . and ac­ countants became carpenters, mason s, electr icians , PFC Barbara Long and plumbers for two days a month. The construction of a chapel was one of the most unique and challenging projects ever to be undertaken by this battalion. It was the first learned their construction skills while on active project of this magnitude ever to be completely duty. Most of the men do not practice these skills designed and developed by military units for in their civilian occupations, and the chapel project ivilians in this area. Up to this point, the gav e them an opportunity to put these talents into atta1ion had only been involved in civilian proj ­ practice . It also provided on-the-job training for ects which did not require the expertise of all the men who were currently bein g trained by the construction trades. Army Reserve as constr uction specialists. Th e "Chapel of Hope" is located on a wooded An added benefit of the project was the public site at the Maumee Youth Camp. This is a State int erest and civilian cooper ation it generated. A operated juvenile corrections facility located near Woodville, Ohio, based heating and plumbing the rural northwestern Ohio village of Neapolis. company seized th e opportunity the chap el project The American Gothic Chapel consists of a sanc­ gave them to help the Reserves in their efforts to tuary which seats 100 people, classrooms, a pr ovide a much needed facility for the boys of the general purpose room, storage and utility rooms, Maumee Youth Camp. Another local civilian - an two rest rooms, and two offices. It even has instructor at the Penta County Vocational School, stained glass windows, donated by a cent ury old assisted with te chnical problems in stone masonry church sche duled for demolition. and once the project got und erway, other willing Th e chapel serves delinquent boys, ages 10-15, and resourceful civilians added their supprt. This who are first tim e offenders. They are able to type of civilian-military cooperation is unusual for attend non-denominational chur ch services, Sun­ projects und ertaken by the Army Reserves. It day school, and "Y" meetings in th e chapel as well was th e civic nature of the project which spurred as a host of oth er activities. memb ers of the community to volunteer th eir time The battalion became involved in the chapel and talent. project at th e r equest of the Maum ee Youth Camp Numer ous reservists also put forth extra effort Chaplain. His attempts to raise adequate funds on the chapel project and stepped up to th e fell short of his needs - to build a spiritual center tremendous challenge of constructing an entire for th e young men at th e yout h camp. Undaunted, chapel. Rather than spending their week-ends and th e Reverend and his Volunteer Council (a group summer camps on remote chor es, they spent their civic mind ed busin ess people) decided to cont act tim e on a project of which they and their families e 364th Engineer Group and explained their can surely be proud. It isn't often that reservists lans to th e Group Commander. The 364th then can take a Sunday drive with their families and prepared the plans, incorporating materials which show them a building they built. The chapel is would be donated or purchased and therefore stay tangible proof of the ener gy th e men have within th e available budget. Th e plans for the expended on a meaningful project. chapel were prepared with the assistance of a local Since the Maumee Youth Camp is under the consulting architect. All plans were submitted and jurisdiction of the Ohio State Youth Commission, approved by the State of Ohio Architect's Office th e land for the chapel was donated by the State. prior to const ruction. Materials were provided by donations from the Th e act ual construction of the chapel by the camp's Volunteer Council. The labor, of course, 983d Engineer Battalion began in Spring 1974. was provided by the 983d. According to the Reservists from two Toledo, Ohio, based com­ battalions constr uction expert, th e Reserves pro­ panies and the company based in Bryan, Ohio, vided services worth over $40,000. The Reverend worked on the chap el a total of three week-ends a is quite aware of this and unh esitatingly adds, month. "Without th e efforts of the Reserves the construc­ This battalion had never before undertaken so tion of th e chapel would have been impossible." vast a project and the consequences proved very The chapel was recently dedicated and is now a ben eficial. For example, the battalion construction living monument to th e volunteer efforts of the officer noted an improvement in t he performance 983d Engineer Battalion. of th e men when th ey were abl e to see the purpose of th eir efforts and took a sense of pride in the PFC Barbara L . Long is an Information Sp ecial­ tasks th ey wer e undertaking. Instead of just ist assigned to 983d Engr Bn (Const), USAR st udy ing their trades in the classroom or on small Center, Univ. of Teledo, Teledo, Ohio. She earn ed project s, the men of th e 983d constr ucted a chapel her B.S. degree in education from Michigan State or th e less fortunate youth of their own communi­ University and teaches English, journalism and . The reservists view the chapel as a chance to physical education at th e secondary school level. prove their constr uction skills and at the same She is married, has a three year old daughter, and time benefit th e community. is pursuing a graduate program in journalism at Two-thirds of the men working on the chapel the University of Michiqan:

27 l%i.Xqi.*A4~1f.« \;1i.;~~%m;Y~~: :A The milita~ y engi-;' ~er of today faces t challenge of the future from the vantage point of proud heritage, firml y based on the traditions of accomplishment and leadership so well exemplified by great military engineers who loom large in the history of our country. Throughout its existence, the Corps of Engineers has been called on to perform an amazing variety of duties, in many fields of endeavor, often far removed from purely military activities. From its ranks the Corps of Engineers has always produced the man who was equal to the task. The list of the great is long, much too long to do more here than to mention a few. The history of exploration and dev elopment of The Corps of Engineers has undergone num­ the West is filled with the names of Army erous changes over the past two decades. Engineers - Lewis and Clark; Fremont, the Guiding the direction and rate of change is the "Pathfinder"; Dodge of the Union Pacific. Since central concept of leadership. General Bruce early in the Nineteenth Century, Army Engineers C. Clarke, an outstanding military leader, gives hav e been charged with dev elopm ent of our rivers us some food for thought in his article with and harbors for navigation, and more recently respect to the key characteristics Engineer with mitigation and control of floods. This br ings officers have displayed and must display if they to mind Humphreys and Abbot, Jadwin and Pick . are to continue in the proud traditions estab­ Other names will always go together: Goethals lished by generations of Corps leaders. In these and Panama Canal; Groves and th e atomic bomb; troubled and confused times, it behooves us to Wheeler and th e clearing of th e Suez canf look back and reexamine some of our achieve­ L'Enfant and the planning of Washington, D. ments and prepare ourselves for the defense Thayer and West Point; Somervell and the Arm · ' needs of tomorrow. Service Forces in World War II; Clay and the

28 I~N(JINI~I~ I r with high physical courage. But all too frequently, iiI m the moral courage to risk possible damage to their career for a rightful cause in peacetime is lacking in men of apparently great promise. The high ethical standards of a great military leader include the moral courage to face unflinchingly the risk of a blighted career in the cause of that which he believes to be right. Human engineering, the ability to organize, manage, inspire, and lead people, cannot be over-emphasized in the catalogue of common attributes of great military engineers. True, they had to have a superior knowledge of the theory and techniques of engineering, but they would never have risen to this high estate had they not been able to inspire and direct the efforts of others to get the job done. The role of the military engineer in the future has been discussed and examined at length. Estimates range from "We won't need him" to "He Genera I Bruce C. CIa rke will be the most important member of the force." Obviously, the truth lies somewhere between. To rlin Airlift; - the list of great engineers and those who believe that the role of the military eat accomplishments goes on and on . And from engineer is diminishing in importance, it may be the Corps of Engineers have sprung many of our well to point out that each of our country's wars renowned combat leaders - Lee, Meade, Oliver, has demanded more of the military engineer than MacArthur, Hoge, and many others. All of these did the preceding war, and that in each of our names are well known, as are their accomplish­ wars, the engineer force was a larger part of the ments. An examinat ion of the common character­ whole force than it was in earlier wars. The future isticsof these great leaders provides some clues to holds many challenging problems for the military the needs of greatness. engineer. The traditional role of enhancing our All wer e men of a high order of intelligence and mobility while impeding the enemy's requires common sense. They were inquisitive and keenly better means of crossing natural and man-made alert. They had accurate minds, and were able to barriers, and better means of slowing and stopping assimilate facts and arrive at realistic, practical the enemy. Ways must be found to accomplish the decisions. All displayed the initiative and a sense many engineer tasks faster, better, and with fewer of duty to seek out tasks, and to accept full men. The ability of the Army to move in all kinds responsibility for the accomplishment of their of weather or climate, and in all types of terrain, missions. They were good managers, able to grow must be improved. And, as men move into space to the size the job demanded. Above all, they to the moon and to the other planets, the military were men of high ethics, and skilled human engineer faces a host of new, exciting, and tre­ engineer s. mendously challenging tasks. High ethical standards are essential to the As long as men live, there will always be new military engineer. Unswerving honesty, no matter worlds to conquer, new horizons to be developed, how unpleasant the facts may be, is part of the new projects to be completed. The future is bright tradition of the Corps of Engineers. However, with promise for the men of vision who will h nesty alone is not enough; it must be coupled dedicate themselves to making their dreams come ith high moral standards, the awareness of what true. In the forefront of these is the military -ight and what is wrong. The resultant - that engineer. ich we call integrity - provides the basis for Reprint from The Military Engineer, July­ atness of character. When duty requires it, August 1961, subject: "The Challenge of Leader­ m ny men face the possibility of death in combat ship".

29 _.. ~ ...... "~ "',,' ., ...... " ...... " r: ...... COES

The Noncommissioned Officer Education Sys­ Sergeant First Class Willia m D. Johnson tem (NCOES) is an Army-wide program having two primary objectives: provide Army enlisted personnel with a program for educational and On-the-job training is not only appropriate but professional career development; provide each mandatory for many tasks, and certainly there are branch of the Army with professionally qualified many fine soldiers in the Army today doing an noncommissioned officers. To meet the needs of outstanding job who learned most of their pro­ the Corps of Engineers and its dedicated career fessional skills by appl ying themselves on th e job enlisted personnel, the Engineer School has de­ and gaining knowledge from th eir experiences. AI veloped two progressive NCOES programs of too often this has been the only way to lear instruction: the Engineer Noncommissioned Offi­ because there have been insufficient Army or cer Basic (ENCOB) Course and the Engineer civilian schools that taught the skills required. The Noncommissioned Officer Advanced (ENCOA) Army now realizes, however, the need for pro­ Course. gressive and continuing formal education of its The requirement for the NCOES stems directly career enlisted men. from the basic needs of the U. S. Army for more The ever-increasing complexity of equipment effective leadership at all levels. The senior and management structures. as well as the unique noncommissioned officer supervises or controls leadership problems inherent in an all volunteer approximately 80 percent of the Army personnel Army, make th e process of continuing education ­ resources. He is, therefore. the key man in the an absolute necessity. It must also be recognized military management structure. ~hat not only is professional military education, The continuing progress and success of our Important, but your civilian education is equally Army and the individual success of the NCO will important. The Army wants and needs well­ depend in large part on his technical knowledge rounded men. This is demonstrated by Army as well as his ability to effectively direct peopl e policy that requires a high school diploma or .... toward an assigned objective. The noncommis­ equivalent for promotions beyond the grade of E-5. sioned officer has always been known as the Who goes to NCOES? "backbone of the Army"; however. there has until To attend the Basic Course, you must be a now been no structured program to provide for his member of the Active Army or of a Reserve continuing progressive professional development. compon ent in grade E-4 or E-5, have an MOS Today's NCOES and tomorrow's EPMS programs evaluation score of 100 or more as it appears on recognize and bring into clear focus the challenges the Enlisted Evaluation Data Report (waiver of today and th e great need for enlightened leader­ available) in the most r ecent MOS evaluation. and ship, personalized to the individual and the have been selected by your unit commander an situation. and balanced by professionalism and higher commanders as applicable. confidence for all leaders regardless of rank or To attend the Advanced Course. you must be position. selected by DA . For every one NCO selected. two

30 qualified NCOs were not! (There are not enough preceding weeks of instruction. For example, in allocations for the Advanced Course to accom­ the Basic Course, for the 12 series career field, modate all of the qualified people.) Are you the Phase I consists of a general curriculum to include ( est qualified in your Career Management Field? leadership, supply and maintenance procedures I. ' Ninety percent (90%) of the Basic Course and material applicable to any MOS and career students will come directly from their parent unit field. Phase II concentrates on combat engineer­ and return upon completion. Ten percent (10%) ing tasks to include equipment utilization, job will be those students in transit, who will continue management. tactical bridging, reconnaissance, on to assignment upon completion. Seventy-five construction operations, demolitions, and mine percent (75%) of all students selected for ENCOA warfare. During this phase of instruction, stu­ will come from their parent CONUS unit and dents will receive cross-training of familiarity return to the same unit. The other twenty-five training within their Career Management Fields. percent (25%) will attend enroute during a Instruction in Phase III is MOS oriented, and for permanent change of station (peS). All students the 12B it might include advance techniques in are in a TDY status and not eligible for family camouflage, expedient methods of employing ob­ travel to the school. stacles, rigging, field fortifications, demolitions, VVhat They Learn mine and countermine warfare, and other instruc­ tion unique to this MOS. Phase IV provides To accommodate all Engineer Career Manage­ follow-up practical application of all the above ment Fields and MOSs, the Engineer School has instruction, utilizing individual and/or group study developed a course concept which is quite flexible projects. For the 12B in Phase IV, a student might and applies to both Basic and Advanced Courses. be given an introduction and mission to develop a Each course is divided into four (4) phases ­ target folder for the demolition of existing sample Phase I has a common time span and is that bridges; or to develop Barrier Plans with overlays portion of each course that is applicable to all for selected locations. career fields. Phase II is the portion of each Phases II, III and IV all have variable lengths. course devoted to specific career fields where The lengths of each are established according to subjects applicable to a specific career are pre­ the needs of the career groupings and MOS's and sented. Phase III is that portion devoted to MOS in line with the imaginative ideas that can be ecialization and instruction is aimed at increas­ implemented for effective development training g the skill level within the target MOS. Phase during Phase IV. The emphasis is on practical V consists of specialized group and individual application and exercise of the student's initiative. projects where the student will put to practical One of the objectives of the Engineer School is to use the knowledge and skills gained during the make all phases of instruction challenging and satisfying to the students. In today's Army, with troop strength declining, the promotions and best assignments are going to be the reward of the man best qualified to do the job . Attendance at the Engineer Noncommis­ sioned Officer Basic and/or Advanced Course will give you an opportunity to increase your profes­ sional skill, leadership, knowledge, confidence, and motivation.

SFC William D. Johnson is the Curriculum Manager for the NCO Basic and Advanced Courses, R esident Training Management Division, US Army Engineer School. He has served as an instructor at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri, and the Combat Engineer Noncommissioned Officers Course (CENCO) in Germany. SFC Johnson served as a platoon sergeant and first sergeant with D C2mpany, 299th Engineer Battalion (Com­ bat) and is one of the very few enlisted men to command a combat engineer company in combat. He is a graduate of the Engineer NCO Advanced Course. His last tour of duty was as an Army Re cruiter in Salem, Oregon.

31 COM

LTC Howard J. Guba

th e r ecruiting program. Projects that best meet th e above criteria ar e selected. One of the most significant community assistance project under­ taken by the 43d En gr Bn (Const) is th e Chatta­ hoochee Valley Community College (CVCC) road project. This project , located at Phenix City, Al., will provide th e required access road for a tr act of land recently donated to th e college . The scope of th e project is listed in Table 1. Th e overall project A Helping can be divided into th e following phases: • Clearing and grubbing • Drainage Hands Story • Sub base construction • Base course • Curb and gutter Initial effort began in August 1974 with As a result of mutu al agreements between local clearing and grubbing operations. The project, communities and th e US Army Infantry Center (USAIC), Ft. Benning, Ga., sever al significant community assistance projects have been under­ Total Unit Description TA BLE I taken by th e 43d Engineer Battalion (Const ). These projects have been accomplished in diverse 2 Acres Clearing & grubbing, beyond communities in both Alabama -Cordova, Alexan­ R.O .W . der City and Phenix City ; and Georgia-Hamil­ 24,459 Cu. Yds. Unclassified excavation ton , Dalton and Columbus. Projects hav e included 820 Cu. Yds. Channel Excavation 203 Cu. Yds. Foundation backfill, local ball field complexes with ancillary buildings, material extinguishing a major land fill fire, parks, roads 1,224 Cu. Yds. Unclassified cu lv ert ex cavat ion and land clearing, and a major road complex with 11,550 Cu. Yds.-in place Granular so il base, class I, type B complete drainage faciliti es. The communit y assis­ 2,500 Ton -In place Aggregate f or base , class 3, and 5 tance progr am is carefully monitored by the 36th roadmixed Engineer Group (Combat ) and the USAIC to 213 Lin . Ft. 18" concrete pipe insure th at each project meets the following 275 Lin . Ft. 15" concrete pipe crite ria: 129 Lin. Ft. 24" concrete pipe • Sponsored by a non-profit organization for 480 Lin . Ft. 24" concr ete pipe community benefit. 198 Lin. Ft. 30" concrete pipe • No objection from local contractors. 96 Lin. F t . 48" concrete pipe • Materials and fuel are provided by the 2,000 Lin. F t. 6" concrete s.p . underdrain community. 54 Lin. Ft. DOUble 8' x 8' reinforced concr

Projects are evaluated from the viewpoint of Curb and Gutter Lin. Ft. 13,675 overall training value for th e 43d Engineer Bat­ Man holes ea . 20 ta lion (Const), community impact, and support of

32 TY ASSISTANCE PROJECTS which is 6460 feet long, was divided into segments. design strength and differential settlement will be Responsibility for this was assigned to two compa­ prevented. nies. The earth moving platoons of both compa­ Construction of the CVCC road provided excel­ nies were almost continuously involved in con­ lent exercise for the earthmoving platoons, inclu­ struction, with only occasional excursions to high ding the entire earthmoving train-dozers, tractor priority installation support and quarterly field scrapers, water distributors, compactors and grad­ training exercises. Inexperienced equipment ers. In addition, carperrters.sma sons, and all mem­ operators rapidly learned the capabilit y of their bers of the vertical platoons participated in dr ain­ machines and improved their job performance age construction. Surveyors , soils specialists, and through th e day-to-day construction operations. construction inspectors from Headquarters Com­ The vertical platoons were involved in culvert con­ pany were involved. The training benefit to the struction which included a major cast in place battalion was incalculable. The project was built double 8' x 8' x 54' reinforced concrete culvert. according to State specifications and was inspected E xtensive framework was required, giving the by Russell County highway department personnel. carpe nters valuable experience for future projects. Engineers of th e 43d Engineer Battalion (Const) 'he drainage plans included curb and gutters with participated in a valuable training exercise enhanc­ rick drop inlets. The drop inlets provided ing MOS skills ; Phenix City obtained an access valuable experience for the masons and also road, and the Army received favorable media served as a proving ground for several Stripes­ coverage in both newspapers and local TV. for-Skill mason personnel. An intangible benefit is th e overall favorable The presence of a swamp adjacent to the major publicity of the project and its impact upon th e culvert and several artesian springs located in a units r ecruiting program. community involvement stor m drain bed pro vided unique challenges to the by engineer units benefits both the units and platoon leaders and NCOs. To deal with the civilian communities, and pro vides a viable al­ swamp, a coarse sand filter was sealed and the ternative to "reduced budgets for training mate­ overburden placed. The desired stability was rials and fuels. achieved and construction proceeded. Final pav­ ing was held over until major construction of college buuildings was completed, thus allowing Lieutenant Colonel Howard J. Guba is current­ consolidation to continue and ultimately precluding ly Chief, Plans and Topographic Branch, Field differential settlem ent of the paved surface. Enginee ring Division, Office, Chief of Engineers. The artesian springs were discovered after He holds a MCE degree from Texas A&M excavation for a 30" storm dr ain. After placing a University and an MS (Engineer Management) coarse sand bed, the pipe was installled and the (rom th e University ofAlaska. He is a qraduaie of excavation was backfillled with a coarse sand filter th e Engineer Officers Advanced Cours e and the draining to daylight in a ditch. Hydrostatic forces Command and General Staff Colleqe. His previous developed by the artesian springs were thus assignments include, Instructor, US Na val E xplo­ dissipated without damage to the culvert . sive Ordance Disposal School, Indian Head, Mary­ An added drainage feature was the provision of land; A ssis tanct to R esident Enqineer/Project perforated pipe in cut areas to relieve hydro­ Engineer, US A rmy Engine er Dis trict, Alaska; atics forces and prevent infiltration of water into Staff Officer, Combat Developments command; e sub bas e. Since the sub base was clay , addition Chief, Operations Bran ch, Lines of Communication f moisture above optimum moisture content Division, Construc tion Direct orat e, HQ MA CV, would cause reduced structural strength. Pro­ Vietnam; and Commander, 43d Engr Bn (Co nst), tected by the perforated pipe, cut areas will retain Ft . Benning, Georgia.

33 INTERSERVICE IRAININ6 FOR EQUIPMENT OPERATORS

CPT Robert A. Forma

On 6 J anuary 1975, a new In terservice Train­ coupled wit h t he current shift in emphasis toward ing Program was begun at Fort Leonard Wood, performan ce training and criter ion tests. For Missouri, for Construction Equipmen t Operator s example, the old seven week Cr ane Operator's of the Army, Marine Corps and Air Force. Course (62F 20), has been replaced by three In dev eloping this training program, particu­ modules in th e In terservice Training Course. Th e larly for the Army, a major change was mad e in modules cons ist of: th e concept a nd organization of training. Course • a one week commo n core of fundamental length, form and to some extent skills taught in subjects and vehicle operations in whi ch a each MOS were amended. In most cases, the trainee learns to operate a 5-ton truck; courses have been shortened and provision has • a two week module in which the trainee been made for more conce ntrated hands-on train­ learns to operate t he crawler as a prime ing. Two important considera tions pervaded th e mover; and new training program: • a two week module in which t he trainee • provide the field an equipme nt operator learns to operate a crane . who can operate mor e than one piece of Alth ough the overall training period was short­ equipment ; and ened, it it significant to note that th ere is no • provide only that training whi ch will be reduced standard - the trainee must still pass the beneficial during the first enlistment term. required perfor mance tests to graduate. Some The above considerations se rv e to reduce the believe t hat substitution of a shorter , mult i-sk ill overall len gth of training, particularly when orien ted course will produ ce a lesser skilled soldier tha n the old seven week sin gle skill course. Bu considering the amount of hands-on training f army equipme nt operators is at least double tha which wa s provided during the seven week courses , the revised courses are at least as effect ive in pr oviding basi c oper at or skills as were the old courses. This new training pr ogram provides the field an appre ntice, capable of operating several va­ ri et ies of equipment with job direction provided by a non-commissioned officer or another job super­ visor. In conclusion, the Interservice Training Pro­ gram for Construction Equipment Operators seeks to provide a soldi er with those ba sic skills and competencies which can be r eadily built on with experience and practical work within the context of his unit.

Captain Robert A. Forma is a Project Officer with the Individual Training Branch, Train­ ing Programs Division; Depu ty Commandant for Combat and Training Developments, US A rm y Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, Va. He holds a B.S. degr ee from the Unive rsit y of Minnesota and is a graduat e of the Engineer Offic er A dvan~c Course. He served with the 656th Engineer (TOPO); Facilities Engineer Directorate, Lon . Binh Depot, Vietnam; and the Engineer A dvis ory Division, MACV.

34 Mark G. Pell In the past, it was an accepted military maxim success of the battle?" This "show me" attitude that the winning General was the one who "got should be expected when Army strength is being there first with the most." Today, opposing reduced, and civil programs of the government are commanders have available rapid means of com­ competing with defense programs for a greater munications and control, the capability for remote share of the national budget. surveillance and rapid transmission of intelligence, In order to develop an approach which will and almost instantaneous response of the applica­ answer these questions, it is necessary first to tion of firepower and maneuver by weapons which establish "Measures of Effectiveness" by which can achieve an extremely high first hit/kill proba­ results are evaluated quantitatively and allows the bility. decision maker to make his selection relatively Today the question being asked more and more easily. For example, if a person were buying a car frequently is: "What are the key factors which today and his primary criterion were fuel economy, influence success on the battlefield and how much a suitable "Measure of Effectiveness" (MOE) do these factors contribute?" would be "Miles Per Gallon of Gasoline." This measure would make the selection of a new car As Army Engineers, we have enjoyed the simple. In combat, one of the accepted MOE is confidence of our combat commanders in our "Number of RED casualties." Another is the ability to contribute to the success of combat units. "Number of BLUE casualties." Taken together Typical Engineer tasks in the Division area include these two MOE result in a RED/BLUE casualty erecting tactical bridges, assault breaching of ratio, which is generally accepted as a measure of fortified positions, executing demolitions, crater­ the results of combat. ing, employment of Atomic Demolitions Munitions If we, as decision makers. were buying a new DM), improvement of defensive positions, clear­ weapon system and our criterion of choice were fields of fire and landing zones, and improve­ the destruction of the enemy, "numbers of casual­ ent of routes. ties" produced by the weapon system would be a Now we are being asked "How much does each suitable MOE for judging the effectiveness of the combat and combat support task contribute to the weapon. It could also be readily relatable to the 3S creased capability for bridging on the outcome of th e battle, which as indicated earlier, is measured by numb ers of casualties. Given the above, we can now state th e proble as follows: "How can we relate improved E n neer performance measured by "time to complete a task" to the outcome of the "Fir st Battle" measured by "RED/BLUE casualty ratio'?" Quan­ tifying this type of indirect relationship between combat support functions and the outcome of battles has been the subject of numerous study efforts and atte mpts to simulate these rel ation­ ships. For example, for large units, i.e.• Theater Forces. some success has been achieved, but the factors employed make it difficult to focus on specific support systems or equipment. For ex ­ ample. The Engineer Studies Group has used the Conceptual Army in the Field (CONAF) Evalua­ tion Model (CEM) to reflect changes in the Engineer forces provided to a commander . Reduc­ tion of En gineer forces in this model increases the time required to accomplish combat engineer functions, which in turn, affects th e movement rates of th e force. which in turn, affects the location of th e Forward Edge of the Battle Ar ea (FEBA). This st udy effort is extremely useful for Army planners in developing balanced forces to support contingency plans. It would be helpful in answering th e que stion recently posed by Commander of th e US Army Logistics Centert, Fort Lee, Virginia as to the quantitative measur MOE used for judging the results of the combat of the value of logistics support to a force or a unit. since the two MOEs are identical. In this combat unit. However. it is inadequate in helping case, the decision makers would probably select the decision maker decid e which piece of equip­ those weapon systems which produced the great­ ment to buy in ord er to produce the maximum est number of casualties. increase in combat effectiveness. If we, as decision makers. were buying a new Several other organi zations have completed, or piece of Engineer equipment used by Combat are in the process of performing, related studies Engineers. for example, a new type of tactical which may assist in solving the problem stated bridge, the number of casualties is not the most above. suitable MOE for judging the effectiveness of the The Mobility Equipment Research and De ­ new bridge. Instead, our criteria of choice might velopment Center (MERDC) developed a model to consist of several considerations. First, the bridge attempt to relate th e creation of delay due to must be capable of being completely constructed. obstacles to th e outcome of a battle. The MERDC This is a Go/NoGo type criteria. Obviously, if a effort is entitled the "MERDC Barrier Effective­ bridge has a capability of spanning a gap up to 50 ness Model. " Th is model does not completely feet and the bridging r equirement is 65 feet. this is solve the problem stated earlier. a "No Go." In this case. the mission cannot be Another related effort. produced for MERDC, accomplished with that type of bridge. The second demonstrated a method for evaluating the "Mili­ criterion might be erection time for the bridge, tary Worth of Countersurveillance Systems." This possibly expressed in "number of feet per minute" effort draws heavily on t he methodology used in which can be erected. Using such methods, one the "MERDC Barrier Effectiveness Model." type of bridge can be compared with other types The Commander, US Army Tr aining and Doc­ of bridges. This MOE will serve the purpose of trine Command. r ecently task ed th e US Arrnv quantifying the effectiveness of the new bridge Engineer School (USAES) (and other servi when compared with other types of Engineer schools) to make an analysis which would result equipment already in the inventory. However, we producing quantitative measures of how increased have not yet established the effect of this in­ effective ness will yield returns on the battlefield.

36 \ * If the curve is steep, the analysis indi­ cates that changes in the effectiveness with which Engineers perform their combat support have in­ fluenced the outcome of the battle measured by increased casualti es. The changes in the casualty MOE serves to quantify how much battlefield \ effectiveness is improved by changes in the effectiv eness of th e Engineer support. Repeat this procedure for other Engineer tasks. Identify for further study or anal ysis each Engineer task which produces a steep curve since improvement in t he performance of these tasks may pr odu ce a high payoff in terms of combat effective ness. In or der to employ this methodology, a model is needed which will be capable of: • Playing ground combat of a maneuver unit of battalion or brigade size and measuring result s by number of casualties. • Playing th e performance of Engineer combat support tasks such as those described as typical in a Division area and being capable of 6 -:=- -. ~ varying the performance times for the tasks. ~ ~~ -. '> • Relating th e performance times of the =!.. ::::os:? variables in the model to ultimate results of the "-v~~ battle as measured by the output in terms of he Engineer School is curr ently analyzing this casualties. I, portant problem. Since increased effectiveness The USAES knows of no model which can training is presumed to produce improved Engi­ currently perform in t his manner without modifi­ neer performance measured by time to complete a cation. ta sk, a way must be found to relate this to the The US Army En gineer School project de­ outcome of th e "First Battle" measured by RED/ scribed above has been programmed for the next BLUE cas ualt y ratio. 18 months. It is now investigating possible models Th e En gineer School is attempting to develop a to be used for th e analysis. Initial plans envision methodology which would produce evidence of this t he use of the Mobile Assault Bridge as one of the indirect relationship between Engineer task MOE En gineer tasks to be analyzed. This is also being and battlefield MOE and to quantify the results. used as one of the Engineer School pieces of The USAES is constantly learning from each of equipme nt to be analyzed in the Training Effec­ the efforts described abov e. tiveness Project directed by HQ, TRADOC. In Th e st eps in the Engineer School's metho­ this way. th e two related efforts can go on dology are envisioned as follows: concurrently, which will allow the data and results • For a specific Engineer task, establish to be used mutually. parameters r epresenting high, normal, and low If thi s approach proves successful, it will have performance times to accomplish the task. wide application in quantifying many aspects of • Condu ct sensitivity analysis: Army operations which indirectly effect the out­ - Playing each performance time in a come of the "Th e First Battle." suitable battle scenario using the high, normal, and low performance tim es as variables. Mr. Mark G. Pell is an Operations Research - Measure results by using casualty MOE Analyst in the Concepts and Studies Division: for the combat unit being supported. Deputy Commandant for Combat and Training - Plot curves representing the MOE casual­ Developments, US. Army Engineer School. Mr. ties when the high, normal and low performance Pell is a retired Lieutenant Colone l; Infantry, and iables were played. has spent 13 years in Army Combat Developments * If th e curve is flat, th e analysis indicates activities. Mr. Pell holds a BS Degree from the at changes in the effectiveness with which Engi­ University of Pennsylvania, a MA from George neers perform their combat support task hav e no Washington Universi ty, and is a graduate of th e identifiable effect on the outcome of the battle. Comman d and General Staff College. 37 Major William H. Sprinsky

Surveying, the act of making measurements one of the following quantities: for determining the positions of points on, above, • directions or angles (these terms are not or beneath the earth's surface, is a venerable synonymous) trade whose practitioners span all geographic, • distance between two points ethnic and professional boundaries. The U.S. • azimuths Army has been in the business of surveying almost from its birth. Today, all the services have A distinction will be made here between plane need of survey information to accomplish their and g-eod etic surveying equipment. The assump­ respective missions. This survey information tion in plane surveying is that the level of the spans the entire spectrum from road plan and undisturbed oceans (mean sea level), carried under profile construction survey to the computation of the land mass we occupy, can be approximated by distances and azimuths between points separated a plane. All positions would then be located by half th e distance around the earth in support of above, on or below this plane. This is correct only strategic weapons systems. for small areas and so plane surveying techniqu c The Defense Mapping School (DMS), located at are used most commonly in construction of roa Fort Belvoir, Va., has the mission of training the airfields and buildings, registration of sm Military Service personnel who perform these parcels of land, and city (cadastral) surveys. missions for all of DoD . Techniques and equip­ Geodetic Surveying recognizes that, over large ment taught are those standard to service prac­ areas, the level of the undisturbed oceans, ex­ tice, but differ very little from standard civilian tended under the land masses of the earth, is land surveying. The faculty of the school is a mix curved (that is, the earth itself is rounded), of military and civilian instructors who, by the Geodetic Surveys are usually much more precise nature of their experience, are very well ac­ (and costly) than plane surveys and are used to quainted with developments in surveying instru­ establish national networks of control and for ments in the civilian sector. In an attempt to support of strategic weapons systems. modernize military survey equipment, these in­ In the field of plane surveys, due to tremen­ structors are actively engaged in a program of dous improvements in electronics and optics over equipment testing and evaluation, in cooperation the last ten years, many new and improved with the U.S. Army Mobility Equipment Research distance measuring machines have been marketed. and Development Center (MERDC) and the Those which MERDC evaluated were short range United States Army Engineer School (USAES) via devices using the wavelength of a frequency of the concept evaluation program of TRADOC. infra-red light to determine distance. The DMS Survey equipment, which has been marketed tested the instruments by having instructors and and proven in private surveying practice, is students perform many measurements with each examined for service standardization. The equip­ model considered, to assure that manufacturer's ment is adopted not because it is new, but it must claims were accurate, that soldiers in the field help the military surveyor do his job faster, more could use them for military surveys and, in normal accurately (in keeping with the ultimate use of his military use, that they were reliable. Although measurements) and must be rugged enough to they are to replace the standard 50 ft and 100 ft function in a hostile military environment. The tapes, which cost a fraction of the infra-n new equipment must also take advantage of the devices, the speed with which measurements ~ educational strengths of our present day soldier. be made on lines up to 1.6 Km will significant In the main, surveying equipment measures improve the capability of survey sections which

38 are part of units engaged in horizontal and vertical watched ev en an ex perience d spirit leveling cr ew, construction. Th e accuracy of the distance ob­ you can appreciate the time saving s this repre­ tained are probably up to a magnitude better than sents. ose resulting from taping procedures, particular­ For the geod etic surveyor, a basic change in on longer lines. his precise th eod olite, th e Wild T-3, accurate to a Another de vice evaluated by DIVIS is th e fraction of a se cond of arc. It has been standard in "self-leveling" lev el whi ch could r eplace th e dumpy precise horizontal positioning projects for over and military levels, if adopted. These self levelers twenty years, but will be replaced by th e Kern use a suspended prism to establish the horizon. DKM 3. This new instrument is capable of the Rather than th e complicated 4 foot scr ew leveling same accuracy bu t is more compact in its transpor­ procedure common to th e older instruments, a tation configuration. Geodetic surveyors will also single "bulls-eye" bubble only needs to be aligned, be abl e to use th e new infra-red dis tance measurers the prism and su spension system take care of the pr eviously describ ed and DMS will be evaluating rest. If you have ever done any spir it leveling or laser distanc e measurers for long r ange, pr ecise

SELF LEVELING LEVE L S, WHICH WILL BE USED IN TH E ZEI SS NI -2 W IT H ASTROLABE ATTA CHMENT . THIS CON STRUCTION A N D P RECISE LEVELING. RIGHT IS WILL BE EVALUATED AS A PRECI SE ASTRONOMIC THE WI LD N A C 3 A ND LEFT I S THE ZEISS NI -2. PO SITI ON DETERMI NING DEVI CE BY OMS.

E NEW SER V I CE STA N DA R D PRECISE THEODOLITE, THE CUB I C DM 20, A M ICROWAVE DI ST ANCE M EASUR ING E DKM 3 ( LEF T) A N D THE T3 ( R I G H T l. NOTE TH A T DEVI CE (LEFT ). A BA TTE R Y DRI VEN PSYCHROMETE R E T3 IS A STAN D A R D REFRACTIN G TELESCOPE WHILE (W E T & DR Y A I R TEMPERATU RE MEA SURER ) A N D THE DKM 3 IS A COMBINATION R EFLECTING· R E F RACT­ PO CK E T BAROMETER ( R IG HT ) A R E PART OF T H E COM ­ IN G TELESCOPE DEVICE . PLETE SYS T EM.

39 point to point distances. Concurrently, and still on These devices are being used and taught in DMS th e subject of distance measuring devices, DMS courses and the rapidity with which field dat a is will be te sting and evaluating Microwave devices being reduced ma y surpr ise and please all users of as r eplacem ents for the MRA 301, MC 8 and AP 99 survey inform ation, from the strategic missile ma now standard in survey units. to the construction foreman on a road job. DMS As mentioned pr eviou sly, new is not necessari ­ now r edesignin g courses of instr uction, proce­ ly better. One of the oldest astronomic positioning dures, and meth ods of computat ion to take ad­ devices is t he 60° Astrolabe. In its cr udest form, vantage of this strength in th e modern soldi er and th is device pr edates the sextant. More refined improvement in the electronic calculator . astrolab e devices ar e used in most observator ies The future for the surveyor may be even mor e engaged in the study of polar motion and time. A promising th an what has already been exp eri­ new astrolabe attachment for th e sa me self­ enced. Commercial applications of the Navy leveling levels mentioned previously will be evalu­ Navigation Satellite Sys tem hold great promise ated at DMS. Man y authorities in the field of for fast, accurate point positioning . The testing positional or geodetic astronomy feel that th is and standardization of iner tial positioning system s, ast rolabe -self-leveling level combination has the mounted on all whee l drive vehicles, continues to pot ential of being as accur ate as inst ruments be an area in which all th e ser vices are interest ed. presently used by th e services which are far mor e DMS tec hnical experts in this field are part of costly and cumbers ome. the eva luation so that when a finish ed product is Any surveyor involved with astronomic posi­ finally adopted, it will match serv icema n str engths ti onal measu r ements is intimat ely ass ociate d with and capabilitie s. DMS technical expe rts may also the accurate measurement of t ime . Originally this be investigating commercially available digital was done with special pendulum clocks . More re adout transits and theodolit es , which would recently, we have used accurate electro-mecha ni­ r emove much of th e possibil ity of obs erver err or cal chronometer s which are t hen calibrate d with or blunders in readings . th e National Bureau of Standards time standar d, The final result of t his effor t by DMS and WWV or WWVH, which are radio stations broad­ MERDC will be a sur vey capability for th e cas ting time signals. We now hav e as serv ice ser vices which is as modern and efficient as its standard a time set incorporating the latest in commercial counterpart. The final result for th e "quartz clock" oscillators and WWV/ WWVH re­ military surveyor will be t hat he is taught 0 ceivers which automatically record the exact time modern, pr ecise equipment and has a trade whic of an event observed with our special, high pre­ he can persue either in the se rvice or in civilian cision astronomic theodolites. pract ice. All the new equipme nt discussed would rep­ r es ent a real headache if data redu ction from observations, now made quicker and easier, were Major William H. Sprinsky has received his MS to be done in the traditional way, that is by hand and PhD in Geodes y from Ohio S tate Universiiu. with logarithms. Our new soldiers have already He served as a Combat engineer and Engineer be en exposed , in public schools, to small, portable Maintenance officer in Germany f rom 1960-1 964. electronic hand calculators . A new development in MAJ Sprinsky served as an Engineer Equipment the entire survey field is the adoption of scientific and Engineer Maintenance Officer in Vietnam hand calculators into serv ice standar d survey sets.

INF R A -RED DISTAN CE MEA SURIN G DEVICES IN A MERDC CO NT RO L L E D ENVIRONMENT CH AMBER . FROM L E F T RI GHT. THE CUBIC DM 60, HEWLETT-P ACKARD 3800, HEWLETT-P AC K ARD 3805. WILD Dl10 M O U N T E D ON A T HEODOLI T E A N D K&E MICRO-R ANGER M OUNTED ON A LEVEL .

40 military service schools will be involved in pre­ paring TEC les sons. Alth ough TEC is not considered t he "cathedral" of training mod es, it has implications far beyond mere pedagogy. For instance: • TEC tr aining materials are designed to em ­ phasize peformance rather t han mere theory, IRMY TRIININ6 60ES MODERN which was emphasized in previous methods of instruction. In other words, the emphasis is on what the soldier will do as a r esult of t he training. Empirical methods are em­ Stanley Georges ployed and validate the instruction. • Unit commanders and trainer s can ea sily use TEC diagnostic testing and evaluating to determine strengths and weaknesses in the For those cons tr uctively involved in education, job proficiency of individual soldiers. curre nt developm ents in the field of military • Training within units is enhanced because t raining are proving to be revolutionary. In recent TEC provides trainers with high quality year s, no educa t ional concept has ra ised mor e instruction in a ready-to-use form that re o discussion in the Army tha n the Train ing Exten­ duces th e need for unit trainers to develop sion cour se s (TEC). lesson plans, visit training aids center, audio­ Basically, TE C was develop ed by the Army , as visual suppor t centers, post ph oto labs, or a r esp ons e to help soldiers in 3 vital areas. Th e.se other ag encies to obtain materials to support are: On-th e-job trainin g, MOS te sts, and In­ training. As a result, trainers can act more tegrated and concurrent training. as evaluators - to test the student as he Th e TEC program center s on prepackaged finishes his training, or as de signers for new lessons t hat ar e multi-media, soldier tested, and TEC lessons. with both pre- and post-test features th at can be Finally, th e innovative features of the TEC used by indi viduals and units. TEC's features program overcome the traditional shortcomings of ,rmit self-pacing and enable t he user to perform most courses of instruction - a one-way flow of Ials directl y r elated to an MOS and to perform instruction from Army service schools to individu­ on-the-job skills. al soldiers at the unit level. By using high quality TEC incorporates two innovations that are of multi -media methods , the program focuses on t he special interest: benefits of applying training technology to Army • Audiovisual le ssons: Th ese are packa ged t raining. In doing so, it emphasizes the necessity with an audio cassette and a closed-loop color of soldi er performance, not instructor perform­ filmstrip that is sy nchronized t hrough a mance. "Cue-See," TV-like machine. Th e st udent Details for the distrubution of TEC lessons to learns fr om th e color film and a "down-to­ Engineer units ha ve not yet be en finalized . How­ earth" narration. eve r, according to tentative schedules , Engineer • Audio case tte player: Th e cassettes, which Combat Support and Combat Service Support provide audio only, ar e us ed as an extension units win begin to r eceive both the software t o t he audiovisual lessons t o guid e the stu­ (lessons) and hardwar e (Cue-See sets) in fiscal dent in "hands-on" practice for the equip­ year 1976. The software will consist of common ment or iented skills that he learns from the Army and En gineer subjects. Th e hardwar e will "Cue-See." cons ist of eight sets of audiovisual equipme nt Results fro m act ua l soldier -test situations in­ (Cue-Se e) and four sets of audio (casset te player) dicate that th e audiovisual lessons are st imulat ing, eq uipme nt per battalion. provocative and most effective as a teaching mode. In this context, it is significant to not e th at th e Mr. Stanleu Georges is assigned to th e Doc­ Combat Arms have successfully adopte d this trine and Training Lit erature Division, Deput y trainin g program ove r the las t year . At presen t, Commandant f or Combat and Training Develop­ th e US Army Engineer School is preparing 14 ments, U S. A rm y Engineer School, Ft . Belvoir, generator oper ator TEC lessons t hat are sched­ Va. Mr. Georges has been with the above division ed to be in the field by December 1975 and is since 1966 and is currently a TEC Project eloping 15 diesel engine tr oubleshooting les ­ Manaqer. He is a retired A rmy Engineer Officer ns th at will be completed during the next and has touqh: at the Enginer S chool both as an calendar year . Futhermore, reports from the field officer and as a civilian. He holds a Masters indicate that by the beginning of next year most degree from th e University of Maryland.

41 CPT Stephen P. Meyer The United States Army Enginee r School (USAES) has been in the forefront of TRADOC's development of dynamic initiatives in the field of training literature. In November 1974, TRADOC announced the "1000 Good Books" program. This reorganizati on A key element of the program is the "How to and vitalization of training literature has t he Fight" manuals. Lessons learned from recent objective of disseminating the Army's vital infor­ conflicts about the effectiveness of modern arma­ mation to troops. while taking "nice-to-know" or men ts and th e increased difficulty of survival on specialized matters out of Army-wide use and the modern battlefield indicate t hat the tactics placing such information in special texts for their described in current manuals ar e no longer selected audiences. Basically, the program is adequate or applicabl e. Th e "How to Fight" aimed at reducing the quantity of manuals while manuals will use th e anal yses of these "learned improving t heir quality, i.e., TR ADOC will r educe lessons" and capabilities of present day weapons t t he pr esent 1700 manuals to th e goal of 1000. The outline what must be done to win th e first battle USAES's contribution to this reduction will be t he next war. The USAES's contribution to thes from 188 to 123 titles. manuals will cover t he employment of the di­

42 visional and nondivisional engineer battalions. 5-545 - Geology, will disappear under the "1000 These are discussed in: Good Books" program. Their contents will be • FM 5-135 Engineer Battalion, Armored, In­ diverted to several locations. The material will be fantry and Infantry (Mechanized) Divisions. available either in the unit (civilian) book set, or a • FM 5-136 Engineer Battalion, Airborne and school text, or a soldiers manual - (a new one stop Airmobile Divisions. guide for each particular MaS). • FM 5-142 Nondivisional Engineer Combat The USAES has already produced its version Units. of the soldiers manual as a prototype Individual The revised manuals will describe the four Training and Evaluation Program (ITEP). This engineer roles in support of offensive, defensive, serves as an information "road map" with respect and retrograde operations: to a soldier's needs for proficiency in his MOS. • Impede enemy mobility. Individual tasks, conditions, and standards are • Enhance friendly mobility. prescribed in accordance with the Systems Engi­ • Provide protective and defensive shelter. neering approach to training. • Fight as Infantry. Following the same principle at the unit level, The USAES has also assumed responsibility the Army Training and Evaluation Program for literature on "Barrier and Denial Operations" (ARTEP) is being produced to replace the old (FM 31-10) and will produce a "How to Fight" Army Training Program and Army Training Test manual on this topic. (ATP /ATT). The ARTEP lists those tasks the An important element of the "1000 Good Books" unit must be able to perform in order to success­ program are the TRADOC Bulletins. These are fully accomplish its mission. The ARTEP provides brief volumes - about 30 pages - which provide guidance to units on how they should: timely te chnical information to the field and • conduct their training, explain, 'why we fight the way we do'. The • administer their annual tests, and USAES is currently writing two bulletins for • evaluate (training REDCON) their level of TRADOC - Camouflage and Barriers. readiness. Technical manuals which presently contain The above three areas are based on unit tasks, narrow slices of the "infor mation pie," such as TM conditions and standards. >; 350 - Hydraulic Power Control Systems, or TM The Training Circular (TC) has also been re­ vitalized and now serves as a means to get "perishable" information to the field in a hurry. The USAES recently produced TC 5-200 (Camou­ t1age Pattern Painting) - this explains to Army units the techniques of applying the new and improved camouflage paint th ey are receiving. All the publications cited above have been changed not only in purpose but also in format. Ampl e use of illustrations, lively layout, and imaginative typesetting make these books much mor e readable than their predecessors. Th e oft-cited complaint that the field doesn't "believe anything unless it's in a tan-covered, standard printed FM or TM" is a truism. But, the complaint continues, "even if the information is there, it won't be read because it's too dry and dull ." With the publication of the new books, such complaints will be laid to r est.

Captain Stephen P. Meyer, is currently Project Officer, Engineer S chool, Deputy Commandant for Combat and Training Developments. He holds a BS deqre e from Drexel University and a MS degree from Clemson University, both in chemical engineering. He is also a graduate of the Engineer Officer Advanced Course. . He has served as com­ pany commander in both Germany and Vietnam, and was an ROTC instructor at Clemson Uni­ versi ty.

43 RETENTION OF SELECTED CSM PAST 30 YEARS For the third consecutive year, Department of the Army intends to retain selected Command Sergeants Major beyond 30 years active service. Eligibility for consideration will be limited to CSMs who have completed 30 or more years' active service and have an ETS during FY 76. Applicants must have a 1974 PMOS Evaluation Score of 110 or higher and be able to complete 35 years service prior to reaching age 55. TIME-IN-GRADE CHANGE FOR RETIREMENT The requirement for Army members in grades E-7, E-8, E-9, CW3, CW4, 0 -5 and 0-6 to serve a minimum of two years in grade before being eligible for nondisability retirement has been suspended until 30 June 76, DA has announced. Individuals in those grades who have completed all their service obligations and who are otherwise eligible may apply for voluntary retirement between now and 30 June 76 providing they have completed six months active duty in that grade - effective from the date of their promotion. Officers of the reserve components and the Army of the United States without component who are serving, or have been offered retention beyond 20 years' service as an exception of policy, will not be involuntarily released from active duty earlier as a result of this suspension. Interested individuals should refer to the procedures contained in Chapter 4, AR 635-100 and Chapter 12, AR 635-200 for submitting applications for retirement.

ADVANCED NCOES SELECTION BOARD RESULTS The Advanced Noncommissioned Officer Education System Selection Board which conve 19 Feb. 75 and adjourned 12 Mar., has selected 4,936 of 15,713 eligible senior NCOs to attend Advanced NCOES during FY 76. MI LPERCE N announced the names of the selected individuals in May 75. Individuals considered had to have at least a high school diploma or equivalent. The board also reviewed the eligible NCOs' overall performance ability and potential for future service in making final selections. NCOs selected from oversea assignments may return to CONUS to attend the school TDYand return, provided they would have at least six months remaining of their oversea tour upon completion of the school. Those NCOs must also extend their oversea tours for at least one year in order to participate.

NEW OER UPDATE If approved without revision during current staffing, the new Officer Evaluation Report (DA Form 76) that becomes effective 1 January 1976 will be a significant departure from past reports. The proposed major changes include the following: • Rated Officer Input: Rated officers would be required to describe in detail their most significant duties and responsibilities executed during rating periods. They would also have to list the performance objectives that most accounted for their time. The proposed requirement for rated officer input is purposefully designed to promote a continual discussion - one which would begin at the outset and be carried on throughout an entire rating period - between the officer and rater to determine the job description, set performance objectives, and mutually plan in advance toward mission accomplishment. • Separate Rater/Indorser Input: Rating and indorsing officers would provide separ evaluation information on the new form. Specifically, the rater would assess performance (how the rated officer actually accomplished the tasks of the job), while the indorser would evaluate officer's potential (how well the officer can be expected to execute the tasks of a job demanding higher rank and added responsibility).

44 • Expanded Role for Reviewer: In addition to the reviewer's current responsibilities in the rating chain, he, like the indorser, would be required to evaluate the rated officer's potential. • Descriptive Emphasis: The new form describes rather than quantifies; thus the rater, indorser and reviewer would not enter numerical scores in their evaluations of the officer's overall performance or potential. • Tailored to OPMS: The form has been designed to meet the future requirements of the Officer Personnel Management System (OPMS) . Since each OPMS specialty has unique management requirements, the report would be flexible enough to allow for - or in some cases, require - the inclusion of specific performance and potential data needed by specialty managers. The rated officer would also be able to use a portion of the form to enter a preference for specialty designation or a future assignment in a primary or alternate OPMS specialty. • Close Out Reports: Prior to the 1 January 1976 implementation date of the new form, a closeout report on current DA Form 67-7 would be required for all officers. If approved, this action would not only preclude much of the apprehension normally experienced by those officers who would otherwise be due ratings during early 1976; it would also synchronize the initial rater/rated officer discussions of performance objectives which are being proposed in conjunction with use of the new form. Certain aspects of the present evaluation system would remain unchanged once the DA Form 76 becomes effective. For example, rated officers would continue to receive personal copies of completed reports; a single form would still be used to evaluate all active duty and reserve ponent warrant and commissioned officers through the grade of Major General; and the • fessional attributes would continue to be evaluated. In this latter instance, however, rated officers could expect to find that the new form would feature expanded format entries addressing professional competence, individual self-discipline, leadership, professional ethics, and professional orientation. Despite these proposed innovations, the forthcoming OE R is not designed as a panacea for all past problems associated with the history of the officer evaluation process. Instead, t he DA Form 76 now being staffed is an evolutionary form which, if approved, will be the first step toward continuing improvements in evaluating officers.

MOVEM SUPPORTS MOVEMENT Moving soldiers across the country and around the world effectively is a vital link in the Army's chain. To help facilitate accurate controls and eliminate empty seats flying overseas at the Army's expense, MI LPE RCEN has developed the Movement Oversea Verification of Enlisted Mem bers (MOVEM) report. Under the MOVEM concept, 30 to 45 days prior to a given arrival month overseas, port calls are matched against assignment information on the Enlisted Master File. DA approved delet ions and deferments are then scratched from the report and soldiers specified by DA to move during that arrival month, but who do not have port calls, are identified. From this a more realistic picture of exactly who will make their port call and who won't becomes clear. The MOVEM report, indicat ing soldiers unlikely to meet their port calls, is then prepared and forwarded to major com manders requiring either movement or an explanation of any unauthorized deviations. In this way, new arrangements can be made to transport those soldiers to their new assignments, if necessar y, or arrangements can be made for other soldiers, on stand-by status, to fill their seats. . Since its implementation early this year, MOVEM reports have been sent monthly to the affected mands. Comments on the report and suggested improvements were solicited and have been ve and useful. As the MOVEM program progresses, it will continue to provide effective er if icat ion of port calls for soldiers moving overseas and save the Army money by filling the seat of a "no show" with a soldier who needs the seat but normally wouldn't have the priority to have it. 4S Hey! Pal, Here is your personal copy of The Engineer magazine. I knew you were expecting it, so I brought it as fast as I could. I really don't know how Engineer Corps personnel cope with Iife without it? At $4.00 a year, mailing costs included, there is no excuse for anyone to be without thei r persona I copy.

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