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The Effectiveness of IGAD in Promoting Regional Diplomacy: a Case Study of the Somalia Peace Process

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The Effectiveness of IGAD in Promoting Regional Diplomacy: a Case Study of the Somalia Peace Process INSTITUTE OF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI The Effectiveness of IGAD in promoting Regional Diplomacy: A Case Study of the Somalia Peace Process Abdinasir Roble Hassan R50/83190/2015 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Award of Master of Arts in International Studies, Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies, University of Nairobi 2017 DECLARATION I declare that this research dissertation is my original work and it has not been presented for a degree in any other University or institution of higher learning. Signed: ……………………………………… Date: ……………………………….. Abdinasir Roble Hassan R50/83190/2015 This paper has been submitted with my approval as University Supervisor: Signed: ……………………………………… Date: ……………………………….. Mr. Martin Nguru Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies University of Nairobi ii ACKNOWLEGEMENT In this research I would like to recognise key personalities whose contribution was paramount in completing my work. But first I would like to thank the Almighty Allah for granting me good health and life to pursue my studies at the University of Nairobi, a world class university. Without this special gift then I would not have been able to complete this research. I am particularly indebted to my supervisor Mr. Martin Nguru for his invaluable support and guidance in writing this project. He guided me through scholarly and theoretical debates that continue to model my research to look what it is today. Without his special input and attention I would not have realised this grand task of academic research. The teaching fraternity at the Institute of Diplomacy and International Studies (IDIS) was wonderful. All the lecturers should get my accolades for their punctuality to class and the cooperation they demonstrated. They understood every concern we raised and made the learning experience a memorable one. To all I say may Allah grant you his blessings as you continue to mould students from Africa and beyond to become strategic leaders in the near future. There are many more I would have wanted to mention by name but this will not be possible because they are many. Special regards to my comrades in the course. LONG LIFE! iii ABSTRACT The research is set to investigate the effectiveness of IGAD in promoting regional diplomacy: with a case study of Somalia. In its objectives, it sought generally to analyze the effectiveness of regional organizations in Africa in promoting regional peace and diplomacy and specifically to examine the role of IGAD in Somalia, and to assess IGAD’S achievements and failures in promoting regional peace and diplomacy. The first chapter laid a background to the study and set clear objectives and hypotheses to guide the research. The second chapter made an overview on the role of regional organisations in Africa and their role in promoting peace and diplomacy. The third chapter examined IGAD as regional organisation and its role in the Somalia conflict. The fourth chapter did an analysis of IGAD’s achievements and failures in promoting regional peace and diplomacy with case study of the Somali Peace Process focusing on the mediation process and the outcomes and the role that IGAD played in the peace process. The fifth chapter gives a summary of the study and also makes recommendations based on the findings from the case study on the challenges that face the regional organisations in promoting peace processes and diplomacy. The research is recommended for reading by students of conflict management, scholars and government policy makers to understand how regional organisations would be effectively utilised as vehicles for managing internal conflicts that are numerous and recurrent in Africa and elsewhere in the world. iv DEDICATION To my beloved mum Habiba Ali Abdirahman for her patience, support, encouragement, motivation and understanding during the period of my studies at the University of Nairobi May Allah Bless you Dear Mum! v ABBREVIATIONS AMISOM - African Union Mission in Somalia AMU - Arab Maghreb Union AU - Africa Union BCP - Basotho Congress party BNP - Basotho National Party CEWARN - Conflict Early Warning and Response Mechanism COMESA - Common Markets for Eastern and Southern Africa CPA - Comprehensive Peace Agreement DDR - Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration DPs - Development Partners DRC - Democratic Republic of Congo ECOMOG II - ECOWAS Cease-Fire Monitoring Group II ECOMOG - ECOWAS Cease-Fire Monitoring Group ECOWAS - Economic Community of West African States GONU - Government of National Unity GOSS - Government of South Sudan ICPAT - IGAD Capacity Building Against Terrorism ICU - Islamic Courts Union IGAD - Intergovernmental Authority on Development IGADD - Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development IGADD - Intergovernmental Authority on Development IGASOM - IGAD Peace Support Mission to Somalia IGO - Intergovernmental Organization JS - Jonglei State NGO - Non Governmental Organisations OAU - Organisation of Africa Unity PDF - Protection and Deterrence Force PSC - Peace and Security Council RIGOS - Regional Organisations SADC - Southern African Development Community SADCC - Southern African Development Coordination Conference SDM - Somali Democratic Movement SPLA - Sudanese People’s Liberation Army SPLM - Sudan People’s Liberation Movement SPM - Somali Patriotic Movement SRRC - Somali Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Council SSDF - Somali Salvation Democratic Front SSLA - South Sudan legislative Assembly TFC - Transitional Federal Council TFG II - Transitional Federal Government II TFG - Transitional Federal Government TNG - Transitional National Government U.N - United Nations UNITAF - Unified Task Force vi UNMISS - United Nations Mission in South Sudan UNOSOM - United Nations Operation in Somalia UNSC - United Nations Security Council US - United States USC - United Somali Congress vii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION............................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEGEMENT.................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... iv DEDICATION....................................................................................................................v ABBREVIATIONS.......................................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. viii CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY ................................................1 1.1 Background to the Research Problem............................................................................1 1.2 Statement of the Research Problem ...............................................................................4 1.3 Objectives of the Research.............................................................................................5 1.3.1 Overall Objective..................................................................................................5 1.4 Justification of the Study ...............................................................................................5 1.4.1 Academic Justification..........................................................................................5 1.4.2 Policy Justification................................................................................................6 1.5 Review of Literature ......................................................................................................7 1.5.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................7 1.5.2 History and Mandate of IGAD .............................................................................7 1.5.3 Challenges Faced by IGAD in Development Initiatives.......................................8 1.5.4 Role of IGAD in Somalia ...................................................................................10 1.5.5 Initiative of Djibouti in 1991 ..............................................................................10 1.5.6 Efforts of Ethiopia...............................................................................................10 1.5.7 IGAD Involvement in Eldoret Peace Process.....................................................12 1.5.8 IGAD’s Role in establishing the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) ......12 1.5.9 The Effectiveness of IGAD’S Diplomatic Role in Somalia ...............................13 1.6 Theoretical Framework................................................................................................16 1.7 Hypotheses...................................................................................................................17 1.8 Research Methodology ................................................................................................18 1.8.1 Case study ...........................................................................................................18 1.8.2 Data Collection ...................................................................................................18 1.9 Scope of the Study .......................................................................................................18 1.10 Chapter Outline..........................................................................................................19
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