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In Rev Revista Jurídica Universidad De Puerto Rico IN REV REVISTA JURÍDICA UNIVERSIDAD DE PUERTO RICO VOLUMEN 3 AÑO 2020 D O B L E S U F R I M I E N T O Mujeres víctimas de violencia doméstica ante ejecuciones de hipoteca Orlandy Cabrera Valentín ¿ QU É S I G NI F I C A S E X O? Cómo afecta la ausencia de una definición las protecciones constitucionales Emanuel Ramos Martínez ESTADO DE EMERGENCIA V. ESTADO DE ALERTA NACIONAL Un reclamo del pueblo contestado a medias. Alberto López Merlán REVISTA JURÍDICA UNIVERSIDAD DE PUERTO RICO VOLUMEN 89 AÑO 2019-2020 JUNTA EDITORA Mildred M. Meléndez Otero Natalia Rodríguez Burgos Rocío del Mar Román Aguilú Directora Directora Directora CUERPO EDITORIAL EDITORES TITULARES Valeria Belvis Aquino Joseph M. De Jesús Maldonado Joshua Rodríguez Rivera Ana Cristina Cabán Jynamarie Kuilan Santana Frank A. Rosado Méndez Orlando J. Colón Soto Yaralín Negrón Planell Sebastián J. Sánchez Esteve Alejandro Coste Sánchez Owen A. Rivera Colón Adrie M. Simons Obregón Henry D. Rodríguez Gracia EDITORES ASOCIADOS Yamillette Albino Rodríguez Giuliana González Espino Stephanie Quiles Torrens Fátima J. Chévere Vega Gabriel Jiménez Barrón Joshua S. Ramos Lucena Lourdes Cortés Feliciano Luis E. Martínez Moreno Marcos R. Reyes Negrón Judiann Marie Cruz Berríos Karleen N. Méndez Benítez André Steffan Ríos Ramírez Maricel Cruz Lergier Delfín R. Méndez Baduí Jose Rivera Aparicio Tania Cruz Martínez Verónica Olivera Vélez Viviana R. Rivera Reyes José David Díaz Cabán Joanne Pimentel De Jesús Jayra N. Rodríguez Ortiz Ariselle I. Figueroa Lugo Michelle C. Pérez Ayala Orlando J. Rosa López Melissa M. Gallardo-Negrón Carla M. Pérez Meléndez Rafael J. Silverio Alvarado Kevin J. García Dávila Ignacio Portela Cabán Gabriela A. Valentín Ríos REDACTORES Orlandy Cabrera Valentín Alberto López-Merlán Emanuel Ramos Martínez Paola A. Guzmán Alejandro Edwin Amaury Marrero-Pérez Lorena I. Vélez Miranda Annie Lorenna Ramírez Hernández Natasha Ramos Ayala PORTAVOZ DIRECTOR DIGITAL COORDINADORA DE ACTIVIDADES Melanie Rivera Ruiz José L. Maymí Beatriz García Santiago j JEFA DE REDACTORES Hedy I. Nieves Crespo COLABORADORES Giovanni Fantauzzi Clemente Manuel Alberto Muñiz Torres Ivannayelí Hernández Nieves Priscilla M. Nieves Pagani Stephanie N. Pérez Díaz Emmanuel Rivera Otero CONSEJO ASESOR Glenda Labadie-Jackson Nilda Navarro Cabrer Hiram A. Meléndez Juarbe Jean-Carlos Pérez CONSEJERO ACADÉMICO OFICIAL ADMINISTRATIVO Oscar Miranda-Miller Ivonne M. Martínez Correa IN REV REVISTA JURÍDICA UNIVERSIDAD DE PUERTO RICO VOLUMEN 3 AÑO 2020 1 Doble sufrimiento: Mujeres víctimas de violencia doméstica ante ejecuciones de hipotecas Orlandy Cabrera Valentín 7 Estado de emergencia v. Estado de alerta nacional Alberto López Merlán 19 ¿Llegan a la Corte Suprema las primeras señales de la desaparición del derecho al aborto? Orlandy Cabrera Valentín 25 Los derechos de las víctimas de delito en Puerto Rico y en Estados Unidos Mexicanos en el sistema de justicia penal Orlandy Cabrera Valentín 41 Matrimonios de segunda clase: El intento por desmantelar el matrimonio igualitario Anagabriela Esquerdo Pérez 53 Mi alma mater es patrimonio cultural: Una nota reflexiva Emanuel Ramos Martínez 58 PROMESA ante el Supremo: Una narración crítica de una argumentación oral Emanuel Ramos Martínez 66 ¿Qué significa sexo? Emanuel Ramos Martínez 75 To Impeach a President Alberto López Merlán 84 What’s the Game Plan? Developing Criminal Defenses in Sports Violence Gretchen M. Colón Fuentes 99 Introducción al derecho de marcas en Puerto Rico Alexiomar D. Rodríguez López 107 Consentimiento sexual en las relaciones de pareja a la luz de la Ley 54: ¿Hasta dónde tiramos la raya? Mildred M. Meléndez Otero 1 IN REV UPR Vol. 3 DOBLE SUFRIMIENTO: MUJERES VÍCTIMAS DE VIOLENCIA DOMÉSTICA ANTE EJECUCIONES DE HIPOTECAS COMENTARIO Orlandy Cabrera Valentín* INTRODUCCIÓN NICIALMENTE, BAJO EL PROYECTO DE CONSTITUCIÓN REDACTADO POR LA Convención Constituyente, se elevaba a rango constitucional el derecho a una I vivienda. Hoy día dicha disposición no existe en nuestra Carta Magna, pero la Asamblea Legislativa, en su interés de proteger la familia y fomentar la adquisición de propiedades residenciales, ha estatuido en gran medida dicho derecho en diversas piezas legislativas como la Ley del Derecho a la Protección del Hogar Principal y el Hogar Familiar, mejor conocida como “Hogar Seguro”. Sin embargo, esta ley va encaminada a impedir la venta por sentencia judicial, del hogar principal de un deudor por no haber satisfecho cualquier obligación contractual. En ese sentido, este derecho estatutario es uno irrenunciable, excepto en casos donde “[s]e obtenga una hipoteca, que grave la propiedad protegida”.1 En Puerto Rico, la mayoría de las familias que tienen el dominio sobre la residencia que habitan, o que son dueños de la propiedad, adquirieron dicho derecho al efectuar un contrato de préstamo con una garantía hipotecaria sobre dicha residencia. Esto quiere decir que en caso de que se incumpla con el pago mensual del préstamo, el acreedor hipotecario, entiéndase la institución financiera (el banco en la mayoría de los casos), puede ejecutar (vender en pública subasta) el hogar hipotecado, aunque la persona sea dueña de la propiedad o la misma le pertenezca a otro individuo. Sin embargo, influenciados por una sociedad capitalista y enfocada al consumismo acelerado de bienes y servicios, es normal que, durante ese proceso, tanto personas naturales como entidades jurídicas, se encuentren en una situación complicada de no tener los recursos suficientes para cumplir con sus obligaciones. Esto a su vez repercute en incumplimientos contractuales y consecuencias nocivas para dicho deudor como, por ejemplo, la pérdida de una propiedad por medio de una ejecución hipotecaria. En una economía fuerte, robusta y creciente este tropiezo en el camino no debe representar el fin, sino un obstáculo que puede ser superado al incursionar nuevamente en el mercado laboral donde se tiene la posibilidad de recuperar la estabilidad económica para así contraer nuevas obligaciones contractuales cuya garantía puede ser asegurada. Así, pues, en un país donde tanto el crecimiento como el desarrollo económico no van en aumento, sino que en picada, es casi imposible recuperarse de un golpe económico que impide continuar efectuando transacciones económicas de bienes y servicios. Con relación a ello, se ha dicho que “[l]a economía de Puerto Rico lleva trece años en recesión (desde el 2006), el empleo ha caído casi por 21.6% y la inversión bruta de capital fijo por más de 24.5%”.2 Por consiguiente “[la] economía de Puerto Rico se encuentra en un estancamiento secular, la * El autor es estudiante de segundo año de la Escuela de Derecho de la Universidad de Puerto Rico y redactor digital de In Rev. 1 Ley del Derecho a la Protección del Hogar Principal y el Hogar Familiar, Ley Núm. 195-2011, 31 LPRA § 1858a. 2 Nicolemarie Peña Cartagena, Análisis de la doctrina rebus sic stantibus a la luz de las decisiones de los tribunales y la modificación de los contratos en ciclos económicos, 88 REV. JUR. UPR 540, 547 (2019). (2020) IN REV UPR 2 mayoría de los indicares económicos importantes han estado contrayéndose o estancados desde el 2006”.3 Sosteniendo la proposición anterior, “[s]egún datos del Banco Gubernamental de Fomento de Puerto Rico (BGF) para los años fiscales del 2006 hasta el 2016 el PNB se contrajo en -15.9%, es decir, hubo un decrecimiento de la economía”.4 A raíz de esta realidad económica por la que atraviesa la Isla, es entendible que las ejecuciones de hipoteca aumenten con el pasar del tiempo. Sin embargo, este aumento ha sido desproporcional y sin precedentes durante los últimos dos años. Según la organización sin fines de lucro Ayuda Legal Puerto Rico, “[e]n 2017, el año en que pasaron los huracanes, Irma y María, se registraron 16 ejecuciones de hipotecas por día. Este año, solo en los dos primeros meses (enero y febrero 2019), 459 viviendas fueron ejecutadas por los bancos”.5 En ese sentido, los medios de comunicación destacaron que “[l]a organización, luego de haber realizado un análisis exhaustivo sobre el panorama hipotecario en la isla, determinó que en la actualidad existen más de 250,260 viviendas en riesgo de ser ejecutadas por las instituciones financieras del país.6 Según el Proyecto para la Prevención de Ejecuciones de Hipotecas, esta cifra elevada se debe no tan solo a la incapacidad de los deudores hipotecarios para cumplir con su prestación contractual mensual, producto del impacto directo e indirecto de los huracanes, sino también por la falta de una adecuada asesoría que desemboca a que “[l]a gran mayoría de las personas . se intimid[e]n ante los procesos bancarios, sient[a]n vergüenza y descono[z]can los derechos que le asisten, antes, durante y después de un proceso de ejecución hipotecaria”.7 I. Dualismo tortuoso: Violencia doméstica y ejecución de hipoteca Dentro de ese cúmulo de personas que se están viendo afectadas ante la inminente ejecución judicial de su propiedad, se encuentran las mujeres víctimas de violencia doméstica. Como es sabido, “[l]a violencia doméstica es un patrón de conducta donde se emplea la fuerza física, el maltrato psicológico, la agresión sexual, la intimidación o la persecución contra una persona por parte de su pareja o ex-pareja”.8 En ese sentido, este tipo de conducta antisocial “[v]iola los derechos humanos de sus víctimas y constituye un delito, según las leyes de Puerto Rico”.9 Según las estadísticas de la Policía de Puerto Rico y como puede apreciarse en la Tabla 1, para el mes de enero de 2019 hubo 563 casos de violencia doméstica de los cuales 466 fueron contra el género femenino. Para el mes de febrero de este mismo año hubo un total de 550 casos de violencia domestica de los cuales 452 fueron contra la mujer. Así mismo, para el mes de marzo 551 seres humanos fueron víctima de esta despreciable conducta comprendiendo 467 mujeres en total.
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