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206356_Guide For Teachers_Teachers 1/14/11 10:49 AM Page 1 A GUIDE FOR TEACHERS EpilepsyEpilepsy EPILEPSY EDUCATION SERIES 206356_Guide For Teachers_Teachers 1/14/11 10:49 AM Page 2 This publication was produced by the The Epilepsy Association of Northern Alberta Phone: 780-488-9600 Toll Free: 1-866-374-5377 Fax: 780-447-5486 Email: [email protected] Website: www.edmontonepilepsy.org This booklet is designed to provide general information about Epilepsy to the public. It does not include specific medical advice, and people with Epilepsy should not make changes based on this information to previously prescribed treatment or activities without first consulting their physician. Special thanks to our Consulting Team, which was comprised of Epilepsy Specialist Neurologists & Neuroscience Nurses, Hospital Epilepsy Clinic Staff, Educators, Individuals with Epilepsy, and Family Members of Individuals with Epilepsy. Free Canada-wide distribution of this publication was made possible by an unrestricted Grant from UCB Canada Inc. © Edmonton Epilepsy Association, 2011 206356_Guide For Teachers_Teachers 1/14/11 10:49 AM Page 3 Index How to Recognize Seizures ______________________________1 Why Seizures Happen __________________________________2 What Having Epilepsy Means ____________________________2 Who Epilepsy Affects____________________________________3 How to Tell the Difference Between One Type of Seizure and Another ________________________________________4 How to Respond to Seizures ______________________________7 First Aid for Seizures____________________________________8 How Seizures Are Controlled ____________________________10 Why Epilepsy Affects Learning __________________________11 How Teachers Can Help ________________________________13 206356_Guide For Teachers_Teachers 1/14/11 10:49 AM Page 4 Epilepsy: A Guide for Teachers Teachers play a vital role in the physical, emotional, and academic well-being of students with epilepsy. Teachers who know how to respond to seizures both improve safety standards in the school and influence the reactions of fellow students and school staff. A teacher who reacts to seizures calmly and supportively will help others learn to do the same. In some cases, teachers are the first to notice and recognize the symptoms of seizures in a student. Teachers who understand, encourage, and inspire students with epilepsy facilitate learning, independence, and self-esteem. 206356_Guide For Teachers_Teachers 1/14/11 10:49 AM Page 5 How To Recognize Seizures HSeizures take many different forms. A seizure may last for a few seconds and involve a blank stare or a sudden fall. It may last for a few minutes and involve a convulsion or random, purposeless movements such as chewing motions or pulling at clothing. Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between a seizure and unusual behavior. What is important to watch for is a pattern of behavior that happens too often to be by chance. Signs that may indicate that a student is having a seizure include: • a sudden loss of awareness that may appear like daydreaming • a brief lack of response • memory gaps • rhythmic head nodding • rapid eye blinking • repeated movements that appear unnatural • repeated jerking movements of the body, arms, or legs • sudden falls without an apparent reason • sudden stomach pain followed by sleepiness and confusion • frequent complaints that things taste, sound, smell, look, or feel strange • sudden fear, panic, or anger without an apparent reason. If you notice these symptoms, record your observations, discuss the observations with the school nurse and/or principal, and comply with the school policy regarding reporting to parents. Epilepsy: A Guide for Teachers - 1 206356_Guide For Teachers_Teachers 1/14/11 10:49 AM Page 6 Why Seizures Happen WThe brain is made up of billions of nerve cells or neurons that communicate through electrical and chemical signals. When there is a sudden excessive electrical discharge that disrupts the normal activity of the nerve cells, a change in the person’s behavior or function may result. This abnormal activity in the brain that results in a change in the person’s behavior or function is a seizure. A number of causes can result in a disruption of the normal activity of the nerve cells and result in seizures. The causes vary according to the age of onset of epilepsy. The causes of seizures include genetics, birth injury, developmental disorder such as brain damage to the fetus, brain trauma from car accidents, sports injuries, etc., drug and alcohol abuse, infections such as meningitis, encephalitis, and AIDS, and brain tumor. In many cases, however, the cause of the seizures is unknown. What Having Epilepsy Means Epilepsy is a condition of the brain that is characterized by recurrent Wseizures. Approximately one in ten Canadians will experience at least one seizure during a lifetime. In those children who have a single seizure, only a small percentage have a second one. Epilepsy is a condition that is defined by multiple seizures. Epilepsy is a seizure disorder, not a psychological disorder or a disease and it is not contagious. Epilepsy: A Guide for Teachers - 2 206356_Guide For Teachers_Teachers 1/14/11 10:49 AM Page 7 Who Epilepsy Affects WEpilepsy is a condition that is more common than most people realize. In the general population, approximately one person in a hundred has epilepsy meaning that approximately one in every one hundred students has epilepsy. In Canada, there are over 330,000 people with epilepsy. People of all ages have epilepsy. The condition can begin at Epilepsy is a condition that is any age although its more common than most onset is most often in people realize. In the general childhood or in the later years of life. The population, approximately frequency of seizures one person in a hundred in childhood may be has epilepsy meaning that partly due to the low seizure threshold of approximately one in every some children. A one hundred students seizure threshold is has epilepsy. the level at which the brain will have a seizure and the seizure threshold generally rises as the brain matures. This may partly explain why children with epilepsy often outgrow the condition. Epilepsy: A Guide for Teachers - 3 206356_Guide For Teachers_Teachers 1/14/11 10:49 AM Page 8 How To Tell The Difference Between HOne Type of Seizure And Another Although tonic clonic seizures are the ones most often associated with epilepsy, there are many types of seizures. The location in the brain of the abnormally discharging nerve cells determines the form the seizure will take. A student can have more than one type of seizure. The different types of seizures begin in different areas of the brain and they are grouped into two categories: partial and generalized. If the sudden excessive electrical activity occurs in one part of the brain, it is called a partial seizure. If the excessive electrical activity involves the whole brain, the seizure is called a generalized seizure. Sometimes seizures begin as partial and then spread and become generalized. These are referred to as partial seizures secondarily generalized. Partial Seizures The two most common kinds of partial seizures are simple partial and complex partial. During a simple partial seizure, awareness remains intact. In a complex partial seizure, awareness is impaired. A simple partial seizure (formerly called focal) usually begins suddenly and lasts seconds to minutes. It involves symptoms that result in a person experiencing an unusual sensation, feeling, or movement called an aura. An aura can take many different forms and may involve sensory, motor, psychic, or autonomic symptoms. For example, an aura might be a distortion in sight, sound, or smell where a student may see, hear, or smell things that aren’t there, or it may be sudden jerky movements of one area of the body such as the arm, leg, or face. For instance, the student may suddenly smell burning rubber when it is nonexistent or a hand may twitch uncontrollably. Epilepsy: A Guide for Teachers - 4 206356_Guide For Teachers_Teachers 1/14/11 10:49 AM Page 9 An aura could also involve a sudden overwhelming emotion such as joy, sadness, fear, or anger. Or there may be the experience of autonomic symptoms such as stomach upset, dizziness, a shiver, a tingling or burning sensation, pallor, or flushing. Occasionally there will be the experience of déjà vu during which the student has the sensation of having experienced something before. An aura is a simple partial seizure that may occur alone or may progress to a complex partial seizure or a generalized seizure. The aura can sometimes be used as a warning signal to allow the person to take the necessary precautions to avoid injury. During a complex partial seizure (formerly called psychomotor or temporal lobe), a student experiences altered awareness and may appear dazed and confused. A dreamlike experience may occur. The student may be unable to respond or may do so incompletely or inaccurately. Sometimes, the student will lose contact. The seizure often begins with an unusual sensation, feeling, or movement referred to as an aura. The aura often occurs just before awareness is altered and can be used as a warning. Random purposeless movements over which the individual has no control called automatisms often characterize the seizure. These may include movements such as chewing motions, lip smacking, pulling at clothing, or random walking. Occasionally there are more dramatic behavioral changes such as screaming or undressing.
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