Passive Fire Protection, Part I
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Smoke Alarms in US Home Fires Marty Ahrens February 2021
Smoke Alarms in US Home Fires Marty Ahrens February 2021 Copyright © 2021 National Fire Protection Association® (NFPA®) Key Findings Smoke alarms were present in three-quarters (74 percent) of the injuries from fires in homes with smoke alarms occurred in properties reported homei fires in 2014–2018. Almost three out of five home with battery-powered alarms. When present, hardwired smoke alarms fire deathsii were caused by fires in properties with no smoke alarms operated in 94 percent of the fires considered large enough to trigger a (41 percent) or smoke alarms that failed to operate (16 percent). smoke alarm. Battery-powered alarms operated 82 percent of the time. Missing or non-functional power sources, including missing or The death rate per 1,000 home structure fires is 55 percent lower in disconnected batteries, dead batteries, and disconnected hardwired homes with working smoke alarms than in homes with no alarms or alarms or other AC power issues, were the most common factors alarms that fail to operate. when smoke alarms failed to operate. Of the fire fatalities that occurred in homes with working smoke Compared to reported home fires with no smoke alarms or automatic alarms, 22 percent of those killed were alerted by the device but extinguishing systems (AES) present, the death rate per 1,000 reported failed to respond, while 11 percent were not alerted by the operating fires was as follows: alarm. • 35 percent lower when battery-powered smoke alarms were People who were fatally injured in home fires with working smoke present, but AES was not, alarms were more likely to have been in the area of origin and • 51 percent lower when smoke alarms with any power source involved in the ignition, to have a disability, to be at least 65 years were present but AES was not, old, to have acted irrationally, or to have tried to fight the fire themselves. -
Fire Protection Application Guide Armacell's Products for Passive Fire Protection
FIRE PROTECTION APPLICATION GUIDE ARMACELL'S PRODUCTS FOR PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION Tel.: +49 25 17 60 30 [email protected] www.armacell.eu 02 | Fire protection application guide Foreword “Nine dead in house fire.” Fortunately we don’t read this or similar headlines every day. Nevertheless, around 4,000 people die in fires every year in the EU member countries. In many cases, deaths, injuries and major damage to buildings can be prevented if the fire protection requirements are implemented correctly. Therefore, passive fire protec- tion in buildings aims to design, construct, modify and maintain build- ings in such a way that the outbreak of a fire and the spread of flames and smoke (fire spread) are prevented. And, if a fire does occur, it must be possible to rescue people and animals and carry out fire-fighting operations effectively. In terms of fire protection, building service equipment, such as pipe- work and ventilation systems, represents a particular weak point. Pipe- and ductwork passes through separating building elements (walls and ceilings), stairwells and corridors, and thus forms a path along which flames and smoke can spread. In the event of a fire, pipe- and ductwork has a significant impact on safety in buildings and can soon pose a seri- ous threat. The risk potential rises with the number of pipes and their various tasks, thicknesses, materials and media. Therefore, in order to achieve the necessary fire protection targets, service penetrations in separating building elements must be sealed off. These fire protec- tion measures can be carried out in accordance with the less strin- gent requirements of the MLAR (state building regulations) or with an approval. -
Laser Technology Smoke Detector
APPLICATIONS GUIDE Laser Technology Smoke Detector APPLICATIONS GUIDE Laser Technology Smoke Detector Contents Section 1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................................................................2 Section 2 Benefits ............................................................................................................................................................................2 Section 3 Applications ....................................................................................................................................................................2 Ideal Applications ..........................................................................................................................................................2 Applications to Avoid ....................................................................................................................................................2 Section 4 How it Works ..................................................................................................................................................................3 The Principles of Laser Detection...............................................................................................................................3 Section 5 Performance ...................................................................................................................................................................4 -
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems
Fire Service Features of Buildings and Fire Protection Systems OSHA 3256-09R 2015 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 “To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health.” This publication provides a general overview of a particular standards- related topic. This publication does not alter or determine compliance responsibilities which are set forth in OSHA standards and the Occupational Safety and Health Act. Moreover, because interpretations and enforcement policy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory-impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877-889-5627. This guidance document is not a standard or regulation, and it creates no new legal obligations. It contains recommendations as well as descriptions of mandatory safety and health standards. The recommendations are advisory in nature, informational in content, and are intended to assist employers in providing a safe and healthful workplace. The Occupational Safety and Health Act requires employers to comply with safety and health standards and regulations promulgated by OSHA or by a state with an OSHA-approved state plan. -
The Rising Cost of Wildfire Protection
A Research Paper by The Rising Cost of Wildfire Protection Ross Gorte, Ph.D. Retired Senior Policy Analyst, Congressional Research Service Affiliate Research Professor, Earth Systems Research Center of the Earth, Oceans, and Space Institute, University of New Hampshire June 2013 The Rising Cost of Wildfire Protection June 2013 PUBLISHED ONLINE: http://headwaterseconomics.org/wildfire/fire-costs-background/ ABOUT THIS REPORT Headwaters Economics produced this report to better understand and address why wildfires are becoming more severe and expensive. The report also describes how the protection of homes in the Wildland-Urban Interface has added to these costs and concludes with a brief discussion of solutions that may help control escalating costs. Headwaters Economics is making a long-term commitment to better understanding these issues. For additional resources, see: http://headwaterseconomics.org/wildfire. ABOUT HEADWATERS ECONOMICS Headwaters Economics is an independent, nonprofit research group whose mission is to improve community development and land management decisions in the West. CONTACT INFORMATION Ray Rasker, Ph.D. Executive Director, Headwaters Economics [email protected] 406 570-7044 Ross Gorte, Ph.D.: http://www.eos.unh.edu/Faculty/rosswgorte P.O. Box 7059 Bozeman, MT 59771 http://headwaterseconomics.org Cover image “Firewise” by Monte Dolack used by permission, Monty Dolack Gallery, Missoula Montana. TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................. -
Fire Prevention and Control in Compressor Buildings
THE INGAA FOUNDATION, INC. 10 G Street, NE, Suite 700 • Washington, DC 20002 (202) 216-5900 • FAX (202) 216-0870 • www.ingaa.org Fire Prevention and Control in Compressor Buildings Prepared for The INGAA Foundation, Inc. by: Solomon Associates 13455 Noel Road Suite 1500 Dallas, TX 75240-6634 F-2004-50625 Copyright © 2004 by The INGAA Foundation, Inc. Table of Contents Executive Summary ii Introduction 1 Project Scope and Approach 2 Assumptions and Limitations 3 Project Results 4 Summary 6 Attachment A Master Summary Document A-1 Fire Prevention and Control Survey forDallas Compressor StationsLondon Beijing Shanghai Mexico City i Chennai Solomon Associates #4RL118C Dallas London Beijing Shanghai Mexico City Chennai Executive Summary Solomon Associates (Solomon) is pleased to submit the Fire Prevention and Control Survey for the results obtained from a survey designed to gather information on the fire prevention and control practices of Interstate Natural Gas Association of America (INGAA) membership. Some insurance industry loss control inspectors are recommending or requiring installation of active fire suppression systems in natural gas compressor buildings without due consideration of fire prevention efforts or costs versus benefits. The objective of this INGAA membership survey was to determine the extent to which insurance and risk management companies are requesting natural gas transmission companies to install active fire prevention controls, what types of active and passive controls are being used, and the incidence of fires. Active fire controls include a method of distinguishing the fire after ignition, whereas passive controls are methods to minimize fire risk or alert operators of a fire or fire condition. -
Insight Gaseous Fire Suppression System
Insight Balanced Risk Engineering Solutions Gaseous Fire Suppression System All businesses are reliant on computer technology in order to survive today. What if there was a fire in the main computer room. Would it put you out of business? Would it impact on sales & profits? If the answer is yes then you need to evaluate computer room and other critical area fire protection measures in order to ensure that they are adequate. What are the consequences to business survival and employee security? We are all too aware of businesses which have had fires and have failed to restart. All commercial premises now use computers and other high tech electronic systems in order to record sales, purchases, financial information, control production, allow communication and facilitate email correspondence - the modern way of conducting business. Gaseous fire suppression systems are particularly applicable for high value risks where a minor fire within a critical area could have serious financial repercussions for the business far beyond the cost of physical damage and lost production. System Operation Types of Gaseous Fire Suppression Systems Gaseous fire suppression system activation can be There are two main types of gaseous fire suppression manual, automatic or auto/manual. Gas is discharged systems comprising inert gas and chemical agents. The through a pipe network system and enters the protected main agents that are encountered today include: environment through appropriately designed spray nozzles. • Inergen • Argonite Gaseous fire suppression systems when designed and • FM 200 installed correctly should ensure that high value assets are protected from fire and the effects of fire fighting. -
Separation Distances in NFPA Codes and Standards
Separation Distances in NFPA Codes and Standards Final Report Prepared by: Dr. Ted Argo and Mr. Evan Sandstrom Applied Research Associates, Inc. Rocky Mountain Division 7921 Shaffer Parkway Littleton, CO 80127 © 2014 Fire Protection Research Foundation THE FIRE PROTECTION RESEARCH FOUNDATION ONE BATTERYMARCH PARK QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A. 02169-7471 E-MAIL: [email protected] WEB: www.nfpa.org/Foundation —— Page c —— —— Page ii —— FOREWORD Many NFPA codes and standards, in particular NFPA 400, Hazardous Materials Code, specify separation/clearance distances for hazardous chemical storage and processes from other equipment and occupied buildings. Many of these requirements have historical undocumented origins. Guidance, which may inform a sound technical basis for adjusting these distances, has been requested by NFPA Technical Committees. There are a number of methodologies in the literature, both risk and hazard based, which are used in the chemical safety process safety field that may be relevant to the calculation of these distances. The purpose of this project is to provide guidance to NFPA technical committees on methodologies to develop technically based separation/clearance distances for hazardous chemical storage/processes and their application to the chemical storage and processes. The specific focus of the project is those hazards within the scope of NFPA 400. The Research Foundation expresses gratitude to the report author Dr. Ted Argo and Mr. Evan Sandstrom, who is with Applied Research Associates, Inc located in Littleton, CO. The Research Foundation appreciates the guidance provided by the Project Technical Panelists and all others that contributed to this research effort. Thanks are also expressed to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) for providing the project funding through the NFPA Annual Code Fund. -
Fire Extinguisher Brochure
Common Fire Extinguishers Learn More About Safety: www.urbandale.org - UFD website www.nfpa.org - National Fire Protection Associa- tion (NFPA) www.homefiresprinkler.org - Home Fire Sprinkler F i r e Coalition Extinguisher Left: Class ABC Dry Chemical Extinguisher www.ready.gov - FEMA Emergency Preparedness Information site www.bereadyiowa.org – IA Homeland Security and Emergency Management 3927 121st St. Would you be able to use Urbandale, IA 50323 Phone: (515) 278-3970 one in the event of a fire? Email: [email protected] www.facebook.com/urbandalefiredepartment Above: Class K Extinguisher. This is a wet chemical based extinguisher common in res- taurant kitchens. It is designed for fires in- volving grease and oils from cooking opera- tions. When To Use A Fire Extinguisher Extinguisher Classifications Make sure you are trained on how to Extinguishers are vital as the first line of properly deploy a fire extinguisher. During defense to use during a small fire. There Anatomy Of A Fire a fire is not the time to learn! are several classifications of fire extinguish- Extinguisher: ers depending on the type and size of the Make sure you know what is burning. building in which they may be needed. Be- low is a list of the classifications, which can Make sure the fire is not spreading quickly. be found on the side of the extinguisher: Make sure heat and smoke have not filled the area/room. Make sure you have a clear path of escape. Make sure someone has called 9-1-1. P.A.S.S. Method To operate an extinguisher, remember the word PASS: P—”pull” the pin at the top of the extinguisher that keeps the handle from being depressed. -
Use of Gaseous Suppression Systems in High Air Flow Environments – Phase 1 FINAL REPORT
Use of Gaseous Suppression Systems in High Air Flow Environments – Phase 1 FINAL REPORT PREPARED BY: Eric Forssell Jensen Hughes Baltimore, MD, USA © September 2015 Fire Protection Research Foundation FIRE PROTECTION RESEARCH FOUNDATION ONE BATTERMARCH PARK | QUINCY, MASSACHUSETTS, USA 02169-7471 E-MAIL: [email protected] | WEB: WWW.NFPA.ORG/FOUNDATION — — Page ii — — FOREWORD Information-technology and telecommunications (IT/telecom) facilities provide critical services in today’s world. From a risk standpoint, the indirect impact of fire loss due to business interruption and loss of critical operations, sometimes geographically very distant from the IT/telecom facility itself, can far outweigh the direct property loss. In the past few years, there have been dramatic changes in the equipment housed in these facilities, which have placed increased demands on HVAC systems. As a result, engineered-airflow containment solutions are being introduced to enhance heat extraction and increase energy efficiency. From the perspective of fire-suppression system design, the use of airflow containment systems creates areas of high-air velocities within an increasingly obstructed equipment space, which could affect the effectiveness of transport of suppression agents throughout the protected volume. Requirements related to use of gaseous-agent fire extinguishing systems in IT/telecom facilities are directly addressed by NFPA 75, Standard for the Fire Protection of Information Technology Equipment, and NFPA 76, Standard for the Fire Protection of Telecommunications Facilities. NFPA 75, 2013 edition, addresses these issues related to gaseous agent systems in several places. 5.6.7 Where aisle containment systems are installed, the existing suppression and detection systems shall be evaluated, modified, and tested as necessary to maintain compliance with the applicable codes and standards. -
OSHA Fact Sheet: Fire Safety in the Workplace
FactSheet Fire Safety Employers should train workers about fire hazards in the workplace and about what to do in a fire emergency. If you want your workers to evacuate, you should train them on evacuation procedures. If you expect your workers to use fire fighting equipment, you should provide the appropriate equipment and train workers to use it safely. (See Title 29 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Part 1910 Subparts E and L; and Part 1926 Subparts C and F.) What actions should employers • Grain Handling – 1910.272 take to help ensure safe evacuations • Ethylene Oxide – 1910.1047 of buildings? • Methylenedianiline – 1910.1050 Every workplace must have enough exits • 1,3 Butadiene – 1910.1051 suitably located to enable everyone to get out of the facility quickly. Considerations include the type of structure, the number of persons When required, employers must exposed, the fire protection available, the type develop an emergency action plan that: of industry involved, and the height and type • Describes the routes for workers to use and of construction of the building or structure. procedures to follow. In addition, exit doors must not be blocked or • Accounts for all evacuated employees. locked when employees are inside. Delayed • Remains available for employee review. opening of exit doors, however, is permitted • Includes procedures for evacuating when an approved alarm system is integrated disabled employees. into the exit door design. Exit routes from • Addresses evacuation of employees who stay buildings must be free of obstructions and behind to shut down critical plant equipment. properly marked with exit signs. See 29 CFR Part • Includes preferred means of alerting 1910.36 for details about these requirements. -
Overview of the Legal Design Basis for Passive Fire Protection in Korea and the Direction of Further Development
Article Overview of the Legal Design Basis for Passive Fire Protection in Korea and the Direction of Further Development Jae-Young Choi and Sang-Hoon Byeon * Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-3290-5693 Abstract: The design of passive fire protection is applied to minimize the domino effect when a liquid pool fire occurs due to the facilities inside a process plant. In general, the design of passive fire protection has been applied using the API RP 2218 guideline as the basis regardless of the country or owner of the process plant. However, in Korea, legal regulations dictate that explosive areas should be regarded as fireproofing zones rather than following the API RP 2218 guideline. Because liquid pool fires and explosive gas atmospheres are different concepts, it is wrong from an engineering perspective to regard them as the same. Therefore, when a liquid pool fire occurs in a process plant in Korea, it may be more dangerous than in any other countries. In this study, we investigated three categories of fire risk. Korean safety regulations for the design of passive fire protection and others that are not reasonable from an engineering perspective need to be studied and revised. Specifically, Korea needs to revise the design basis of passive fire protection based on the API RP 2218 guideline as a legal standard in accordance with global trends. Keywords: passive fire protection; fireproofing; API RP 2218; hazardous area classification; loss pre- vention Citation: Choi, J.-Y.; Byeon, S.-H.