DOCSLIB.ORG

Dissertation

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dissertation University of Veterinary Medicine Doctoral School of Veterinary Science Phylogeography and population genetics of white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) in the Carpathian Basin Ph.D. dissertation Edina Nemesházi 2017 University of Veterinary Medcine Doctoral School of Veterinary Science Budapest, Hungary 2017 Supervisor: .................................................... Dr. Szilvia Kövér, Ph.D. Department of Ecology University of Veterinary Medicine Supervisor Number of copies: 8. The serial number of the present copy is ___ . .................................................... Edina Nemesházi 2 Table of contents Abbreviations ................................................................................................................. 6 Definitions ...................................................................................................................... 7 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 9 General introduction .....................................................................................................11 Sampling issues .....................................................................................................12 Population trends of white-tailed eagles in Europe .................................................13 Ecology of the white-tailed eagle ...........................................................................14 Aims of the dissertation ..........................................................................................16 I. Assessing reliability of a non-invasive DNA sampling method for resident white-tailed eagles ...............................................................................................17 I.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................17 I.2. Materials and methods .....................................................................................18 Addressing residents ............................................................................20 Age estimation from moulted feathers ..................................................20 I.3. Results .............................................................................................................21 Addressing residents ............................................................................21 Age estimation from moulted feathers ..................................................23 I.4. Discussion .......................................................................................................24 II. Natural and anthropogenic influences on the population structure of white- tailed eagles in the Carpathian Basin and central Europe ................................27 II.1. Introduction .....................................................................................................27 II.2. Materials and methods ....................................................................................29 Sampling and DNA extraction ...............................................................29 Microsatellite analyses of the European populations ............................30 Mitochondrial analyses in the Carpathian Basin population ..................33 Origin of the recolonized populations ....................................................33 3 II.3. Results ............................................................................................................34 Microsatellite analyses of the European populations ............................34 Mitochondrial analyses in the Carpathian Basin population ..................38 Origin of the recolonized populations ....................................................39 II.4. Discussion ......................................................................................................42 III. The effects of genetic relatedness on mate choice and territorial intrusions in a monogamous raptor .........................................................................................46 III.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................46 III.2. Materials and methods ...................................................................................48 Study area and sample collection .........................................................48 Individual identification..........................................................................49 Relatedness and mate choice...............................................................51 Nest site intrusions ...............................................................................51 III.3. Results ...........................................................................................................53 Individual identification..........................................................................53 Relatedness and mate choice...............................................................55 Nest site intrusions ...............................................................................56 III.4. Discussion .....................................................................................................58 IV. Genetic structure confirms female-biased natal dispersal in the white-tailed eagle population of the Carpathian Basin ..........................................................63 IV.1. Introduction ....................................................................................................63 IV.2. Materials and methods ..................................................................................64 IV.3. Results ..........................................................................................................67 IV.4. Discussion .....................................................................................................70 General conclusions and looking ahead .....................................................................73 Relevance for practical conservation biology .........................................................74 Relevance for veterinary science ...........................................................................74 Results new to science.................................................................................................76 References ....................................................................................................................77 4 The author’s publications ............................................................................................89 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................92 Appendices ...................................................................................................................94 AI: appendix for section I ......................................................................95 AII: appendix for section II ....................................................................97 AIII: appendix for section III ................................................................ 107 5 Abbreviations AMOVA analysis of molecular variance AR allelic richness CI confidence interval DDT dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane DNA deoxyribonucleic acid dNTP deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate FST fixation index h number of haplotypes hd haplotype diversity HE expected heterozygosity HO observed heterozygosity HWE Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium LD linkage disequilibrium LRr Lynch-Ritland relatedness MLr maximum likelihood relatedness ms microsatellite mt-hvr1 mitochondrial control DNA region hypervariable region 1 NDD natal dispersal distance PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls PID probability of identity WTE white-tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) π nucleotide diversity 6 Definitions Active nest This term is used here for WTE nests where visual signs of reparation or breeding attempt were observed in the year of sampling (e.g. Oehme 2003). Also referred to as ‘occupied nest’. Breeding dispersal Movements between an individual’s subsequent breeding territories. Floater Vagrant individual that owns no territory. Floaters are usually juveniles and have fundamental importance as future members of the breeding population. Genetic A species is assumed as genetically monogamous, if great majority of the monogamy offspring are fathered by the social mate of their mother. Note, that this term is different from social monogamy, which refers to persistence of social mating pairs, but does not consider the occurrence of extra-pair paternity. Haplotype Here this term refers to a cluster of single nucleotide polymorphisms inherited together. Hardy-Weinberg A population is at HWE, if mating is random, and neither mutation, nor se- equilibrium lection, nor drift, nor migration changes genotype frequencies. Then allele and genotype frequencies remain constant through generations. When concentrating on a given DNA locus, the diploid genotype frequencies can be calculated by the Hardy-Weinberg equation. Heterozigosity Refers to the proportion of heterozygotes at a given locus in a population (i.e. diploid individuals carrying two different alleles on their corresponding maternal and paternal chromosomes). Intruder Any individual attending at a territory, if it is not a member of the resident pair and is not the pair’s offspring from the same year. (Accordingly, an offspring of the breeding pair that hatched earlier and returned to the natal territory is also considered as
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cyprus at Christmas
    Cyprus at Christmas Naturetrek Tour Report 20 - 27 December 2019 Eastern Strawberry Tree Greater Sand Plover Snake-eyed Lizard True Cyprus Tarantula Report by Duncan McNiven Photos by Debbie Pain Naturetrek Mingledown Barn Wolf's Lane Chawton Alton Hampshire GU34 3HJ UK T: +44 (0)1962 733051 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk Tour Report Cyprus at Christmas Tour participants: Yiannis Christofides & Duncan McNiven (leaders), Debbie Pain (co-leader) and Theodoros Theodorou (Doros, driver) with a group of 16 Naturetrek clients Day 1 Friday 20th December Gatwick - Mandria Beach – Paphos Sewage Works - Paphos The bulk of our group of ‘Christmas refugees’ took the early morning flight from Gatwick to Paphos where we met up with our local guide Yannis and driver Doros, as well as the remaining guests who had arrived separately. At the airport we boarded our bus and drove the short distance to Mandria beach. Although it was already late afternoon in Cyprus, here we had a chance to stretch our legs, get some fresh air, feel the warmth of the Mediterranean sun and begin to explore the nature of Cyprus in winter. Amongst the coastal scrub at the back of the beach we noted some familiar Painted Lady butterflies and a flock of lovely Greenfinches that positively glowed in the low winter sun. The scrub was full of Stonechats and noisy Sardinian Warblers, a chattering call that would form the backdrop to our trip wherever we went. A Zitting Cisticola popped up briefly but our attention was drawn to the recently ploughed fields beyond the scrub.
    [Show full text]
  • Egg Recognition in Cinereous Tits (Parus Cinereus): Eggshell Spots Matter Jianping Liu1 , Canchao Yang1 , Jiangping Yu2,3 , Haitao Wang2,4 and Wei Liang1*
    Liu et al. Avian Res (2019) 10:37 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40657-019-0178-1 Avian Research RESEARCH Open Access Egg recognition in Cinereous Tits (Parus cinereus): eggshell spots matter Jianping Liu1 , Canchao Yang1 , Jiangping Yu2,3 , Haitao Wang2,4 and Wei Liang1* Abstract Background: Brood parasitic birds such as cuckoos (Cuculus spp.) can reduce their host’s reproductive success. Such selection pressure on the hosts has driven the evolution of defense behaviors such as egg rejection against cuckoo parasitism. Studies have shown that Cinereous Tits (Parus cinereus) in China have a good ability for recognizing foreign eggs. However, it is unclear whether egg spots play a role in egg recognition. The aims of our study were to inves- tigate the egg recognition ability of two Cinereous Tit populations in China and to explore the role of spots in egg recognition. Methods: To test the efect of eggshell spots on egg recognition, pure white eggs of the White-rumped Munia (Lon- chura striata) and eggs of White-rumped Munia painted with red brown spots were used to simulate experimental parasitism. Results: Egg experiments showed that Cinereous Tits rejected 51.5% of pure white eggs of the White-rumped Munia, but only 14.3% of spotted eggs of the White-rumped Munia. There was a signifcant diference in egg recognition and rejection rate between the two egg types. Conclusions: We conclude that eggshell spots on Cinereous Tit eggs had a signaling function and may be essential to tits for recognizing and rejecting parasitic eggs. Keywords: Brood parasitism, Egg recognition, Egg rejection, Eggshell spots, Parus cinereus Background egg rejection by hosts, many parasitic birds evolve coun- Te mutual adaptations and counter-defense strategies ter-adaptations to overcome the hosts’ defenses by laying between brood parasitic birds such as cuckoos (Cuculus mimicking (Brooke and Davies 1988; Avilés et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Blythe Valley Ringing Report 2018
    BLYTHE VALLEY RINGING REPORT 2018 Welcome to the 7th year of bird ringing at Blythe Valley, organised by Redditch Ringing Group (RRG), on behalf of the West Midlands Bird Club (WMBC)and British Trust for Ornithology (BTO). All ringing is undertaken by trained volunteers, usually at weekends and weather permitting. Birds are caught throughout the year using mist nets and, during the breeding season, by monitoring a number of nestboxes on site. Mute Swans Ringing sites 2018 Figure 1. Map of Blythe Valley ringing sites Ringing during 2018 was limited by the ongoing works on site, and of access to certain areas, and no ringing was undertaken in Hawkeshaw area. Weekday ringing was almost impossible during the second half of the year. Most areas endured a great deal of disturbance, making it very difficult to ring. Notwithstanding this, combined with usual limitations of the weather, we still managed a total of 22 visits during the year (including nestboxes), many of which were with a smaller team, due to aforementioned issues. Humphrey, and his team from WMBC, once again ably monitored and recorded all nest- box activity during the Spring, and almost all pulli were ringed prior to fledging. Figure 2. All birds captured by calendar month Ringing data was gathered by RRG over a total of 22 visits and 182 volunteer hours during 2018 (not including WMBC efforts), and saw 28 species caught - 769 birds (see Fig 3), 346 new, 141 pulli and 282 re-traps (birds previously ringed by RRG). One Bullfinch, previously ringed at Blythe on 24th August 2016, was reported, found dead locally (see below) by a member of the public.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 85, No. 74/Thursday, April 16, 2020/Notices
    21262 Federal Register / Vol. 85, No. 74 / Thursday, April 16, 2020 / Notices acquisition were not included in the 5275 Leesburg Pike, Falls Church, VA Comment (1): We received one calculation for TDC, the TDC limit would not 22041–3803; (703) 358–2376. comment from the Western Energy have exceeded amongst other items. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Alliance, which requested that we Contact: Robert E. Mulderig, Deputy include European starling (Sturnus Assistant Secretary, Office of Public Housing What is the purpose of this notice? vulgaris) and house sparrow (Passer Investments, Office of Public and Indian Housing, Department of Housing and Urban The purpose of this notice is to domesticus) on the list of bird species Development, 451 Seventh Street SW, Room provide the public an updated list of not protected by the MBTA. 4130, Washington, DC 20410, telephone (202) ‘‘all nonnative, human-introduced bird Response: The draft list of nonnative, 402–4780. species to which the Migratory Bird human-introduced species was [FR Doc. 2020–08052 Filed 4–15–20; 8:45 am]‘ Treaty Act (16 U.S.C. 703 et seq.) does restricted to species belonging to biological families of migratory birds BILLING CODE 4210–67–P not apply,’’ as described in the MBTRA of 2004 (Division E, Title I, Sec. 143 of covered under any of the migratory bird the Consolidated Appropriations Act, treaties with Great Britain (for Canada), Mexico, Russia, or Japan. We excluded DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 2005; Pub. L. 108–447). The MBTRA states that ‘‘[a]s necessary, the Secretary species not occurring in biological Fish and Wildlife Service may update and publish the list of families included in the treaties from species exempted from protection of the the draft list.
    [Show full text]
  • Great Tits (Parus Major) Foraging for Caterpillars Contribute to Biological Control in Apple Orchards
    Great tits (Parus major) foraging for caterpillars contribute to biological control in apple orchards Mols, Christine Michaela Maria Great tits (Parus major) foraging for caterpillars contribute to biological control in apple orchards/ Mols, Christine Michaela Maria .- Utrecht: Universiteit van Utrecht, Faculteit Biologie. Thesis Utrecht University. – with ref.- with a summary in Dutch. ISBN 90-393-3273-8 © 2003 C.M.M. Mols Keywords: biological pest control / apple orchards / caterpillars / birds / Parus major / damage reduction Printed by Ponsen & Looijen BV, Wageningen, The Netherlands Great tits (Parus major) foraging for caterpillars contribute to biological control in apple orchards Koolmezen dragen bij aan biologische bestrijding van rupsen in appelboomgaarden (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Utrecht op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Prof. Dr. W.H. Gispen, ingevolge het besluit van het College van Promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 24 februari 2003 des middags te 16:15 uur door Christine Michaela Maria Mols geboren op 15 april 1971 te Tilburg Promotor: Prof. dr. A.J. van Noordwijk Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie (KNAW), Heteren Faculteit Biologie, Universiteit Utrecht Copromotor: Dr. M.E. Visser Nederlands Instituut voor Ecologie (KNAW), Heteren The research presented in this thesis was carried out at the centre of Terrestrial Ecology of the Netherlands Instituut of Ecology (KNAW), Heteren in cooperation with Plant Research International,
    [Show full text]
  • The Birds of Brandenburg & Berlin
    The Birds of Brandenburg & Berlin Naturetrek Tour Report 12 – 16 October 2015 Report compiled by Gerald Broddelez Naturetrek Mingledown Barn Wolf's Lane Chawton Alton Hampshire GU34 3HJ UK T: +44 (0)1962 733051 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk The Birds of Brandenburg & Berlin Tour Report Tour participants: Gerald Broddelez & Simon Tonkin (leaders) with a group of Naturetrek clients Introduction Brandenburg might not sound like a birdwatcher’s paradise but this area of Germany offers surprisingly good birding. It is a great place to combine a city trip to Berlin with a birding excursion to the Brandenburg-Havelland area. This ornithologically ‘undiscovered’ area of old East Germany is a fantastic place in early spring and autumn when geese and cranes are very numerous as they stop on migration. The terrain is mainly flat but very varied. Wetlands abound with hundreds of lakes, large rivers, polders, marshes and reed-fringed fish ponds interspersed with meadows and forests. This short autumn visit coincided with the time when Common Crane numbers peak, geese are at their maximum, and when Great Bustard and raptors such as White-tailed Eagle, Rough-legged Buzzard are most easily seen. The woodlands are generally quiet at this time of year, but we still managed to see a nice selection of birds that included Crested Tit, Short-toed Treecreeper and Black Woodpecker. Day 1 Monday 12th October Berlin – Semlin Everybody arrived on time and after collecting our rental vehicles we were on our way to Brandenburg and Semlin, our base for the next four nights.
    [Show full text]
  • Metabolic Response to Temperature Variation in the Great Tit: An
    Journal of Animal Blackwell Publishing, Ltd. Ecology 2004 Metabolic response to temperature variation in 73, 967–972 the great tit: an interpopulation comparison JULI BROGGI*, MARKKU ORELL*, ESA HOHTOLA* and JAN–ÅKE NILSSON† *Department of Biology, University of Oulu, PO Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; and †Department of Ecology, Animal Ecology, University of Lund, S-22362 Lund, Sweden Summary 1. We studied the resting metabolic rate (MR) from two great tit Parus major (Linnaeus) populations living in different winter regimes. Birds from the two different localities were exposed individually to +25 °C, 0 °C and −10 °C for the night in three consecutive sessions in random order. 2. Birds from Lund (Sweden) had a lower basal MR, as measured at thermoneutrality (+25 °C), than had birds from Oulu (Finland). Nevertheless, below thermoneutrality, birds from Oulu spent relatively more energy, especially at −10 °C. 3. Although the energy needed for thermoregulation decreased with increasing basal MR this relation is at a higher metabolic cost for birds in Oulu than for birds in Lund. 4. The higher basal MR in Oulu is probably a consequence of a higher maximal MR needed in the severe cold. Further, the observed MRs below thermoneutrality are lower than expected from published data. This suggests that all birds were probably hypothermic at −10 °C, particularly Lund birds, and that the use of controlled hypo- thermia in great tits may be more common than thought previously. Great tits seem to rely primarily on metabolic adjustment to cope with the harsh climatic conditions in the northernmost parts of its distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • A Survey of the Autumn 2009 and Spring 2010 Bird Migrations at Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China JOHN D
    FORKTAIL 32 (2016): 14–25 A survey of the autumn 2009 and spring 2010 bird migrations at Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China JOHN D. FARRINGTON Between July 2009 and May 2010 an extensive ornithological survey was carried out at Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China, in the city wetland complex focused on the Lhalu Wetland National Nature Reserve and the adjacent Lhalu and Lhasa rivers wetland complex. Counts were made along a series of transects on a weekly basis, generally consisting of two full field days each week. During the survey 113 avian species were seen, with arrival and departure dates of most migratory species being determined: 21 species were summer visitors, 22 winter visitors, 22 passage migrants, 12 altitudinal migrants, 3 vagrants, 1 probable escapee and 32 residents. Autumn migration began in early September, continued until late December and was of particular interest for shorebird passage. Spring migration began in mid-February and was ongoing in May when the survey was concluded; it was of particular interest for passage waterfowl. A review of, and comparison with, historical records was made and a number of species that have undergone significant declines since the 1940s have been identified. Sightings of Baikal Teal Sibirionetta formosa, Little Egret Egretta garzetta, Lesser Grey Shrike Lanius minor, Rufous-vented Tit Periparus rubidiventris and Red-throated Pipit Anthus cervinus are believed to be the first in the Lhasa city area. The Lhalu Wetland National Nature Reserve and the adjacent Lhalu River and Lhasa River wetland complex appear to qualify for designation as a Ramsar Wetland of International Importance under Criterion 6 based on their Ruddy Shelduck Tadorna ferruginea population.
    [Show full text]
  • 394 Great Tit
    Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze Laboratorio Virtual Ibercaja 394 Great Tit AGEING 3 types of age can be recognized: Juvenile with very dull yellow and black co- lours; yellowish cheek patch without complete black border along lower edge. 1st year autumn/2nd year spring with moult limit between moulted greater coverts, with bluish edges, and grey juvenile primary co- verts; some birds with moult limit between tertials or between tertials and secondaries. Adult with all wing feathers with bluish ed- ges. Great Tit. Adult. Male (06-I). Great Tit. GREAT TIT (Parus major ) Extent of postjuve- IDENTIFICATION n i l e 12-14 cm. Black head and throat, with a white moult. patch on cheek and nape; yellow underparts, with a black band; greenish upperparts and wings with one pale bar. SIMILAR SPECIES PHENOLOGY Recalls a Coal Tit which is smaller, lacks a black band on breast, has greyish upperparts I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII and two white bars on wing. STATUS IN ARAGON Resident. Widely distributed throughout the Region, absent only from the highest areas of the Pyrenees and the most deforested zones of the Ebro Basin. Coal Tit SEXING Male with deep black on head and throat; broad black band on breast and belly. Female with dull black on head and throat; narrow black band on breast and belly. Juveniles can- not be sexed using plumage characters. MOULT Complete postbreeding moult, usually finis- hed in October. Partial postjuvenile moult in- cluding body feathers, lesser and median co- Great Tit. Adult.
    [Show full text]
  • Southern Cyprus
    Southern Cyprus th th 24 – 30 March 2019 www.western-isles-wildlife.co.uk Summary: This was the first time all 3 of us had been to Cyprus and I think I speak for everyone when I say what a superb place it is to witness bird migration. Our base at Mandria was nicely positioned in a quiet area and close to good birding habitat along the coastal fields which were alive with hundreds of Yellow Wagtails of various races. These superb birds must have been passing in the thousands as they made a dazzling back-drop to many locations throughout the week where they often carpeted the fields and any damp areas. There were certainly more water than normal as Cyprus had experienced a wet winter and the slightly unsettled nature of the weather continued into the early spring. It was pleasantly warm throughout the week but we did have one or two thunderstorms and breezy spells which undoubtedly worked in our favour as masses of warblers could be found. Lesser Whitethroats were all over the place and hordes of these dainty warblers were seen along the coast and especially at Paphos Headland. Amongst these were a nice variety of other species with Eastern Subapline providing a dash of colour and Ruppell’s Warblers a touch of class. I was hoping we might see one or two Ruppell’s Warblers but in fact we must have seen around 40 during the week and we came across them in many sites. Eastern Orphean Warblers started showing up towards the end of the week whilst the endemic Cyprus Warbler gave us the run-around for a while.
    [Show full text]
  • Winter Japan: Cranes & Sea Eagles 2019
    Field Guides Tour Report Winter Japan: Cranes & Sea Eagles 2019 Jan 25, 2019 to Feb 9, 2019 Phil Gregory & Jun Matsui For our tour description, itinerary, past triplists, dates, fees, and more, please VISIT OUR TOUR PAGE. Steller's Sea-Eagle is classified as Vulnerable, although this individual, striding along like an enraged samurai, looks anything but!! This magnificent bird is always a highlight of the tour, and we were very pleased to see about 150 of them at Rausu. Photo by participant Becky Hansen. This was my fifteenth winter Japan trip, though beset by some weather issues with heavy snow at the snow monkeys, then rain on Kyushu and high winds on Hokkaido which cost us a day there when we were unable to land. Finally, we had some worries about snow at Haneda on departure day, which thankfully did not impact us much; let's hope for more settled conditions in 2020. We began as usual at Narita, where a Brown-headed Thrush was at Tokko creek not far from the hotel; it was the only one we saw. The striking Japanese Wagtail made its first appearance, but there was no sign of the Falcated Duck and Meadow and Black-faced Buntings I’d seen the previous day, though a flyover Goshawk was a good find. Karuizawa was not very snowy, so there were no ice hazards this time. Our initial afternoon trip to Saku gave us our first Smew, plus fantastic close Baikal Teal and a single drake Falcated Duck as we were leaving, plus easy Long-billed Plover, though duck numbers were low due to the icy conditions there.
    [Show full text]
  • Impacts of Grey Squirrels on Woodland Birds: an Important Predator of Eggs and Young?
    BTO Research Report No. 328 Impacts of Grey Squirrels on Woodland Birds: An Important Predator of Eggs and Young? Authors C.M. Hewson & R.J. Fuller A report by the British Trust for Ornithology June 2003 © British Trust for Ornithology and Woodland Heritage British Trust for Ornithology, The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU Registered Charity No. 216652 British Trust for Ornithology Impacts of Grey Squirrels on Woodland Birds: An Important Predator of Eggs and Young? BTO Research Report No. 328 C.M. Hewson & R.J. Fuller Published in June 2003 by the British Trust for Ornithology The Nunnery, Thetford, Norfolk, IP24 2PU, UK Copyright © British Trust for Ornithology and Woodland Heritage 2003 ISBN 1-902576-70-5 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. LIST OF CONTENTS Page No. Summary................................................................................................................................................3 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................5 2. NEST PREDATION BY SQUIRRELS – A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE..............7 3. NEST PREDATION BY GREY SQUIRRELS – ANECDOTAL AND CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE ........................................................................................9 4. FACTORS INFLUENCING VARIATION
    [Show full text]