1

IN THE MATTER OF THE JOINT REVIEW PANEL ("JOINT PANEL")

ESTABLISHED TO REVIEW THE SITE C CLEAN ENERGY PROJECT

("PROJECT") PROPOSED BY BRITISH COLUMBIA HYDRO

AND POWER AUTHORITY ("BC HYDRO")

CANADA ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AGENCY

AND

BRITISH COLUMBIA ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OFFICE

______

PROCEEDINGS AT HEARING

Topic-Specific Session

Aquatic Environment

January 13, 2014

Volume 19

Pages 1 to 376

______

C o p y

______

Held at:

Pomeroy Hotel - Scott Pomeroy Ballroom

11308 Alaska Road

Fort St. John, British Columbia

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APPEARANCES

JOINT REVIEW PANEL:

Dr. Harry Swain - Chairman Ms. Jocelyne Beaudet Mr. Jim Mattison

Brian Wallace, Esq. (Legal Counsel)

THE SECRETARIAT:

Courtney Trevis (panel Co-Manager) Brian Murphy (panel Co-Manager)

PARTICIPANTS:

Craig Godsoe, Esq., BC Hydro (Legal Counsel) Peter Feldberg, Esq., BC Hydro (Legal Counsel) Ms. Bridget Gilbride, BC Hydro (Legal Counsel)

REALTIME COURT REPORTING:

Mainland Reporting Services, Inc.

Nancy Nielsen, RPR, CSR(A), RCR Steve Lee, OCR

AUDIO/SOUND SYSTEM:

AVW-TELAV Audio Visual Solutions

Alex Barbour. Technical Services Representative.

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INDEX OF PROCEEDINGS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

Opening remarks by the Chairman: 7

Presentation by Ministry of Forests, 14 Lands and Natural Resources Operation by Mr. Glen Davidson:

BC Hydro panel: 32

Mike Porter. John Nunn. Tim Little. Al Strang. Amy Pryse-Phillips. Renata Kurschner.

Opening remarks by BC Hydro: 32

Presentation of BC Hydro on dam safety 34 and seismicity, by Mr. Little and Mr. Nunn:

Presentation by Mr. Tim Little: 54

Natural Resources Canada panel: 92

Jessica Coulson. John Cassidy. Peter Bobrowsky.

Presentation by Jessica Coulson: 93

Presentation by Dr. Peter Bobrowsky: 113

(Continuing on next page)

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BC Hydro Panel: 150

Kevin Neary. Pascale Mera. Bettina Sander. Celesa Horvath. Steve Nicol. Russ Tyson. David Marmorek. Richard Inglis. Peter Evans. Trevor Proverbs. Siobhan Jackson. Brent Mossop. Adam Lewis. Gary Ash.

Presentation by BC Hydro, Aquatic 150 Environment:

Transport Canada Panel: 182

Paula Doucette. Colin Parkinson.

Presentation by Paula Doucette, 182 Transport Canada:

Presentation by Colin Parkinson, 187 Transport Canada:

Department of Fisheries and Oceans 228 Panel:

Brad Fanos Brian Naito Alston Bonamis Dan Sneep Dr. Mike Bradford Dr. Dan Selbie

Opening statement by Department of 229 Fisheries and Oceans:

Environment Canada Panel: 262

Jennifer Tennant. Daniel Peters.

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Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural 276 Resource Operations Panel:

Angela Davies (legal counsel) Chris Addison Nick Baccante

Presentation by Chief Roland Willson, 319 West Moberly First Nations:

Presentation by Greg McKinnon: 331

Closing remarks by BC Hydro: 362

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INDEX OF UNDERTAKINGS

DESCRIPTION PAGE NO.

UNDERTAKING 52: Provide the river 224 profile of the Peace river from the Site-C dam site to the Alberta border.

UNDERTAKING 53: Would DFO endorse the 254 number of 1 000 recruits per spawner for arctic grayling in the modeling for the impacts on arctic grayling.

UNDERTAKING 54: Provide the Panel with 265 the origin or source of the mercury deposited in the Site-C area and inform the Panel whether there is anything in the Site C project which enhances sources, mobilizes mercury that wouldn't otherwise be mobilized or accelerates bioaccumulation.

UNDERTAKING 55: NRCAN and Environment 273 Canada to advise what change in pH is expected following the creation of the reservoir and inundation of the shales and advise if the change of pH could be significant in biological terms.

UNDERTAKING 56: Provide the results of 318 the mercury study of Crooked River

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1 Monday, January 13, 2014

2 Pomeroy Hotel - Scott Pomeroy Ballroom

3 Fort St. John, British Columbia

4

5 Topic-Specific Session:

6 Aquatic Environment

7

8 (Proceedings commenced at 9:00 a.m.)

9

10 Opening remarks by the Chairman:

11 THE CHAIRMAN: Good morning, everybody.

12 Welcome to the aquatic hearing session in

13 regard to BC Hydro Site C project, which is

14 proposed to be built about 7 kilometres away from

15 here.

16 Thank you all for coming today to this

17 meeting in Treaty 8 territory, which we acknowledge

18 with gratitude.

19 My name is Harry Swain, and to my left is

20 James Mattison and my right is Jocelyne Beaudet, my

21 colleagues on the panel.

22 The Secretariat staff who have name tags on

23 will be able to assist you with questions that you

24 might have.

25 We have as well a court reporter and

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1 audio-visual technicians.

2 The purpose of the hearing is to allow the

3 panel to receive information from interested

4 parties and the general public on the general

5 effects of the proposal by BC Hydro to construct

6 and operate a large earthfill dam, powerhouse,

7 transmission line, and ancillary works.

8 The hearing is also designed to provide

9 opportunities for Hydro to explain the proposed

10 project and respond to concerns and questions

11 raised by others.

12 This hearing session is designed for the

13 panel to receive information from interested

14 parties and BC Hydro on potential effects related

15 to the aquatic environment and corresponding

16 mitigation.

17 We are an independent panel. We are not part

18 of the Government of Canada or the Government of

19 BC. We are appointed by the two governments for a

20 short time to conduct an assessment of and to

21 provide conclusions on the environmental, economic,

22 social, health, and heritage effects of the project

23 in a manner consistent with the requirements of the

24 Canadian Environmental Assessment Act 2012 and the

25 BC Environmental Assessment Act.

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1 We are also required to provide

2 recommendations about mitigation measures and

3 follow-up programs for the management of these

4 effects should the project proceed.

5 And we must also include a summary of

6 information received at this hearing that may help

7 the governments to determine the justifiability of

8 the project, mitigation measures included, should

9 it proceed.

10 In addition to receiving information on the

11 effects of the project, the panel will receive

12 information regarding the manner in which the

13 project may adversely affect asserted or

14 established Aboriginal Rights and Treaty Rights as

15 well as information regarding the location, extent,

16 and exercise of those Charter rights that may be

17 affected by the project.

18 We can make recommendations which, if

19 implemented, would avoid or mitigate potential

20 adverse effects of the project on those rights.

21 However, the panel cannot make any determination on

22 the nature, scope, and strength of asserted

23 Aboriginal Rights or the scope of the Crown's duty

24 to consult, or whether the Crown has met its duty

25 to consult and accommodate. The panel also cannot

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1 make a determination on Treaty interpretation or

2 whether elements of the project infringe on Treaty

3 Number 8.

4 After the hearings, we will prepare our

5 report for the Federal Minister of the Environment

6 and the Executive Director of the BC Environmental

7 Assessment Office. This report will be submitted

8 within 90 days of the close of the hearing and will

9 be made available to the public by the governments,

10 not by us.

11 Your participation and involvement is very

12 important to us and we trust it is helpful to both

13 Hydro and other participants. We recognize that

14 the conclusions and recommendations that we will

15 provide to the Federal and Provincial Governments

16 on this matter may have an impact on Fort St. John

17 and surrounding communities.

18 I want to assure you that we take this

19 responsibility very seriously and ask everybody

20 here to do the same.

21 When you speak to us, you are not required to

22 give evidence under oath and you are certainly not

23 required to have a lawyer. But everyone is

24 expected to speak honestly and to give us good

25 information.

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1 Our duty is to remain independent and

2 impartial. And, as a result, we cannot engage in

3 private discussion on these matters with anyone

4 involved in these proceedings.

5 We do apologize if we appear detached or

6 unapproachable, so we just need to ensure that our

7 behaviour does not give anyone any reason to be

8 concerned concerning our impartiality.

9 If you have any questions about the project

10 or the process, please see a member of the

11 Secretariat.

12 All documents filed in this proceeding must

13 be placed on the public record unless otherwise

14 ordered by the panel as a result of a formal

15 request for confidentiality. Our strong preference

16 is to avoid accepting information that can't be

17 shared.

18 You should also note that transcripts are

19 being produced by our court reporter. For that

20 reason, it is essential that you use the

21 microphones when speaking and speak reasonably

22 slowly. Transcripts of testimony will generally be

23 available on the website the next day. When you do

24 come forward to speak, please identify yourself and

25 spell your last name for the court reporter.

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1 I remind you to direct questions or comments

2 to me as the panel Chair. All questions should be

3 concise and framed to seek points of clarification

4 and should not be used to make a point by the

5 questioner. I will then direct them to the

6 appropriate person or group for a response.

7 And please remember that you are presenting

8 your material to us, the panel. It's really

9 important that we're able to hear you and see you

10 clearly.

11 I also remind you, as has been the case for

12 the last several decades, to turn off your cell

13 phones.

14 Filming and photography is allowed, but

15 please, not the use of flash or flood lights.

16 We will go through the list of presenters

17 that have pre-registered for the session, and then

18 time permitting hear from others. Remember that if

19 time runs out on us, you can always submit written

20 material any time until the close of the public

21 record, February 3rd, which will be read and

22 considered by the panel and will be posted on the

23 Registry.

24 Once we've heard from all the participants,

25 we'll provide an opportunity for BC Hydro to

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1 respond to the session as a whole.

2 One procedural matter I'd like to deal with

3 before we carry on. Is counsel for the Saulteau

4 First Nation here, Mr. McCormick?

5 Well, all right. He's in the back?

6 Mr. McCormick, we have a very late submission

7 from Saulteau regarding fisheries and aquatic

8 matters and so on. It was to be in before

9 Christmas. It was dated, in fact, a week before

10 Christmas. It was received by the panel on Friday.

11 We have not had a chance to read it, nor has Hydro,

12 nor has any other First Nation participant. This

13 is not good behaviour. We will, however, allow the

14 material to be entered on condition that you have

15 the author of the report available for questions

16 either in person or by telephone on January 21st.

17 Is that acceptable?

18 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Good morning, Jesse

19 McCormick, legal counsel to Saulteau First Nations.

20 I thank the panel for considering our request

21 and for offering to grant the submission of the

22 document on those terms.

23 I expect that that can be accommodated. I

24 will need to confer with the two authors of the

25 document to confirm their availability. They will

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1 be available on the phone this afternoon.

2 I will also note that filed --

3 THE CHAIRMAN: This afternoon is not helpful

4 because nobody's had a chance to go through the

5 material.

6 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: No, certainly, Mr. Chair.

7 And the reason I note they're on the phone

8 this afternoon is that I will then have an

9 opportunity to confer with them and to confirm

10 their availability for -- I'm sorry, was it the

11 21st or the 23rd?

12 THE CHAIRMAN: Did I -- yes, 21st.

13 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: I appreciate it. Thank you

14 very much. We will follow up shortly.

15 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you very much.

16 This morning, prior to Hydro's usual Opening

17 Statement, that statement will be preceded by a

18 presentation by British Columbia on dam safety, and

19 I believe it's to be by Mr. Glen Davidson.

20 Is he here? Please come forward, sir. Yeah.

21

22 Presentation by Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural

23 Resources Operation by Mr. Glen Davidson:

24 MR. GLEN DAVIDSON: I have a copy for the panel. I do

25 have a couple extra copies.

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1 Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

2 So, yeah, I'm here to talk a little bit about

3 dam safety today and the Site C project. My name

4 is Glen Davidson, D-a-v-i-d-s-o-n. And I'm here at

5 the request of the panel to give a presentation on

6 dam safety.

7 We conferred with BC Hydro prior to this, and

8 I believe they are going to give you a little bit

9 more detailed information here. Mine is more of a

10 general nature, so I think it makes sense for me to

11 go first, and then they can fill in some of the

12 technical blanks perhaps that I'm not covering.

13 So as I mentioned, I'm here at the request of

14 the panel. I'm the Comptroller of Water Rights and

15 the Director of the Water Management Branch for the

16 Province of British Columbia with forests, lands

17 and natural resource operations.

18 So the panel requested that I provide a brief

19 overview of dam safety in British Columbia and

20 explain how the project was reviewed from a dam

21 safety perspective and then perhaps answer some

22 questions after the presentation.

23 Partly I'm not going to entirely do that

24 because the project hasn't been reviewed from a dam

25 safety perspective, but I'm really going to tell

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1 you how we get to that answer, you know, following

2 a review of all the design drawings and some of the

3 process that is yet to come.

4 So what I'd like to do is give you a little

5 bit of an overview of the Water Act and Dam Safety

6 Regulation and sort of the history of dam safety in

7 British Columbia and how we would apply that

8 process to a project such as Site C.

9 As many of you are aware that the water law

10 in British Columbia really revolves around the

11 Water Act and the Water Act has been around with us

12 for some time, and some of you may know it's

13 currently under review with the Province, but

14 that's the fundamental piece that governs water and

15 to some -- and to a large degree, dam safety in BC.

16 So should Site C be considered further? I

17 mean, it could be authorized by a water licence

18 under the Water Act. The Water Act -- the water

19 licence would authorize the construction,

20 diversion, storage and operation of a dam.

21 THE CHAIRMAN: Keep your speed steady,

22 please.

23 MR. GLEN DAVIDSON: I've got a lot of material.

24 I want to get through it all.

25 The Dam Safety Regulation is really the

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1 fundamental component of the Water Act, and that's

2 what we rely on to ensure that dams in British

3 Columbia are safe. We have a fairly extensive dam

4 safety program in the province because we have many

5 dams in BC, and some of the largest in the world,

6 so we do have a pretty intensive dam safety

7 program.

8 The main purpose of a dam safety program is

9 to minimize the risks associated with dams. Dams

10 are inherently dangerous structures, but the risk

11 can be minimized and managed. And really, we try

12 to minimize the risk to people, environment,

13 cultural values, infrastructure, and the economy.

14 Just a bit of a summary, as I mentioned, we

15 have a lot of dams in BC. We currently have about

16 1,600 that we regulate under the Dam Safety

17 Regulation. A number of those are what we -- they

18 are classified all by their consequence of failure,

19 and there are 40 or so that are in the extreme

20 range.

21 I would note that about half of those 40 are

22 currently managed by BC Hydro, so they're in the

23 business of dams and managing some fairly

24 impressive structures in the province, so it's not

25 unfamiliar territory to them by any means.

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1 How successful is the dam safety program been

2 in British Columbia? We've never had an

3 extreme-consequence dam fail in the province. In

4 fact, I'm not even aware of one in Canada of an

5 extreme consequence. They have failed in other

6 parts of the world, though.

7 I think surprisingly to most folks, on

8 average, we get about one dam failure a year in BC,

9 but most of these are very, very low consequence

10 and they probably don't even make the papers, so

11 most people are not aware of them.

12 The last time we had a more significant

13 failure was the Testalinden dam in the Okanagan in

14 2010. But as I mentioned, you know, large dams

15 have failed in other parts of the world, so we are

16 really vigilant about making sure that that does

17 not happen in British Columbia.

18 Our records indicate that there's only ever

19 been one death in BC as a result of a dam, and it

20 was much prior to any dam safety program, and we

21 believe that that happened in 1912, so, really, I

22 would argue that we have a fairly safe history and

23 a fairly safe program in the province.

24 I'm going to talk a little bit about the

25 components of the dam safety program. There's four

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1 components that we kind of highlight: project

2 review and approval, compliance, enforcement, and

3 emergency planning and response. But for the

4 purpose of this panel, I think you really want me

5 to talk a little bit about the project review and

6 approval. That's the fundamental piece that we're

7 all here I think to talk about.

8 Just, I don't want you to read all the slide,

9 but it's just a number of recent reviews of major

10 projects that have gone on in BC. I have people

11 tell me that, you know, it's been a long time since

12 we built a major dam in BC. Well, that's not quite

13 true. And there's a lot of fairly major upgrades

14 going on. As you see, there's a lot on BC Hydro's

15 plate as well, but also other dam owners in the

16 province.

17 So this is in the last 5 or 10 years, some of

18 the major projects that have been undertaken. So

19 we have a fairly robust process that we go through

20 to handle these major projects, and that's what I'm

21 going to talk a little bit more about.

22 There's really I think of it as kind of two

23 processes that we go through when we approve a dam.

24 What we're doing here today is we're doing a lot of

25 review and approval and perhaps licensing based on

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1 a preliminary design. This is a lot of the

2 information that you have in front of you today.

3 So the preliminary design is enough

4 information to handle something like an

5 Environmental Assessment or even a water licence

6 adjudication.

7 The next phase if it gets through those kind

8 of first two hoops, then we move on to detail

9 design. Dam safety is really based on the detail

10 design. So one of the problems that we have here

11 today is we don't have all that detail design.

12 Much of it has not been done or it has not been

13 released or it's -- currently the design process is

14 under way.

15 So if we get through a preliminary design --

16 or with the preliminary design and we get through

17 an environmental assessment and then we get through

18 a water licence adjudication, then the dam safety

19 review and work really begins.

20 At that point, we would issue a series of

21 Leave to Commence Construction. So these are for

22 components of the dam. And usually they are

23 phased. For example, the dam owner may want to

24 work on the foundation while they're still doing

25 design on other components of the project. So we

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1 would issue a Leave to Commence Construction for

2 that component only.

3 When we're reviewing some of the detailed

4 designs, a number of questions come up about who is

5 the reviewer, how do we do that review?

6 We certainly have some internal capacity. We

7 have technicians and engineers on staff that have

8 some extensive knowledge of dams, but when it comes

9 to a dam like Site C or any of the large dams,

10 these are very complicated structures. So we often

11 rely on some external resource. In the past we've

12 used a consultant to the comptroller. The

13 comptroller is hired independent consultants to

14 advise and assist the comptroller in the review.

15 We also in recent years have used the concept

16 of an independent engineer. We really begin using

17 this with a lot of the independent power projects

18 that began a number of years ago where we had a lot

19 of engineering coming in in a hurry, so we required

20 as a condition of the licence that the licensee

21 hire an independent engineer that reported to the

22 Province. And we asked that independent engineer

23 to review the designs, the design drawings and give

24 the Province advice on its subsequent approvals.

25 So this is a concept that we've probably really

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1 refined over the last 10 years, and we've used it

2 pretty much every power project that I can recall

3 recently.

4 Another issue or concept that we use from

5 time to time is technical advisory boards. This is

6 where you'll get a variety of specialists hired by

7 the Proponent to review the design or components of

8 the design.

9 We've used this in where we've had issues

10 with dams or we've used it under new dam

11 construction. BC Hydro has already engaged a

12 technical advisory board, and we've had some

13 discussions with them, so that is in place for this

14 project already.

15 So there's kind of the three kind of -- or

16 four ways that we get technical review and we get

17 advice into the Province.

18 I'm going to talk a little bit about the next

19 steps for this project. As I mentioned, you know,

20 we're currently waiting for a BC Environmental

21 Assessment certificate. We cannot issue a water

22 licence unless there is a certificate in place. So

23 we're sitting on the water licence application and

24 waiting for this process to unfold.

25 Once a certificate is issued or not, there

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1 may be another iteration here. There might be

2 additional supporting documentation in addition to

3 what BC Hydro has already submitted, so we would

4 await any kind of other follow-up as a result of

5 this review process. And there may be additional

6 consultation required with individuals who might be

7 affected by this project.

8 At that point, we would be in a position to

9 adjudicate a water licence application, which is

10 really our first step after a certificate.

11 Then it really moves on to the review of the

12 design. If a water licence was issued, our

13 expectation is that some of the design drawings and

14 some of the design detail would be flowing into the

15 Province. We would look to see that this meets all

16 the design targets. We would see some Sensitivity

17 Analysis done by the proponent. They would see how

18 sensitive some of the criteria that they have used

19 is to variations.

20 We'd start having conversations with them

21 about operation and maintenance, emergency

22 preparedness, and the owner's dam safety program.

23 And it maybe feels too early to have this at the

24 design phase, to have these discussions, but a lot

25 of successful operation and maintenance really

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1 depends on the design. For example, is inspection

2 and maintenance and operations integrated with the

3 design, you know, can you actually look at these

4 components after the design is completed? So we

5 want to start having those conversations even

6 before the structure is built.

7 And that really -- it's kind of safety by

8 design, if you will.

9 In terms of the review, I just want to cover

10 a few things that we would compare any design to.

11 Obviously the first two are the Water Act and the

12 Dam Safety Regulation. Any design of a dam would

13 have to be consistent with those two pieces of

14 legislation.

15 The water licence is another important

16 component. Whatever is in the water licence, it's

17 our expectation that a design can meet those

18 conditions. For example, maximum water levels or

19 flows or anything that's governed by the water

20 licence or specified in a water licence, obviously

21 the design of the dam would have to meet that.

22 In terms of other technical guidance, the

23 Province is quite involved with the Canadian Dam

24 Association. We really look to the Canadian Dam

25 Association for technical guidance and guidelines

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1 and standards, if you will, when it comes to

2 designing these new dams. So we would make sure

3 that any design is consistent with the latest views

4 of the Canadian Dam Association.

5 When it comes to large dams, there's an

6 agency or a group of folks that are called the

7 International Commission on Large Dams. They

8 provide a number of technical bulletins. Because

9 you really don't see a lot of these large dams

10 built around the world. I mean, they come along

11 every now and then, but they truly are unique

12 pieces of engineering, so we look to some of these

13 international organizations and try to capture the

14 best design standards.

15 And as any engineering design, we rely on the

16 best practice of industry. The designs and design

17 criteria are constantly changing, and we want to

18 make sure that the latest and best practices are

19 incorporated in any kind of engineering design.

20 I just want to talk a little bit about

21 authorizations. I think I mentioned the water

22 licence, which would be based on the preliminary

23 design, which is done to date. I mean, that's what

24 a lot of the information is that you have in front

25 of you.

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1 A water licence really deals with the concept

2 of rights. It would grant rights, water rights for

3 the project, as well as it authorize works. So we

4 would look at things like the dam, the spillway,

5 the powerhouse, transmission lines. These are all

6 specified as works in the licence.

7 It doesn't really say how you build them, but

8 it talks and authorizes those works.

9 There would be a number of clauses in the

10 licence that would deal with something around the

11 design and what we term "a lead to commence

12 construction." So it would outline a process for

13 design drawings to come into the Province and for

14 us to authorize the construction of those. As I

15 mentioned, they are probably going to be grouped,

16 but each one of those groupings would require a

17 Leave to Commence Construction by an engineer under

18 the Water Act.

19 Finally, I mean, these might be grouped in a

20 dozen or so, you know, sub projects. Once

21 everything is designed, built and tested the

22 Project would come into operation with a Leave to

23 Commence Operation issued by an engineer or the

24 comptroller under the Water Act.

25 So the point here is there's a number of

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1 checks, a number of phases, a number of approvals

2 before we get a finished dam.

3 I guess I want to emphasize, too, that dam

4 safety doesn't really end with construction. In

5 fact much of it just gets started at that point.

6 Dam owners must safely operate and maintain

7 works. So there's a series of inspections that

8 they must do, whether it's daily, weekly, annually.

9 They have to meet obligations set out in the

10 regulation. This calls for periodic reviews.

11 They have to report to the Province annually

12 on their state of compliance with the regulations,

13 their water licence, the Act.

14 And they have to address new safety issues as

15 they arise. I mean, no design is ever perfect. We

16 always see subsequent changes in the design,

17 changes in the standards. And if new issues arise

18 we -- our expectation is the dam owner will review

19 and address those concerns as soon as reasonably

20 possible.

21 From the Province's point of view, we have an

22 annual dam owner compliance monitoring program, so

23 we're talking with each dam owner annually to see

24 how they are doing with their monitoring and their

25 compliance.

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1 From time to time, we'll audit individual

2 dams and check everything from their emergency

3 preparedness plans to their compliance, see how

4 they're doing. If required, we can take

5 enforcement action if we don't think that these

6 standards are being met.

7 We work with our licensees on emergency

8 planning and response. Plans are in place should

9 something happen. And we test the plans from time

10 to time.

11 And we always want to ensure that best

12 practice guidelines and standards are being

13 followed, not just for the design, but for the

14 operation of these structures.

15 Just a little bit about our role today with

16 Site C, as I say, a water licence application has

17 been received, has been file with the Province, and

18 we're awaiting the outcome of some of these

19 proceedings.

20 We have been updated by BC Hydro on their

21 progress to date. We've had a number of meetings

22 with design teams and with some senior management

23 at Hydro, so we are quite familiar with where

24 they're at with each of these components.

25 We have reviewed the environmental impact

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1 statement and provided some comments on that.

2 As I mentioned, a technical advisory board

3 has been struck for the design of this project, and

4 we've attended -- we've had staff attend some of

5 the technical advisory board report-outs, so we're

6 familiar with where they're at.

7 We have had some conversations with the

8 internal design review, and we've been to a couple

9 of the report-outs of the design review team.

10 And I think last fall we even had one of our

11 dam safety technicians visit the hydraulic model

12 that BC Hydro had commissioned. It's in Montreal.

13 So we've even looked at some of that information.

14 So at a pretty high level, we've stayed

15 involved, but we haven't really got involved in the

16 detailed design review yet.

17 I think that ends my formal presentation. I

18 know BC Hydro is going to cover some more of the

19 details with their follow-up, so I thought it would

20 be good if we went first.

21 THE CHAIRMAN: This is a little in for dig,

22 but I think the first question should be asked by

23 your predecessor as the comptroller.

24 MR. MATTISON: Good morning, Glen.

25 MR. GLEN DAVIDSON: Good morning, Jim.

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1 MR. MATTISON: It's been five years since

2 I've been there. With respect to issuing a water

3 licence and the conditions you mentioned, you've

4 talked about some of the inspection and enforcement

5 of those conditions. That's standard practice.

6 With respect to an Environmental Assessment

7 certificate, there's many conditions on those as

8 well. What's your role with respect to the

9 conditions on an environmental enforcement

10 certificate?

11 MR. GLEN DAVIDSON: I mean, our role is, you know, I

12 mean, with water, so our role is largely related to

13 water. So some of those conditions, whether

14 they're recommendations of a panel such as this or

15 even the Applicant themselves will get built into a

16 water licence. So certainly those ones are clearly

17 in our realm to enforce. You know, we would take

18 those and enforce them just like any other

19 condition in the water licence.

20 Some of them get a little bit further from

21 the Water Act and water licensing, and then the

22 authority for folks like myself as comptroller get

23 a little bit more --

24 THE CHAIRMAN: Slow down.

25 MR. GLEN DAVIDSON: -- diffuse, I guess. So I

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1 think there's a range of things that we can

2 enforce. Certainly anything that makes it into a

3 water licence, we would enforce directly.

4 MR. MATTISON: Thank you.

5 The other thing that occurred to me while you

6 were speaking is the -- you said approximately half

7 of the 40 extreme-consequence dams are owned by

8 BC Hydro, and you said that there's annual reports

9 on the state of compliance. What's BC Hydro's

10 state of compliance on their major dams?

11 MR. GLEN DAVIDSON: It's fairly good. It's

12 interesting that you raised that. I think it's

13 next week or the week after, we do an annual review

14 of all the dams. So we spent the whole day over at

15 BC Hydro talking dam by dam, virtually. And so

16 we're giving them a bit of a heads-up right now

17 about what we're expecting them to -- expected to

18 tell them and what kind of responses we're looking

19 at.

20 Generally, BC Hydro is one of the better dam

21 owners in the Province. They're close to

22 100 percent compliance. But in dam safety, I mean,

23 we're really looking for 100 percent.

24 So there are some issues. I would tend to --

25 I would say they are more minor in nature. They

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1 haven't reported quite on time on a couple of

2 things or there's maybe a dam safety audit due or

3 something like that, but nothing major outstanding

4 from my point of view.

5 MR. MATTISON: Okay, thank you.

6 THE CHAIRMAN: Are there any questions --

7 any other questions people would like to raise on

8 the regulatory framework for dam safety?

9 In that case, thank you, Mr. Davidson. You

10 can stand down but don't go away because I'm sure

11 we'll come back to you.

12 MR. GLEN DAVIDSON: Thank you.

13 THE CHAIRMAN: And I would turn to Hydro.

14 Mr. Feldberg.

15

16 BC HYDRO PANEL:

17

18 Mike Porter.

19 John Nunn.

20 Tim Little.

21 Al Strang.

22 Amy Pryse-Phillips.

23 Renata Kurschner.

24

25 Opening remarks by BC Hydro:

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1 MR. FELDBERG: Thank you, Mr. Chair. I will

2 just introduce the panel and what we're planning on

3 doing today, if I could.

4 We will be addressing in our presentation

5 this morning dam safety and seismicity. And we

6 have with us today Mr. Nunn, who you've seen

7 before. And Tim Little has been added to the

8 panel.

9 I would just like to introduce Mr. Little

10 because you haven't seen him before.

11 Mr. Little is a senior consulting engineer.

12 He's got 37 years of experience. He's an expert in

13 seismic hazard analysis. From 2007 to 2011 he was

14 chief engineer at BC Hydro overseeing and leading

15 over 700 employees. He was the independent

16 engineer for the 500-megawatt Revelstoke Unit 5

17 project reporting to the BC Comptroller of Water

18 Rights. He was also from 2006 to 2011 the Canadian

19 representative on the International Commission on

20 Large Dams committee on seismic aspects of dam

21 design.

22 We also have, although the presentation will

23 cover it and the session does, and so we have

24 experts available on local hydrology and ice

25 formation and surface water, and that's

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1 Ms. Pryse-Phillips who you've seen before; acid

2 rock drainage, which is Mr. Nunn again; and

3 reservoir shoreline issues, which is Mr. Porter,

4 who you've also seen. And we have Ms. Kurschner

5 available as well if there are questions about

6 operations.

7 This afternoon, the fisheries team will

8 present -- the presentation this afternoon will

9 focus on fisheries.

10 That's all I have.

11

12 Presentation of BC Hydro on dam safety and seismicity, by

13 Mr. Little and Mr. Nunn:

14 MR. JOHN NUNN: Good morning, panel.

15 I would -- the first two topics in my

16 presentation are based on slides presented to the

17 Peace/Williston Advisory Committee and the Treaty 8

18 Tribal Association. It's just a short set of those

19 slides because there were many presented to those

20 two organizations.

21 But I want to start out today addressing a

22 misconception about the life of Bennett Dam and the

23 project.

24 According to the British Dam Society, the

25 average life of dams in the UK is over 100 years

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1 and some of them date back to the 9th Century. The

2 total number of dams in the world, which are more

3 than 100 years old, is approximately 250.

4 The oldest earthfill dam listed in the World

5 Register of Dams is the Oderteich Dam in Germany,

6 which was built in 1715.

7 The oldest earthfill dam in the USA is a

8 55-metre high terraced dam which is 101 years old.

9 With good surveillance, maintenance, and any

10 required capital upgrades, for example, when design

11 standards change, dams can have a much longer life

12 than 100 years.

13 In the EIS Section 4.5, we discuss some of

14 the capital upgrades and sustaining capital

15 expenditures which could be required over the life

16 of the dam.

17 Bennett Dam has not reached its half-life as

18 some have asserted. BC Hydro will continue to

19 maintain the dam as necessary so it will

20 effectively have an indefinite life.

21 Mr. Davidson spoke about the dam safety

22 program at BC Hydro. This definition is from the

23 Canadian Dam Association dam safety management

24 principles and the dam safety practice in Canada

25 largely follows the Canadian Dam Association

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1 guidelines. And when we talk about dam safety, we

2 include all water-retaining structures such as dams

3 and intakes and water conveyance structures such as

4 spillways.

5 This chart illustrates the dam safety

6 governance at BC Hydro. The executive

7 vice-president of generation is accountable for all

8 aspects of the maintenance and safe operation of

9 BC Hydro's dams and for the implementation of all

10 activities and projects necessary to assure dam

11 safety.

12 This chart shows how the director of dam

13 safety and the dam safety program interface with

14 the generation's business. For line management

15 purposes, the director of dam safety reports to the

16 executive vice-president of generation and is

17 accountable to set dam safety policies and

18 standards and to oversee and direct all things

19 necessary to fulfill BC Hydro's commitments to dam

20 safety.

21 The director of dam safety also reports

22 regularly through the BC Hydro Board of Directors

23 through the board representative for dam safety who

24 is a respected engineer with many years of

25 international experience on hydroelectric projects.

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1 The director of dam safety reports regularly

2 on the status of dam safety and emergent risks,

3 decisions and actions to be taken. As Mr. Davidson

4 described, director of dam safety also maintains

5 regular contact with the dam safety regulator, the

6 Comptroller of Water Rights, including annual

7 reporting and notification in the event of any dam

8 safety incident or emergency.

9 The BC Hydro dam safety department comprises

10 of 34 staff of professional engineers and

11 technicians who are responsible for dam safety

12 management at all of BC Hydro's 41 dam sites with

13 multiple dams at some of those sites.

14 Approximately two-thirds of the staff are

15 dedicated to surveillance activities.

16 The BC Hydro generation system comprises five

17 regions. There's a dam safety engineer and the

18 technologist placed in each of those regions.

19 This slide here lists some of the

20 surveillance activities. I won't read through the

21 whole list, but I would say that the surveillance

22 activities for each dam are defined in the

23 operation, maintenance, and surveillance menu for

24 that dam. And in Section 4.5 of the EIS, we

25 describe the role of operation, maintenance and

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1 surveillance manuals for the project.

2 The surveillance activities are led by the

3 dam safety engineer assigned to that region. All

4 inspections are documented. Any unusual conditions

5 are tracked and followed up.

6 Special inspections may be unique to a

7 project. For example, high winds, after high winds

8 an inspection might be done to check for wave

9 damage to riprap on the upstream face of an

10 earth-filled dam.

11 BC Hydro monitors performance of 41 dams,

12 10 major reservoir landslides, and about

13 3,000 kilometres of reservoir slopes. This slide

14 here shows a picture of the province, and the

15 triangles are the various dam sites owned by

16 BC Hydro. The blue squares are landslides which

17 are monitored, and the blue lines are reservoir

18 shorelines which are monitored.

19 Almost 13,000 dam safety related instruments

20 and sensors are installed in and around those dams

21 and reservoirs. Some instruments are read

22 manually, others are remotely monitored by

23 automatic data acquisition systems where the data

24 are transmitted to both the local region and the

25 dam safety office daily or in near realtime.

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1 Computerized alarms can be set to flag

2 unusual readings and alert the dam safety

3 department for investigation.

4 All data are stored in a computer and it can

5 be plotted for review at any time.

6 The dam safety process is outlined on this

7 slide.

8 The core work is surveillance. As an aside,

9 Mr. Davidson reported that problems which have

10 happened with some dams, typically I would

11 characterize these dams as orphan dams, neglected

12 dams. Surveillance is the key with regular

13 inspections, monitoring and checking of dam

14 performance. If any changes in behaviour or

15 unusual conditions are detected, then appropriate

16 follow-up action is initiated. Some times this may

17 include change in periodic maintenance.

18 An example of this is the riprap replacement

19 project at Bennett Dam where the riprap has been

20 broken and displaced by wave action and new riprap

21 will be placed on the upstream face of the dam

22 shortly.

23 That leads me to the issue of the sinkhole at

24 Bennett Dam that's been raised by a number of

25 people in these hearings.

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1 Let's take a few minutes to discuss this

2 incident and why we are confident that the facility

3 is safe.

4 The GM Shrum power plant at the Bennett Dam

5 is the largest energy producer in the province.

6 The dam was completed in 1968. There are some

7 statistics about the dam in this slide, and it's by

8 volume, the 8th largest dam in North America.

9 In 1996, a small pothole was found in the

10 road asphalt near the crest of the dam as shown in

11 this picture. It was reported on June the 14th,

12 1996. Three days later, on June 17th a Becker

13 drill was brought in to investigate the density of

14 the dam material below the sinkhole. A loose zone

15 was found extending to a depth of about 360 feet,

16 basically the full height of the dam.

17 The cause of the sinkhole was found to be a

18 surveyed benchmark tube which comprised of a steel

19 rod within a larger pipe, which you can see in the

20 photograph. The rod and the pipe had been used as

21 a temporary survey marker that was progressively

22 extended upwards as the dam was constructed.

23 The soil material surrounding the outer pipe

24 had apparently not been compacted as much as the

25 rest of the dam fill. Over the years, the looser

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1 material around the pipe had settled eventually

2 creating a void that broke through to the overlying

3 road.

4 When you look at the large equipment used to

5 place and compact earth fill and you look at

6 surveyors who want to keep their instruments

7 undisturbed, one can easily imagine that the large

8 equipment did not go close to the survey benchmark.

9 This slide shows a cross-section of the

10 Bennett Dam. In green is the impervious core.

11 This is actually a mixture of gravel, sand, silt,

12 and clay to provide a dense impervious material.

13 Downstream of it, that is to the right on this

14 picture where my little hand is in yellow, is a

15 fine filter made of sand. Downstream of that shown

16 in blue is a coarse filter, a transition zone.

17 Basically what these materials do is this

18 fine filter prevents the migration of fine material

19 from the core of the dam in the downstream

20 direction, preventing the carriage of those fines

21 by a flow. The coarse filter prevents the

22 migration of the sand into the downstream

23 direction. So these are transitions from fine to

24 progressively coarse materials so that the shell of

25 the dam, the downstream shell of the dam shown in

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1 this buff colour is isolated from the core. The

2 blue zone, the transition zone, the coarse filter

3 will convey any water that seeps through the core

4 of the dam safely to the downstream.

5 Shown in black, the vertical line, is the

6 survey tube that we were looking at in the earlier

7 slide. It was founded on bedrock. And I think

8 given the survey techniques of the day, they needed

9 to have sight lines, so they put these two

10 temporary benchmarks in and went through the

11 downstream part of the core of the dam.

12 Immediately following the discovery of the

13 sinkhole, a dam safety response was initiated in

14 accordance with the emergency preparedness plan,

15 and this included the requisite notifications and

16 moving toward 24/7 surveillance.

17 Dozens of geotechnical engineers and experts

18 were brought in from across Canada and elsewhere to

19 assist with the surveillance, investigation, and

20 remediation of the sinkhole.

21 Early on, the Comptroller of Water Rights

22 also ordered a large spill of water to lower the

23 reservoir about 2 metres as a precautionary

24 measure.

25 Throughout this entire period, the dam

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1 continued to behave normally.

2 I remember that the director of dam safety at

3 that time went to Hudson's Hope and stayed there

4 throughout the entirety of the investigation and

5 remediation from 1996 to mid-1997.

6 The sinkhole was successfully remediated by

7 compaction grouting using a soil mixture similar to

8 the original dam core material.

9 Today, Bennett Dam is one of the most

10 thoroughly instrumented and monitored dams in the

11 world. The Peace region dam safety engineer and

12 technologist are based at Bennett Dam. This just

13 lists the total instruments that they have at

14 Bennett Dam and the key indicators which are

15 connected to the automatic data acquisition system

16 that I mentioned earlier.

17 BC Hydro initially retained an advisory board

18 of external experts to advise on how to deal with

19 the sinkhole and then later to advise on

20 longer-term dam safety management.

21 The dam continued to behave normally. And in

22 2000, the advisory board was replaced by an

23 independent annual review of the dam performance by

24 the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, which is a

25 leading international centre for research and

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1 consulting in engineering geosciences.

2 The dam continued to behave normally, and in

3 2006, external reviews were extended to once every

4 three years.

5 In 2009, there was an external review by the

6 Hatch, chief dam design engineer, and Hatch had

7 acquired Acres International, which is a well-known

8 Canadian dam consultant.

9 I won't read through this list, but in

10 essence, the key points are no anomalous behaviour

11 was detected, but the system, the whole dam safety

12 system for Bennett Dam was well planned and

13 executed.

14 By 2012, recognizing that it'd been 15 years

15 since the sinkholes were remediated, BC Hydro

16 decided to perform a more extensive independent

17 review. Rather than just reviewing the ongoing

18 work being done by BC Hydro in the performance of

19 the dam, a three-person expert engineering panel

20 was retained to do a thorough and independent

21 review of the history, condition, and performance

22 of the dam going back to its original design and

23 construction.

24 The team consisted of globally known members

25 in the dam engineering business from Norway,

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1 Australia, and the UK, and they reviewed

2 construction records and design records.

3 Their conclusions were the dam was well

4 designed and constructed and conditions were

5 basically in a steady state, but the good filter

6 system that I showed you earlier, the fine and the

7 coarse filter, will prevent ongoing erosion and

8 have a large capacity to discharge any leaks and

9 prevent instability.

10 I would just like to discuss dam safety in

11 respect to Site C.

12 Obviously dam safety is a key element. As I

13 talk about a little bit later, the design is being

14 done by a highly experienced integrated engineering

15 team. It's been designed and constructed to

16 Canadian and international standards, guidelines,

17 and best practices as to Canadian Dam Association

18 guidelines and the ICOLD, International Congress

19 (sic) on Large Dams technical bulletins that

20 Mr. Davidson referred to.

21 We have a comprehensive quality management

22 system, review and oversight which would all

23 continue through design and construction.

24 BC Hydro has put together an integrated

25 engineering team which is comprised of engineers

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1 from BC Hydro, engineers from Klohn Crippen Berger

2 and engineers from SNC-Lavalin Inc.

3 The team includes BC Hydro staff from Peace

4 operations so that we could integrate safety by

5 design, as Mr. Davidson referred to, thinking about

6 the operations of the project into the future.

7 It's people who do the design and the

8 construction of a project.

9 I've listed here a few earth-filled dams as

10 samples from the CVs of the engineers involved in

11 the design of this Project. They are kind of like

12 bookends.

13 The first one, the Ruti dam, was actually

14 built in Zimbabwe in 1975. It was the first dam

15 where I was responsible for the design, material

16 selection, and construction of that dam.

17 The 35-metre high Dixon dam through to the

18 Muskrat Falls project.

19 So our lead dam engineer who has got 46 years

20 experience was responsible for the design of the

21 Pergau dam (phonetic) in Malaysia and the Ambatovy

22 dams in Madagascar. He has a very extensive CV. I

23 didn't want to list all of his dams.

24 The lead engineer for our main civil works

25 package has got 38 years experience, worked on the

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1 Dixon dam in Alberta which has got similar shell

2 foundations to the Site C project and was

3 responsible for the main civil works package on the

4 Muskrat Falls project which has just been tendered

5 and construction has just started.

6 Our lead geotechnical engineers -- engineer

7 who has got 40 years of experience worked on the

8 Balambano dam, an RCC dam, the Arrow Brilliant

9 Expansion Project in the Columbia basin, and the

10 Nam Theun in Laos, also worked on the Nipawin

11 project on the South Saskatchewan River.

12 Our lead structural engineer who has 37 years

13 of experience worked on Arrow, Brilliant, Nam

14 Thuen, and Waneta, and is currently one of three

15 primary authors developing the Association of

16 Professional Engineers and Geoscientists of British

17 Columbia, professional practice guidelines for dam

18 safety reviews.

19 With respect to the design of the dam, the

20 project has adopted the highest Canadian Dam

21 Association classification for design, which

22 includes the highest levels for flood and

23 earthquake.

24 In the technical memorandum on dam safety, we

25 list the extensive investigations of the site

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1 foundation, which have been carried out over many

2 years. One of the features which was pointed out

3 in Peace River were the relaxation joints in the

4 valley wall. We recently excavate a 55-metre deep

5 tunnel and added it into the right bank so that we,

6 the design team, could examine those features for

7 ourselves rather than relying on some information

8 back over the last couple of decades.

9 The earthfill dam and the roller compacted

10 concrete right abutment buttress have been selected

11 as the best dam type and configuration for the

12 shale foundation.

13 As we're moving towards the environmental

14 assessment, we reviewed all possible methods of

15 constructing a dam, all different types of dams and

16 configurations, and we came up with this

17 configuration which we believe is best for this

18 site.

19 And we would be as we're doing the design,

20 we're looking forward to future dam safety

21 monitoring and designing the instrumentation that

22 would be required in the future to monitor the

23 safety of the dam.

24 As far as floods are concerned, the project

25 is designed for probable maximum flood of 19,300

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1 cubic metres per second. To put that in context,

2 sort of typical -- the maximum discharge from

3 upstream is 2,000 cubic metres per second. 2,100

4 cubic metres per second is about the maximum flow

5 you'll see these days on the river.

6 Pre-regulation, floods were around 8,000 cubic

7 metres per second.

8 One of the things we've incorporated into the

9 design is a free overflow axillary spillway which

10 is an addition to the gated spillway. This has

11 many advantages. If a spillway gate doesn't

12 operate, we have capacity, free overflow capacity.

13 We can pass floating debris in a flood through that

14 spillway.

15 And we can pass a flow of 4,000 cubic metres

16 per second in the unlikely event that all

17 generating units and spillway gates are out of

18 service. This is --

19 If you kind of look at what-if scenarios or

20 what if something happened which took out the

21 entire powerhouse and all the spillways, nothing

22 worked, well, we could still pass the maximum

23 discharge from Peace Canyon upstream plus a 20-year

24 flood from the intermediate basin. It's an

25 extremely unlikely event.

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1 These are a couple of pictures of the

2 physical hydraulic model which is in LaSalle's

3 laboratory in Montreal.

4 There are two pictures here. On the upper

5 right-hand picture, this is a free overflow

6 auxiliary spillway. It's like a bathtub with the

7 water outside, and when the reservoir level rises,

8 it flows from the left to the right over this weir

9 and down this channel to the river. These are the

10 gated part of the spillway here which is described

11 and shown in Section 4 of the EIS.

12 In the bottom left-hand picture, this is

13 showing the stilling basin of this spillway.

14 In addition to this model at a 1 to 80 scale,

15 we had a 1 to 15 scale model in a flume. We need

16 to balance two things: dam safety, we need to be

17 able to pass this extreme flood, the probable

18 maximum flood without jeopardizing the structures,

19 but need to pass the low flows without causing

20 dissolved gas supersaturation issues.

21 A lot of our time was spent in the flume

22 model optimizing the design of the spillway so that

23 we can have acceptable dissolved gas levels and

24 acceptable performance for an extreme flood.

25 The earthfill dam has a large free water 7.6

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1 metres, so the maximum normal reservoir level, we

2 have ample freeboard for waves generated by

3 one-in-a-thousand-year wind; landslide generated

4 waves; seismic seiche and settlements which could

5 occur during the design earthquake; freezing of the

6 impervious core; or malfunction of the spillway

7 gates.

8 This is all set out in the EIS in Section 4

9 and section 37.

10 And with the maximum flood level, we can --

11 there's ample freeboard for the set-up and weves by

12 the hundred-year wind.

13 The landslide generated waves, there was an

14 issue raised, I think it was in Peace River

15 about -- no, it was -- they're all melding into

16 one. Somebody tabled a report which is about Tea

17 Creek and Moberly landslides by Western Canada

18 Hydraulic Laboratories. That report and another

19 report by Northwest Hydraulic were all incorporated

20 into the landslide generated wave assessment which

21 was done by BGC under Mr. Porter.

22 I'd say we're not shy. In addition to the

23 integrated engineering team, we call on experts,

24 specially advisors and reviewers from all parts of

25 the world for all disciplines. This is a list of

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1 some of the experts that we've brought in in

2 different areas.

3 I won't read the list, but I would just point

4 to a couple of people: one, Mr. Jim Gordon, very

5 eminent known hydroelectric engineer who helped us

6 with the dam layout; Mr. H. Falvie, who was a

7 spillway specialist with the U.S. Bureau of

8 Reclamation, an eminent engineer on the design of

9 spillways; and for dissolved gas, Dr. John Gulliver

10 from the University of Minnesota who really helped

11 us with the optimization of the spillway so that we

12 could be safe from a dam safety perspective, but

13 for the more usual spills, make sure that we didn't

14 have dissolved gas supersaturation problems

15 downstream.

16 In addition to these gentlemen listed here,

17 we have retained numerous other specialty

18 subconsultants for specific design tasks such as

19 concrete aggregate testing, concrete mixed design,

20 road design, et cetera.

21 Mr. Davidson spoke about our technical

22 advisory board, and they have been in place for a

23 number of years. They are globally recognized for

24 their knowledge and experience for their design of

25 hydroelectric projects from around the world that

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1 includes people from Canada, Brazil, Sweden and

2 Germany.

3 They report to the executive -- the BC Hydro

4 executive team and to a committee of the board.

5 And as Mr. Davidson said, representatives from his

6 office have been to some of their report-outs.

7 Mr. Davidson spoke about the construction and

8 the provisions of the Water Act. So I won't spend

9 much time on this slide. But we are expecting that

10 there'll be a requirement for an independent

11 engineer and for the sequences of leads that

12 Mr. Davidson spoke about.

13 I'll skip through this slide because I think

14 Mr. Davidson covered that.

15 BC Hydro has a well-established dam safety

16 program that I described earlier in this

17 presentation, and Site C would be fully integrated

18 into that program. It already is. The Project

19 would comply with the BC Dam Safety Regulation.

20 And I think it's important to note, and it's

21 described in the EIS, we would be -- there would be

22 emergency preparedness plans in place for

23 construction and for operation.

24 I would now like to hand over to Mr. Little

25 who will talk about the seismic considerations for

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1 the project.

2

3 Presentation by Mr. Tim Little:

4 MR. TIM LITTLE: Thank you, John.

5 In 2012, BC Hydro completed a system-wide

6 seismic hazard analysis. It was carried out for

7 all of BC Hydro's existing dam sites, 41 in total.

8 And because Site C was under consideration at the

9 time, Site C was added to that project.

10 The -- in a subsequent slide, I will show you

11 the extent of that.

12 We had carried out a number of seismic hazard

13 studies over 20 years before that and just

14 recognizing that the science advances over time

15 with the advice of some external advisors, we

16 embarked on a project at BC Hydro which took about

17 three or four years in total. It was based on a

18 methodology that was described in the EIS Section

19 11.2.5.

20 The fundamental methodology is referred to as

21 the Cornell method named after the person who first

22 developed the method. It's been in use for about

23 40 years or more.

24 But what we did in the project was we applied

25 a methodology. It's loosely referred to as the

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1 SSHAC process, which is an abbreviation, S-S-H-A-C,

2 which stands for Senior Seismic Hazard Assessment

3 (sic) Committee. This came out of the nuclear

4 industry in the U.S., and it was recognizing that

5 seismic hazard analysis has a lot of uncertainties

6 associated with it, and this was a very

7 comprehensive and robust method of looking at all

8 those uncertainties and quantifying them and

9 embedding them into the analyses.

10 The process involved some 20 -- or more than

11 20 earth scientists, engineers and seismologists.

12 And it also called upon more than 25 individuals

13 who are referred to as resource experts. Very

14 similar to the consultants that John mentioned on

15 other dam design issues. These are people who are

16 brought in specially to contribute to different

17 aspects of the hazard analysis.

18 And then there was a group referred to as a

19 peer review panel which is essentially an internal

20 advisory board. This comprised three international

21 experts who were -- had up to 40 or 45 years of

22 experience in seismic hazard analysis. And they

23 oversee the whole process and make sure it's all

24 done in accordance with the defined rules of the

25 so-called SSHAC approach.

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1 Some of the resource experts that attended

2 the various workshops we held included people from

3 Natural Resources Canada, The Geological Survey of

4 Canada. They participated in several workshops.

5 We had several experts contribute quite a bit of

6 technical information and advice. And the

7 geological survey at the end of the project has

8 received a copy of all the results, and they're

9 considering that in their own work which is being

10 done for the National Building Code of Canada.

11 I would just point out on the slide here this

12 second bullet. It refers to a range of what we

13 call weighted models. There's no unique model that

14 describes the seismicity of a region and how you

15 might interpret it.

16 This process is intended to look at what are

17 actually -- what you would describe as technically

18 defensible models. They have to have a basis in

19 science, and then you take experts and weigh on how

20 much you might -- put weight on each of those

21 models in your analyses.

22 I'll just point out that -- I'll show this on

23 a subsequent slide, but there are faults in this

24 region which are in a structure underneath us right

25 here in a larger area referred to as the Peace

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1 River arch.

2 And we have considered earthquakes as large

3 as magnitude 7.6 on those features, even though

4 there is no evidence that those particular faults

5 are active.

6 This slide shows a number of things. There's

7 some stars on there. Those are not earthquakes.

8 Those are the location of BC Hydro's existing dams.

9 And up towards the upper right, you'll see what we

10 call a "seismic source zone." It's got a label on

11 it, PRA. And the one star in that zone is the

12 location of the proposed Site C project. These

13 other two stars just to the left would be Peace

14 Canyon and Bennett Dam.

15 The red lines on this map are geological

16 faults. They are taken from a reference called the

17 geological map of North America dated in 2005.

18 These are major faults only, not all the minor

19 ones. So these are of structural importance.

20 Two key points here: One is this is not all

21 the faults that exist. There are literally

22 thousands of geological faults. And virtually all

23 the faults shown on this map are not necessarily

24 seismically active. The vast majority of faults

25 are quiet and have probably been quiet for millions

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1 of years, but earthquakes do occur and some faults

2 are the sources of those earthquakes.

3 This slide is also another figure from the

4 EIS. And the faults have been removed. The stars

5 are still the BC Hydro dam sites. You can also see

6 coloured circles on this map. These represent the

7 location of earthquakes up to about I believe it's

8 the year 2009 or '10.

9 Two points: the colours and the diameters of

10 the circles represent the magnitude of the

11 earthquakes, so the larger the circle, the larger

12 the earthquake. You will note that most of the

13 large earthquakes occur along the West Coast of

14 British Columbia. And I've just moved this marker

15 here to -- it's the largest earthquake that's

16 occurred in Canada, it was a magnitude 8.1

17 earthquake off the Queen Charlotte Islands or Haida

18 Gwaii in the year 1949.

19 Looking at the region closer to Site C, this

20 geometric layout here, these lines define a seismic

21 source zone referred to as PRA or the Peace River

22 Arch. And within that region, the largest

23 earthquake of record was a magnitude 5.4 earthquake

24 that occurred near Dawson Creek. I think it was

25 2001. It's an orange-ish or yellow-ish circle

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1 right there. The other thing I would point out --

2 you can see some faint coloured light brown lines

3 in this PRA zone. This zone is about 400

4 kilometres in extent from one end to the other.

5 Those are large faults which are interpreted in the

6 what we refer to as the craton, which is the

7 underlying ancient rocks under the prairies shales.

8 These are very large features which we have no

9 evidence that they are seismically active, but one

10 of the models considered in the seismic hazard

11 analysis took large earthquakes and placed them on

12 those faults. And as you can see, some of them are

13 actually physically quite close to the location of

14 Site C.

15 Just in general terms, the model we use

16 assumes earthquakes can occur uniformly within this

17 region around the project. And then there are a

18 number of sub components of that model that

19 distribute the earthquakes in different ways and in

20 different recurrences.

21 We also use a number of different models that

22 predict how large the shaking will be at a given

23 point for a specific magnitude and distance.

24 Just one side comment, the largest earthquake

25 on record as I mentioned close to the site was a

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1 magnitude 5.4. The largest earthquake we

2 considered in the design was a magnitude 7.6.

3 That's a little over 2 units of magnitude in

4 earthquake, but it actually represents almost 2,000

5 times more energy because of the magnitude scales.

6 These are not linear scales.

7 The EIS in section 37 has a section that

8 describes the performance of dams in large

9 earthquakes. Seismic performance of dams is

10 actually quite well understood today. We know that

11 concrete dams perform very well in general. And,

12 in fact, in many cases, have performed better than

13 analyses have predicted they would.

14 We also know that well compacted earth-filled

15 dams perform very well.

16 However, if you use loose fills, which are

17 subject or susceptible to liquefaction, you can

18 have potential failures. And that has been the

19 history of failures of dams in earthquakes in other

20 parts of the world.

21 I would comment that these lessons are

22 continually embedded into the design standards and

23 practices, and both Mr. Nunn and Mr. Davidson

24 referred to the Canadian Dam Association, and I

25 called -- those type of standards incorporate all

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1 the latest experience and behaviour of dams, and

2 those are the type of standards that are being

3 adopted in this project.

4 Site C is being evaluated as Mr. Nunn said,

5 to the highest classification level in the Canadian

6 Dam Association guidelines. That corresponds to

7 seismic shaking that has an annual exceedance

8 frequency of 1 in 10,000. If we look at that in

9 terms of what is the peak ground acceleration we

10 are in essence designing to, it is 0.25G,

11 25 percent of the acceleration of gravity. Just

12 for comparison purposes, if we look at the BC

13 building code or the national building code,

14 buildings such as we're sitting in right now in

15 Fort St. John are designed for ground motions which

16 are in annual exceedance of about 1 in 2,500, and

17 the numerical value would be about .05Gs, so

18 roughly 20 percent of the value that's being

19 designed for the Site C Dam.

20 The dam's been analyzed in the preliminary

21 design for shaking levels. We don't just do one

22 analysis for the high level. We do a progression

23 from low to upper end to see what the range of

24 performance would be even at the 1 in 10,000 level.

25 The deformations of the dam have been very small

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1 and there would be no impact on their ability to

2 retain the reservoir.

3 So just to summarize, we would note that the

4 seismic hazard analysis carried out by BC Hydro

5 which was, again, just for reference, for all of

6 its dam sites, not just for Site C, it was the

7 largest and most comprehensive seismic hazard

8 analysis done in Canada to date. The seismic

9 design of Site C is very robust and the dam can

10 safely withstand earthquakes up to the 1 in 10,000

11 level.

12 And BC Hydro are currently carrying out a

13 number of other projects on other dams using the

14 results of that seismic hazard study.

15 Thank you.

16 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much.

17 MR. MATTISON: I have a few questions for

18 each of you.

19 I'm going to say Mr. Nunn has successfully

20 anticipated a great deal of my questions, so this

21 will be quicker than it might otherwise have been.

22 And I guess no surprise to anyone there.

23 Mr. Little, I think I'll start with a couple

24 of seismic questions just because it's fresher in

25 our minds, and then I'll come back to you,

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1 Mr. Nunn.

2 One of the questions we asked earlier on was

3 about the upstream dams and the seismic performance

4 at WAC Bennett and Peace Canyon. And I note in the

5 response to supplemental information request

6 number 9, it was mentioned that the seismic

7 performance assessment of WAC Bennett Dam was

8 started in 2012 and is currently ongoing. Has that

9 been completed or is it still ongoing?

10 MR. TIM LITTLE: I'm not directly involved in

11 that study, but based on information from recent

12 discussion, the work is still in progress. My

13 understanding is the Bennett Dam has also been

14 assessed at a preliminary level that it would

15 safely withstand a 1 in 10,000 level of shaking.

16 And I'd also just add the comment that I know

17 in some discussions, the question has come up,

18 could the two dams experience the 1 in 10,000

19 shaking at the same time? I would say no, that's a

20 highly unlikely scenario because of the fact that

21 you would have to have a very large earthquake

22 almost between the two facilities to achieve that,

23 so the probability would be extremely remote.

24 MR. MATTISON: Thank you. And yes, the

25 preliminary results indicating that the Bennett Dam

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1 could withstand a 1 in 10,000 ground motion event

2 was reported in this information request as well.

3 Thank you.

4 The second question then, they said that the

5 seismic performance assessment of Peace Canyon Dam

6 is planned to start in 2013. Has that been

7 started?

8 MR. TIM LITTLE: I'm sorry, I can't speak to

9 that question. I'm not working on that project.

10 MR. MATTISON: Okay. Perhaps we could just

11 get an update of that at some point.

12 My third question is really more of

13 curiosity, but it's relevant, I think. We have

14 seen as recently as the last two weeks or

15 something, I read in the Pipeline News North, which

16 is thirsting for newspaper in this part of the

17 world, that appears to be one of the best. The

18 Pipeline News North reported a series of seismic

19 events perhaps related to hydraulic fracturing or

20 at least there's investigations under way, mostly

21 small magnitude, 2 and under. Has there been

22 any -- and mostly recently. These are all in the

23 last three or four years. Have they been looked at

24 or considered as part of the seismic review for

25 Site C?

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1 MR. TIM LITTLE: Yes. BC Hydro has been in

2 discussion with the BC Oil and Gas Commission. And

3 you may be aware, they did a study in -- it was

4 published 2012. It was based on some activity up

5 in the Horn River Basin. That study had 38 small

6 earthquakes ranging from magnitude 2.2 to 3.8,

7 which were attributed to the hydraulic fracturing

8 or the fraccing. More recently, there's been some

9 activity fairly close to Fort St. John, magnitude

10 4.3 I believe is the largest earthquake. And I

11 believe that has been attributed to fraccing.

12 If so, that would be the largest earthquake

13 anywhere in the world that I'm aware of that has

14 been related to the fraccing process.

15 As you noted, most of them are 1s and 2s.

16 We've been looking at this. If you look at

17 the size of a -- the physical size of a fault

18 that's required to actually generate an earthquake

19 of say a magnitude 4, a magnitude 4 is roughly

20 maybe a 1 or 2 square kilometres of fault rupture

21 in maximum extent. And you can appreciate that the

22 amount of energy that's injected in a fraccing

23 process is actually quite localized.

24 There has been some discussion about whether

25 fraccing could trigger bigger earthquakes. And

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1 that is possible. And we believe from what we see

2 at the Horn River study, that there was

3 prestress -- pre-existing fault and the fraccing

4 process injected pressurized water which probably

5 changed the stress conditions and triggered those

6 earthquakes.

7 Going back to one of your questions, have we

8 considered that, we have considered very large

9 earthquakes very close to the site. So the

10 fraccing process, yes, might induce some other

11 earthquakes, but we've already accounted for those

12 in the seismic hazard analysis. The only thing

13 that you might say is that fraccing speeds them up

14 a little bit over what nature would provide on its

15 own.

16 MR. MATTISON: And just to follow up, if the

17 provincial government's -- how do I say this

18 politically correctly -- wide-eyed expectations

19 about the future of the natural gas industry in

20 British Columbia come true, we could have a lot

21 more hydraulic fracturing in some proximity to the

22 site.

23 Is there any effect that you're aware of of

24 multiple earthquakes occurring? I mean, I don't

25 know how -- we take these as separated and random

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1 events, but given that we're generating earthquake

2 activity through human activity, is there any kind

3 of effect where earthquakes interact with one

4 another that you're aware of? I don't know if

5 there's any experience on this.

6 MR. TIM LITTLE: Elsewhere in the world, there

7 is evidence that earthquakes -- you might call them

8 sympathetic earthquakes where you relieve stress on

9 one part of a fault and it transfers it to another

10 part, and you might induce an earthquake. I don't

11 think we know enough about the faults in not just

12 this region but most of British Columbia to make

13 those kind of statements.

14 We have other people here from the natural or

15 from the geological survey who might comment on

16 that later possibly.

17 Just from the point of view of the small

18 earthquakes, the discussions BC Hydro has had with

19 the Oil and Gas Commission have been that at the

20 moment there is no, I'll call it, regulatory

21 restriction on how close fraccing can take place to

22 any facility, but they do recognize that if you're

23 fraccing close to a populated area such as the town

24 of Fort St. John, it's going to be of concern and

25 nuisance value, if nothing else, and they will

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1 possibly impose restrictions. So that has not been

2 agreed at all, but it's a point of discussion with

3 the Oil and Gas Commission.

4 MR. MATTISON: Okay. Unless the panel has

5 other seismic questions, I'll turn to Mr. Nunn.

6 THE CHAIRMAN: Just one on this, on the same

7 topic. Besides fraccing, the only other occasion

8 that I know of where the tremors that occurred

9 around Rocky Flats in the decommissioning of the

10 bomb plant there near Denver, but my recollection

11 is that the induced seismicity was much smaller

12 than the design earthquake that you've taken into

13 account; is that true?

14 MR. TIM LITTLE: Yes, that's correct. The

15 Rocky Mountain Arsenal, I think it was, that's 40

16 or 50 years ago, I think that was the first fairly

17 well publicized case of what I would call hydraulic

18 injection, not necessarily fraccing.

19 If we go back to I think it was the early

20 1990s locally, there actually were earthquakes

21 generated in one of the oil and gas fields close to

22 Fort St. John, the Eagle Field, and that was due to

23 water injection to enhance the recovery of oil or

24 petroleum from the field.

25 The earthquakes that have occurred that have

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1 made the news in the U.S., for example, have been

2 in the waste injection wells which are used over

3 sometimes multiple years where large volumes of

4 waste water from the fraccing-type operations are

5 reinjected back into the earth in a single well,

6 And you get a long period of large volumes.

7 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

8 Madam Beaudet has a question on seismicity.

9 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

10 It's been observed when you -- there's a

11 filling of very large reservoirs that there could

12 be tremors in the magnitude of 2 and 2.3 on the

13 Richter scale, and I was wondering if that has been

14 considered here as a possible occurrence because

15 it's a much smaller reservoir than Williston, but

16 anyway, if that has been looked at. And, if so,

17 would there be provision in the emergency plan to

18 inform people of these possibilities as a usual

19 occurrence?

20 MR. TIM LITTLE: Yes, I would have to look at

21 the specific reference, but we did cover that topic

22 in the design and the -- I believe it was the

23 technical memo on seismic considerations.

24 The depth of water and size of reservoir here

25 are relatively small compared to the experience,

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1 history around the world. Many years ago, when

2 BC Hydro built Bennett Dam and Mica dam, they

3 monitored for induced seismicity and found really

4 no evidence that it could occur or that it did

5 occur in that region, so we don't foresee that it's

6 going to be much of a problem here.

7 But, yes, emergency preparedness would cover

8 any earthquake, not just reservoir induced.

9 MR. MATTISON: Thank you. I have questions

10 now for Mr. Nunn.

11 I want to start first back to your -- first

12 of all, I should thank you for your comprehensive

13 presentation. Like I said, I've struck out about

14 half of my questions, so this won't take too long.

15 But turning to the dam configuration, it's an

16 unusual configuration. I don't have wide

17 experience, but it's certainly -- I've never seen a

18 dam with a right-angle bend in the middle or on the

19 side. And I understand this was done for seismic

20 and foundation reasons. And can you expand a

21 little bit on that for us, Mr. Nunn, please.

22 MR. JOHN NUNN: Yes. The valley is fairly

23 recent in geological terms. Over the last

24 10,000 years, the valley has been eroded by the

25 river and after the last Ice Age.

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1 The shell bedrock is still trying to move up

2 after that stress relief. So as we come along and

3 we do an excavation, say for a powerhouse or for

4 the spillway, the rock is unloaded some more and

5 wants to respond by coming up.

6 So one of the issues we were dealing with is

7 called rebound. You may have seen that term

8 around. It's that response to unloading.

9 MR. MATTISON: And we're speaking here of

10 both post glacial isostatic rebound and the rebound

11 from unloading the overburden --

12 MR. JOHN NUNN: Yeah.

13 MR. MATTISON: Yeah.

14 MR. JOHN NUNN: And just to give you sort of

15 one perspective, if you drill a hole in the

16 riverbed and go down below river level and put in a

17 piezometer, you will measure water levels which are

18 10 to 20 metres below river level. The rock has

19 not yet after 7- to 10- thousand years equilibrated

20 to those groundwater conditions.

21 The isostatic rebound is very, very small.

22 The response to doing, say, a 70-metre deep

23 excavation for a powerhouse, for a spillway,

24 there'd be a fairly quick response and then it

25 would taper off asymptomatically over decades, if

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1 not centuries.

2 The historic design basically had

3 unsymmetrical excavations because the structures

4 were located in the right bank orientated to take

5 the water back to the river. That meant in some

6 parts of the structure you could be seeing half a

7 metre of rebound. Other parts you could be seeing

8 0.1 metre of rebound, and the whole structure will

9 have been wracked or distorted, twisted.

10 So when we were going through coming up with

11 a new project layout in 2010, we had some

12 unfinished business. When we looked at the design

13 in '89, '90 and '91, it was recognized that this

14 issue had never really been resolved.

15 So our strategy was to come up with a design

16 which would minimize the excavation of the rock

17 under the structures and make it symmetrical.

18 That's why the buttress runs along the valley wall,

19 because all we're doing is excavating into the

20 valley wall the minimum amount that's required to

21 take out relaxation joints. We have a symmetrical

22 excavation. When we put the roller compacted

23 concrete back, you almost have the same weight as

24 you've taken off. So long-term, there'll be no

25 rebound.

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1 Also if you recall the figure which is the

2 geological section of the site Mr. Andreeff showed

3 in Peace River, there are horizontal weak planes in

4 the rock above river level whereas the river eroded

5 the bedrock, the locked in stresses in the rock

6 allowed the rock to expand suddenly, and it sheared

7 some of that rock.

8 If you look at other projects in the shales,

9 you typically have a relatively slender chute

10 spillway, and there have been movements on some of

11 those bedding plane features.

12 With this design, we have 30 metres of

13 massive concrete at each one of those weak planes.

14 It cuts them off. There could be no movement on

15 those weak planes.

16 So that's why we ended up with a buttress

17 which runs parallel to the river. It's driven by

18 stability, rebound, performance. And we've done

19 extensive FLAC modelling, which -- sorry. Fast

20 Lagrangian "something" computer modelling -- to

21 look at predictions of movements of the structure

22 over time using information from rock samples taken

23 from site. And we are predicting very small

24 movements compared to the predictions for the

25 historic design.

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 74

1 Somebody else brought up this issue about the

2 strange shape, the right angle in one of the other

3 meetings. So where the RCC buttress and the

4 earthfill dam meet, the RCC buttress is angled so

5 the dam is wedged into the buttress. As the dam

6 tries to move downstream, it's wedging itself

7 against the RCC buttress and increasing pressure at

8 that contact.

9 I hope that answers your question.

10 MR. MATTISON: Yes, thank you. I

11 understand.

12 The configuration, though, causes the

13 spillway to discharge almost across, in a direction

14 crossing the river; is that right? Have I read

15 that plan right, so that the discharge comes out at

16 right angles to river flow?

17 MR. JOHN NUNN: That's correct.

18 MR. MATTISON: And what -- I've looked at

19 the layout, construction layout, and I didn't write

20 down the reference for the document we had, but it

21 doesn't matter. The diversion tunnel comes around

22 and the outflow from the diversion tunnel is across

23 from that. What's in the middle? Surely the

24 spillway's not discharging on the toe of the

25 earthfill dam. What protects the toe of the dam?

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1 There's no plunge pool that I could see, but the

2 drawings aren't complete, and I just want you to

3 talk about the spillway discharge, a large

4 discharge from the spillway.

5 MR. JOHN NUNN: I think part of the context

6 is the river channel is about 800 metres wide. The

7 powerhouse is between the spillway and the

8 earth-filled dam. So our spillway is fairly

9 unique. It's a two-stage stilling basin, so the

10 water flowing from the second stage of the stilling

11 basin even at the probable maximum flood is

12 relatively low velocity. So we have done numerical

13 modelling and physical modelling in the laboratory

14 measuring the potential for erosion, the size of

15 erosion, protection we need on the road on the far

16 side, 800 metres away.

17 MR. MATTISON: Right.

18 MR. JOHN NUNN: And on the toe of the dam.

19 And I think this arrangement works on this site

20 because we're in such a wide river channel.

21 It's one of the things when you first look at

22 it, the proximity of the spillway discharging along

23 the toe of the dam is the sort of thing you asked

24 your question about, but again, because of the size

25 of the valley bottom and the nature of our stilling

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1 basin, we basically have -- we have some wave

2 action that we need to deal with along the toe of

3 the dam, but the velocities are well within the

4 ability of the riprap that we can get to control.

5 MR. MATTISON: Thank you.

6 Go back for a moment to that supplemental

7 information request number 9 when we asked about

8 the concept of a cascading failure. And the

9 response was that the Canadian Dam Safety

10 Guidelines and the Environmental Assessment

11 Guidelines and the British Columbia Dam Safety

12 Regulation require dams to consider downstream

13 hazards. And that has been done for the Site C

14 Dam, and it's been provided, which it has.

15 I just want to confirm that if Site C Dam is

16 built, the Canadian Dam Safety Guidelines and the

17 BC Dam Safety Regulation would require a

18 reassessment of the operations for the upstream

19 dams. And that that would be done and ...

20 MR. JOHN NUNN: Absolutely. We had a

21 telephone call with Alberta Environment -- sorry, I

22 use the old name. And this was a topic that they

23 were very incident (phonetic) -- and absolutely,

24 BC Hydro will provide the updates to the emergency

25 preparedness plans for Bennett Dam and for the

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1 Peace Canyon Dam if in the event the Site C project

2 proceeds.

3 And I think the -- when we responded to you,

4 and if you're just looking at the volumes of Peace

5 Canyon, Dinosaur Reservoir and the Williston

6 relative to the volume of Site C, it's actually

7 very informative in getting an appreciation of what

8 the differences would be.

9 MR. MATTISON: I think that's all my

10 questions for now, Mr. Chair.

11 Thank you.

12 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you both. I'm sure

13 there will be questions from the floor on this, but

14 I think we might take a 10-minute coffee break

15 first and reconvene at 10:45.

16 Thank you.

17

18 (Brief break).

19

20 THE CHAIRMAN: Can we reconvene, please.

21 And I would like to ask if there are

22 questions from the floor for Mr. Nunn and

23 Mr. Little.

24 MS. ESTHER PEDERSEN: I'm Esther Pedersen,

25 P-e-d-e-r-s-e-n.

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1 I just want to comment that the two

2 earthquakes that was mentioned, the 3.8 and the

3 4.2, they were both felt in our house and quite

4 significantly so.

5 The first one was significant enough to swing

6 the lamps in the house. And the second one was

7 like a big truck hitting our house and then swung

8 the lamps in the house.

9 And -- just a second. We live almost

10 directly above the site.

11 The second thing I would like -- or the third

12 thing I would like to talk about is the day a

13 helicopter accidentally landed in our pasture. I

14 won't tell the whole story because it's long and

15 it's funny, but I went out to see why this

16 helicopter was in our pasture, and it was Hydro

17 workers. And they were checking the seismic

18 monitors along the reservoir length. And so after

19 we had a discussion about what the helicopter was

20 doing in our pasture, then I asked, well, how's

21 that going? Well, they said, it was, you know,

22 surprising the amount of movement, and they talked

23 about this and that. I bet they weren't supposed

24 to, but they did.

25 And the surprising part for them was that the

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1 most amount of movement found on the monitors was

2 in our area and had been for the entire study. And

3 that was two summers ago.

4 And that's it.

5 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

6 MS. ESTHER PEDERSEN: You're welcome.

7 It was -- the second earthquake I would say

8 was quite significant. And I would also say that

9 when we moved there in 2002, we didn't feel that,

10 earthquakes and things. But in the last couple of

11 years, across the river in an area they call the

12 Monias (phonetic), it's -- there is quite a bit of

13 oil activity there now, and we can see lots of new

14 sites and lights at night. So possibly as

15 Mr. Mattison said, that it is from fraccing.

16 And the second, I did report both of those

17 earthquakes on the Canadian environment or

18 Environment Canada site for earthquake recordings.

19 And the second earthquake was supposed to be from

20 Baldonnel, which is about 40 minutes from us.

21 THE CHAIRMAN: Ms. Pedersen, do you wish to

22 raise a question?

23 MS. ESTHER PEDERSEN: Is that true that the most

24 amount of movement is in the dam site itself? Were

25 your workers correct? I just found that very

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1 interesting. Thank you.

2 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Nunn.

3 MR. JOHN NUNN: I think, first, we did at the

4 time -- I would like to again apologize for the

5 trespass which occurred. We've been very careful

6 to make sure that nobody goes on private property

7 without prior permission and has maps so that they

8 don't stray. And we apologize again for the

9 trespass.

10 We obviously don't know what the helicopter

11 pilot or others said. I think I know the property

12 that's -- where the lady lives, but I can't comment

13 on what they may have said.

14 THE CHAIRMAN: Another question?

15 MR. JIM LITTLE: Jim Little, L-i-t-t-l-e.

16 Mr. Little, you were the engineer that did

17 arrange for the material to fix the sinkhole. And

18 I guess my question is, and Mr. Nunn did explain

19 the fact that it appears that it's fixed and that.

20 My question going forward on that is, is that

21 considered to be completed or are you still

22 monitoring that part of the dam for further erosion

23 from the sinkhole?

24 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Little.

25 MR. TIM LITTLE: The material you referred to

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1 was some emergency stockpile of riprap, which

2 BC Hydro wanted to have on hand in case there was

3 ever any need for it. It was -- I believe we

4 arranged a temporary quarry with the lands

5 department, BC Hydro, when I worked at the time. I

6 was an engineer with BC Hydro working on that

7 project. So we secured a permit for a quarry near

8 Bennett Dam and then we also rounded up some other

9 materials we had on site.

10 That was not the actual material that was

11 used to remedy the sinkhole.

12 THE CHAIRMAN: I think there's a

13 miscommunication there. I understood first

14 Mr. Little, is the sinkhole really fixed?

15 MR. JIM LITTLE: Right.

16 MR. JOHN NUNN: I think the independent

17 review that was done by experts from around the

18 world have concluded that. But of course it's

19 prudent to continue to monitor and BC Hydro is

20 continuing to monitor.

21 MR. JIM LITTLE: So the answer is they're

22 continuing to monitoring that thing. And that was

23 basically my question. So for now, that's my

24 question. So I may have some further.

25 Thank you.

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1 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

2 MS. DIANE CULLING: Diane Culling, C-u-l-l-i-n-g.

3 I have a number of questions for Mr. Nunn.

4 My first one is who first discovered the sinkhole

5 in 1996?

6 MR. JOHN NUNN: I believe it was a tourist

7 crossing the hole noticed -- crossing the crest of

8 the dam noticed the pothole.

9 MS. DIANE CULLING: Thank you. So it was me that

10 asked in Dawson Creek about the Tea Creek study.

11 So you made reference to it this morning. So just

12 to clarify, this study and the northwest hydrology

13 study were incorporated into numerical models or

14 did -- for this time around did you replicate the

15 physical models?

16 MR. JOHN NUNN: I'll answer this. I'll start

17 the answer and then I'll hand it over to Mr. Porter

18 who has done the recent work.

19 And just for the panel's benefit, there were

20 two hydraulic model studies done in the late 70s,

21 early 80s of the potential for landslide generated

22 waves. The one that Ms. Culling is referring to is

23 in the Moberly River confluence with the Peace

24 River, and the other one was up near the Halfway

25 River at Attachie.

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1 I'll let Mr. Porter explain how those

2 physical studies have been incorporated into their

3 work.

4 MR. MIKE PORTER: Exactly. These studies

5 that -- the physical modelling studies were

6 reviewed as a part of our assessment or

7 reassessment of the ability of the dam to

8 accommodate landslide generated waves.

9 The way that the studies were used first and

10 foremost, there was comparison of the assumptions

11 made about landslide source areas, volumes, and so

12 forth. And the physical modelled results were

13 replicated using numerical methods to validate the

14 use of those numerical methods.

15 And then as a part of that, we again tested

16 different landslides sources and volumes. And

17 basically came to the same conclusion that the

18 studies carried out in the early 1980s did that the

19 dam could accommodate potential landslide generated

20 waves.

21 MS. DIANE CULLING: So, Mr. Porter, correct me if

22 I'm wrong, but from the method section in this

23 report, it seems that the model was designed based

24 on BC Hydro 's stream profiles, but it seems to me

25 it was an as-built model, Is that correct, the 1981

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1 model? So that the situation -- the conditions

2 as-built at the time the proposed dam would be

3 built?

4 Okay. So then my question -- I'm drawing on

5 this question. And I --

6 THE CHAIRMAN: Sorry, did you say yes?

7 MR. MIKE PORTER: I was about to say yes.

8 MS. DIANE CULLING: Oh sorry, sorry.

9 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. All right. Next

10 question. To the chair, please.

11 MS. DIANE CULLING: Sorry. So BC Hydro has, in a

12 number of the pre-impact reports, has indicated

13 that they believe there's going to be a significant

14 sediment load deposited within the reservoir

15 annually. I believe it's 3 million cubic metres

16 annually deposited. And there are also changes to

17 the stream profile because of the reduction in the

18 gradient on the north bank that is new since these

19 earlier studies. And so my question draws on a

20 comment from the Canadian -- a paper submitted or

21 presented at the Canadian Dam Association's 2006

22 conference, Smith et al, interactions between

23 failure mechanisms.

24 So how did you model potential -- so the 1981

25 studies actually, phase 2 of the study actually

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1 generated a number and a number of the trials

2 generated waves that did overtop the dam crest.

3 Now, that's as an as-built situation. But did you

4 in your modelling take into consideration that if

5 that sediment load deposited into the reservoir

6 annually at year, construction year plus year 30

7 whatnot, and model potential interactions of

8 changes in the stream profile?

9 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Porter.

10 MS. DIANE CULLING: And what were the results of

11 those, please?

12 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Porter.

13 MR. MIKE PORTER: So, first, the comments on

14 that and then to answer the question. The comment

15 is that in the 1981 and 1983 studies that were

16 carried out with the physical models, those models

17 were set up probably at great expense and a number

18 of different landslide scenarios were tested in

19 what they call the first phase of testing. And

20 those were scenarios that it appears BC Hydro

21 considered to be reasonable descriptions of

22 potential landslides.

23 And then in the second phase, once the models

24 were, physical models were in place, there was

25 testing of scenarios that were considered to be

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1 beyond credible to just to evaluate the potential

2 for wave run-up from other scenarios.

3 And that's described in the 1981 report.

4 It's quite clearly stated that the phase 2

5 scenarios, it was not implied that those were

6 scenarios that would be used for design.

7 Getting to the question of changes in river

8 reservoir profile with sedimentation, when you look

9 at landslide generated waves, there are three

10 components to it. There's the generation of an

11 initial wave when a landslide enters a water body.

12 Then there's the propagation of that wave across

13 the water body. And then a third phase of run-up

14 when it impacts a structure.

15 In relatively deep water, changes in water

16 depth really have no bearing on the characteristics

17 of the wave generation and propagation.

18 And so in the order of water depths on the

19 order of 40 or 50 metres, there's very little

20 sensitivity to that.

21 As water depths decrease below that range,

22 there are two competing factors at work. One is

23 that the initial wave in shallower water tends to

24 be a little bit higher. But then the attenuation

25 of that wave, as it propagates across the water

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1 body, occurs more quickly.

2 And so as a part of the work that we carried

3 out, we looked at not only the dam as-built

4 condition, but also the potential for landslide

5 waves to overtop the cofferdam under different

6 headpond levels.

7 And so as a part of that, we were able to

8 look at the influence of different water depths on

9 the wave characteristics and propagation. And what

10 we found is that, again, these two effects

11 essentially cancelled themselves out.

12 So, again, to answer the question, that's --

13 influence of changes in reservoir level have been

14 reviewed.

15 THE CHAIRMAN: If I may just add a follow-up

16 to your question, whatever the number is, 3 million

17 tonnes of sediment a year into the -- some number,

18 some large number, how long does it take before the

19 reservoirs have full mud?

20 MR. AL STRANG: Mr. Chair, if I may, in

21 Section 11.8, we do the geomorphology and sediment

22 transport, and after 50 years, we estimate that

23 about two-and-a-half percent of initial volume will

24 be infilled from erosion.

25 Mr. Craig Nister is in the audience who did

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1 that work, and if you had further questions related

2 to that and would like more detail, I could ask him

3 to step to a microphone.

4 THE CHAIRMAN: No, that's fine. I wanted

5 that kind of order of magnitude sense. This dam is

6 not going to be -- this reservoir is not going to

7 be full within the design life of the dam. No.

8 MR. AL STRANG: No.

9 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Sorry, Ms. Culling.

10 MS. DIANE CULLING: Okay. And the final question

11 is, has the crest of the Bennett Dam settled over

12 time?

13 MR. JOHN NUNN: I don't know, but I can find

14 out.

15 MS. DIANE CULLING: And just to follow-up on that

16 question, the reason for asking, it was that

17 Smith et al paper notes that crest settlement can

18 increase a risk of overtopping.

19 Thank you.

20 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. Are there other

21 questions from the floor?

22 MR. CHARLES STEINER: Charles Steiner,

23 S-t-e-i-n-e-r.

24 I guess I had some questions about the

25 sinkholes on the Bennett Dam. Maybe somewhat

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1 answered already.

2 I did wonder, I got the impression that maybe

3 the sinkholes were only settlement and not erosion.

4 Was that true?

5 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Nunn.

6 MR. JOHN NUNN: The expert engineering panel

7 has said that there may have been some small

8 movement of material from the core, but that there

9 should be no further movement. It's not

10 100 percent certain whether it was all settlement

11 or some settlement and a little bit of erosion.

12 MR. CHARLES STEINER: I had been following as much

13 as possible to the hearings on my phone. And I

14 heard someone who was involved at the time say that

15 the amount of fill they put in there was major.

16 I guess I wondered how that sediment, how

17 that fill or whatever it was -- and evidently there

18 must have been a volume of water present at the

19 middle of the dam and a sufficient way for it to

20 get out of there through erosion or what?

21 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Nunn.

22 MR. JOHN NUNN: I don't have a figure for how

23 much fill was placed in the sinkholes to fill them,

24 but I can find that out if you'd like. I think if

25 I just may just go back to the key -- to me one of

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1 the conclusions is that -- from the expert

2 engineering panel is that there's a good filter

3 system. I showed them on the cross-section of the

4 dam. That is the key to the security of the dam.

5 The sand filter and the coarse gravel filter. And

6 this independent panel of three experts from around

7 the world concluded that it's a good filter system

8 which will prevent any ongoing erosion. To me

9 that's the key for the future.

10 MR. MATTISON: Just a quick follow-up,

11 Mr. Chair.

12 Mr. Nunn, was there any sediment appearance

13 in the filter drains at all during that period?

14 MR. JOHN NUNN: I have heard no reports of

15 that.

16 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Steiner.

17 MR. CHARLES STEINER: Now, if you tour the Bennett

18 Dam, or the last time I did, they told me that

19 although the seepage through the dam has slowed

20 down since they fixed it, it is still not back to

21 what it was before that time.

22 Then I guess at the time I was surprised at

23 the, you know, the seepage occurs continually

24 through the dam. And in my limited experience with

25 water and dirt, that if you have water -- when you

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1 have water seeping through, it always carries a

2 certain amount of sediment with it. And I wonder

3 at BC Hydro's conclusion that they -- unless they

4 have some way of replacing that sediment, how is

5 this dam going to last into eternity?

6 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Nunn.

7 MR. JOHN NUNN: Mr. Chair, I'd just go back

8 to the 2012 review by the expert engineering panel.

9 And one of their conclusions were that seepage flow

10 rates have been stable for a number of years. And

11 I think that speaks to itself.

12 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Steiner.

13 MR. CHARLES STEINER: I noticed you said that.

14 Stable was the keyword. It has not gone back to

15 what it was before, but it has been stable. I

16 suppose. I just -- yeah.

17 I have another question in relation to the

18 Williston Reservoir. And I've wondered

19 what percent of the drawdown capacity has been lost

20 in the last 50 years?

21 THE CHAIRMAN: Ms. Kurschner.

22 MS. RENATA KURSCHNER: In terms of operational

23 drawdown? None, because that sits on top. So we

24 operate in the upper portion of the reservoir. Are

25 you referring to sedimentation?

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1 MR. CHARLES STEINER: Yeah.

2 MS. RENATA KURSCHNER: So I cannot comment on the

3 actual sedimentation, but operationally, there is

4 no impact.

5 MR. CHARLES STEINER: So the sediment settles in

6 the deeper part rather than in the shallow part

7 that gets used?

8 MS. RENATA KURSCHNER: I would assume so. I mean,

9 operationally, I see no difference. And that

10 never -- sorry, that never comes up. But as for

11 the sedimentation mechanisms, we would need someone

12 else.

13 MR. CHARLES STEINER: Okay.

14 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Mr. Steiner.

15 Do we have another question from the floor?

16 In that case, we will turn to a combined

17 presentation by three scientists from Natural

18 Resources Canada: Jessica Coulson, John Cassidy,

19 Peter Bobrowsky.

20

21 Natural Resources Canada panel:

22 Jessica Coulson.

23 John Cassidy.

24 Peter Bobrowsky.

25

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1 Presentation by Jessica Coulson:

2 MS. JESSICA COULSON: Mr. Chairman, panel members,

3 Elders and Chiefs, members of the Treaty 8 First

4 Nations within whose Traditional Territory we are

5 in today.

6 My name's Jessica Coulson, spelled

7 C-o-u-l-s-o-n. I am a team leader with the

8 Environmental Assessment division of Natural

9 Resources Canada, NRCan for short.

10 And I'm here today to provide a brief

11 overview of NRCan's participation in the Joint

12 Review Panel process for the proposed Site C Clean

13 Energy Project.

14 I will also provide a summary of NRCan's key

15 findings in the area of acid rock drainage and

16 metal leaching, which I will refer to as ARD-ML for

17 short.

18 Unfortunately, NRCan's technical Reviewer on

19 this topic was unavailable today due to unavoidable

20 circumstances.

21 Therefore, should there be questions on this

22 topic from the panel or members of the audience,

23 NRCan will seek to undertake a response to be

24 provided to you in a timely manner prior to the

25 close of the hearings.

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1 My summary will be followed by presentations

2 on NRCan's key findings for seismic hazards which

3 will be presented by Dr. John Cassidy to my left,

4 spelled C-a-s-s-i-d-y. He's a research scientist

5 with the geological survey of Canada of NRCan. And

6 this will be followed by an overview of terrain

7 hazards presented by Peter Dr. Bobrowsky, spelled

8 B-o-b-r-o-w-s-k-y, who's also a research scientist

9 with the geological survey of Canada.

10 NRCan is participating as a Federal authority

11 in the Joint Review Panel's assessment of the

12 proposed Site C Clean Energy Project. As a Federal

13 authority, NRCan is providing specialist and expert

14 information and knowledge within the meaning of

15 section 20 of the Canadian Environmental Assessment

16 Act 2012. NRCan's technical review, which is

17 summarized in our final written submission, which

18 we provided to the panel in November 2013 can be

19 found on the public registry, CEAR number 1818.

20 And the written submission focused on the following

21 subjects: ARD-ML, seismic hazards, surficial

22 geology and terrain hazards, fluvial geomorphology,

23 hydrogeology and groundwater, methylmercury, and

24 forestry.

25 We were also requested by the panel to appear

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1 at the hearings here today and present our views on

2 the project and its environmental effects. And

3 we've been asked specifically to present in the

4 areas of ARD-ML, reservoir slope stability, and

5 seismic activity.

6 So on behalf of NRCan's technical reviewer

7 Dr. John Kwong, and for the benefit of the panel

8 and the members of the audience, I'll now present

9 the results of NRCan's review in areas of ARD-ML.

10 So ARD-ML is basically a result of natural

11 weathering of sulphide bearing rock. The

12 environmental impact -- sorry, released metals

13 originate from the oxidizing sulphides or enhanced

14 leaching of associated minerals when acidic

15 conditions are reached.

16 The environmental impact of ARD-ML depends on

17 its extent, degree of neutralization, dilution

18 and/or attenuation.

19 In regards to the proposed Site C project,

20 given the abundance of disturbed rocks with high

21 ARD-ML potential and short lag time to onset of

22 acid generation, and non-acid generating

23 overburdens with elevated selenium content, ARD-ML

24 prevention and mitigation can pose some challenges.

25 The preliminary nature of the geochemical

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1 characterization data acquired as presented in the

2 EIS, with the acknowledgment that more detailed

3 test work is ongoing, and the lack of

4 geochemistry-supported water quality modelling

5 presents a higher degree of uncertainty.

6 To conclude, NRCan has made a number of

7 recommendations to the panel which can also be

8 found in our final written submission.

9 Number one, prior to construction, for the

10 Proponent to conduct a thorough water quality

11 modelling study supported with pertinent

12 geochemical data to inform the development of an

13 effective ARD-ML management plan.

14 Secondly, involvement of responsible

15 regulators in developing and finalizing the ARD-ML

16 management plans.

17 And development of a water quality monitoring

18 plan and consultation with responsible regulators

19 for both construction and operation phases,

20 including for the detection and tracking of

21 possible groundwater plumes.

22 So that will conclude my very brief overview.

23 I'll now turn Dr. John Cassidy who will provide an

24 overview of seismicity including NRCan's role in

25 seismic monitoring and the results of NRCan's

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1 review of seismic hazard assessment for Site C.

2 DR. JOHN CASSIDY: Thank you very much. I'm

3 very happy to be here and to be able to contribute

4 to the discussion of seismic hazards for this

5 project.

6 So in this presentation, I will start with an

7 overview of what are earthquakes, just a very

8 general coverage of earthquakes, NRCan's role in

9 relation to earthquakes and then what causes

10 earthquakes, where are they most likely to occur,

11 what causes earthquakes, how do we monitor

12 earthquakes, our national monitoring network, where

13 do earthquakes occur in Western Canada. And then

14 the second portion of this presentation will deal

15 with NRCan's review of seismic hazard assessment

16 for the Site C project and conclusions.

17 Natural Resources Canada is the Government of

18 Canada's principle earth sciences agency. We are

19 responsible for the provision of information on the

20 actual or probable occurrence and intensity or

21 strength of earthquakes. And we do this in a

22 number of ways:

23 We operate a monitoring network across the

24 country, so we record and locate earthquakes in

25 Canada very rapidly.

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1 We provide this information on significant

2 earthquakes to the public, the media, and to

3 emergency response organizations. All of the

4 earthquakes that we detect are provided on our

5 website.

6 We maintain the Canadian National Earthquake

7 Catalogue.

8 We provide national scale earthquake hazard

9 assessments.

10 And we also conduct research into earthquake

11 hazards with the goal of improving codes and

12 standards across the country.

13 What is an earthquake? An earthquake in its

14 simplest form is slippage along a fault zone, rocks

15 moving along a fault. And this image shows a

16 cartoon of a fault dipping through the earth. And

17 an important point is that the larger the area of

18 slippage, the larger the fault, the larger the

19 earthquake. Very large earthquakes require very

20 large faults. That's an important point.

21 Where do earthquakes occur? If we look at

22 the surface of the earth, it's like a giant jigsaw

23 puzzle. It's made up of tectonic plates. These

24 plates are moving relative to one another. They

25 move anywhere between 2 and about 10 centimetres

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1 each year. That's roughly how fast your

2 fingernails grow. So it isn't very fast. But over

3 the course of 100 years, it represents between 2

4 and 10 metres of movement that takes place along

5 these fault zones, along these plate boundaries.

6 These plates can either slide past one

7 another, they can collide or move apart, but it's

8 this plate movement that essentially drives and

9 causes earthquakes that we see around the world.

10 The location of the proposed Site C is shown

11 on this map. We are here in Fort St. John. We are

12 about 900 kilometres from that plate boundary.

13 If we look at a map of global earthquakes, we

14 see the same pattern, so about 90 percent of the

15 world's earthquakes occur at plate boundaries. And

16 you can see that with these red dots that represent

17 earthquakes around the world. Most of them around

18 the Pacific Rim. There are earthquakes within

19 continents, and we'll talk a little bit about that

20 in just a minute.

21 This is an important slide. It's to

22 illustrate earthquake magnitude and the size of

23 earthquakes. And an earthquake of a magnitude 4

24 shown on the right-hand side, as we go from a

25 magnitude 4 to a magnitude 5, ground shaking

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1 increases by a factor of 10. If we go to a

2 magnitude 6, we're now talking about 100 times

3 increase in ground shaking. In terms of energy

4 release, it's actually 30- -- roughly 32 times for

5 every magnitude unit. So going from a magnitude 4

6 to a 6, that's a factor of 1,000 times in terms of

7 energy.

8 So as we move up to large earthquakes, things

9 ramp up very, very quickly, including the duration

10 of shaking. A small earthquake you will feel for a

11 few seconds, and as described earlier by someone

12 here, it feels like a truck has hit your house.

13 It's a very common feeling for a magnitude 3 or 4

14 earthquake.

15 As you go to a magnitude 9 earthquake, in

16 Japan, you have several minutes of shaking.

17 How do we monitor earthquakes? Natural

18 Resources Canada operates a national seismic

19 network. And on the left-hand side, I've shown the

20 seismic stations in Western Canada, so each of

21 those symbols regardless of colour or shape, each

22 of those symbols is a seismograph that is

23 monitoring ground shaking in Western Canada,

24 concentration along the West Coast where most of

25 the earthquakes occur.

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1 In the northeast British Columbia region, we

2 have two stations, one is at Bull Mountain and one

3 is at Fort Nelson just to the north of us. Both of

4 these originally operated and initiated by

5 BC Hydro.

6 Those -- the closest station to Fort St. John

7 is about 60 to 70 kilometres to the west of here.

8 With that national network, we are able to

9 locate in this region earthquakes as small as

10 magnitude 2.5. So that's roughly the felt limit

11 for earthquakes.

12 The map to the right shows additional seismic

13 stations that have been deployed in this region

14 just in the past six months by the BC Oil and Gas

15 Commission and by the Geoscience BC.

16 So the triangles, many of them are open, but

17 there have been six additional seismic monitoring

18 sites added to northeast BC during this past year.

19 And with those additional stations, we're now

20 able to locate earthquakes and detect earthquakes

21 as small as magnitude 1.5, so much smaller

22 earthquakes and too small to be felt.

23 In terms of the monitoring history going back

24 in time, and these numbers are for the northeast BC

25 region, we have been able to locate using our

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1 national network and global seismic networks,

2 earthquakes as large as magnitude 7 going back to

3 1898, so just over 100 years of monitoring.

4 At the magnitude 6 level, we're able to go

5 back roughly to 1920. As we move down to a

6 magnitude 5, 5.3 level, 1940. And at the magnitude

7 3.3 level, earthquakes that would be felt, we can

8 go back to 1965. So we have a fairly good

9 monitoring history in this region for the larger,

10 larger earthquakes, certainly earthquakes that

11 would cause any damage.

12 Just a few things on earthquake effects. And

13 generally earthquakes less than magnitude 2.5 would

14 not be felt. Magnitude 4 earthquakes, like the one

15 that occurred here near Fort St. John in May of

16 this year, those earthquakes can be felt to

17 distances of 100 kilometres, perhaps even

18 200 kilometres. They are not damaging earthquakes,

19 but they certainly are felt, and any felt

20 earthquake is a frightening earthquake.

21 Near the epicentre for a magnitude 5, you may

22 see items falling from shelves. As you move up to

23 a magnitude five and a half, you may start to see

24 very minor damage to older structures, generally to

25 chimneys or to older unreinforced masonry

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1 buildings.

2 I just wanted to point out in terms of

3 natural earthquakes, the magnitude 5 to 6, which is

4 the level where we start to see damage typically,

5 there are globally about 1,300 earthquakes of that

6 size each year.

7 In terms of the very tiny earthquakes, the

8 ones that we are seeing in this area on a more

9 frequent basis, magnitude 2 earthquakes, around the

10 world there are about 150 per hour. Those are very

11 common types of earthquakes.

12 I mentioned the Canadian National Earthquake

13 Catalogue. This is the authoritative inventory of

14 earthquake information going back in time and going

15 back to 1660 and in parts of Canada. Providing

16 information on location and magnitude and depth and

17 effects from those earthquakes.

18 This is based both on instrumental records

19 and on historical information, felt reports, how

20 are earthquakes experienced.

21 As I've mentioned, our national network can

22 detect all earthquakes greater than magnitude 3

23 across the country. And in some populated areas,

24 we're able to go down as small as magnitude 1.

25 Each year, our organization locates about

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1 5,000 earthquakes across the country. Of those,

2 generally about two dozen are felt.

3 The tectonics of Canada and the history of

4 larger earthquakes in Canada. The figure on the

5 left shows the basic tectonic setting, so the

6 active plate boundary along the West Coast, the

7 Canadian cordillera, which is most of British

8 Columbia.

9 Where we are located here in Fort St. John,

10 we are in what's called the interior plains just

11 getting on to the North American craton, the stable

12 rocks of North America, which comprise most of

13 Canada.

14 The larger earthquakes in Canada are shown on

15 the right-hand side, and these are the damaging

16 earthquakes, the 6.5 to 7.9 range. Each of the

17 dots on that map, whether yellow or red, each of

18 those dots are large, these large earthquakes that

19 we've recorded in Canada going back to 1660. And

20 what you can see, what I wanted to point out is

21 that most of these are along the West Coast where

22 the active plate boundary is where we would expect

23 these earthquakes to occur.

24 There have been a few large earthquakes,

25 especially in the northern cordillera, the Yukon

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1 and Northwest Territories, and a few in Eastern

2 Canada as well in this magnitude range.

3 As we move down to smaller earthquakes, but

4 what we would consider significant earthquakes,

5 that is larger than magnitude 5, we see the same

6 pattern. We see that most of Canada's earthquakes

7 in this magnitude range have occurred along the

8 West Coast offshore.

9 Again, the Site C location is shown on this

10 map. There have been two earthquakes in this

11 magnitude range in this general area, one occurred

12 in 2001, that was a magnitude 5.4, magnitude 5.3 to

13 5.4 earthquake, and it was located about

14 70 kilometres to the east of us, to the southeast

15 of us here.

16 The other earthquake occurred near Prince

17 George in 1986, a magnitude 5.5, and that

18 earthquake caused some minor damage to chimneys, a

19 few homes that were very close to that earthquake.

20 This is our national seismic hazard map

21 that's currently in the National Building Code of

22 Canada. This will be updated in 2015. The

23 location of Fort St. John is in a region of low

24 seismic hazard.

25 As we move towards the West Coast, you see

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1 the colours becoming darker, the darker orange, the

2 red. Those are the regions of much higher seismic

3 hazard. And that, again, is where the active plate

4 boundary is where most of the large earthquakes

5 have occurred.

6 I've shown also on this plot the location of

7 the Prince George earthquake and the 2001

8 earthquake near Dawson Creek.

9 And I just mention that the Dawson Creek

10 earthquake was strong enough to knock items off

11 shelves as we would expect for an earthquake of

12 this size, no damage reported from that earthquake.

13 The 1986 earthquake I've mentioned, some of the

14 minor damage in the epicentral region, that type of

15 an earthquake can be felt over a large area. It's

16 not damaging over a large area.

17 In addition to natural earthquakes, we've

18 known for many decades that humans can induce or

19 trigger earthquakes. And there are a few different

20 ways that this can happen. Actually, many

21 different ways that this can happen. And I'm

22 touching on a few here that are relevant to this

23 region.

24 So reservoir triggered seismicity or RTS, the

25 filling of reservoirs in some areas in some cases

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1 has triggered seismicity, has triggered small

2 earthquakes, sometimes larger earthquakes.

3 If we look at the global record going back

4 decades, what we see is that larger reservoirs are

5 much more likely to trigger significant

6 earthquakes. The largest earthquake confirmed as

7 an RTS earthquake was a 6.3 magnitude earthquake

8 that occurred in 1967 in India. That was a

9 103-metre high dam.

10 For reservoirs less than 60 metres, the

11 probability of induced earthquakes is extremely

12 low, so that probability of triggering earthquakes

13 drops off very quickly with reservoir height.

14 And if we move into the more local situation,

15 in British Columbia, there's no history of

16 significant reservoir triggered seismicity either

17 at the much larger Bennett Dam, which is

18 183 metres, or the Peace Canyon Dam. So we have

19 not seen significant reservoir induced earthquakes

20 in British Columbia.

21 Another way, and it was mentioned earlier

22 this morning, that earthquakes can be triggered is

23 through oil and gas activities. And here in Fort

24 St. John, beginning in the 1980s, people started

25 feeling small earthquakes. And there were swarms

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1 of small earthquakes in the 1980s, the 1990s and

2 even today. Those small earthquakes are still

3 taking place. The largest recorded was a magnitude

4 4.3. And that was near the Eagle Field just to the

5 northwest of -- northeast of Fort St. John.

6 There was a very detailed study of that

7 earthquake swarm with additional seismic stations.

8 What was discovered was that there was a

9 correlation of those earthquakes with the injection

10 pressure, the water that was being injected into

11 the ground to help release hydrocarbons. At high

12 pressures earthquakes started. And what -- if the

13 injection pressure was lowered, the earthquake

14 stopped.

15 So this study was a very important study to

16 show, first, that correlation, and secondly, how to

17 mitigate those small earthquakes.

18 But there were a number of earthquakes felt

19 in Fort St. John associated with that oil and gas

20 extraction.

21 And more recently, as we've been discussing

22 this morning, hydraulic fracturing has been

23 associated with induced seismicity. And what I

24 would mention is that the hydraulic fracturing

25 process, there are two steps. The first step is

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1 injecting at high pressures, water and sand and

2 chemicals into formations to help release gas or

3 oil. And that first stage globally has generally

4 not been associated with any significant

5 earthquakes.

6 Here in British Columbia, the BC Oil and Gas

7 Commission undertook a study that was published in

8 2012, not 2013, my apologies, looking at the Horn

9 River Basin. And they found a number of events,

10 all smaller than magnitude 3.8, that was the

11 largest earthquake, that they associated with that

12 first stage, or that hydraulic fracturing process

13 itself. So 38 of these earthquakes over roughly a

14 two-year time period.

15 The second stage of this process is the

16 injection of the waste-water from hydraulic

17 fracturing. And this water is commonly injected

18 into disposal wells. And globally this process is

19 associated with more frequent triggered earthquakes

20 and larger triggered earthquakes.

21 Globally and certainly in North America, it's

22 only a very small fraction of these waste-water

23 injection wells that are associated with triggered

24 earthquakes.

25 But earthquakes in the magnitude 5 range have

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1 been associated with this process of injecting deep

2 water.

3 Okay. NRCan's review of seismicity for this

4 proposal.

5 We've looked at the seismic hazards in the

6 area and the codes and the standards that will be

7 used in this project.

8 The potential impacts of induced seismicity,

9 whether reservoir-triggered oil and gas or

10 hydraulic fracturing, and the mitigation measures.

11 We've looked at the possible effects of

12 seiches, those are waves generated by earthquakes

13 and earthquake shaking.

14 We've looked at the seismic monitoring

15 proposed.

16 And lessons learned from recent earthquakes

17 around the world.

18 So the approach and scope of our review.

19 We've reviewed the documents to verify whether the

20 EIS appropriately described and assessed seismic

21 hazards in the project area, the impacts of induced

22 seismicity, seismic monitoring, and possible

23 effects of seiches.

24 In addition, NRCan has compared the

25 information in earthquake models and hazards --

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1 hazard results to those prepared by NRCan and those

2 currently within the National Building Code of

3 Canada.

4 The results of NRCan's review on the

5 seismicity starting with seismic hazards in the

6 region. This is a region of low seismic hazard.

7 It has been accurately characterized by the

8 Proponent. The Proponent's seismic hazard model

9 incorporates past earthquakes of this area, the

10 current seismicity that we see in this area, and

11 the likely future earthquakes that we will see in

12 this area.

13 Active faults are important for design

14 purposes. And the Proponent has examined LiDAR

15 data, which is light detecting radar to give a very

16 accurate image of the surface. You can see through

17 trees, for example. And has examined surficial

18 sediments and has found no evidence for active

19 faults in this area.

20 The codes and standards that will be

21 utilized:

22 The highest level -- as has been mentioned,

23 the highest level of dam design will be used for

24 these critical structures.

25 In terms of the potential impacts of induced

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1 seismicity, reservoir-triggered and injection

2 wells, hydraulic fracturing, the largest induced

3 earthquakes from any of these types of induced

4 seismicity have been accounted for in the proposal

5 here before us.

6 The effects of seiches. Again, likely

7 seiches and seiches that have been observed during

8 previous earthquakes which is a sloshing of water

9 essentially in reservoirs or in inlets, less than

10 one metre and generally less than half a metre, in

11 fact. As mentioned earlier here, the freeboard

12 that has been incorporated in the design is 7.6

13 metres, so the seiches really are well accounted

14 for in this proposal.

15 In terms of ongoing seismic monitoring, we

16 are able currently to detect earthquakes as small

17 as magnitude 1.5 in this region. The Proponent

18 will add -- is proposing to add strong-motion

19 instruments at the site in addition to what

20 currently exists.

21 And in terms of lessons learned on these

22 types of dams from recent earthquakes around the

23 world, it's been documented that well compacted

24 earth-filled dams perform well during earthquakes.

25 The potential liquefaction is the key factor

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1 in the design of these dams, the geotechnical

2 aspects. And the Proponents have taken this into

3 consideration.

4 In conclusion, the Proponents plan to use the

5 highest dam classification that will provide the

6 highest safety standard for earthquake design.

7 We conclude the Proponent has conducted a

8 thorough seismic hazard assessment and has

9 adequately addressed all types of potential induced

10 seismicity, seiches and dam safety issues.

11 NRCan are satisfied with the information

12 provided by the Proponent.

13 And I will conclude with that. I thank you

14 very much.

15 MS. JESSICA COULSON: Thank you very much,

16 Dr. Cassidy.

17 I'll now turn to Dr. Bobrowsky who will be

18 providing an equally informative overview of

19 geohazards generally, as well as the results of

20 NRCan's review in this area.

21

22 Presentation by Dr. Peter Bobrowsky:

23 DR. PETER BOBROWSKY: Thanks very much, Jennifer.

24 And my thanks to the Chair and panel for

25 allowing me to speak here. Also thanks to the

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1 Ladies and Gentlemen in the audience for coming and

2 sharing their time to hear this presentation.

3 My outline today during the next 15 minutes

4 will cover two parts. The first I'm showing here

5 will be a general background to landslides, what

6 they are, how common they are in this particular

7 region. I want to focus specifically very briefly

8 on the association of landslides and valleys

9 because we really are talking about a valley

10 situation here.

11 Of course, the importance is: What causes

12 landslides and how we as professionals perform

13 landslide studies.

14 And of interest to everyone, of course, there

15 are two components to that: How we monitor and how

16 we stabilize slope instability.

17 And finally, I'll discuss very briefly the

18 whole concept of living with landslides.

19 The second part of my presentation will be

20 specifically on Site C evaluation; the terrain

21 hazards analysis that was performed by the

22 Proponent. I'm going to discuss the approach used

23 and our assessment of what did we look at and why

24 did we look at it, why is it important, what did we

25 find. And our conclusions.

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1 So to begin with as already mentioned, the

2 geological survey within Natural Resources Canada

3 is really the primary agency in the government that

4 addresses, for the good of the public, issues

5 related to slope instability at the Federal level.

6 And we have several geoscientists, engineers,

7 geotechs at the GSC who focus on landslide issues

8 of relevance to public safety.

9 So if I may, I'm going to give you a very

10 generic and simple definition of what is a

11 landslide.

12 A landslide is a downslope movement. What's

13 important is that it's under the influence of

14 gravity of either rock or soil or a combination of

15 both, and sometimes that can include other

16 materials such as vegetation, trees. And the

17 general term landslide can and really should be

18 used for all types of mass movements. And I know

19 you've heard all types of terms, sloughing,

20 slumping, et cetera. Really, it's best to simply

21 use the term landslide from the generic sense.

22 And if I can, I'll give you an analogy. We

23 would use the term at-home cat, but of course cats

24 cover all kinds of species and creatures, and I'll

25 get back to my cat analogy right away. But that's

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1 an important analogy I think. Landslides cover all

2 types of movements.

3 What's also important is their attributes.

4 They can be small, something the size of this water

5 jug falling off a cliff is really a landslide, or

6 they could be several tens of square kilometres in

7 size. So the range is significant.

8 They move slowly, a few centimetres per year,

9 essentially imperceptible to the human eye, to very

10 rapidly, up to 360 kilometres an hour. They occur

11 on land. They can occur underwater, subaqueously,

12 in lakes, in reservoirs, in the oceans.

13 So there are other attributes, but I think

14 you're getting the message of what really the range

15 of variability is for all types of landslides.

16 My next image is really just a schematic so

17 that you understand that as professionals, like on

18 the human body, we've designated varius parts of a

19 landslide when we try to communicate. And you can

20 imagine that at the bottom of the landslide, we

21 have a foot. The very edge we call a toe, by

22 analogy again to the human body.

23 It's a passionate topic.

24 Anyway, if I can get back to the schematic.

25 This is what we would use as, let's say, a classic

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1 example of the parts of a landslide. And if I may,

2 I'm going to show you other schematic drawings or

3 cartoons of other types of landslides that are

4 common to this particular area.

5 But before I do that, it's also important to

6 move beyond this simple term that we use,

7 landslides, for you to understand that

8 professionals also classify landslides very

9 specifically to communicate certain parameters.

10 And in general, regardless of the

11 classification system, they are based on four

12 attributes: the state of activity, whether it's

13 moving or not; the rate of movement, as I

14 mentioned, how fast, slowly, rapidly; the type of

15 material that's involved; and the mode of movement,

16 is it tumbling, is it dropping, is it sliding.

17 And based on that classification, there are

18 six types of landslides that are extremely common

19 to northeast BC that are relevant here to this

20 Site C Dam project. And these listed here are:

21 rockfalls, rotational landslides, translational

22 landslides, topples, debris flows and earth flows.

23 If I may, I'm briefly going to show you

24 cartoons and a photo of each of these.

25 First of all, a rockfall, as you can imagine,

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1 is simply the falling of stones of various sizes

2 from the top of a cliff. And the upper image

3 there, you can see a small rockfall blocking a

4 highway. If you also look carefully there, you can

5 also see a temporary mitigation response. There's

6 a mesh that's been spread across that face to stop

7 any further tumbling of stones onto the road while

8 the clean-up crew moves in.

9 Toppling, the image here, you can see a

10 person for scale. This is actually from this

11 region in the Fort St. John area. Picture a stack

12 of cards standing on ends and the cards falling

13 over individually; they simply topple over. And

14 given the relief in this area, the toppling

15 mechanism is actually quite small because we don't

16 have very high areas of bedrock exposure.

17 The third type of failure, and very much akin

18 to the schematic that I gave you as the classic

19 example is a rotational slide. And you can see the

20 bottom failure plane is spoon shaped. And the

21 picture in the upper right-hand corner there's an

22 individual there for scale, you can see the

23 material doesn't move very far, but it does follow

24 the sort of the curvilinear failure in the soft

25 sediments. So now we've left the rock realm.

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1 We're moving into more of a soft sediment.

2 Another one is translational slides. And in

3 this case, the material is actually moving along a

4 flatter plane at any angle. So it's that surface

5 of rupture's actually much more flat than the

6 curvilinear one. This picture is a historic photo

7 from the Fort St. John area as well.

8 Debris flows occur in this region, but if you

9 can see -- as you can see in the cartoon area, it

10 requires certain conditions. First of all, a gully

11 environment. And as shown in this, a significant

12 amount of rainfall. So debris flows are very

13 common in western part of BC, for example,

14 Vancouver Island, the coast mountains. We have a

15 lot of water, very steep mountainous environments.

16 They're very -- they create a lot of problems

17 there.

18 In this particular environment as we have

19 around here, our gullies are very small and the

20 precipitation is much less.

21 And finally, an earth flow. An earth flow

22 typically has a classic hourglass shape. It's

23 larger up top, larger on the bottom, and moves

24 fairly slowly. And the picture here is from New

25 Zealand and you can see the sediment actually

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1 moving out of there.

2 So these are the six most common types of

3 landslides that we see in this region.

4 If I may, I'm going to move on to the

5 association of valleys and landslides.

6 So first of all, all valleys are the products

7 of erosion and all valleys continue to evolve

8 through time. It's hard for most people to think

9 in geologic time. For us, of course, millions

10 of years equate to what most people think of in

11 terms of the their own lifespan. You have to start

12 to think as we do in terms of how things evolve

13 over a considerable period of time.

14 And if I may, I'm only going to give you

15 three examples of valley situations and how they

16 relate to this area.

17 The first is what we call a V-shaped valley.

18 This is in the early stages of erosion.

19 In Canada, and other northern environments,

20 we have, as you know, a history of glaciation. And

21 these create what we call U-shaped valleys. And

22 they look significantly different. And the Peace

23 area of course has been glaciated a number of

24 times.

25 And finally through time, certain valleys

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1 become much more mature and much as what we see

2 here in this area now with very gentle sloped

3 areas.

4 Besides these characteristics which are the

5 geometry and geomorphology, the materials

6 themselves are very important. The type of

7 vegetation on the slope, the type of bedrock, the

8 type of soils, the climate and the human activities

9 that are imposed over that also influence the type

10 of slope stability.

11 So all valleys around the world are the

12 result of different types of erosion and landslides

13 are just one contributor to that history.

14 So first of all, a V-shaped valley, a classic

15 V-shaped valley, very steep sloped with

16 considerable instability at those early stages of

17 erosion.

18 Here's an extreme example of a recently

19 deglaciated valley. And you heard earlier somebody

20 talking about removing the load of either sediment,

21 but in this case, you can imagine the weight of the

22 ice, as soon as that removes, that unloading

23 triggers a significant amount of landsliding.

24 So most landslide activity in a valley occurs

25 following deglaciation in the early history. That

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1 same applies to this Peace River region. Most of

2 the landslide instability occurred early on,

3 roughly 13,500 years ago when the ice disappeared

4 in the first few hundred to thousand years.

5 And this is what we end up in. This is the

6 meandering river valley here in the Peace River.

7 You can see low relief, meandering stream and low

8 angle slopes, very low relief.

9 So what causes a landslide? Two primary

10 categories:

11 Natural causes, those triggered by water,

12 seismic activity, volcanic activity. And of course

13 much more recently.

14 Human activity, removing vegetation, loading

15 slopes, excessive irrigation. These are a few

16 examples of what may trigger landslides.

17 Now, what's important for us and what was

18 important for me as a scientist in reviewing the

19 documents provided was whether or not a progressive

20 and logical process of landslide studies was

21 followed. Did they follow standards, protocols and

22 best practices that we consider acceptable?

23 In this case, we require:

24 Assessing the history of landslides in a

25 region. That's the inventory. Types, location,

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1 frequency.

2 Characterizing the materials, the nature of

3 soil and rocks.

4 Evaluating slope conditions, angles of the

5 slopes, vegetation.

6 Determining factors that could influence the

7 conditions.

8 Performing modelling and analyzing data.

9 Providing interpretations and, where

10 necessary or required, providing solutions for

11 further monitoring or mitigations.

12 And a typical output for this is in map form.

13 We like to see inventory maps, what we call

14 susceptibility maps and risk maps.

15 So as I said, two important things for most

16 people that are involved in landslide studies is

17 the monitoring and mitigation. And I've listed a

18 number of monitoring techniques that we know have

19 been used by the Proponent elsewhere and in this

20 region. And this is a very short list of the

21 techniques that can be used to watch a slope if

22 required to see if any movement is undergoing.

23 And just a few pictures for you. This is,

24 again, a quick -- just a brief example of some of

25 the instrumentation that's used in BC by us and

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1 others in terms of monitoring slopes that we

2 consider unstable or potentially unstable.

3 Landslide stabilization and mitigation. In

4 some cases, it's required that slopes should be

5 stabilized and some sort of mitigation can be

6 required.

7 And this is a list, again, of different

8 techniques, just a few, that could be used to

9 either stabilize a slope.

10 These can range from something as simple as

11 simply planting vegetation, hydroseeding, to much

12 more engineered structures, benching, strengthening

13 slope with buttresses, et cetera.

14 So each unique situation requires its own

15 unique solution. I think that's important.

16 And here's a few examples, if I may. In the

17 upper right-hand or left-hand corner, for example,

18 inserting of pipes simply to remove water could

19 help the situation.

20 I mentioned debris flows, the upper

21 right-hand image shows of what we call a check dam.

22 As the debris builds up behind the dam, once a

23 year, or as required, graders can come in and

24 simply remove that sediment. And it saves the

25 road, from which this picture is being taken, from

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1 being impacted by such events.

2 The lower corner you can see a CN train

3 moving through southern BC, through the mountainous

4 regions. This is a good solution where really the

5 CN had no other options in terms of constructing

6 the location where to put the track, and yet

7 they're living with the landslides by creating

8 these deflection sheds. So the rock continues to

9 slide but doesn't impact the train.

10 And the bottom example is an extreme case of

11 mitigation in the UK where virtually everything

12 possible was done to stabilize the slope.

13 And just a few other examples. The simplest

14 of course in the bottom, a small rock fence to stop

15 stones from tumbling on to the roads. And also on

16 the bottom, a technique used in Canada is spraying

17 shotcrete on slopes.

18 This is a map that was produced by the

19 geological survey of Canada. It's a landslide

20 susceptibility map for the entire country. And

21 much like the seismic map of Canada or seismic

22 hazard map; it's hot to cold. The six categories

23 are arbitrary, but they go from six to one, the

24 brighter the colour, the more susceptible a region

25 is relative to another region. What's important to

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1 realize is that landslides occur throughout Canada.

2 And just because we've coloured some areas green

3 doesn't mean that there are no landslides in those

4 areas. There are landslides in the areas, but as

5 compared to another area in the country, they are

6 less likely.

7 Virtually all river valleys highlighted on

8 this map are coded red because river valleys around

9 the world, as I mentioned, and in Canada are

10 susceptible to slope instability.

11 And I'll give you one other extreme example,

12 this is the suburbs of Los Angeles, and you can see

13 all of the landslide scars surrounding that

14 suburban area. It would be impractical to move LA

15 to avoid these landslides. So really everyone

16 around the world is faced with living with

17 landslides. It's a fact of life.

18 So if I may, I'm going to review now the

19 approach and scope of what NRCan did in terms of

20 reviewing the Proponent's submission.

21 We looked at the documents provided in the

22 EIS to see whether or not it was appropriately

23 described in assessing the terrain hazards.

24 NRCan also performed its own research in

25 terms of compiling a desktop study of the

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1 literature, ensuring that all the relative

2 literature was examined.

3 Our conclusions are as follows:

4 The Proponent compiled and collected all

5 relevant literature regarding the geology,

6 geomorphology, and terrain hazards in this area.

7 As required, an inventory map and the

8 inventory data of landslides in the region was

9 prepared.

10 Field data was collected, samples,

11 drill-holes, other observational aspects were

12 appropriately collected from surficial and bedrock

13 units in the area.

14 Air photographs, LiDAR, other ground

15 observations were used to prepare what we call a

16 terrain classification map. It's very unique to

17 BC.

18 And the current practice for terrain hazard

19 classification was adopted and the development of a

20 terrain stability map or a susceptibility map.

21 Study specific models for erosion were

22 developed and applied and used by the Proponent.

23 Study specific models for landslide generated

24 waves in the reservoir were also developed by the

25 Proponent.

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1 Slope stability analysis was applied in the

2 generation of the various impact lines as you're

3 aware of.

4 And finally, a slope stability line and a

5 landslide generated wave impact line are very

6 conservative and may exceed the minimum required

7 standards.

8 So NRCan is satisfied the Proponent has

9 followed the adopted current standards and best

10 practices used both in Canada and internationally

11 in dealing with slope stability.

12 And NRCan is satisfied with the information

13 provided by the Proponent.

14 So we have no other recommendations.

15 Thank you for your time.

16 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much.

17 Do my colleagues have questions on this?

18 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

19 You have some recommendation regarding

20 groundwater quality and wells, and I believe the

21 gentleman is not with you who could answer these

22 questions.

23 MS. JESSICA COULSON: No, she's not here today, but

24 as I mentioned in my opening, I would be happy to

25 take any questions back to our department.

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1 MS. BEAUDET: We have with Environment

2 Canada this afternoon a small period of questions

3 regarding these subjects, and then we'll see if

4 anything is left over, and we'll let you know.

5 Thank you.

6 MS. JESSICA COULSON: Thank you.

7 THE CHAIRMAN: I do have a question for you,

8 Ms. Coulson. And I quote the abundance of

9 disturbed rocks with high ARD-ML potential.

10 What have we got around here that's got a lot

11 of sulfides in it?

12 MS. JESSICA COULSON: Well, I wish I could answer

13 that for you. Unfortunately I am not the technical

14 reviewer. As I mentioned in my opening, Dr. John

15 Kwong was our ARD technical reviewer on that

16 subject. I do understand that Environment Canada

17 also covered that topic, but I do also understand

18 they do not have an expert here today on that.

19 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Nunn, do you have

20 information on that?

21 MR. JOHN NUNN: There are some sulfides

22 present in the shale in the form of pyrite. That's

23 addressed in volume 2, Appendix B, part four, the

24 ARD-ML plan.

25 And I'd like to say that we agree completely

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1 with NRCan's recommendation they made with respect

2 for more water quality modelling, and actually

3 that's under way right now. When we were in Peace

4 River, I did speak about the length of some of the

5 testing that's gone on. We have barrels of rock

6 samples on site, experiencing the natural climate.

7 We're taking leachate from those barrels all to

8 inform our ARD-ML management plan, and we will be

9 working with the provincial regulators to finalize

10 that plan and future monitoring requirements.

11 THE CHAIRMAN: And that would include the

12 mobilization of selenium, would it?

13 MR. JOHN NUNN: That is correct.

14 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. Are there further

15 questions for -- sorry, Jim.

16 MR. MATTISON: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

17 Dr. Cassidy, I just wanted to follow up on

18 one thing you said with respect to most induced

19 seismicity events are associated with high pressure

20 injection of waste-water into deep wells.

21 And I didn't know that, which is not

22 surprising, I suppose. But can you speculate on

23 why it was the deep injection of the waste-water

24 that -- what it was? Is it volume, is it pressure,

25 is it the formations? I'm just ...

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1 DR. JOHN CASSIDY: Thank you. That's -- it's

2 John Cassidy from Natural Resources Canada.

3 And that's a very good question. That is

4 still being researched today. But it's been known

5 for several decades that these deep water injection

6 wells, starting in Colorado where earthquakes in

7 the magnitude 4 and 5 range were being triggered,

8 it's not entirely known yet whether it's the volume

9 or the pressure for these deep wells.

10 The recent studies and studies locally

11 suggest that the overall volume of injected fluid

12 is most important at this point and in the U.S. as

13 well, the USGS has been looking at this.

14 So it seems like the overall volume of

15 injected fluid is important, but it really -- it's

16 only a few of these wells. It's a relatively small

17 number of the wells where earthquakes are being

18 induced. So you need the right conditions. You

19 need to have pre-existing faults. Presumably

20 injecting the fluids is lubricating those faults or

21 changing the stress condition at depth where you

22 can trigger earthquakes that perhaps were going to

23 occur anyway, so you've moved the clock forward.

24 So it is that injection that's generally

25 related to induced seismicity more than the

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1 hydraulic fracturing, the first process.

2 MR. MATTISON: Thank you, Dr. Cassidy.

3 A bit of a follow-up, and it's an unfair

4 question, but do you know if Geoscience BC or the

5 BC Oil and Gas Commission are doing further

6 investigation into this?

7 DR. JOHN CASSIDY: It's John Cassidy with

8 Natural Resources Canada.

9 The BC Oil and Gas Commission is doing

10 current research in this area with Geoscience BC in

11 addition to the stations that have been deployed.

12 Already there are studies under way of the

13 seismicity, including the recent events near Fort

14 St. John. And perhaps with additional -- there's a

15 plan for additional seismic stations to really zoom

16 in on certain areas. So there are a number of

17 current initiatives under way.

18 THE CHAIRMAN: We're still in a world in

19 which there's no indication that frac-induced

20 seismicity rises to the level of an earthquake that

21 would be dangerous to the dam; is that correct?

22 DR. JOHN CASSIDY: John Cassidy of Natural

23 Resources Canada.

24 That is correct. The largest earthquakes

25 that we've seen are in the magnitude 3.8, perhaps

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1 4.2 of the recent event south of Fort St. John.

2 That is a frightening earthquake for people who

3 feel the shaking. It's not a damaging earthquake.

4 But it is a frightening earthquake.

5 Around the world, up into the magnitude 5

6 range for these induced events.

7 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. So we probably don't

8 have to consider a frac-free zone around Fort

9 St. John.

10 Are there any other questions from the floor?

11 Sir.

12 MR. WALTER ANDREEFF: Hello. Good morning. My

13 name is Walter Andreeff. I'm the consultant for

14 the Peace River Environmental Society.

15 Dr. Cassidy, if I could ask you a few --

16 THE CHAIRMAN: If you could address

17 the Chair, please.

18 MR. WALTER ANDREEFF: Oh, sorry Chair.

19 Mr. Chair, I wondered if Dr. Cassidy could

20 talk a little bit more on the difference between

21 sort of a boundary plate earthquakes and

22 intracratonic earthquakes.

23 DR. JOHN CASSIDY: Thank you, it's John Cassidy

24 with Natural Resources Canada.

25 And thank you for that question. That's a

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1 good one.

2 Plate boundary earthquakes are much more

3 frequent, and this is where the largest earthquakes

4 on earth have occurred.

5 As we move into the intraplate region, North

6 America, whether it's North America or Australia or

7 India, earthquakes become less frequent and

8 generally smaller, although large and damaging

9 earthquakes still do occur in an intraplate

10 setting. And it's believed that they are

11 associated with ancient faults that are being

12 reactivated by the right stress conditions. So

13 crustal stresses that are being transmitted from

14 the plate boundaries. So most of the earthquakes

15 at the plate boundaries but some of the stress is

16 still being transmitted through the continental

17 rocks.

18 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Andreeff.

19 MR. WALTER ANDREEFF: Mr. Chair, if I would, I

20 would like to ask another question.

21 I would like to know if Dr. Cassidy has had

22 an opportunity to review the seismic model put

23 forth by BC Hydro and what is his thoughts on

24 the -- using locations outside of the Peace region

25 for part of the evaluation and scaling up of the

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1 model.

2 THE CHAIRMAN: Dr. Cassidy.

3 DR. JOHN CASSIDY: This is John Cassidy with

4 Natural Resources Canada. And, again, a good

5 question. I have reviewed the model put forth.

6 And this is the probabilistic seismic hazard

7 assessment does take into account all possible

8 earthquakes in all regions that could be relevant

9 to a project, and so it's the nature of

10 probabilistic assessment hazard analysis to

11 consider earthquakes, even if they are not very

12 likely, but large earthquakes at a distance,

13 smaller earthquakes nearby.

14 So this type of analysis is the traditional

15 method used around the world to assess seismic

16 hazard. And in this type of a setting, especially,

17 it does account for all of the different types of

18 earthquakes that might occur. And some of those

19 are at significant distance from --

20 THE CHAIRMAN: Let me just follow up on your

21 question.

22 Do we still regard the New Madrid earthquake

23 of I think it was 1811 an intracraton earthquake as

24 anomalous and not really well explained?

25 DR. JOHN CASSIDY: The 1811, 1812 New Madrid

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1 earthquakes --

2 Again, John Cassidy with Natural Resources

3 Canada.

4 Those are intraplate earthquakes and

5 associated with a failed rift zone running through

6 that part of eastern North America. And large,

7 again, large but relatively rare earthquakes.

8 THE CHAIRMAN: No rifts like that around

9 here?

10 DR. JOHN CASSIDY: John Cassidy of Natural

11 Resources Canada.

12 There are no -- as far as I know, no

13 large-scale significant rifts in this region.

14 THE CHAIRMAN: Sorry, Mr. Andreeff, did you

15 have another question?

16 MR. WALTER ANDREEFF: One last question, if I may,

17 Mr. Chair.

18 Dr. Cassidy showed one slide of the

19 historical earthquakes in the area, I think one of

20 the oldest was dating back to the late 1800s.

21 The technical seismic memo as noted --

22 brought forward by the Proponent uses in their

23 model the local Dawson Creek earthquake. And cites

24 that there isn't an adequate record of historical

25 earthquakes in which to put into the model. So my

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1 question to you, Dr. Cassidy, is is the data beyond

2 earlier than the Dawson Creek earthquake, could

3 that be possibly imported, brought into that model,

4 rather than these other locations that are located

5 quite a ways away from the area.

6 THE CHAIRMAN: Dr. Cassidy.

7 DR. JOHN CASSIDY: Thank you. John Cassidy with

8 Natural Resources Canada.

9 And another very good question. So the

10 record of earthquakes in this region instrumentally

11 recorded goes back to roughly 1899, 1898 for the

12 magnitude 7 level. For the magnitude 6 level, we

13 go back to about 1920. So those are the damaging

14 levels of earthquakes. And that is about a

15 100-year record. That is a relatively short record

16 in terms of earthquake history.

17 And so often we incorporate -- we look for

18 impacts of prehistoric earthquakes that's been

19 applied in many areas. Oral traditions from First

20 Nations have been utilized on the Vancouver Island

21 region to extend our earthquake history and our

22 understanding of earthquakes.

23 So it's a short record, but the way to deal

24 with it is looking at other areas of the world, the

25 rates of earthquake activity in this type of a

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1 setting, in intraplate settings, and incorporate

2 those into the probabilistic seismic hazard model

3 which is what's done, and so that accounts, that

4 helps you to extend your earthquake record back in

5 time or what you might expect in the future.

6 MR. WALTER ANDREEFF: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

7 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Mr. Andreeff.

8 Are there further questions from the

9 audience?

10 Ms. Culling.

11 MS. DIANE CULLING: Diane Culling, C-u-l-l-i-n-g.

12 Given -- acknowledging that this region isn't

13 prone to large magnitude earthquakes, my question

14 is on the cumulative, potential cumulative effects

15 of -- given that we are -- the proximity of the

16 Montney shale gas play and the potential if the LNG

17 development occurs, as Mr. Mattison alluded to

18 earlier that that play could be ramped up

19 considerably, is there -- is it possible that there

20 could be a series of small earthquakes, small to

21 medium magnitude earthquakes that could not damage

22 the dam structurally, but that could contribute to

23 piping of the core materials and over the long-term

24 weaken the dam?

25 THE CHAIRMAN: I think I'd address that

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1 question to Mr. Nunn.

2 MR. JOHN NUNN: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

3 The dam would withstand the very large

4 earthquake without damage. So a series of smaller

5 earthquakes would not worry it.

6 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

7 Are there further questions?

8 Mr. Boon.

9 MR. KEN BOON: Yes, thank you, Chair. Just

10 in regards to landslides, and Peter Bobrowsky had

11 mentioned that the slope stability lines are

12 credible in the EIS.

13 I'm just -- but I'd like to point out that

14 the impact lines are pretty radical on this, on the

15 maps. Like, it shows a lot of potential landslides

16 in the valley.

17 And so I'm just kind of wondering what

18 Peter's sense might be of, you know, in the --

19 maybe 20, 30 years down the road, what's this

20 valley going to look like, and getting to that

21 stage, what will -- would there be safety problems

22 on the reservoir with boating and fishing and stuff

23 with that kind of landslide capabilities?

24 THE CHAIRMAN: Dr. Bobrowsky.

25 DR. PETER BOBROWSKY: Well, thank you very much.

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1 Is it Mr. Boom?

2 THE CHAIRMAN: "Boon."

3 DR. PETER BOBROWSKY: "Boon," sorry.

4 Thanks very much, Mr. Boon.

5 Well, first of all what's good about the

6 slope stability lines is, as I mentioned, they

7 really say that anything within that zone has a

8 higher probability or a higher susceptibility to

9 slope failure. And because they are conservative,

10 they exceed beyond what we would say is more than

11 acceptable. So it's providing us with a good

12 safety margin.

13 We also know that most of the activity -- and

14 it's impossible to project into the future, but

15 most of the activity will likely take place in the

16 first few years of our reservoir infilling. That's

17 akin to, as I said, the deglaciation period of a

18 valley. It's really when you do some sort of

19 changes in those first -- that first sort of a

20 period. And so BC Hydro's proposed in the EIS that

21 the first five years are going to be a period of

22 intensive monitoring and reassessment.

23 And I think what's important there is that

24 you can reassess the modelling. You don't want

25 something that's stagnant. The fact is you're

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1 dealing with the best information that you have at

2 hand at any one time. So you can only deal with

3 the information we have up until now.

4 So if I had to bet, I would say that much of

5 the activity that we would anticipate would be in

6 the first few years of reservoir infilling. So

7 that 20- to 30-year period is beyond that. So

8 we're anticipating any type of response or any type

9 of excessive monitoring that has to be done, my

10 guess would be that you're going to be doing that

11 in the first period of the history of the dam. I

12 can't tell you what it would look like 20 or 30

13 years from now.

14 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

15 MR. KEN BOON: Okay. Maybe just one

16 follow-up on that though. Like, there's some

17 places where the stability lines are quite far back

18 which indicate they are anticipating some pretty

19 large slide events. And then maybe in addition to

20 that, like at Bear Flats, there's that huge

21 historic slide there. And like in that location, I

22 know the stability lines are way back past the top

23 of that.

24 So it just appears that they are anticipating

25 some real grief there. Could you comment on that?

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1 DR. PETER BOBROWSKY: Okay. This is Peter

2 Bobrowsky again.

3 And that's another good question and gives me

4 a chance to elaborate on the construction of the

5 stability lines.

6 When I mentioned that what we require is --

7 during the mapper phase, right after you've

8 identified where landslides occur and map the

9 surficial landforms, what type of ground exists, we

10 create a terrain map, a terrain hazard map that

11 goes from categories 1 to 5.

12 Category 5 polygons on a map are those that

13 are more susceptible than category 4 and so on

14 down. And if you look at the output produced in

15 this study, you'll see that it's a jigsaw puzzle of

16 category 1 to 5.

17 So within that stability line that you see,

18 there are polygons that are category 1, 2, 3, 4,

19 et cetera. So that's why it's so conservative.

20 If they had actually only followed category 5

21 polygons, it would have been an unacceptable map to

22 understand. It wouldn't be a line, it would be

23 zig-zagging all over the place. So that's why it's

24 so conservative. It's capturing pieces of land

25 that have a very low probability relative next door

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1 to another polygon of failing.

2 And so that's why you see in certain places

3 it seems that it's going back quite far. But

4 certain portions of the valley are going to be much

5 more stable than other portions. And it's really

6 on a case-by-case basis that you're going to have

7 to look at during the next few years in terms of

8 monitoring what's more susceptible than other

9 areas.

10 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much.

11 Mr. Steiner.

12 MR. MATTISON: Mr. Chairman, may I follow up

13 on that question first with BC Hydro.

14 Just a question, I think I heard or read, and

15 I'd like you to confirm this, that during the next

16 couple of years should the project go ahead, you

17 would be refining that line to some extent with

18 respect to stability on the properties; is that

19 correct?

20 MR. MIKE PORTER: In the EIS, the reservoir

21 impact lines are described as preliminary impact

22 lines. And the indication for that is that there

23 are areas where segments of Highway 29 are going to

24 be realigned, and it's our understanding that there

25 will be erosion and slope stabilization measures

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1 incorporated in those that haven't been accounted

2 for in the development of the impact lines.

3 So work like that is proposed to be carried

4 out.

5 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. I take that as a

6 yes.

7 Mr. Steiner.

8 MR. CHARLES STEINER: It's Charles Steiner,

9 S-t-e-i-n-e-r.

10 My question was in relation to the landslide,

11 did the Government of Canada do their own research

12 or -- my understanding was you only reviewed what

13 BC Hydro submitted. Is that ...

14 THE CHAIRMAN: Dr. Bobrowsky.

15 DR. PETER BOBROWSKY: Thanks very much,

16 Mr. Steiner.

17 You're absolutely correct. We -- the only

18 research we did was a desktop research of compiling

19 the literature that would be relevant for the

20 region, re-acquainting ourselves with the region in

21 terms of reading that literature. But we didn't do

22 our own modelling. We didn't come out to do

23 sampling, field observations, et cetera. We simply

24 reviewed the EIS to see whether or not protocol

25 was -- standards, codes, et cetera were followed.

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1 MR. CHARLES STEINER: That answers my question.

2 I'm not sure if I'm allowed to comment more or not.

3 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay, thank you.

4 MR. CHARLES STEINER: I did have another question,

5 if I may.

6 THE CHAIRMAN: Yes, sir.

7 MR. CHARLES STEINER: Before Christmas, this same

8 subject was on the floor. And BC Hydro indicated

9 that they would monitor the landslide activity

10 after filling, during filling. And I guess my

11 question was if it proved to be unacceptable,

12 excessive, would they then drain the puddle?

13 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Nunn.

14 MR. JOHN NUNN: We would mitigate.

15 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, sir. How would

16 you do that?

17 MR. JOHN NUNN: There are various measures we

18 could take to reduce landslide activity if it was

19 set for example in an area where it was hazarding

20 the highway or a residence.

21 THE CHAIRMAN: Including some of the things

22 that we saw in the slide showed by Natural

23 Resources Canada, I suppose.

24 MR. JOHN NUNN: I always like the idea of

25 some bioremediation, planting willows or other

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1 vegetation as a way of stabilizing slopes or doing

2 drainage measures rather than spraying concrete all

3 over the place.

4 THE CHAIRMAN: Good. Thank you very much

5 for the question.

6 Jocelyne.

7 MS. BEAUDET: The panel is supposed to look

8 at different alternatives or how, let's say, the

9 Proponent has done his analysis on alternatives.

10 And one alternative was carbon sequestration which

11 hasn't been looked at because it is felt that it's

12 too expensive or too new in terms of development.

13 And I was curious when you were talking about

14 the BC Oil and Gas Commission who was aware of the

15 hazards of fraccing and waste-water injection or

16 what they call on the rigs, mud. And I was

17 wondering if they are also looking at the

18 possibility of CO2 injection, and I believe there

19 is a project now going ahead in Northern Alberta.

20 And if they have looked at some benefits to use CO2

21 instead of waste-water. I don't know, maybe it's

22 not for you to address this question, it's more the

23 Commission, but I'm wondering if it has been

24 discussed and brought up. I'm sure you can't go

25 ahead with a CO2 injection project without looking

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1 at the consequences or the benefits.

2 MS. JESSICA COULSON: Hi. It's Jessica Coulson,

3 C-o-u-l-s-o-n, at NRCan.

4 Just to confirm, I don't believe that's

5 within the expertise of our experts here today, nor

6 in the expertise of our department. We would

7 recommend following up with provincial authorities

8 on that.

9 Apologies.

10 THE CHAIRMAN: Are there any further

11 questions?

12 Sir.

13 MR. ROBERT CAMERON: Robert Cameron,

14 C-a-m-e-r-o-n.

15 As an Albertan, the rights granted to oil and

16 gas companies have considerable prominence for the

17 government and their economic risks to the granted

18 rights. The right to explore and develop petroleum

19 resources hold a high priority. So I'm wondering

20 if there's a summary somewhere of the money

21 provided to the Crown of British Columbia for the

22 right to explore in the Montney form and develop

23 the Montney shales and how that compares.

24 When -- in Alberta, if one suggested that the

25 formation -- the pressures used to frac formations

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1 be lowered, that's from my understanding, the

2 higher the pressure, the more effective and amount

3 of area propagated by the shock waves created by

4 fraccing is. And the prospect of suddenly being --

5 as fracturing goes on, the pressures seem to be

6 going higher and higher from my understanding from

7 young men who are in the industry.

8 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Cameron --

9 MR. ROBERT CAMERON: So how do you -- in weighing

10 the risk to the Crown and the benefits of the

11 project, the liabilities already engaged to the oil

12 and gas industry might be summarized somewhere, so

13 they could compare to the benefits from the

14 project.

15 THE CHAIRMAN: That's a very broad question

16 and I'm not sure that the panel can direct you to

17 literature on this, although the Oil and Gas

18 Commission does publish information on the benefits

19 to the provincial Treasury of land sales in the

20 Montney and elsewhere. But I have to say, I think

21 your question is getting a little far away from

22 Site C itself.

23 MR. ROBERT CAMERON: So you've -- someone did say

24 this morning that they -- the possibility of

25 lowering the fraccing pressures might be a response

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1 to risks to the project, although, you know, at --

2 it only creates smaller earthquakes, but --

3 THE CHAIRMAN: From what little we've heard

4 this morning, it would appear that the relationship

5 is very tenuous, at best, and I am comforted that

6 the Oil and Gas Commission and Geoscience BC is

7 investigating further.

8 Thank you.

9 MR. ROBERT CAMERON: Thank you.

10 THE CHAIRMAN: May I suggest that we take a

11 break for lunch. We've now gone half an hour into

12 our lunch. We will reconvene at 1:30.

13 Thank you.

14

15 (Proceedings adjourned at 12:30 p.m.)

16 (Luncheon adjournment.)

17 (Proceedings reconvened at 1:30 p.m.)

18

19 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay, we have checked all of

20 our various time pieces up here, computerized and

21 otherwise, and I'm here to tell you that it's 1:30

22 and Timex is a minute behind.

23 We will carry on. Our first presentation

24 this afternoon is -- this is now continuing with

25 the aquatic environment, is BC Hydro.

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1

2 BC Hydro Panel:

3 Kevin Neary.

4 Pascale Mera.

5 Bettina Sander.

6 Celesa Horvath.

7 Steve Nicol.

8 Russ Tyson.

9 David Marmorek.

10 Richard Inglis.

11 Peter Evans.

12 Trevor Proverbs.

13 Siobhan Jackson.

14 Brent Mossop.

15 Adam Lewis.

16 Gary Ash

17

18 Presentation by BC Hydro, Aquatic Environment:

19 MR. FELDBERG: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

20 I'm just going to -- as you can see, the

21 panel has expanded somewhat to deal with the topics

22 this afternoon, and there are some new witnesses,

23 so I thought I would at least introduce the new

24 witnesses for you.

25 Seated at the front table is Richard Inglis

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1 from Traditions Consulting, worked on the current

2 use chapter, as did Dr. Peter Evans who is to his

3 immediate left.

4 In the back, Kevin Neary, who is also with

5 Traditions, and Pascale Mera also worked on the

6 current use section. So they are new to this.

7 As well, Steve Nicol worked on section 24 on

8 the harvesting side, and we have him here as well

9 this afternoon.

10 And I think that's all that is new on this

11 panel.

12 And Ms. Jackson has replaced Mr. Strang in

13 the centre. And I understand she'll be doing the

14 presentation this afternoon.

15 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Good afternoon, thank you

16 again for the opportunity to provide some opening

17 comments.

18 Our opening remarks related to the fisheries

19 topic will be delivered by Mr. Brent Mossop, who is

20 BC Hydro's lead on our fish and fish habitat

21 assessment.

22 I will then close with a few remarks focussed

23 on our consideration of the submission from

24 Transport Canada related to navigation.

25 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: Thank you, Ms. Jackson.

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1 Good afternoon. I am Brent Mossop, and I'm

2 the fisheries lead for the Site C Clean Energy

3 Project at BC Hydro.

4 Today I'd like to provide an overview of our

5 rationale, methods and results and recommendations

6 for mitigation and monitoring as they relate to

7 fish and fish habitat.

8 First, I would like to summarize some of the

9 information from the session on the downstream

10 aquatic environment with respect to fish and fish

11 habitat.

12 On Friday, you heard my colleague Siobhan

13 Jackson describe the physical changes downstream to

14 the surface water, thermal and ice, and fluvial

15 geomorphology and sediment transport regimes and

16 the associated changes to the fish and fish habitat

17 and navigation valued components resulting from

18 these downstream environmental changes as well as

19 the spatial boundaries for the assessment.

20 Ms. Jackson also described in response to

21 interests identified by the Province of Alberta how

22 we would include Alberta in the development and

23 implementation of the fish and fish habitat

24 mitigation and monitoring plans in Alberta,

25 including the development and communication of

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1 methylmercury monitoring information.

2 In its discussions with Alberta Environment

3 and Sustainable Resource Development, BC Hydro has

4 also agreed to assist Alberta in providing

5 information to anglers and fish harvesters in

6 Alberta, including results of monitoring and

7 communication.

8 BC Hydro followed a structured process for

9 delineating the scope of the fish and fish habitat

10 baseline studies, identification of pathways of

11 effects and critical issues.

12 The process included early and ongoing

13 consultation with Federal and Provincial regulatory

14 agencies, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans,

15 and BC Ministry of the Environment, as well as

16 stakeholders and First Nations.

17 BC Hydro reviewed Peace River fisheries and

18 aquatic resources literature over the past 30 years

19 and assessed data quality to determine requirements

20 for additional studies.

21 BC Hydro adjusted study programs in response

22 to empirical information gathered over eight years

23 of field studies and in response to consultation

24 input.

25 Initial fish and fish habitat studies were

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1 conducted from 2005 through 2008 to collect

2 information on fish migration, habitat in the Peace

3 River and tributaries, water quality, methylmercury

4 tissue sampling and recreational fishing. The

5 initial focus was on ecological conditions and

6 habitats of the Peace River and tributaries that

7 would be affected by the reservoir and to describe

8 fish movement.

9 Through the technical advisory committee and

10 Treaty 8 technical advisory representatives, or TAR

11 process, BC Hydro sought advice and input for

12 amongst other things additional studies, assessment

13 methodology, and approaches for aquatic

14 productivity, genetic diversity, fish passage,

15 habitat mapping, methylmercury, and fish life

16 history and migration.

17 Based on the results of the initial studies,

18 and input from this consultation, additional

19 inventory data were collected downstream to Many

20 Islands in the Moberly and Halfway Rivers and

21 Dinosaur Reservoir, and the Beatton River to

22 understand baseline conditions and capture data for

23 future monitoring.

24 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: My apologies, but we were

25 supposed to have some slides up to support the next

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1 statement, and we will just ask for them to be

2 opened. There's only a couple of slides.

3 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: This slide illustrates many

4 of the information -- I'll begin again.

5 The slide illustrates many of the key

6 information sources and studies that were used to

7 inform the effects assessment.

8 Many of these baseline studies were developed

9 with future monitoring in mind such that the sample

10 sites and methodologies could be repeated to

11 monitor potential changes to fish and fish habitat

12 during construction and operation of the project.

13 Appendices O, P, and Q in volume 2 of the EIS

14 contain the results of these studies.

15 This slide illustrates the quantitative

16 ecosystem approach to assess effects on aquatic

17 productivity which was a key component that

18 informed the effects assessment. It is a

19 simplified version of figure 12.2 in the EIS.

20 The approach utilized a weight of evidence

21 approach to incorporate information from other

22 reservoirs and expert knowledge.

23 It begins with information on the design,

24 construction and operation of the project and

25 associated interactions with fish habitat and

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1 physical processes involved in the transformation

2 of a river ecosystem to a reservoir.

3 This information was used to model changes in

4 primary and secondary production or food for fish

5 and to determine the level of fish biomass that can

6 be supported both in the new reservoir environment

7 and downstream.

8 BC Hydro followed a weight of evidence

9 approach that included computer modelling of water

10 quality, water temperature and ice regime, fluvial

11 geomorphology, sediment transport, aquatic

12 productivity, and fish population dynamics.

13 Modelling was used as a tool to synthesize,

14 analyze and complement information collected by

15 baseline studies. This combined approach was used

16 to support the predictions of potential effects to

17 fish and fish habitat caused by the project.

18 I would also note that these habitat,

19 population, and productivity based approaches are

20 consistent with recent updates to the Fisheries

21 Act.

22 As a result of the weight of evidence

23 approach, the overall conclusions of the effects

24 assessment are built on a broad base of

25 information, data, and experience.

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1 The significance criteria were based on two

2 important considerations: biodiversity and fish

3 biomass that are aligned with Provincial and

4 Federal legislation and policy.

5 As described in Section 12 of the EIS,

6 species that can adapt to the new ecosystem would

7 benefit. However, three distinct groups of the

8 species that rely on river green habitats may be

9 lost.

10 The migratory component of the Moberly River

11 arctic grayling, migratory bull trout that spawn in

12 the Halfway River, and mountain whitefish that rear

13 in the Peace River and spawn in the tributaries or

14 mainstem upstream of the dam site.

15 As a result of the potential loss of these

16 distinct groups of fish, the project may result in

17 a significant adverse effect on fish and fish

18 habitat.

19 Habitat enhancement, fish passage management,

20 and operation of the facility are part of the

21 toolbox of management actions for fish and fish

22 habitat during operations.

23 Based on BC Hydro's experience on the Peace

24 River and across its facilities, these future

25 management actions would likely focus on fish

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1 passage management and habitat enhancement.

2 The design of these habitat enhancements

3 would be informed by the results from monitoring.

4 As an example of this approach, as part of

5 the Peace water-use plan, BC Hydro has undertaken a

6 side channel enhancement plan to increase fisheries

7 habitat by physically enhancing side channels to

8 increase fish habitat under a range of flows. The

9 steps included the completion of an inventory of

10 existing side channels, prioritizing channels for

11 enhancement, conducting a trial, and monitoring

12 effectiveness to guide future potential projects.

13 As Ms. Jackson indicated in the town of Peace

14 River, DFO in their submission to the panel agreed

15 that there would be no significant change over

16 baseline condition downstream of the Pine River,

17 but they raised concerns with the prediction for

18 mountain whitefish downstream of the project. They

19 also agreed that the assessment accurately

20 characterized baseline fish and fish habitat.

21 DFO confirmed that during construction and

22 operations there will be changes in sediment input,

23 risk of fish stranding, increases in total

24 dissolved gas, and mercury methylation. They

25 concluded that these potential effects could be

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1 mitigated through standard mitigation, monitoring

2 and adaptive management.

3 DFO also commented on the methods used to

4 predict productivity in the reservoir.

5 DFO's own assessment reached essentially the

6 same conclusion that we did, that is, that fish

7 biomass in the reservoir will likely exceed that of

8 the current river.

9 DFO also questioned whether some small fish

10 species would persist. We note that the reservoir

11 includes a diversity of habitats that will support

12 small fish species. These habitats include the

13 tailrace of Peace Canyon, tributary mouths, and

14 shoreline areas where habitat mitigation is

15 proposed. These include backwaters and productive

16 shallow water habitats on the margins of the

17 reservoir.

18 Some small fish species currently persist in

19 side channel habitat in the Peace River, and

20 backwaters created in the reservoir would provide

21 similar habitat.

22 We will continue to work with DFO should the

23 project proceed, and we are pleased that they are

24 here today to respond to the panel directly on

25 these topics.

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1 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

2 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: I also wanted to take the

3 opportunity to respond to comments that we heard in

4 the First Nation community meetings concerning

5 preferred species of fish harvest resulting from

6 the predicted species composition change in the

7 reservoir.

8 I'd like to provide some additional context

9 around kokanee.

10 By 1974, kokanee had colonized Williston

11 Reservoir, and this is documented in a fisheries

12 survey conducted by Dave Barrett and Gordon Halsey.

13 They concluded that the kokanee likely originated

14 from natural stocks in Arctic Lake in the

15 headwaters of the Parsnip drainage.

16 Kokanee had moved down through the Bennett

17 Dam and Peace Canyon Dam and were recorded in the

18 Peace River as early as the mid-1980s.

19 Between 1990 and 1998, BC Fish and Wildlife

20 undertook a stocking program to supplement the

21 kokanee stocks in Williston Reservoir. The

22 objectives of the program were to provide a food

23 source for bull trout, provide a potential food

24 fishery for First Nations, and provide a

25 recreational fishery.

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1 Kokanee are adapted to open water

2 environments in lakes and reservoirs. They are

3 expected to increase in abundance in the Site C

4 reservoir and will provide a forage source for

5 predatory species such as bull trout and lake trout

6 in the reservoir, and we expect that they will

7 contribute to a fishery in the reservoir.

8 I will now turn things back to Ms. Jackson to

9 close our opening remarks.

10 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Thank you.

11 BC Hydro appreciates Transport Canada's

12 review of the Environmental Impact Statement

13 provided in their written submission to the Joint

14 Review Panel. In this, Transport Canada identified

15 seven recommendations for information that would be

16 needed by them associated with development of the

17 terms and conditions of Navigable Waters Protection

18 Act approvals.

19 BC Hydro will provide the requested

20 information to Transport Canada during the

21 approvals process related to the navigable waters

22 legislation.

23 However, we would like to take this

24 opportunity to respond to two of their

25 recommendations that suggest the need for

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1 additional mitigation to reduce impacts to

2 navigation.

3 Transport Canada has identified a concern

4 with both the extent of the proposed navigational

5 closure area around the dam site and with

6 BC Hydro's proposal that this closure should occur

7 at the commencement of construction.

8 I'll refer you to the figure on the slide

9 which is drawn from Figure 4. -- 4-37 of the EIS.

10 BC Hydro has proposed an area extending from

11 2 kilometres upstream of the dam site to 1.5

12 kilometres downstream as the minimum navigational

13 closure area, which is similar to the grey

14 boundaries you can see on this figure.

15 The grey boundary is the dam site

16 construction area that will be under use during the

17 entire construction phase.

18 This closure area is proposed at this point,

19 but would be finalized pending final design of the

20 project activities and Navigable Waters Protection

21 Act approvals.

22 BC Hydro has given some thought to Transport

23 Canada's associated suggestion that the river

24 should remain open to the public during

25 construction prior to diversion. Construction

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1 activities of the dam site include the construction

2 of major civil works using heavy equipment, both in

3 and adjacent to the Peace River. This activity

4 begins with construction onset and continues

5 through to the completion of the dam and associated

6 works across the Peace River.

7 BC Hydro is accountable and responsible for

8 both public and worker safety around its

9 facilities, including at its construction

10 worksites. As a result, BC Hydro recommends

11 exclusion of the public from these active

12 construction areas on both land and water.

13 I note as well that for those who may wish to

14 travel up river for the purpose of seeing the

15 construction site while under way, BC Hydro has

16 proposed to build a public viewing area on the

17 north bank from which they can safely view the site

18 without actually being within it.

19 Although Transport Canada cites BC Hydro's

20 survey of vessel transits in this area in their

21 submission, they did not highlight the result that

22 indicated currently approximately 1.3 boats per day

23 during the peak summer season were recorded

24 transiting the dam site.

25 In our view, the public and worker safety

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1 risks associated with public access through the

2 active construction site outweigh the navigation

3 benefit of keeping it open to these few.

4 However, as requested, we will provide

5 Transport Canada with further information

6 justifying our recommendation of the closure area

7 and timing as requested.

8 And finally, the issue of a vessel portage

9 system has been raised in discussions and in their

10 IR submissions as a possible mitigation measure.

11 Transport Canada has suggested this take the form

12 of a truck and trailer service that would pick up

13 boaters and move them from the reservoir to the

14 river or vice versa.

15 BC Hydro has considered this and has

16 indicated that it does not believe such a system is

17 warranted based on the navigation assessment. And

18 our concern as well is that such a service would

19 not likely be used. Most boaters arrive at the

20 river with their own truck and trailer which would

21 be available for their own use.

22 We've provided the basis for our view

23 previously in IR GOV_0008-071.

24 We have had constructive discussions with

25 Transport Canada staff throughout the Environmental

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1 Assessment process. And we do look forward to

2 moving these issues and these discussions forward

3 during the permitting process.

4 This concludes our opening comments. We do

5 look forward to this afternoon's discussion.

6 Thank you.

7 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

8 I'm going to change the order of things this

9 afternoon a little bit. I'd like us all to have a

10 chance to question Hydro on what they have just led

11 with, and then I want to get all the governments to

12 speak or answer questions. And then we'll turn to

13 the First Nations and, at the end of the afternoon,

14 as now, the Peace River Environmental Society.

15 Are there questions that people wish to raise

16 to Hydro at this point? Or do you want to let the

17 governments do it for you?

18 MS. BEAUDET: I'd like you to confirm with

19 me that the information requested by Transport

20 Canada and that you will provide is the list on

21 page 5 of the submission, please. And also give me

22 the numbers of the two recommendations from

23 Transport Canada's brief that you have commented.

24 Because I think they have at least seven. So

25 before we start asking questions, it would be good

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1 to know which one you're referring to, the numbers,

2 please.

3 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Sorry, I'm just looking up

4 the page number so I can confirm for you.

5 Their recommendations are summarized in

6 section 6, which begins on page 20. However, each

7 one was presented earlier in the document.

8 The two comments I made refer largely to the

9 text that preceded the recommendations where these

10 items were discussed. And then the recommendations

11 themselves, they're requesting the information

12 which we are happy to provide justifying our

13 recommendations with respect to the measures as I

14 mentioned. We anticipate, of course, providing

15 them with further information to support our

16 recommendations. However, my comments were with

17 respect to whether or not those would be warranted

18 terms and conditions.

19 They refer, I believe, to recommendation 1

20 and recommendation 2.

21 MS. BEAUDET: Yes, my problem is that some

22 of the information they say that they are requiring

23 from you, but we'll ask them when they come, I

24 suppose. It would be useful for the panel to have

25 ahead of time. And that's why I was asking if it's

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1 on page 5. Because I have a note here saying why

2 they're requesting that for us and when for the

3 following, page 5.

4 So if you can look at it and when Transport

5 Canada presents their brief, then we can look at it

6 more closely.

7 Thank you.

8 THE CHAIRMAN: Chief Willson.

9 CHIEF ROLAND WILLSON: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

10 I wanted to have a question for BC Hydro on

11 the kokanee in Arctic Lake. I fish that lake. I

12 know lots of people that have fished the lake, the

13 river, the tributaries. I have never caught or

14 seen a kokanee in there. I know that in the 70s

15 there was an incident of some sort, a couple of

16 incidences, they caught a couple of provincial

17 officials dynamiting the lake. And one of the --

18 they were getting fish out of it. And they were

19 charged. There was a mitigation recovery thing.

20 They introduced fish back to the lake. But we have

21 never seen kokanee in the Arctic watershed. And

22 I'd like to know the clarification of where the

23 kokanee had come from.

24 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Mossop.

25 MR. GARY ASH: Yes, some of the information

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1 I think collected during the McGregor diversion

2 studies in the mid-1970s or early-1980s I believe

3 collected kokanee from Arctic Lake, so it's

4 something we can check up on if needed.

5 THE CHAIRMAN: It's a bit of a surprise to

6 hear about stocking with kokanee too because we

7 have on a couple of occasions heard from First

8 Nations fisher people that they've never caught a

9 kokanee in lake Williston. Maybe that's because

10 it's Williston Reservoir. Are there still active

11 stocking going on?

12 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: No, there's no longer active

13 stocking going on in Williston Reservoir.

14 THE CHAIRMAN: So the idea that the

15 reservoir behind Site C would contain kokanee means

16 that they would be introduced there; is that right?

17 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: The source of the kokanee for

18 the Site C reservoir would be from upstream, so it

19 would be kokanee that are entrained from Peace

20 Canyon into Site C reservoir.

21 THE CHAIRMAN: But there don't seem to be

22 any there.

23 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: Just to clarify your question

24 there, there are -- just where there refers to.

25 There are currently kokanee in the Peace River,

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1 that inhabit the Peace River that are understood to

2 originate upstream and there are kokanee in

3 Dinosaur Reservoir as well.

4 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay.

5 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: And Williston Reservoir,

6 there are kokanee still in Williston Reservoir. So

7 there's no longer stocking, but the fish are

8 present.

9 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay.

10 The next question.

11 MR. MIKE RUDAKEWICH: Yes. Thank you, panel, and

12 good afternoon.

13 Under the natural conditions of the --

14 THE CHAIRMAN: Could you start with your

15 name, please.

16 MR. MIKE RUDAKEWICH: Pardon?

17 THE CHAIRMAN: Start with your name, please.

18 MR. MIKE RUDAKEWICH: Mike Rudakewich. Yeah.

19 Under the natural conditions of the Peace

20 when the river levels starting in the late fall,

21 call it winter if you will, the surface of the

22 riverbed above the flow used to freeze about 6 to

23 8 feet, which, when the break up was taking place

24 and the water levels would elevate, meant that

25 there was a natural protection by the frost against

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1 erosion and sedimentation. And I was wondering

2 what the -- in view of the fact that the flow in

3 the Peace is at its highest in the wintertime and

4 the water temperature is at least at the plus 4

5 degrees centigrade, what does BC Hydro propose to

6 mitigate the fact that there's no frost in the

7 riverbed anymore because, as you understand, it

8 can't happen at the -- according to my knowledge,

9 at plus 4 degrees. And are you measuring the

10 amount of increase in sedimentation and the

11 transport of sediment because the water now flows

12 at a much higher rate than what it would under the

13 low flows that used to be the case in the

14 wintertime?

15 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: Thank you.

16 I would add that for the effects assessment

17 for fish and fish habitat, the effects of the flow

18 regime and the thermal and ice regime were taken

19 into account in the assessment.

20 MR. MIKE RUDAKEWICH: Yes, I can appreciate the

21 fact that your reply is very short. I am a

22 sometime fisherman, and if I was to rely on my fish

23 catch, I probably wouldn't be here anymore.

24 But in the times that I did go out fishing,

25 the river carrying any amount of sediment,

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1 regardless of what the cause of that increased flow

2 was, whether it's rain or run-off, you couldn't

3 catch any fish when the river is full of sediment.

4 And at times, from my observation, the river flow

5 is more like a mud stream than it is a water

6 stream. And so the fish have to seek refuge where

7 there is freshwater coming in untainted with silt

8 in order to feed because unless you have now

9 information that the fish species have evolved that

10 can see through the mud.

11 THE CHAIRMAN: Are you talking, sir, about

12 the area of the Peace below the Halfway River?

13 MR. MIKE RUDAKEWICH: I've never -- Mr. Chairman,

14 I've never been fishing in BC. This is primarily

15 all downstream from Dunvegan.

16 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Now, there are some

17 very muddy tributaries down there. I understand

18 that, yeah.

19 MR. MIKE RUDAKEWICH: Yeah.

20 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Mossop, do you have any

21 further comment on this?

22 MR. MIKE RUDAKEWICH: Okay. Thank you.

23 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: Yes, no, I would just add

24 that the potential changes from the project on the

25 reduction in suspended sediment immediately

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1 downstream of this proposed Site C Dam have been

2 taken into account in the effects assessment,

3 and --

4 THE CHAIRMAN: And might improve

5 Mr. Rudakewich's luck; is that right?

6 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: And yes.

7 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you.

8 MR. MIKE RUDAKEWICH: I'm not satisfied with that

9 answer, but it is an answer.

10 THE CHAIRMAN: It is an answer of sorts.

11 Mr. Mattison.

12 MR. MATTISON: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

13 I just wanted to follow up on Mr. Mossop's

14 assertion about kokanee. Did you in your sampling

15 programs catch kokanee? I mean, you actually

16 identified them, a presence in the reservoir or in

17 the -- sorry, in the reach of the river proposed to

18 become a reservoir or Williston Lake? I just want

19 to make this crystal clear.

20 MR. GARY ASH: Yes, kokanee have been

21 collected during the various inventory programs in

22 the Peace River downstream of Peace Canyon Dam, and

23 we got them as early as the -- in our sampling as

24 early as 1979 -- or sorry, 1989 in studies then, so

25 they've definitely been coming through. They were

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1 collected in that time period prior to stocking in

2 Williston Reservoir. And they've developed larger

3 populations in Williston Reservoir, so we're seeing

4 more and more of them over time in the Peace River

5 downstream.

6 MR. MATTISON: Thank you.

7 THE CHAIRMAN: Chief Willson.

8 CHIEF ROLAND WILLSON: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

9 Just a point of clarification. I think it

10 was up to at least two years ago that was when they

11 stopped the restocking. That came about because

12 West Moberly asked a question why they were

13 introducing kokanee into the area and not looking

14 at the indigenous species in the river.

15 As of last year, I have been on the Dinosaur

16 Reservoir and have witnessed they still have their

17 fish, their -- the habitat areas. They've gotten

18 it cordoned it off when they spawn, the kokanee

19 spawn. So all the creeks and tributaries during

20 spawning seasons on the Dinosaur Reservoir are

21 blocked off, so you're not allowed to have access

22 in there when they're in there. So they are there.

23 And our argument is that they were introduced.

24 They were -- we were never there. We never caught

25 kokanee there.

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1 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay, thank you.

2 CHIEF ROLAND WILLSON: And they never talked to us

3 about putting kokanee in the river either.

4 THE CHAIRMAN: Well, according to the story

5 I'm hearing, kokanee managed to get there on their

6 own by 1989 before any stocking program. But that

7 may not be inconsistent with your story about

8 further stocking programs not being a matter of

9 consultation.

10 Are there other comments for -- or questions

11 for Hydro rather than comments?

12 Yes.

13 MR. RICK PATTENDEN: My name is Rick Pattenden,

14 P-a-t-t-e-n-d-e-n.

15 Mr. Chairman, panel members.

16 BC Hydro has indicated that their modelling

17 results indicate that kokanee will become

18 established in the reservoir and they are likely

19 going to be an important component of the fish

20 community in that area.

21 I'd like to know from BC Hydro whether they

22 have an estimate of kokanee entrainment rates

23 downstream through the Bennett and Peace Canyon Dam

24 systems which would presumably establish in the

25 Site C reservoir.

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1 THE CHAIRMAN: Good question.

2 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: Yes, I will turn to

3 Mr. Marmorek to respond to that question on how

4 those were estimated for the modelling that Rick

5 refers to.

6 MR. DAVID MARMOREK: So Appendix Q3 has estimates

7 of entrainment rates for both into the Site C

8 reservoir from Williston as well as out of the

9 Site C reservoir downstream. So it varies by the

10 age of kokanee, but of the age zero fish, there's

11 about 15 percent; age 1 fish, 62 percent; age 2

12 fish, 86 percent; age 3, 92 percent; age 4,

13 95 percent.

14 So that's a large proportion of the

15 population that's actually ultimately from

16 Williston but goes into Dinosaur Reservoir and then

17 into Site C.

18 And I just wanted to note, given the earlier

19 conversation that the abundance of kokanee went up

20 about ninefold between 2000 and 2009 in Williston

21 Reservoir from .15 kilograms per hectare in 2000 to

22 1.39 kilograms per hectare in, pardon me, 2008.

23 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

24 MR. RICK PATTENDEN: Mr. Chairman, can BC Hydro

25 indicate how those estimates were generated, i.e.

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1 were they generated from actual data collected at

2 Bennett Dam, or were they acquired elsewhere.

3 THE CHAIRMAN: Yes, I understand the

4 question.

5 Mr. Marmorek.

6 MR. DAVID MARMOREK: So the way in which kokanee

7 were modelled in Appendix Q3 was to adapt an

8 existing model from the Columbia basin, from the

9 Columbia river, which goes from Kinbasket Reservoir

10 down below into the lower Columbia river -- down

11 below Mica dam and further on to Revelstoke dam.

12 So relationships there have been studied

13 explicitly in terms of how many kokanee get

14 entrained in those dams, and those were adapted to

15 the situation given the fairly similar intake

16 structures and depths that would exist at both

17 Peace Canyon Dam and a slightly different dam

18 structure at Site C.

19 THE CHAIRMAN: I'm not sure I understood the

20 question correctly. I thought you were asking were

21 the estimates of fish biomass in Williston, this

22 tenfold increase, was this empirically?

23 MR. DAVID MARMOREK: Oh, that -- no, that was --

24 yeah, that was from provincial studies, Sebastian

25 et al that were --

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1 THE CHAIRMAN: So those were --

2 MR. DAVID MARMOREK: The abundances in Williston

3 were measured by various netting techniques, field

4 studies.

5 MR. RICK PATTENDEN: Sorry, Mr. Chairman, my

6 interest was the actual measurement of entrainment

7 through Bennett Dam and whether that data was

8 applied in the final result to the modelling. I

9 think what BC Hydro is saying is there was no

10 entrainment data collected that could be used for

11 modelling results from Bennett Dam and Peace Canyon

12 Dam.

13 MR. DAVID MARMOREK: That's correct.

14 THE CHAIRMAN: That's correct. Okay.

15 Great.

16 MR. RICK PATTENDEN: What I'm trying to get at,

17 Mr. Chairman, is how does that play into the

18 certainty of the model results generated by

19 BC Hydro, are they confident with the results in

20 regards to their prediction to the kokanee

21 population in the reservoir?

22 THE CHAIRMAN: Do you care to respond to

23 that?

24 MR. DAVID MARMOREK: Given the similarity of the

25 species, then their behaviour, and given the

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1 similarity of the structures and intake structures,

2 it is reasonable -- I've just been passed notes

3 indicating that there were also other telemetry

4 studies as -- which give some other information on

5 movement patterns.

6 So I think -- pardon me, BioSonics 2012 did

7 studies specifically of fish entrainment at the

8 Bennett Dam. And so those were field studies over

9 a 26-day period. So there are some field studies

10 as well during a spill.

11 MR. RICK PATTENDEN: One more question.

12 I would question the value of those studies,

13 by the way.

14 But the question I asked in regards to

15 entrainment into Site C and the certainty around

16 the estimates also applies to entrainment rates

17 outside of the Site C reservoir and how that

18 affects the health and robustness of the kokanee

19 population in the Site C reservoir and how that

20 affects the certainty of the modeling results.

21 Thank you.

22 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay, last question on that

23 point.

24 Any comment on that?

25 MR. DAVID MARMOREK: I would just refer,

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1 Mr. Pattenden to Appendix Q3 because all of that is

2 analyzed in a lot of detail and sensitivity

3 analyses are done.

4 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

5 Are there further questions of Hydro at this

6 point?

7 MS. CARMEN MARSHALL: Hello there. My name is

8 Carmen Marshall, M-a-r-s-h-a-l-l.

9 And I have a comment for -- a question for

10 BC Hydro.

11 As a mitigation measure to losing the three

12 species of fish, there's been a response that the

13 biomass will remain the same or increase.

14 My question is, as a member of Treaty 8, I

15 know the importance of one particular species

16 compared to another. So, say, for example the

17 importance of lake trout compared to kokanee.

18 So my question is has Hydro studied our

19 relationship with fish, in particular how it

20 differs with the species?

21 MR. TREVOR PROVERBS: Thanks, Carmen.

22 Yes, we've received a number of studies,

23 including a Traditional Land Use Study from the

24 Saulteau First Nation. And within those studies,

25 based upon the information that was provided, we

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1 have an understanding of the species of importance

2 to the First Nations.

3 And in terms of the relationship, we've also

4 looked at the different areas in which the

5 different First Nations people are harvesting.

6 And, as a result of that, we have a good -- some

7 good baseline information in regard to the

8 preferred species that are harvested.

9 MS. CARMEN MARSHALL: Hi there. Here again.

10 So my response to that is in replacing, for

11 example, in the Williston Reservoir, we had

12 abundance of lake trout, and we now have

13 methylmercury poisoning and an abundance of

14 kokanee. Our people don't particularly prize

15 kokanee. It's not looked at as a native species

16 with the history of fishing in our family.

17 So my comment is, you would realize the

18 importance that biomass isn't the solution to

19 decimating say arctic grayling in the Moberly River

20 watershed. That will have a huge impact on our

21 Treaty Rights, and it varies per species.

22 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much.

23 I think it's time to hear from the

24 governments, starting with Transport Canada.

25 Oh, I'm sorry, Jocelyne has a question.

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1 MS. BEAUDET: Would it be possible for the

2 DFO to be at the table also? Is there a

3 representative of DFO in the Hall? We were told

4 there would be somebody to answer our questions.

5 Please, can you come forward.

6 THE CHAIRMAN: We can't hear you without the

7 microphone.

8 MS. BEAUDET: No, he has six people. No.

9 I don't know to whom it addresses, the

10 questions I have, so maybe if the lead can come and

11 then if we need more information, you can get the

12 appropriate expert to the table, please.

13 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Excuse me, Mr. Chair, while

14 they're taking --

15 MR. BRAD FANOS: Sorry, I just want to respond

16 to the comment. It's Brad Fanos with Fisheries and

17 Oceans Canada. We were planning to come up and

18 answer questions. There's six of us in our

19 grouping, and we assumed that we were following the

20 schedule and would come up.

21 MS. BEAUDET: Sorry, I thought we were

22 completing everything with the fish and then going

23 to other. I'm sorry about that.

24 MR. BRAD FANOS: So we'll stay with the

25 schedule?

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1 THE CHAIRMAN: I was going to stick with the

2 order of the agenda except for moving Saulteau down

3 to after Treaty 8.

4 But I think we might be able to deal with the

5 transport issue right now.

6

7 Transport Canada Panel:

8 Paula Doucette.

9 Colin Parkinson.

10

11 MS. PAULA DOUCETTE: Hello, my name is Paula

12 Doucette, last name is spelled D-o-u-c-e-t-t-e.

13 I'm a senior environmental officer in

14 Transport Canada's environmental services branch.

15 I have been working in Federal Environmental

16 Assessment for the past 13 years.

17 I am here today with Colin Parkinson who is

18 our navigable waters expert. Colin and I will be

19 splitting the presentation today.

20 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Hello, my name is Colin

21 Parkinson, and it's spelled C-o-l-i-n

22 P-a-r-k-i-n-s-o-n.

23 Thank you.

24

25 Presentation by Paula Doucette, Transport Canada:

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1 MS. PAULA DOUCETTE: Good afternoon, Panel Chair

2 and members, Ladies and Gentlemen.

3 I would like to start off our presentation by

4 thanking Treaty 8 whose Traditional Territory we

5 are currently meeting in today.

6 Although we appreciate those opening remarks

7 by Ms. Jackson, this presentation does not take

8 into account those opening remarks. You'll see

9 through our presentation that Transport Canada has

10 worked with BC Hydro since 2011 to obtain this

11 information.

12 Transport Canada's belief is that the

13 recommendations that we've made are beneficial to

14 the panel's decision making process, especially

15 with respect to the valued component of navigation.

16 Transport Canada's presentation will include

17 a short synopsis of our participation in the review

18 process, then go on to provide an overview of the

19 department's analysis and summary of

20 recommendations with respect to five key project

21 components related to navigable waters.

22 This information was also included in our

23 written submission.

24 We will then end our presentation with our

25 conclusion.

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1 Transport Canada seeks to promote an

2 integrated transportation system that is safe,

3 secure, efficient, and environmentally responsible.

4 And Transport Canada regulates associated

5 transportation infrastructure, equipment, and

6 personnel in accordance with legislation and

7 regulations.

8 Transport Canada is a Federal authority

9 pursuant to the Canadian Environmental Assessment

10 Act and may be required to exercise a power or

11 perform a duty or a function confirmed under the

12 Navigable Waters Protection Act.

13 Lastly Transport Canada acknowledges that the

14 panel invited Transport Canada to participate in

15 these proceedings and present our views on the

16 project and its environmental effects.

17 Transport Canada looked at the body of

18 evidence available as it related to our mandate and

19 identified a number of project components that have

20 the potential to affect waterways that may be

21 considered navigable. This body of evidence,

22 including meetings held with BC Hydro and

23 Aboriginal groups during the Environmental Impact

24 Statement guidelines and pre-panel phases,

25 documents submitted by the public and Aboriginal

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1 groups to the Government of Canada, the

2 Environmental Impact Statement or EIS, BC Hydro's

3 responses to Transport Canada's comments on the

4 EIS, and additional information BC Hydro provided

5 throughout the EIS review process, including its

6 responses to information requests.

7 This presentation will focus on a review of

8 navigable waters protection within Transport

9 Canada's regulatory authority and expertise.

10 As just stated, Transport Canada identified a

11 number of project components that have the

12 potential to affect waterways and water bodies that

13 may be considered navigable. An application for

14 NWPA or Navigable Waters Protection Act approval

15 will be required by BC Hydro for some or all of

16 these proposed works.

17 These components of the proposed project

18 include the Site C Dam and debris booms, bridges at

19 Moberly River and Peace River, temporary logging

20 bridges, and other temporary works related to

21 construction in the waterway, the new bridges along

22 the Highway 29 re-alignment, transmission line

23 crossings, boat launches, erosion protection works,

24 water intakes and outfalls, and fish habitat

25 compensation structures.

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1 If an NWPA approval is granted for these

2 project components, it may include conditions

3 intended to maintain safe navigation. These

4 conditions, which are enforceable during and post

5 construction, may include things such as mapping

6 the river system once flooded, posting signs in

7 areas where navigation hazards may exist, as well

8 as others that were included in our written

9 submission.

10 The Peace River has a long history of

11 navigation. Recreational use of the Peace River

12 mainly includes jet boating, fishing, kayaking, and

13 canoeing.

14 Based on BC Hydro's surveys, jet boating

15 occurs most frequently from Peace Island Park to

16 and from the Pine River.

17 It is also common for jet boats to use the

18 Halfway River for hunting.

19 Information collected by BC Hydro shows that

20 vessels do transit the proposed dam site. There is

21 no navigation on the Halfway River and limited

22 navigation on the Moberly.

23 At Shaftesbury and Tompkins landing, larger

24 ferries are used as part of the Alberta Public

25 Highway System during the navigational season.

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1 At this time Transport Canada would like to

2 highlight that during the pre-panel phase,

3 Transport Canada heard from Aboriginal groups that

4 they have concerns related to navigability in

5 regards to transportation and the ability to move

6 around by boat within the river and its

7 tributaries.

8 We also heard that Aboriginal groups are

9 concerned with the increase of recreational and

10 tourism activity, including boat traffic in the

11 project area.

12 Colin Parkinson will now provide Part two of

13 our presentation.

14

15 Presentation by Colin Parkinson, Transport Canada:

16 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Thank you. My name is Colin

17 Parkinson.

18 Transport Canada has reviewed submissions of

19 the Proponent and other parties throughout the

20 panel review process and has identified concerns

21 related to Transport Canada's mandate.

22 Part two of our presentation includes

23 Transport Canada's analysis of the five key project

24 components to the extent possible with the

25 information provided, starting with the dam itself.

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1 Transport Canada understands that navigation

2 will be disrupted during diversion and

3 channelization activities as a result of the

4 construction of the dam. Cofferdams will

5 channelize a river increasing flow rates and

6 changing the riverbed downstream.

7 The construction bridges will be placed early

8 across the Moberly River and Peace River. A debris

9 boom will be placed at the Moberly river to prevent

10 debris from entering the construction site.

11 Transport Canada made BC Hydro aware of the

12 concerns related to the proposed navigation

13 restrictions during the eight-year construction

14 period.

15 Transport Canada requested further

16 justification from BC Hydro for the proposed

17 navigation restrictions, including predicted flow

18 of velocities in relation to safety concerns for --

19 up to the year four (sic) of construction before

20 diversion.

21 In order for Transport Canada to better

22 understand these proposed navigation restrictions

23 and the overall impact to the public and Aboriginal

24 use of the Peace River during the seven- to

25 eight-year construction period, Transport Canada

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1 requested that the Joint Review Panel recommend

2 BC Hydro describe dam site construction phase

3 activities by year and explain proposed navigation

4 restrictions in relation to the predicted flows and

5 safety concerns. This is Transport Canada's first

6 recommendation.

7 Moving to the operation phase, BC Hydro has

8 confirmed there is vessel traffic past the dam

9 site. Transport Canada is of the opinion that BC

10 Hydro's mitigation of building three new boat

11 launches in the reservoir is an appropriate

12 mitigation for the loss of the existing boat

13 launches in the river. However, it is not an

14 appropriate mitigation for the loss of vessel

15 passage. During discussions between Transport

16 Canada and BC Hydro, Transport Canada asked

17 BC Hydro to submit more information on dam site

18 vessel transit options, including a portage system

19 up to the size of vessels that are currently using

20 the waterway at the project site.

21 BC Hydro has not yet submitted this

22 information.

23 Transport Canada's second recommendation is

24 for the Joint Review Panel to request BC Hydro to

25 provide more information on how BC Hydro intends to

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1 conduct vessel portage past the dam site.

2 THE CHAIRMAN: I think we just heard this

3 morning that they don't intend to conduct a vessel

4 portage.

5 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: We understand that. And as

6 we mentioned there, Chair, but we did not include

7 their comments into our presentation as we just

8 heard them just a few minutes before.

9 Reservation (sic) preparation and flooding

10 with respect to vegetation clearing.

11 BC Hydro assessed issues related to clearing

12 vegetation to reduce hazards and interferences to

13 navigation. Transport Canada is supportive of

14 BC Hydro's clearing strategy to reduce

15 post-flooding navigation hazards. BC Hydro expects

16 to conduct project clearing activities during

17 winter months over a four-year period. Although

18 most project crossings will be in areas not

19 commonly used for navigation such as the side

20 channels, the work associated with clearing

21 vegetation may obstruct navigation.

22 BC Hydro feels the need to restrict

23 navigation adjacent to these vegetation clearing

24 activities when construction begins. Transport

25 Canada made BC Hydro aware of concerns with respect

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1 to these restrictions. And BC Hydro's not yet

2 submitted this justification.

3 Transport Canada's third recommendation is

4 for the Joint Review Panel to recommend that

5 BC Hydro provides a memo describing vegetation

6 clearing activities by year and justification for

7 these restrictions in relation to predicted flows

8 and safety concerns.

9 Reservoir preparation and flooding with

10 respect to the debris booms.

11 BC Hydro has assessed floating debris

12 management in relation to construction activities

13 and has proposed at least two debris booms at

14 Wilder Creek and Moberly River as part of their

15 vegetation clearing and debris management plan. An

16 alternative location for the debris boom is at

17 Wilder Creek -- is at the Halfway River. The

18 Wilder Creek boom would potentially block off 12

19 kilometres of waterway, and the alternative on

20 Halfway River would block off 32 kilometres of

21 waterway for navigation.

22 Transport Canada has made BC Hydro aware of

23 our concerns related to the Wilder Creek debris

24 boom and asked BC Hydro to provide confirmation of

25 navigability over the Wilder Creek debris boom in

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1 order to provide access to the greater portion of

2 the river.

3 BC Hydro has not yet submitted this

4 information.

5 Transport Canada's fourth recommendation is

6 for the Joint Review Panel to request BC Hydro to

7 provide this information.

8 Reservoir preparation and flooding with

9 respect to filling and stabilization.

10 BC Hydro plans to fill the reservoir in the

11 fall, which they have estimated will take

12 approximately three months. In Section 26.4.8.1 of

13 the EIS, BC Hydro has assessed potential erosion

14 areas, stability areas of concern, potential for

15 landslide generated waves. To reduce the risk from

16 erosion and landslides, the EIS anticipates a

17 one-year post fill reservoir navigation restriction

18 with further access dependant on monitoring

19 reservoir conditions.

20 The restricted access at a new reservoir

21 would affect water-based navigation during the

22 early years of reservoir operation.

23 To minimize this effect, Transport Canada

24 will require the proposed new boat launches in the

25 reservoirs to be built before flooding and then

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1 blocked off. This would allow public access via

2 the ramps as soon as possible once it's deemed safe

3 to do so.

4 Reservoir preparation and flooding with

5 respect to the reservoir operation.

6 BC Hydro concludes in their response to IR

7 number 3 that, over time, the buoyancy of remaining

8 submerged rooted vegetation that was not able to be

9 removed during the vegetation clearing would

10 decrease as trees absorb water. It is Transport

11 Canada's opinion that in the areas where clearing

12 is not possible, the risk that submerged trees

13 breaking free and the impact in navigation of the

14 reservoir -- and the impact in the reservoir

15 remains. However, this will most likely occur

16 during the first year after the filling of the

17 reservoir when navigation was already restricted.

18 During this time, Transport Canada will

19 assess the risks to navigation safety and to assess

20 any remaining potential impacts. Usage of the

21 flooded reservoir will change dramatically from a

22 river boat to a wide range of recreational craft.

23 The reason for boating will also likely be altered

24 over the long-term.

25 If there are -- will be accessible areas with

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1 sustained and reliable winds, then Transport Canada

2 foresees tourism related boating in the long-term.

3 The Site C reservoir and associated

4 re-alignment of Highway 29 would result in the

5 construction of four new bridge crossings. These

6 include at Lynx Creek, Farrell Creek, Halfway

7 River, and Cache Creek. These four bridges may

8 obstruct navigation.

9 BC Hydro proposed navigational clearances for

10 all four bridges. The information presented meet

11 Transport Canada's requirements under the NWPA

12 other than for the Halfway River crossing.

13 Transport Canada believes a bridge at this

14 location will have an effect on potential

15 navigation into this reach for over 50 years. The

16 Halfway River flooding and embayment offers both

17 shelters from weather and likely the 12 to 13

18 kilometres of useable waterway which may include

19 larger vessels. If a larger commercial operator

20 was to conduct tours around large vessels on the

21 reservoir, it is likely the Halfway River would

22 play a significant role. Based on this

23 possibility, Transport Canada will require a

24 navigational clearance envelope of 10 metres

25 vertical clearance at high pool with a 25-metre

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1 horizontal clearance.

2 Transport Canada made BC Hydro aware of these

3 requirements, and they have not yet submitted nor

4 confirmed the new clearance envelopes for the

5 Halfway River crossing. Transport Canada's fifth

6 recommendation is for the Joint Review Panel to

7 request BC Hydro to provide an updated memo on

8 Highway 29's navigational clearance's envelope

9 including the requirement for the Halfway River

10 bridge to help access the impacts to navigation.

11 Transport Canada understands that BC Hydro

12 expects to leave the Halfway and Farrell Creek

13 bridges in place and remove the Cache and Lynx

14 Creek bridges prior to reservoir filling.

15 Transport Canada expressed concern over

16 leaving these two existing bridges in place as it's

17 unclear as what the effects will have on future

18 navigation due to sediment flows down the river and

19 potential impacts at low water.

20 Transport Canada's sixth recommendation is

21 for the Joint Review Panel to request BC Hydro to

22 provide a memo, including plans and cross-section

23 views with dimensions of the bridges being left in

24 place, those who would be responsible for the

25 bridges and how the remaining structures will

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1 affect the predicted sediment flows and the

2 drawdowns post-filling.

3 And this is a picture I took of the Halfway

4 River bridge to give you a sense of the size of the

5 vessel.

6 Correction, bridge.

7 BC Hydro has stated that Peace Canyon and

8 Moberly River would be crossed by aerial cables and

9 would likely require Transport Canada's NWPA

10 approval. Transmission lines will be constructed

11 to meet the Canadian Safety Association standards

12 in regards to clearances. Construction

13 methodologies will be reviewed for navigational

14 safety and Transport Canada will require marker

15 balls on the line at various locations for air

16 navigation safety.

17 Fish habitat compensation.

18 Any fish habitat compensation activities that

19 occur in a navigable waterway which includes the

20 placing of works must be reviewed for the potential

21 impacts on navigation. Transport Canada's seventh

22 recommendation is for the Joint Review Panel to

23 request BC Hydro to provide information related to

24 fish habitat compensation structures, and the

25 details of the waterways in which they will be

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1 replaced (sic) in order to draw conclusions on any

2 effects that these structures may have on

3 navigation.

4 As highlighted in this presentation, many

5 components of the proposed project fall within

6 Transport Canada's mandate. In order to fully

7 assess impacts to navigation and navigational

8 safety posed by the project and to prescribe

9 appropriate mitigation measures, Transport Canada

10 requests that BC Hydro submit applications for the

11 approval of works in, on, over, under, or through

12 or across any navigable waterway under the NWPA.

13 Transport Canada will work with BC Hydro,

14 Aboriginal groups, and the boating public to verify

15 that BC Hydro meets any NWPA approvals, terms and

16 conditions to protect the public right of

17 navigation should an EA certificate be granted for

18 this project.

19 Thank you very much.

20 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

21 I'd like to ask Hydro to respond to any part

22 of this that you would like to.

23 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

24 I will just respond briefly in I guess

25 reiterating that for the purpose of the approvals

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1 phase, we fully understand the need for detailed

2 design information that will support those. I

3 think I probably can't say it better than Glen

4 Davidson did earlier this morning that final design

5 would be the basis of the permits and

6 authorizations required and that those designs are

7 not yet available for the Environmental Assessment.

8 Other than the early, very early application

9 for a water licence, BC Hydro has not yet made any

10 such applications for the purposes of the

11 construction and operations phase. And very much

12 appreciate, I'll reflect back on Madam Beaudet's

13 comment or question to us earlier on the

14 information requested on page 5, in that that is

15 very much the type of information we would provide

16 for the purposes of the authorizations phase, with

17 detailed design in hand.

18 The discussions that we've had, and I

19 appreciate the desire for more specific or more

20 finalized information by Transport Canada at this

21 point, in our discussions what we have been able to

22 do is bring those responsible for the various

23 design components that they've referenced in order

24 to speak fully with them without being able to

25 provide a final memo on the design, being able to

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1 speak fully with them, with the actual design

2 engineering team on the components. During our

3 most recent meeting, I believe it was, our manager

4 responsible for the planning of the crossing at

5 Halfway River confirmed that we would be able to

6 accommodate the increased navigation clearance

7 envelope that has been requested.

8 I think I'd like to add two more thoughts.

9 While I spoke to our view on some of the

10 potential for additional mitigation measures

11 earlier today, I think it's worth pointing out that

12 if they are requested to be implemented and were

13 believed to be effective, then the results in

14 comparison what our navigation assessment presents

15 in our EIS, would be to further reduce or avoid

16 some of the impacts to navigation that are already

17 taken into account in the EIS.

18 So I think what I'm saying is it would only

19 get better for navigation, so the benchmark of the

20 EIS is conservative in that regard. And it takes

21 into account I think as Mr. Parkinson well

22 described, the assumptions we used with respect to

23 which areas may or may not be available for

24 navigation based on the preliminary design. And as

25 I spoke earlier, based on our view of some of the

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1 safety considerations that should be proposed.

2 Finally, I'll just take this opportunity

3 to -- as I mentioned earlier, we are in agreement

4 with many of the information requirements. I would

5 just like to identify that, for example, as

6 preliminary design has progressed -- and, again,

7 we've met with our forestry lead to discuss both

8 the likely -- for likelihood for construction

9 closures and around active clearing areas, and I

10 think it's good to confirm that we may have

11 overrepresented the nature of that in our wording

12 in the EIS. What that would be is just simply

13 using normal site management practices, posting

14 signs that would essentially say "work underway",

15 you know, "be advised" and "keep out." And they

16 would be very short-term in duration.

17 Also the clearing activities are proposed to

18 take place in winter. And our evidence -- and

19 surveys indicate that boaters are not present

20 typically in the winter.

21 So the likelihood of interaction there, I

22 think it's worth clarifying and just saying that it

23 was probably not as clearly written in the EIS in

24 that regard.

25 Further work has been going on with respect

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1 to preliminary design of the debris booms that

2 Mr. Parkinson referenced, and we will in the

3 spring, when we anticipate, making the applications

4 that are requested, bring forward more specific

5 design and further work, particularly in

6 consideration of the concerns expressed about the

7 potential for extending the upstream closure to the

8 point of those debris booms. We've taken that into

9 account, and it does appear, and I'm going to say

10 this, pending final design and full safety

11 considerations, that they may be able to be

12 designed to be navigable. And therefore the extent

13 of the closure would be only within those

14 boundaries I described earlier around the dam site.

15 So we appreciate the feedback and have

16 continued to work on that to see if it's feasible.

17 I'll pause there.

18 THE CHAIRMAN: Madam Beaudet.

19 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

20 I'd like to ask a few questions to Transport

21 Canada and then go to BC Hydro. You have mentioned

22 somewhere in your brief that the Navigation

23 Protection Act will come into force in spring 2014.

24 And I was just wondering if this would change

25 anything with respect to our analysis and if we

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1 should be aware that there may be changes that

2 would be applied to this project?

3 MS. PAULA DOUCETTE: Thank you very much for your

4 question. It's Paula Doucette.

5 The amendments to the NWPA received Royal

6 Assent in December of 2012 as part of the Federal

7 Government's bill C45. The coming into force of

8 these amendments, including the application of a

9 new name, The Navigation Protection Act, is

10 currently scheduled for spring 2014.

11 The existing provisions and requirements of

12 the NWPA remain in place until the NPA comes into

13 force.

14 The Navigation Protection Act includes a

15 schedule which lists navigable waters subject to

16 the Act.

17 A work proposed in navigable water listed in

18 that schedule that risks interfering with

19 navigation will be required to comply with that

20 Act. And the Peace River is a waterway that's

21 listed in that schedule.

22 And so as such, the Act will continue to

23 apply.

24 MS. BEAUDET: Now that you have a list of

25 navigable water, my next question was the coding to

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1 Smith's classification of navigable water. Will

2 the ones that are not listed there -- because we

3 have the Peace River, we have the Moberly, we have

4 the Halfway, and we have some creeks where we know

5 there's navigation. But we have also with possible

6 intersection with the transmission line, there's

7 the Maurice Creek. We did get a list from

8 BC Hydro, but only of the water bodies that are

9 gazetted.

10 And so I was wondering if Transport Canada

11 has to look at the moment before the list comes out

12 at all the gazetted names to see if they are

13 navigable waters or not.

14 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Thank you, there.

15 To clarify there that the -- once the NPA

16 comes into force in the spring of 2014, the

17 navigability of the waterways not on the schedule

18 does not change. They are navigable, then they

19 remain so. The requirement to apply under the Act

20 is no longer there. But then it is up to the

21 Proponent to protect and mitigate impacts on

22 navigation.

23 So we'll answer that question.

24 MS. BEAUDET: Yes, because some of -- like,

25 Maurice Creek I believe is used by First Nation.

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1 And that's where the panel's concern lay regarding

2 these smaller water bodies.

3 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Okay. If I can answer your

4 second part of your question there.

5 Until the new Act comes into force, we are

6 required to review projects under the Navigable

7 Waters Protection Act. Some waterways fall within

8 the minor works or minor water orders, and that may

9 include such as like transmission line crossing a

10 creek less than 15 metres wide. The Proponent does

11 not need to apply, but must comply to the

12 requirements and in the Order, which includes

13 building to the Canadian Standards Association

14 Guidelines for clearances. That prevents contact

15 with the line and flashovers.

16 And the same would apply for the building of

17 pipelines and such.

18 MR. MATTISON: I just have a question I

19 wanted to ask Transport Canada for 20 years. But

20 let's go back to -- I'm going to wait for a sec.

21 Well, I'm going to tell you, the question is

22 define "navigable" for me.

23 But, first of all, is it defined in the

24 Navigation Protection Act, navigable or navigable

25 waters?

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1 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: The definition of --

2 Transport Canada assesses navigability of waterways

3 at specific sites where proposed works will be

4 located. Transport Canada uses established

5 criteria to determine if a waterway can be used for

6 navigation and, if so, is subject to the navigable

7 waters provisions.

8 So basically, we take into account the

9 current case law in regards to the navigability of

10 waterways, if that helps.

11 MR. MATTISON: So it's navigable, like you

12 say it is, having reviewed whether or not a judge

13 says it is?

14 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Yeah. Basically we make a --

15 we make a determination, this is in our opinion,

16 that it is navigable, but at the end, it would be a

17 judge that would make the final determination.

18 MR. MATTISON: Okay. So I think the answer

19 to my question is it's not defined in the

20 Navigation Protection Act. You do this on a case

21 specific basis.

22 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Absolutely, and site

23 specific.

24 MR. MATTISON: And site specific.

25 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: So you could have a waterway

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1 that has both a non-navigable and a navigable

2 section.

3 MR. MATTISON: Fair enough, I think.

4 So if -- I mean, there's no dispute that

5 Peace River is navigable. I've been down it on a

6 boat.

7 If it's up to the Proponent to determine for

8 unlisted, whether it's navigable, is that they make

9 their decision at their peril and then someone

10 checks later? I mean, how would a Proponent know

11 for a river that's not listed in the new Act that

12 it's navigable?

13 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Chair, we can't preclude

14 what's in the new Act. We can't -- the Act is

15 quite new. We are still understanding it.

16 MR. MATTISON: Fair enough.

17 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: And I can't really comment

18 on that, how they are intending to deal with that

19 particular issue.

20 MR. MATTISON: Okay.

21 THE CHAIRMAN: All right. This one has

22 troubled me too for a long time. I had rather

23 thought that the intention of the new Act by naming

24 certain rivers as navigable rivers and so on was to

25 reduce uncertainty, and therefore not to leave some

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1 Proponent trying to understand without much in the

2 way of guidance whether or not the Halfway River

3 was a navigable waterway.

4 Now, I think the case that you made that you

5 ought to have 10 metres clearance because that's

6 going to be a very pretty valley and might one day

7 support a tourist business or something, I think

8 that's a good argument.

9 But I would not, myself, ever have thought

10 that the Halfway River qualified as a navigable

11 waterway. But maybe I'm wrong. Maybe the Act is

12 no guidance at all.

13 How do you deal with the poor Proponent?

14 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

15 It's an interesting question that I've been

16 dealing with since 1998.

17 Again, it's on a case-by-case basis. When we

18 receive an application, we attempt to ascertain

19 information on the waterway. Sometimes that's

20 quite easy. In the case of the Peace River, there

21 is an abundance of historical data. On a river

22 such as the Halfway River, often what we have done

23 is we have talkin' -- I would call up the local

24 conservation officers, DFO, and anyone I think that

25 could provide information. And they will often

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1 give me anecdotal information on the usage of the

2 area. Sometimes I will go to the site myself.

3 In the case of the Halfway River, there is a

4 boat launch just downstream of the bridge. And

5 based on information I knew previously and also

6 from the information obtained through this process,

7 we've come to know that the Halfway River is used

8 by hunters to access up into the Halfway River area

9 by jet boat to conduct hunting activities.

10 Also, the type of vessel. The technologies

11 have changed radically in the years that I've been

12 doing this, and that jet boats and kayaks can go

13 places where they couldn't go 20 years before.

14 THE CHAIRMAN: So it used to be at least

15 mythologically that a stream which in spring

16 freshet could support a canoe laden with furs, that

17 was a navigable waterway. Now it's a kayak? So

18 instead of 6 inches, it's 2 inches. Recreational

19 use with any floating device seems to trigger the

20 definition?

21 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Thank you, Chair.

22 Kayaks are a watercraft. And there has been

23 case law in regards to recreational usage. So it

24 goes beyond just the 500 pounds of fur in a canoe.

25 That was one of the traditional thoughts out there.

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1 The review of the case law continues to this

2 day and will continue long beyond when I retire.

3 So it will change again and again. But we do

4 consider it. And we have done on other projects.

5 And in this case, I should also point out that if

6 the NPA comes into force, the -- or the NWPA, the

7 reservoir, if it is constructed, would be

8 considered part of that navigable water body and

9 part of the scheduled list under the NPA.

10 So the Halfway River, the high water mark

11 from the reservoir would be considered as a part of

12 the scheduled waters under the NPA. So in that

13 case, we would be still responsible for it.

14 THE CHAIRMAN: That's helpful. Thank you.

15 It seems to me that listening to the back and

16 forth here a bit that a good deal of the

17 information that you want for assessment under the

18 new Act depends on detailed design which hasn't

19 been done yet. And are you content to wait until

20 it is done?

21 MS. PAULA DOUCETTE: Mr. Chair, the basis of our

22 recommendation throughout our written submission

23 were based on the fact that navigation was included

24 as a valued component in the EIS guidelines. And

25 when, as you know, the letter that Transport Canada

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1 received from the panel asked us to comment on the

2 mitigation measures proposed by BC Hydro, so, as

3 such, we can only comment on those mitigation

4 measures that were included in Section 26 of the

5 EIS.

6 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you. Now I

7 understand better. The information requests were

8 really pursuant to our requests and are not a

9 prologue to licensing under the NPA for which an

10 application has not yet even been made; is that

11 right?

12 MS. PAULA DOUCETTE: We tend to use the EA process

13 in parallel. Obviously there is many overlaps

14 between the information that's required for an

15 NWAPA (sic) approval as well as assessing those

16 direct and indirect effects as it relates under the

17 Canadian Environmental Assessment Act.

18 MS. BEAUDET: In the EIS, BC Hydro, as we

19 heard, had -- and I think it was from your request,

20 was 8-metre vertical clearance. Now you say that

21 you need 10, you would recommend 10-metre vertical

22 clearance. And I believe BC Hydro has agreed to

23 this recommendation.

24 So I would just like to ask them, the

25 solution would be to put the bridge higher, is it

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1 that's all you're considering?

2 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Yes. Our agreement is with

3 respect to the Halfway River bridge which can well

4 accommodate it within the existing design.

5 BC Hydro actually prepared the clearance memo for

6 Transport Canada's consideration. So 8 metres was

7 proposed as a minimum clearance, not an absolute,

8 and the structure at Halfway can accommodate a

9 higher clearance.

10 What I would add, though, is that if we were

11 raising a structure just for the purpose of the

12 navigational clearance, and it wasn't already

13 designed such, it would have a substantial cost

14 implication due to the need for the additional

15 works to gain the extra elevation, but that is not

16 the case at the Halfway River.

17 MS. BEAUDET: And I believe you've put it

18 in the amendment somewhere that you do agree to a

19 10-metre clearance. There was a correction in

20 volume 1, I think. But anyway, if it's cleared,

21 it's okay.

22 The other point was sedimentation transport.

23 And I believe it has worried a few people here.

24 I was wondering if it had come to 10 years

25 from now there's a necessity of sediment drainage,

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1 would you consider that in terms of mitigation

2 measure?

3 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: If I might clarify, are you

4 asking if we would consider dredging in any

5 location to accommodate navigation?

6 MS. BEAUDET: And who financially would be

7 responsible for that?

8 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: What I was thinking, and I

9 certainly can't speak conclusively, but I'm not

10 aware that we've undertaken dredging for that

11 purpose previously. And such activities would have

12 to take into account not only the interests of

13 navigation but also fisheries and water quality.

14 So my comment would be that in operating the

15 system, we often receive requests for new measures

16 for specific new issues and that it would be best

17 to be considered at that time within, you know --

18 it's somewhat hypothetical right now, and what I

19 would say is it would be best to be considered in

20 the instance and with all the information on the

21 objectives and potential costs and impacts

22 associated.

23 MS. BEAUDET: Transport Canada, in your

24 approval, you insist that the river has to remain

25 navigable.

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1 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Thank you, Chair.

2 To clarify, in our recommendations, we were

3 concerned that the bridges being left into the

4 waterway at Halfway River, and I believe it was

5 Lynx Creek, is -- are what would their effects on

6 the sedimentary loading would be or on the -- how

7 the behaviour of sediment. And because we

8 understand that BC Hydro did model sediment

9 layering in those embayments. But we're not sure

10 if that included leaving the bridges in place and

11 if that would play a part.

12 As to your question about sediment there, if

13 sediment deposition is a natural event, then it's

14 not something we would normally require a

15 Proponent -- if we could -- if it was shown that

16 the sediment build-up was a direct result of their

17 work, then that may possibly happen.

18 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.

19 THE CHAIRMAN: It seems to me we could get

20 into a situation here where you might require

21 dredging and DFO would prohibit it, but, you know,

22 we're accustomed to that in BC.

23 MS. BEAUDET: I'd like to have the

24 figure 1, volume 2, appendix D, part 1, please, on

25 the screen. Thank you.

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1 This is titled "Annual and Seasonal Site C

2 Reservoir Release Duration Curve, 60 Years Model

3 Results."

4 And I'd like to understand a little bit.

5 This is downstream, I believe, is it? Or is it the

6 reservoir? Or is it both? Reservoir release from

7 the tailgate.

8 THE CHAIRMAN: Ms. Pryse.

9 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Can we have the floor mic?

10 MS. AMY PRYSE-PHILLIPS: Yes.

11 MS. BEAUDET: Yes.

12 MS. AMY PRYSE-PHILLIPS: Yes, that's the reservoir --

13 that's the release from the structure.

14 MS. BEAUDET: So if I look at that, as you

15 were mentioning in Peace River, 100 percent of the

16 time and minimum is 390 cubic metre per second.

17 If we look at -- well, winter freshet,

18 there's no navigation, so we don't have to worry

19 about that.

20 But if we look at summer, you have -- I want

21 you to explain to me, 70 percent of the time will

22 be 390. And the rest will be above that. I'm

23 correct in that?

24 MS. AMY PRYSE-PHILLIPS: It's actually the inverse.

25 So the X axis there is probability of exceeding

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1 that flow. So 70 percent of the time you would

2 exceed that minimum flow.

3 MS. BEAUDET: But still we have 30 percent

4 of the time where it's going to be only 390 cubic

5 metre per second; right? Okay.

6 MS. AMY PRYSE-PHILLIPS: Right.

7 MS. BEAUDET: I'd like to have now

8 figure -- just one second here. We'll start with

9 figure 26.10, which is simulate minimum depth

10 contours from Site C minimum flow of 390 cubic

11 metre per second from dam site to Old Fort.

12 If I look at the legend here, the river depth

13 is above -- in the blue, above 0.6 metres. And the

14 pale blue is 0.3 to 0.6 metres.

15 So the maximum here, okay, with allowed to

16 some extent the clearance that is required by

17 Transport Canada? In other words, I mean, in the

18 summer, will it be possible to have -- what type of

19 boat would be able to navigate there? Have you

20 looked at that, Transport Canada? And if it's 0.6,

21 above 0.6, what's the maximum of the river depth?

22 0.6, what I understand is that 390 cubic metre per

23 second. And I want to know if I'm correct in

24 thinking that, for 30 percent of the time in the

25 summer.

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1 MS. AMY PRYSE-PHILLIPS: I think it's relevant to note

2 that that minimum flow would actually be occurring

3 at night because that's when the demand would be

4 low. So that's an interesting point. That's not

5 shown on that plot. That's quite relevant.

6 MS. BEAUDET: Yes, it is. Okay. Because

7 when you look at it, you wonder if it's during the

8 day, I mean, 30 percent of the time during the

9 summer, there's very little navigation possible.

10 You'll agree with me? Okay.

11 MR. MATTISON: I just was thinking about

12 that earlier question about sediment and looking at

13 the photograph of the Halfway bridge. I remember

14 driving over it. Are you really going to leave the

15 old bridge in place? Is that the plan still?

16 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Sorry, if I can ask Mr. Nunn

17 to speak to that.

18 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Nunn.

19 MR. JOHN NUNN: That is the current plan.

20 And I don't have the information at hand. But the

21 water depth there is 20 to 30 metres if I remember

22 right, so it's well below the surface of the

23 reservoir, well beyond any imaginable draft of any

24 vessel which could be using the reservoir.

25 MS. BEAUDET: Regarding boat launches, some

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1 people say that you should wait for the reservoir

2 to stabilize before you build permanent ones, and I

3 think Transport Canada, you're requesting that

4 there should be some boat launches that you can

5 remove, some temporary structure to allow people to

6 access the river during construction; am I correct

7 here?

8 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Thank you, there.

9 What we've asked for is to construct the boat

10 launches prior to the filling of the reservoir, as

11 when the reservoir is filled, there's anticipation

12 that boating would be restricted or not encouraged

13 on the waterway until we know what the slopes are

14 doing. And what we've identified is that for the

15 first season, the first year, that is likely that

16 the reservoir would be closed off. The -- what we

17 told BC Hydro is to construct the boat launches,

18 block them off so that at the moment that we decide

19 that with true consultation with BC Hydro, other

20 agencies and ourselves, that it should be safe for

21 usage of the waterways, that we can immediately

22 open up the boat ramp so they can be used by the

23 public as soon as possible.

24 Obviously the interest of Transport Canada is

25 both not only the safety of navigation, but also

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1 the people's common right of navigation as well.

2 So we are attempting to balance that out.

3 MS. BEAUDET: And you seem to have come

4 into an agreement as to the booms in the

5 restriction zones, or did I understand from the

6 comment from the beginning when BC Hydro presented

7 their comments before your presentation that they

8 insist on restriction zone which is different from

9 what you're proposing; am I correct?

10 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Thank you for that.

11 Under our recommendation number 4, we asked

12 in order to help assess the overall impact to the

13 public and Aboriginal use of the Peace River during

14 debris boom placement, TC requests the JRP

15 recommends BC Hydro provide a memo describing the

16 Wilder Creek debris boom and related navigability.

17 This will help in the development of terms

18 and conditions related to the NWP approval.

19 And same in the case of the -- for the dam

20 site construction, we requested that they provide a

21 year-by-year phase schedule to determine when it

22 would be appropriate to put a navigation

23 restriction on.

24 Again, we're attempting to balance out safety

25 with the public right of navigation.

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1 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.

2 THE CHAIRMAN: I think we have done our

3 inquisition. Thank you, sir, Madam.

4 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Been my pleasure, sir.

5 THE CHAIRMAN: Wait a second. Hang on a

6 second here. I see Mr. Hadland approaching the

7 microphone.

8 I'm mindful of the time. If we keep on going

9 at this pace, we'll be having an evening session.

10 We have an opportunity to question

11 Environment Canada and DFO who are both here, at

12 least DFO is here in numbers and Environment is

13 probably just going for quality.

14 There have been a number of questions

15 relevant to their responsibilities that have popped

16 up over the last few days. And I'm sure there are

17 a number of questions you'd like to ask.

18 If, however, we put them on now, we're going

19 to run well past a reasonable coffee hour, and we

20 will exhaust our transcriber.

21 So maybe what we'll do is see how long a

22 question Mr. Hadland has, and we might have a

23 coffee break after that.

24 Your question is for Transport, sir?

25 MR. RANDAL HADLAND: I have one for Transport

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1 Canada and one for BC Hydro, and they're both

2 relatively short.

3 This gentleman just wondered if he could have

4 a quick word before my question.

5 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you, Mr. Hadland.

6 Jesse McCormick, legal counsel to Saulteau

7 First Nations.

8 I'd like to thank the panel and the

9 Secretariat for accommodating many of the

10 scheduling requests that had been made by Saulteau

11 First Nations in relation to these topic specific

12 hearings.

13 On December 19th, we requested that our

14 presentation be scheduled for either late morning

15 or early afternoon.

16 And with the recent change in the schedule,

17 it may present a difficulty for us to have the

18 experts available over the telephone for our

19 scheduled presentation on fish and fish habitat.

20 I have spoken with my friend Mr. Feldberg,

21 and if it pleases the panel, we would like to

22 request that the Saulteau First Nations PowerPoint

23 presentation on fish and fish habitat be

24 rescheduled for the 21st of January and at that

25 time the questions associated with the technical

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1 memorandum could also be asked.

2 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay, that's acceptable.

3 Thank you.

4 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you,

5 panel.

6 MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

7 Randy Hadland.

8 My first question is just very brief. I

9 wanted to ask the last Hydro speaker -- I don't see

10 her -- where exactly on the river at nighttime low

11 flow is going to take place.

12 MS. AMY PRYSE-PHILLIPS: So the release from the

13 reservoir would be at the point of discharge, that

14 would be where the minimum flow would take place in

15 the nighttime. And of course there's travel time

16 as that water flows downstream.

17 Also, the Pine River, which comes in about

18 16 kilometres downstream, I should note in the

19 summer, it's typically flowing higher than other

20 times of year, so although there would be an

21 influence on increasing the frequency of low flows

22 due to the project in the reach between the tail

23 race and the Pine River, downstream of that point,

24 there would be very little influence on the

25 frequency of low flows.

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1 MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Well, as somebody who lives

2 downstream, that's not my experience, but I'll let

3 that go.

4 For Transport Canada, is it fair to say that

5 Transport Canada has only looked at this proposed

6 project from the perspective that this proposed

7 project is going to get approval?

8 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

9 To answer that question, Transport Canada has

10 not assumed that the project would be approved.

11 What we have done is commented on the information

12 provided in the EIS and in this process. So we

13 would -- we have no opinion on the project on

14 whether it should be approved or not, and we await

15 for your learned decision or recommendation, I

16 should say.

17 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

18 MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Thank you.

19 So your requirement is to fully assess the

20 impact on navigation of this river with abundant

21 historical usage and in light of increasing

22 transportation costs, what would it take for

23 Transport Canada to do an evaluation of possible

24 loss of commercial use of the river?

25 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Parkinson.

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1 MR. COLIN PARKINSON: Thank you, Mr. Chair. It's

2 Transport Canada again.

3 To our understanding, at this point, there

4 may be only one commercial user of the waterway

5 within the area that's being reviewed at this point

6 in time. If our understanding is incorrect on

7 that, we would be happily to be educated on that.

8 We have tried to anticipate what would be the

9 likely scenarios if the project went ahead and

10 tried to mitigate the impacts that the project

11 would have on any potential commercial operator

12 that might decide to operate on a reservoir. As

13 far as our understanding, there's only one operator

14 that operates jet boats on occasion, so if, again,

15 if we're incorrect on that, we wish to be educated.

16 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay.

17 MR. RANDAL HADLAND: Well, like you yourself

18 mentioned, there's an abundance of historical data

19 of the usage of the river. And given the

20 uncertainty around fuel prices and things like

21 that, I thought it would be a logical thing for

22 Transport Canada to examine the option of using the

23 river in the future.

24 THE CHAIRMAN: I think that might be getting

25 a little bit speculative for an

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1 engineering-oriented agency like Transport. But I

2 take your point. Thank you.

3 I have two questions, Madam Beaudet and

4 Mr. McCormick.

5 MS. BEAUDET: And my question is for

6 BC Hydro. We did request surface profile of the

7 Halfway River for the 14 or 15 kilometre area where

8 there'll be flooding. Would it be possible to have

9 a profile of the river below the dam? I don't

10 believe there is one. I think the figure we have

11 in the EIS goes up to the dam itself. Can we have

12 a similar figure for downstream up to the Alberta

13 border?

14 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: I'm getting nods from my team

15 that we can provide that. And I believe we would

16 include it in the previous undertaking.

17 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.

18

19 UNDERTAKING 52: Provide the river profile of the Peace

20 river from the Site-C dam site to the Alberta

21 border.

22

23 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

24 Mr. McCormick.

25 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Mr. Chairman, I have one

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1 question and it may require a response from both

2 Transport Canada and potentially BC Hydro. The

3 motivation for the question relates to potential

4 individual impacts associated with interference

5 with the right to navigability on the rivers.

6 And the question stated is, do any of the

7 mitigation measures proposed by either Transport

8 Canada or BC Hydro provide for compensation for

9 individual harms resulting from adverse effects on

10 navigation from the project? And to help you

11 visualize what I mean, I would say, for instance,

12 so you do have debris measures, you have other

13 measures to address potential lack of clearance, in

14 the instance that one of those mitigation measures

15 is not 100 percent successful, and say someone is

16 travelling, a fisherman or fisherwoman, on the

17 river and their outboard motor were to hit a

18 dead-head and they were to lose the value of that

19 motor, is there measures in place to compensate

20 them for those harms?

21 THE CHAIRMAN: Well, that goes from the

22 general to the specific, doesn't it?

23 Hydro?

24 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Yes, I can answer that.

25 BC Hydro has a general process for receiving

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1 damages claims when and if they would occur. And I

2 can state that one such claim for a damage to a

3 boat I know of was concluded with respect to a

4 downstream situation.

5 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: And may I ask if that

6 information has been filed on the record, not the

7 individual claim you're referring to, but the

8 process for obtaining the compensation.

9 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: It's not filed in the EIS.

10 It's a general process that exists as a corporation

11 when people would experience a situation where they

12 believe they've incurred damages that are

13 associated with our operations or our facilities.

14 It's a general process where they would make a

15 claim and BC Hydro would review it and provide a

16 response.

17 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: And would it be possible to

18 have that information provided to the panel so that

19 it may be considered in part of Saulteau First

20 Nations' evaluation of the project?

21 THE CHAIRMAN: I think you've just got it.

22 They have a general corporate procedure for

23 responding to complaints.

24 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

25 THE CHAIRMAN: Claims of damage.

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1 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: For me, the concern exists in

2 that the devil is occasionally in the details. And

3 in order to assure myself, in order to be able to

4 assure my client that they will be in a position to

5 obtain compensation should they ever face those

6 types of circumstances.

7 THE CHAIRMAN: All right. Does Hydro have a

8 standard statement on tort liability?

9 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Yeah, I -- we will -- I

10 will -- at the break, I will discuss this matter

11 and we'll endeavour to provide our response with

12 what we can provide.

13 THE CHAIRMAN: All right, we'll come back on

14 that one.

15 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you, Mr. Chairman,

16 thank you, witnesses.

17 THE CHAIRMAN: We'll now break until 3:30.

18 Thank you.

19

20 (Short break)

21

22 THE CHAIRMAN: Can we reconvene, please.

23 Somewhat later than planned because of all

24 the fun and excitement.

25 But I'm delighted to have such a delegation

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1 from the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. We

2 may now get a definitive answer to the number of

3 kokanee in the reservoir. They are probably all

4 individually named. And I know that a number of

5 people had questions relative to your mandate and

6 expertise over the last several days. And I'd like

7 to ask my colleague Jocelyne if she's ready to

8 start.

9

10 Department of Fisheries and Oceans Panel:

11

12 Brad Fanos

13 Brian Naito

14 Alston Bonamis

15 Dan Sneep

16 Dr. Mike Bradford

17 Dr. Dan Selbie.

18

19 MR. BRAD FANOS: Excuse me, Mr. Chair, Brad

20 Fanos with Fisheries. I'm wondering if I could

21 just do some opening remarks.

22 THE CHAIRMAN: Absolutely. We thought you

23 guys were refusing to make opening remarks. You

24 were only willing to be questioned. And while

25 you're at it, could you introduce your colleagues.

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1 Thank you.

2

3 Opening statement by Department of Fisheries and Oceans:

4 MR. BRAD FANOS: Absolutely.

5 So first off, good afternoon, Mr. Chair,

6 panel members, Chiefs and Elders, the Treaty 8

7 First Nations whose Traditional Territories we're

8 on today and general audience that's in attendance

9 today.

10 My name is Brad Fanos, spelled F-a-n-o-s.

11 And I'm the regulatory review manager of the

12 fisheries protection program with Fisheries and

13 Oceans Canada.

14 Mr. Chairman, I'm joined here today with

15 several of my colleagues who bring extensive

16 technical expertise related to fish and fish

17 habitat and fisheries productivity.

18 For ease and to avoid having to spell out

19 each member's name, I've provided the transcriber

20 and the panel with the names and the positions of

21 the team members and the spelling.

22 A brief introduction of the team we have here

23 today, to my immediate left is Brian Naito, a

24 fisheries biologist with the fisheries protection

25 program.

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1 To my immediate right is Alston Bonamis, a

2 fisheries biologist with the fisheries protection

3 program.

4 To Alston's right is Dr. Mike Bradford, a

5 research scientist, with DFO's science branch, who

6 specializes in the impacts of flow regulation and

7 hydroelectric development on fish and fish habitat.

8 In the back table behind me on the left we

9 have Dan Sneep, a fisheries biologist with the

10 fisheries protection program who has extensive

11 experience working with hydro facilities.

12 To Dan's right, we have with us today Dr. Dan

13 Selbie. He's head of the lakes research program,

14 also from DFO's science branch in the Pacific

15 region. And he's our limnologist.

16 We would like to thank the panel for inviting

17 us to participate in the public hearings today for

18 the Site C Clean Energy Program.

19 As you know, we will not be making a

20 presentation today but are here to provide

21 assistance to the Joint Review Panel by answering

22 questions in relation to our written submission

23 provided on November 25th, 2013, and any questions

24 on potential effects of the project on fish and

25 fish habitat in the Peace River watershed.

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1 We'd like to note while DFO retains the

2 responsibility to conserve and protect Canadian

3 fisheries, waters, and resources, the management of

4 fisheries inland waters such as the Peace River

5 watershed is overseen by the Provinces.

6 As such, questions in relation to the

7 management of these fisheries may be best answered

8 and directed to the Provinces.

9 Lastly, Mr. Chairman, I note that each member

10 of our team has specific expertise, after each

11 question is presented, we may need a moment just to

12 decide who is best to answer the questions and then

13 to formulate a response.

14 So I appreciate we're under the gun with time

15 here, and we'll do our best to be as quick as we

16 can.

17 If there are any undertakings that the panel

18 has for DFO, you can direct them to me, and I'll

19 coordinate with the panel Secretariat on that.

20 Thank you again, Mr. Chairman, and we look

21 forward to the questions.

22 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much.

23 Jocelyne, over to you.

24 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you, Mr. Chairman.

25 I'll start in a note in the address we

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1 received today from BC Hydro which says that

2 BC Hydro updated or did the work according to the

3 new fishery act. Now, I believe they were not the

4 major changes that we are expecting eventually, but

5 they are some changes that came into effect on

6 November 25th, 2013, and my understanding was that

7 only with respect to how DFO functions.

8 Is there anything that has been updated that

9 would affect the analysis of this Project from the

10 new changes in the law, or the Act, I should say.

11 MR. BRAD FANOS: The changes to the Act have

12 not changed any of our advice that we provide

13 through the Environmental Assessment process, as

14 one point.

15 On November 25th, there were changes of the

16 coming into force of the new serious harm

17 provision, the fisheries protection provision, and

18 so I believe BC Hydro might be referring to that

19 date in particular. And along with that came some

20 guidance and policy information. Some policy

21 direction was provided and posted on the website in

22 conjunction with the release or the coming into

23 force of the serious harm provision. So their

24 reference was to -- updating their information, I

25 understand, to be consistent with the new

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1 information on the website.

2 MS. BEAUDET: And what is the range of that

3 update? I mean, I don't believe we've received

4 anything on that.

5 MR. BRAD FANOS: Sorry, are you asking about

6 an update in terms of the changes to the Fisheries

7 Act and changes to the policy?

8 MS. BEAUDET: With respect to the project,

9 does it affect anything that we should know?

10 MR. BRAD FANOS: As I said earlier, it doesn't

11 change the advice we've given to the panel.

12 MS. BEAUDET: Okay.

13 MR. BRAD FANOS: In terms of the information

14 we've provided in our submission.

15 MS. BEAUDET: Okay, thank you.

16 My second point, and I'll start first with

17 BC Hydro, we have requested further information

18 with the IR. We had sent first I think it was in

19 the third package. And in the fourth package,

20 IR78, we received more information. We received

21 the complete list of all the water bodies that

22 would come and be intersected, shall we say,

23 possibly with any component activity of the

24 project.

25 You do mention that you did a survey, a fish

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1 habitat survey, but this list here, table 1, still

2 doesn't tell us what are the water bodies that are

3 fish-bearing. Is it because most of them you don't

4 know? Is it because you didn't provide the

5 information because there's in gazetted name and

6 therefore it is a little bit difficult to identify

7 from your survey, or you must have given some

8 numbers or used the -- you have a water body

9 identified? I just -- I mean, some of the water

10 bodies we know, the Pine River, et cetera, we know

11 from the Telus studies that are being used for

12 fishing by the First Nation. But some creeks are a

13 little bit more unknown as to what extent they'll

14 be affected.

15 So I would like to know why it was not

16 identified in this table which water bodies you

17 knew were fish-bearing.

18 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: Thank you, madam.

19 We did identify in that response the water

20 bodies that were fish-bearing for which we had

21 information that fish were captured.

22 MS. BEAUDET: Oh, so when we have the name,

23 the gazetted name, that means it is fish-bearing,

24 is it?

25 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: Just give me a moment to --

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1 MS. BEAUDET: Yes, please.

2 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: I'm going by recollection.

3 I'll confirm how we did that.

4 MS. BEAUDET: So it's Table 1 in your last

5 package response in the fourth package.

6 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: Yes. So earlier in that

7 response, in Section 1, page 2, we do list, bullet

8 list some water bodies for which there's fish

9 sampling information and were known to be

10 fish-bearing.

11 The table describes all of the water bodies,

12 streams, man-made water bodies, et cetera, that

13 were adjacent to a buffer of the various project

14 activities where there may be an interaction.

15 There was not specific information on fish

16 presence, you know, in the water bodies in this

17 table.

18 MS. BEAUDET: Okay, that clarifies. I want

19 to make sure I understood what was done.

20 My last question would be to DFO. I know the

21 way you're functioning, okay, the Peace River is

22 the major water body that you would look at, but

23 you also I believe have to look at any water bodies

24 that would intersect with, for instance, with the

25 transmission line, et cetera. And you usually do

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1 an analysis which I believe you call coshun

2 (phonetic) management, or something like that, and

3 I haven't seen anything done on that in your

4 submission, or maybe it's implied by the results

5 you present.

6 Has there been a more detailed study behind

7 this presentation? Or it's to be done later?

8 MR. BRAD FANOS: Just one moment.

9 MR. ALSTON BONAMIS: My name is Alston Bonamis,

10 A-l-s-t-o-n B-o-n-a-m-i-s.

11 In relation to that, we did look at the

12 information that was presented by BC Hydro on the

13 transmission line and the water bodies that it

14 intersects. The detailed information is not

15 actually presented in the EIS. Just it's very

16 general in nature. And usually for those kind of

17 works, they would be standard mitigation measures

18 that are applied. And those would be provided in

19 more detail during the regulatory phase where we

20 could decide on whether -- work with Hydro to

21 decide whether those mitigation measures are

22 adequate.

23 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.

24 Thank you, Mr. Chair.

25 MR. MATTISON: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

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1 I need to preface my remarks by saying that

2 I'm an engineer. And you can adjust your answer so

3 that I can understand them, please. That's not to

4 say that I haven't some familiarity with fish.

5 But let me ask you the -- some of you, you've

6 read the EIS, you've read BC Hydro's preparation

7 and their conclusions, I'm assuming.

8 There's a description of fish in the reach of

9 the Peace River that's proposed to become

10 reservoir. And there's a description of fish as

11 Mr. Mossop said in the reaches where they know are

12 fish-bearing.

13 But the EIS also says that we're going to see

14 a transition from a riverine environment to a lake

15 environment. And they conclude that in the

16 subsequent years, there'll be a transition,

17 there'll be a total increase or an expected total

18 increase of biomass of fish in the reservoir and a

19 change in composition of the fish species.

20 And I'm assuming you -- at that real general

21 level you can concur, or I'm asking you if you

22 concur with that conclusion.

23 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: Mike Bradford,

24 B-r-a-d-f-o-r-d.

25 We have reviewed the information as you

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1 suggest. And indeed, generally concur with their

2 findings. The larger volume of water associated

3 with the reservoir and the predictions of the

4 abundance of the fish that will be in the middle of

5 the reservoir, that are the so-called pelagic

6 species will result in a higher overall biomass, is

7 likely to result in a higher overall biomass than

8 is currently present in the river.

9 MR. MATTISON: Thank you. I have a couple

10 of questions, and it's going to betray my ignorance

11 of fish population ecology, but you're here to help

12 me.

13 Some of those fish currently live most of

14 their lives in the tributaries. And some I think

15 come into the Peace River and go back to the

16 tributaries.

17 I'm less interested in what's happening now

18 as I am in what might be happening post inundation.

19 Can you explain to me and pick a species that

20 might move back and forth, or is that expected to

21 be common or rare? I mean, of the species that are

22 there now, and of the ones -- the way the

23 populations are expected to change, are we -- will

24 we see migration out of the tributary such as the

25 Halfway or the Moberly or whatever, or will we

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1 expect them not to be that kind of migration?

2 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: So many of the species have a

3 complicated lifecycle that sees populations using

4 the tributaries for spawning. And then the young

5 fish would live in the tributaries. It varies by

6 species for months to a few years before they might

7 migrate down to the Peace River currently.

8 And experience in other reservoirs has shown

9 that some species can, when they migrate downstream

10 and enter a reservoir, can do well. And

11 essentially what they are doing is foraging and

12 growing until they mature and go back to spawn in

13 the tributary streams. But there are other species

14 that don't seem to do as well in the reservoir

15 environment, and that's where the Proponent has

16 made some predictions about species that will

17 decline in abundance, while others may persist.

18 And that's based I think largely on our

19 experiences and observations in other reservoirs in

20 British Columbia.

21 But it should be stated always that our

22 ability to predict outcomes from a change in the

23 ecosystem deteriorates as we go higher in the food

24 chain, if you like, from physical conditions to the

25 lower trophic levels to fish. And so I think it's

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1 a fair statement that our experience is that the

2 unexpected can be expected when it comes to

3 predicting the trajectories of these fish

4 populations. We shouldn't be surprised if

5 something unanticipated occurs.

6 MR. MATTISON: The EIS contemplates that

7 arctic grayling will be largely cut off, and that

8 population is expected to decline. Bull trout are

9 not known to thrive in more lake-type environments.

10 Do you concur with those conclusions?

11 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: The grayling I think that --

12 we would concur based on the observations in

13 Williston, for example.

14 With respect to bull trout, there are other

15 situations where bull trout have done well in a

16 reservoir, and I would discriminate between a lake

17 and a reservoir. They are two quite different

18 beasts.

19 And perhaps the issue in the Site C context

20 is that currently a fraction of the -- a

21 significant fraction of the bull trout population

22 migrates past the site of Site C to places

23 downstream.

24 And the discussions around passage in the

25 reservoir really depend on what bull trout will do

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1 in the -- after the project's been constructed when

2 they come down the Halfway River and enter a

3 standing body of water, will they want to travel

4 downstream as they did, some of them did in the

5 past, or will they be content, if you like, to stay

6 in the reservoir. And that's a source of

7 uncertainty. I don't think we can really make the

8 prediction.

9 So the passage activities are sort of in the

10 event that fish would go down past the dam site,

11 and then to complete their lifecycle, they would

12 need to be transported back upstream.

13 MR. MATTISON: Lake trout are present in the

14 river at the current time?

15 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: In the reservoirs upstream.

16 MR. MATTISON: In the reservoirs upstream,

17 but not yet in the river itself? They are more a

18 lake fish, I understand.

19 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: Exactly.

20 MR. MATTISON: They're expected to

21 colonize -- I don't know what lake trout survival

22 is through a turbine, but they're expected to

23 colonize the Site C reservoir?

24 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: I believe so, yes. They

25 would -- they are currently found in the Dinosaur

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1 Reservoir and are a significant portion of the

2 sports catch there. And so they would be expected

3 to move downstream through Peace Canyon Dam and end

4 up in the Site C reservoir as well.

5 MR. MATTISON: Now, we've heard about

6 kokanee already today. Kokanee are present in the

7 reservoirs both Williston and Dinosaur?

8 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: That's correct.

9 MR. MATTISON: And they too will be expected

10 to colonize the Site C reservoir?

11 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: Yes, there's a -- it appears

12 to be a high rate of entrainment or passage

13 downstream through both of the existing dams, and

14 kokanee are found currently in the Peace River.

15 Probably don't do well in that environment, but

16 with the construction of the third dam and a new

17 reservoir, the fish that come down through Peace

18 Canyon Dam have the opportunity to live within the

19 new reservoir.

20 MR. MATTISON: Now, kokanee are not a

21 preferred food fish of First Nations, and they're

22 not -- well, we've heard from various First Nations

23 that they traditionally never eaten, used, hunted,

24 harvested kokanee. But they do provide their food

25 fish for some other species of interest to First

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1 Nations.

2 Is that expected to continue, the kokanee

3 population? I believe the suggested kokanee

4 population would grow in the reservoir.

5 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: That's right. The water in

6 the reservoir will move through quite quickly. I

7 think 20 to 30 days is the transit time. So it's

8 expected essentially, it would be almost a conveyor

9 belt of kokanee coming from Williston down through

10 the systems. They'll -- some of them will perhaps

11 live longer within the reservoir.

12 But in any event, there'll be a -- the model

13 predictions made by the Proponent, predicted there

14 will be a population of kokanee that will be

15 presumably a forage source for the larger predatory

16 fishes such as lake whitefish and bull trout.

17 MR. MATTISON: Kokanee are preferably a

18 stream spawner, but have been known to spawn on

19 shores and upwelling groundwater. Have they -- are

20 there known kokanee spawning within -- well, it's

21 speculative -- within the reservoir area? Do you

22 anticipate spawning kokanee there, or? I mean,

23 will they -- will we see spawning in the reservoir.

24 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: I think there's -- my

25 understanding is some of the tributary streams that

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1 would flow into the reservoir could provide kokanee

2 spawning.

3 The modelling that BC Hydro has done suggests

4 that -- the contribution of that local spawning to

5 the adult population might be quite small because

6 of the entrainment issue, so they'll end up

7 downstream before they get a chance to complete the

8 lifecycle, so ...

9 MR. MATTISON: Okay, that's helpful.

10 Dolly varden are currently found as well in

11 that reach of stream, I believe.

12 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: The sister species bull trout

13 is --

14 MR. MATTISON: It's just only bull trout;

15 okay.

16 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: Yes.

17 MR. MATTISON: I've heard both names from

18 First Nations, and I think that's not uncommon. I

19 can't tell the difference myself.

20 I think the rest of my questions I'll leave.

21 I'm going to follow this into the mercury at

22 another time.

23 Thank you.

24 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Fanos and Mr. Bonamis,

25 you confused me right off the top, you said that

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1 regulation is provincial here, and then Mr. Bonamis

2 said, well, of course, more detailed information

3 would be required prior to, you know, the

4 management decisions or something.

5 Is there a Federal DFO role here other than

6 science and advice?

7 MR. BRAD FANOS: Brad Fanos, F-a-n-o-s.

8 That's correct. We would have a regulatory

9 function should the project proceed. Based on the

10 information we've seen through this panel process

11 and the EIS, it's pretty clear that serious harm

12 would be likely which would require authorization

13 under the Fisheries Act. So that would be our

14 regulatory role.

15 And when I made a comment earlier, I was

16 making reference to the fisheries management role

17 that the provincial agencies have. But we would

18 retain the functions under the Fisheries Act and

19 the mandate for authorizations under the Act, under

20 the current fisheries protection provisions.

21 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. So that leads pretty

22 logically to the question about you must have been

23 reading rather carefully the information in the EIS

24 and the various materials that Hydro's been

25 preparing and recognizing that they're not at the

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1 final stage yet, that there's more work to be done.

2 Are you satisfied that the work is done to

3 the highest professional standards; just everything

4 that you would expect to see?

5 MR. BRAD FANOS: As a general comment, we are

6 satisfied with the level of expertise that Hydro's

7 brought to the various elements that fall within

8 our mandate.

9 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you. That's an

10 important conclusion for us.

11 One of the things about Environmental

12 Assessment that's always kind of bugged me is the

13 way in which we focus on the larger animals, the

14 ones that we can see and eat or pet or something

15 like that, and we don't pay an awful lot of

16 attention to the small creatures farther down the

17 trophic chain.

18 And your comment to the effect that

19 prediction gets harder as you go up the trophic

20 chain was interesting. It implies that the inverse

21 is that we can fool around with a lot of stuff, but

22 the same little diatoms and bacteria and tiny-weeny

23 little fish and so on are still doing their thing

24 pretty much.

25 So my first question is where does the

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1 Department of Fisheries stop? Does it have to have

2 fins and gills and so on, or how far down the chain

3 do you go?

4 MR. BRAD FANOS: The definition of the

5 Fisheries Act would include the various life stages

6 of fish, so right down to the alevin and eggs and

7 then also including the food nutrients that support

8 those fish populations.

9 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. So you really are

10 paying attention to the microfauna and microflora

11 in fish habitats?

12 MR. BRAD FANOS: That's where the habitat

13 comes in in terms of understanding what the impacts

14 would be to the various fish species and the

15 productivity.

16 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. We have a project

17 which contemplates a large change in habitat in 83

18 kilometres of river as well as the expected changes

19 in the upper levels of biomass. What do you think

20 is going to happen to the things at the bottom of

21 the trophic chain?

22 MR. DAN SELBIE: All right. A question for

23 me.

24 Your earlier question is pretty much why I

25 have a job at fisheries because I'm responsible for

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1 understanding --

2 THE CHAIRMAN: Your name might be of

3 assistance.

4 MR. DAN SELBIE: Oh, sorry. Dan Selbie,

5 S-e-l-b-i-e.

6 I primarily study lakes for Fisheries and

7 Oceans but get called into these sorts of questions

8 as they come up.

9 Dr. John Stockner, who was a former head of

10 our program at Fisheries and Oceans did a study of

11 Williston Reservoir and categorized it as one of

12 the most unproductive reservoirs in British

13 Columbia. And I think it's fair to say, although

14 we have disagreed somewhat with the nuances of how

15 the modelling was conducted and what the future

16 conditions will absolutely be, the majority of the

17 source water that will be entering the Site C

18 reservoir will be of ultra oligotrophic quality or

19 very low nutrient status.

20 And in a sense, nutrients do by in large

21 drive trophic systems in lakes and reservoirs.

22 And so you can pretty much -- we agree that

23 with the Proponent that this will be a very

24 unproductive system that will be modified by the

25 amount of nutrients coming in from the tributaries

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1 as they've alluded to.

2 And it will also be modified by the turbidity

3 within the system. And I think that's an important

4 point.

5 THE CHAIRMAN: So in terms of a reservoir

6 behind Site C, you might expect the upper part, the

7 less turbid part to be more productive? The

8 Halfway River is a pretty muddy stream. And the

9 lower half of the reservoir is thought to be

10 relatively turbid.

11 MR. DAN SELBIE: Yes, I think that's a point

12 where we do disagree. If you believe the

13 Proponent's modelling, it would actually become

14 more productive in more turbid waters.

15 But my belief is that, yes, the upper end of

16 the reservoir would still be relatively more

17 productive. We are splitting hairs here, though,

18 the difference between ultra oligotrophy and

19 oligotrophy. I mean, these are very unproductive

20 systems.

21 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. That helps me. Thank

22 you.

23 I saw at least one person in the audience who

24 seemed to be keen to ask a question. Is he still

25 there?

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1 It wasn't Mr. McCormick, but you'll do. Step

2 forward.

3 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you, Mr. Chairman, and

4 thank you witnesses.

5 My name is Jesse McCormick. I'm legal

6 counsel for the Saulteau First Nations. I see a

7 few familiar faces here on the panel.

8 Mr. Chairman did ask whether the panel

9 thought, and I'm paraphrasing here, that BC Hydro

10 had achieved an analysis consistent with a high

11 level of professionalism or something to that

12 effect.

13 Similar to that question, but slightly

14 different, I would like to know whether the panel

15 believes there is room for improvement in the

16 analysis that has been conducted by BC Hydro?

17 THE CHAIRMAN: Does DFO care to answer that?

18 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: We've -- Dr. Selbie and I did

19 a detailed analysis of some of their modelling and

20 how they reached some of the conclusions within the

21 EIS with respect to prior to the reservoir and the

22 river environment. And we've produced a technical

23 document that has yet to be published that provides

24 suggestions and criticisms on some of their

25 findings. So, yes, as in any case, anything like

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1 this, a complex matter, there are areas of

2 improvement.

3 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you. And would you

4 agree that the models would be more accurate if

5 they provided for dynamic interactions such as the

6 change in the number of recruits depending on

7 spawner density?

8 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: Sure. Yes. If the

9 information was available.

10 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: And I understand that the

11 Proponent has used the Beverton-Holt

12 stock-recruitment model.

13 THE CHAIRMAN: Could you speak up,

14 Mr. McCormick. I'm having trouble hearing you.

15 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: I'm fighting a bit of a

16 cough, so ...

17 THE CHAIRMAN: Just get close to the mic.

18 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: I'll do my best.

19 My understanding is the Proponent has applied

20 the Beverton-Holt stock-recruitment model. Would

21 you agree the Ricker stock-recruitment model is

22 more sensitive to changes in stock abundance?

23 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: I don't know that I would

24 agree, but I would say I don't agree that the

25 Ricker stock and recruit model is more appropriate

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1 for the fishes that -- a fish species that BC Hydro

2 has modelled. I think their choice of the

3 Beverton-Holt model was appropriate.

4 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: And would that be include --

5 would that be your opinion for salmonoid species as

6 well?

7 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: Their Ricker model is used

8 for some species. It was developed primarily for

9 pink and chum salmon. But data that are available

10 for other stream-dwelling fish, and I don't think

11 there are enough data for bull trout for this

12 analysis, but there are for brook trout, brown

13 trout, steelhead trout. And they all suggest that

14 the Beverton-Holt model is more appropriate.

15 And if I may amuse the panel with a bit of

16 mathematics, the Ricker model predicts the number

17 of young fish that is produced versus the number of

18 spawning fish. So if you have a certain number of

19 spawners you make a prediction of how many young

20 fish that can be produced.

21 In the case of the Ricker model, it predicts

22 that when the spawner abundance is high, the number

23 of young fish will decrease. So the curve is

24 shaped like this and then drops off.

25 The Beverton-Holt model predicts that as the

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1 number of spawners goes up, there's just a limit to

2 the number of juvenile fish. So it's a flat line.

3 And that model is found to be appropriate

4 when there's a limited amount of habitat space for

5 juveniles, and so there's a capacity in the

6 environment and you don't get any more fish than

7 that, but there's nothing that causes the abundance

8 to go down.

9 So that tends to be what is generally most

10 appropriate for stream dwelling salmonoids, and I

11 think the choice of that model was appropriate in

12 BC Hydro's analysis.

13 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you. Just a couple

14 more questions.

15 Would the panel agree that a fixed

16 recruitment rate of 1,000 recruits per spawner for

17 arctic grayling is an appropriate model input?

18 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: I know the analysis. I

19 recall the reason that that -- if you have enough

20 data to form that Beverton-Holt curve, you can

21 build a model around that. But in the absence of

22 that kind of data, the calculations are based on

23 how many juveniles will be produced per spawner

24 even though we don't know the number of spawners.

25 So it's more based on estimates of productivity.

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1 And I think the analysis that was done was

2 done that way because of the limitation in data.

3 There were more data available for bull trout than

4 there were for arctic grayling, I think.

5 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you.

6 And in the absence of that information, would

7 DFO endorse an input of 1,000 recruits per spawner

8 for arctic grayling?

9 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: I'm not in a position to

10 endorse or not that right now. We could certainly

11 look at that in more detail and come back to you

12 with a response.

13

14 UNDERTAKING 53: Would DFO endorse the number of 1 000

15 recruits per spawner for arctic grayling in the

16 modeling for the impacts on arctic grayling

17

18 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you.

19 And would the panel agree that it would be

20 valuable for BC Hydro to provide an estimate of the

21 quality and quantity of predicted riparian habitat

22 loss for the purpose of developing mitigation

23 measures?

24 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: Could you be more specific?

25 What type of habitat were you referring to?

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1 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: For riparian habitat, my

2 understanding is the changes in the water and

3 shoreline would result in a decrease in the

4 available riparian habitat. And the effectiveness

5 of that riparian habitat would also decrease due to

6 the fluctuations in water levels associated with

7 the reservoir. However, it's my understanding that

8 BC Hydro has not sought to provide an estimate of

9 the quality and quantity of predicted riparian

10 habitat loss. And the question is whether DFO

11 would agree that the inclusion of an estimate of

12 the quality and quantity of predicted riparian

13 habitat loss would be useful for the development of

14 mitigation measures.

15 THE CHAIRMAN: I'm not sure of the premise

16 there. That stretch of the river is going up and

17 down like a house of fire whenever Hydro wants

18 power. So you've got riparian change going on

19 pretty much continually. Would that be different

20 once it was a reservoir? Is that ...

21 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: I'll do my best to explain

22 from my understanding noting that I'm not a fish or

23 fish habitat expert.

24 What I speak of is the amount of shoreline

25 available. So if you have a winding river, it

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1 provides a certain amount of shoreline. As that

2 area is changed into a reservoir, the shoreline --

3 available amount of shoreline space actually

4 decreases due to the pond essentially becoming a

5 different shape.

6 So you have a modification in the amount of

7 available riparian habitat.

8 In addition to that, there's a fluctuation

9 associated with the generation of power and the

10 amount of water that's in the reservoir. So it's

11 more difficult for riparian habitat to establish

12 and to be effective along the shoreline.

13 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Fisheries do you have

14 a view on that?

15 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: I don't know what -- we have

16 the perimeter of the reservoir presumably can be

17 retained from the bathymetric maps. There is

18 riparian zone all around the reservoir.

19 What additional information would you suggest

20 should be provided?

21 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: The additional information

22 that we would submit to the panel would be a good

23 idea and we seek to understand whether DFO would

24 agree would be an estimate of the quality and

25 quantity of predicted riparian habitat loss, so

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1 pre-inundation, how much riparian habitat, and what

2 is the quality of that, how much of that will be

3 lost post-construction.

4 MR. MIKE BRADFORD: Well, perhaps Mr. Fanos may

5 want to comment, but I don't think that the --

6 there's a trade, direct trade-off between what was

7 there before in the river circumstances and what

8 will be there when there's a reservoir.

9 I suppose there's value in knowing what the

10 riparian habitat around the reservoir might be.

11 But I don't think that would be necessarily

12 compared to the riparian associated with the river,

13 which is going to be inundated.

14 MR. BRAD FANOS: And just to add --

15 It's Brad Fanos.

16 If the question was, do we need it for the

17 environmental assessment process, it would be no.

18 That we certainly would be relying on the

19 information that's available to date. But when we

20 go to a permitting process, there's an application

21 process with information requirements to have the

22 Proponent demonstrate quite clearly what the

23 serious harm impacts are in terms of quantity and

24 quality for those habitats when it comes time to

25 permitting.

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1 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

2 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you.

3 THE CHAIRMAN: One more question.

4 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Certainly, and just to follow

5 up on the comments by Mr. Fanos, the question

6 wasn't whether it would be required for the EA

7 assessment. The question relates to the quality

8 and effectiveness of the mitigation measures that

9 might be included as part of the recommendations.

10 So the question is would an estimate of the quality

11 and quantity of predicted riparian habitat loss be

12 helpful or useful in developing effective

13 mitigation measures?

14 THE CHAIRMAN: Should they have done it

15 already, is the question?

16 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Or should they be recommended

17 to do so as part of the project development.

18 Mr. Fanos?

19 MR. BRAD FANOS: Yeah, in terms of our future

20 assessments, should it proceed to regulatory stage,

21 that's where we would be working with BC Hydro to

22 ensure the level of information to support the

23 regulatory process is available. And if through

24 the analysis of the transformation of the river to

25 the lacustrine environment has a net residual

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1 impact where riparian is a concern, we would make

2 sure that was an element of the application

3 package.

4 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Thank you. That's

5 very helpful.

6 Thank you, Mr. McCormick.

7 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you, panel. Thank you

8 to the witnesses.

9 THE CHAIRMAN: Are there other questions

10 from the floor?

11 I see one. I see two.

12 MR. RICK PATTENDEN: Rick Pattenden.

13 Points for clarification to the panel.

14 Site C baseline studies show that lake trout exist

15 in the Peace River and their numbers are

16 increasing. They are a minor component right now.

17 The other question from the panel was in relation

18 to the existence of riparian habitat. The baseline

19 studies do exist that describe, sorry, riparian

20 habitat of the Peace River and tributaries, so it's

21 currently available.

22 Thank you.

23 THE CHAIRMAN: Mr. Rudakewich.

24 MR. MIKE RUDAKEWICH: Thank you, Mr. Chairman. And

25 while still on the subject of fish, I'm one of

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1 those from the other side of the border, by the

2 way, from Alberta.

3 And I placed in the hands of your panel a

4 report that was done just across the border from

5 Quebec on the effect of forest fires on the mercury

6 levels, which the conclusion was that the forest

7 fires can elevate up to 3 and a half -- or deposit

8 up to 3 and a half tonnes of mercury up to

9 600 kilometres away. And this is a fairly recent

10 study. I think it was completed in 2006.

11 And being that in the BC region of forests

12 that there's already 710 million cubic metres of

13 fire killed pine that has dried up enough where

14 forest fires could become a real issue and so could

15 the mercury deposition because the current acreage

16 of all the reservoirs is somewhere around close to

17 800,000 acres which is a huge area for potential

18 deposition, and being that BC has had difficulty

19 controlling forest fires until such time that help

20 comes from other provinces, it means that the

21 forest fires can rage for an extensive period of

22 time.

23 And so the question I have for the DFO panel

24 is that on all of your studies on -- particularly

25 on fish, because it may not be in your interest to

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1 do a study on the effects on water quality in the

2 Alberta Peace where we expect in the very near

3 future something like 100,000 people that will be

4 dependent upon the rivers of the -- the Peace River

5 for their water supply.

6 But in terms of fish alone, then, are you

7 factoring in the potential levels of mercury that

8 might appear in the fish? Because for sure, forest

9 fires will happen. It's just a matter of when.

10 MR. BRIAN NAITO: Yes, it's Brian Naito,

11 N-a-i-t-o.

12 We don't have the expertise here to answer

13 that question. And I'm not sure if we have the

14 expertise in our department.

15 MR. MIKE RUDAKEWICH: Okay, thank you very much.

16 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

17 We actually are interested in that, in the

18 mercury question. And your immediate successors as

19 the panel are some visitors from Environment

20 Canada, I believe. If we have no further questions

21 for DFO, we thank you very much.

22 Thank you.

23 Who's here from environment?

24 There she is.

25 Welcome. Could you introduce yourselves,

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1 please.

2

3 ENVIRONMENT CANADA PANEL:

4 Jennifer Tennant.

5 Daniel Peters.

6

7 MS. JENNIEFER TENNANT: Thank you and good afternoon.

8 My name is Jennifer Tennant, spelled

9 T-e-n-n-a-n-t. I'm the Environmental Assessment

10 coordinator for Environment Canada's review of the

11 Site C project. I'm pleased to be here today on

12 Treaty 8 First Nations territory.

13 With me today is Dr. Daniel Peters, who you

14 heard from at Saturday's aquatic and downstream

15 session. Daniel reviewed the hydrology aspects of

16 the Site C proposal and is able to answer questions

17 regarding river flows and water levels downstream

18 of the dam.

19 Environment Canada's written submission also

20 covered a number of topics relevant or a number of

21 other topics, rather, that are relevant to today's

22 session including acid rock drainage and metal

23 leeching and groundwater quality.

24 Though I'm not the technical expert for these

25 areas, I am familiar with Environment Canada's

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1 written submission and will be able to answer some

2 of those questions based on that submission.

3 For any other areas where the panel has

4 questions beyond what I can provide answers for,

5 Environment Canada would be pleased to undertake to

6 provide responses as soon as possible and, of

7 course, before the close of the record.

8 THE CHAIRMAN: Maybe we could start with

9 some questions about mercury. We will be talking

10 to health people you know about effects on humans

11 and so on. But I'm -- I want to confirm our

12 understanding of how the stuff gets out there in

13 the first place.

14 I mean, my understanding is that it isn't

15 just BC forest fires, it's Alberta coal. That in

16 fact, burning coal is a wonderful way of getting a

17 lot of mercury up into the atmosphere that it then

18 comes down on land, is picked up by plants, and

19 moves up the trophic chain and, you know, through

20 the usual processes of the bioaccumulation, get to

21 sometimes alarming levels in fish.

22 Am I right?

23 MS. JENNIFER TENNANT: That is my general

24 understanding. However, Environment Canada looked

25 at methylmercury -- for mercury, rather, at the

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1 bioaccumulation in wildlife, so that's the extent

2 of what we covered in our written submission.

3 THE CHAIRMAN: Yes. But just so we

4 understand the whole cycle, you do still own the

5 atmospheric environment service. And you are

6 responsible for long-range transport of air

7 pollutants, as I recall. What are the sources of

8 the mercury that decorates the landscape of the

9 Peace River country?

10 MS. JENNIFER TENNANT: I am unfortunately unable to

11 answer that question with the knowledge that I have

12 here today.

13 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. We would love to get a

14 letter from you on that.

15 MS. JENNIFER TENNANT: Okay. So to be clear, the

16 question you're looking at is for the sources of

17 mercury in terms of --

18 THE CHAIRMAN: We know something about the

19 sinks, but nothing about the sources. And, of

20 course, the obvious question is whether there is

21 anything in the Site C project which enhances

22 sources, mobilizes mercury that wouldn't otherwise

23 be mobilized, accelerates bioaccumulation,

24 whatever. Okay?

25

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1 UNDERTAKING 54: Provide the Panel with the origin or

2 source of the mercury deposited in the Site-C area

3 and inform the Panel whether there is anything in

4 the Site C project which enhances sources,

5 mobilizes mercury that wouldn't otherwise be

6 mobilized or accelerates bioaccumulation.

7

8 MR. MATTISON: Well, you've pretty much

9 exhausted my knowledge of it as well, Mr. Chair.

10 But I'm also interested in the process by which --

11 and I don't know if it's elemental mercury, at what

12 point in its lifecycle, but the cycle by which it

13 deposits the airborne mercury is absorbed into

14 vegetation changes to a point where it is somehow

15 once a reservoir environment is created and how

16 it's come -- well, it's methylated at some point,

17 but it gets picked up by benthic invertebrates

18 which are then eaten by fish. And I just want to

19 understand better that cycle. Now, I don't know at

20 what point Environment Canada's expertise stops and

21 I have to talk to someone else, but that's fine.

22 Tell me the story as much as you know it.

23 MS. JENNIFER TENNANT: As I said, we looked at the

24 bioaccumulation in wildlife, and I would not be the

25 person to speak to the whole cycle of mercury.

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1 MS. BEAUDET: Well, I had a question

2 regarding wildlife, so maybe we should -- we'll ask

3 when we do wildlife because there's a

4 recommendation that you propose to have a follow-up

5 monitoring of mercury trends in some bird species,

6 and I just wanted to know the justification of the

7 choice. So maybe when Environment Canada present

8 on the 15th or 16th, maybe we can have some answers

9 to that.

10 But I'd like -- before I go to the points

11 that you've covered in your brief, I'd like to ask

12 a question to BC Hydro. I know in NRCan's

13 submission, they said that there are significant

14 differences between reservoirs and the level and

15 duration of the expected mercury increase. And my

16 experience with other reservoirs is that it would

17 last for 40 years.

18 And I was wondering when you say that your

19 expectation here or your estimate is 15 to

20 25 years, do you mean the 15 to 25 is the peak or

21 is it the complete period?

22 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: I will ask Mr. Baker to

23 follow up, but just from my recollection, I believe

24 that is speaking to the peak after which a decline,

25 and there's a range of values that he's presented

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1 based on the modelling.

2 The knowledge, I think, as you refer to it,

3 the experience on which those models are developed

4 are based on observed experiences. And as you

5 mention, durations. And so I know his results

6 speak not only to the peak, but also the expected

7 duration. And the monitoring program we've

8 proposed would be -- is proposed to be flexible in

9 duration in response to what is observed if I'm

10 saying that clearly enough.

11 MS. BEAUDET: Yes, thank you.

12 I'd like to go now to questions with respect

13 to the Fisheries Act, the subsection 36(3). And

14 the responsibility of Environment Canada with

15 respect to deleterious substance.

16 And I was wondering if in this case here

17 of -- there would be two aspects, and I'd like you

18 to correct me if I'm wrong, one is warmer water,

19 and the other one possibly the methylation process,

20 or are there any other aspect with respect to this

21 subsection that you consider is important?

22 MS. JENNIFER TENNANT: Thank you for your question.

23 Our written submission actually focused on

24 from -- in terms of water quality on acid rock

25 drainage and metal leaching was one of our areas,

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1 and then we had a few comments on -- sorry, louder

2 there.

3 A few comments on nutrients as well. So

4 water temperature is not something that we did

5 review.

6 MS. BEAUDET: But what about with the other

7 aspect, what do you consider here deleterious? Are

8 there any specific substances?

9 MS. JENNIFER TENNANT: Just give me one moment. I'm

10 just trying to find my notes on that.

11 Okay. So deleterious is defined under the

12 Fisheries Act in section 34(1), and case law has

13 determined that some substances are deleterious or

14 harmful to fish. If a court precedent doesn't

15 exist for a given substance, it may be necessary to

16 test that substance. And that testing can be done

17 on living fish or other aquatic creatures to

18 determine if it's harmful.

19 MS. BEAUDET: And you would be the one that

20 advised DFO with respect to that? How do the two

21 of you work.

22 MS. JENNIFER TENNANT: We do work together. I'm not

23 clear on the exact mechanism myself.

24 MS. BEAUDET: Okay.

25 The other aspect I would like to look at is

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1 the groundwater quality, and I believe that NRCan

2 has made some recommendations similar to yours with

3 monitoring.

4 Now, in your submission, you don't make

5 specific recommendations. You just sort of

6 highlight things that the panel should look at.

7 And with respect to developing the

8 groundwater protection plan, so I -- if you look at

9 NRCan's submission, which goes a little bit

10 further, I don't know if you've had a chance to

11 look at it, but you would agree with what they

12 proposed would be in line with what you expected

13 the panel to look at?

14 MS. JENNIFER TENNANT: Yes, the Environment Canada

15 and NRCan submissions, we would consider them to be

16 in line.

17 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.

18 And the other aspect, and it's addressed

19 to -- well, to both. I would like BC Hydro and

20 Environment Canada to comment. You say on page 58,

21 the first paragraph, in the middle that you say no

22 information about the location of the site's table,

23 coordinates, figures is provided with respect to

24 potentially contaminated sites by property use, and

25 you worry here with wells that could be eventually

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1 contaminated. And we did ask BC Hydro, one of the

2 IRs was on more information regarding that. And

3 they told us it was private information.

4 Now, if we do monitoring -- and this question

5 is addressed to BC Hydro, if we do monitoring -- if

6 you do monitoring or we recommend you do monitoring

7 and there is a problem with these wells, we always

8 talk about adaptive management, and I love the

9 reference somebody said this morning, how far do

10 you go before you dry the pond? What's the next

11 step you would do if some of these houses lose

12 their well?

13 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: I'm cautious and will not

14 speculate on the actions that would be taken, but

15 the monitoring program is designed to detect and

16 provide assurances of effects associated with the

17 project.

18 I don't believe we've had or been invited to

19 take baseline samples of certainly all the wells.

20 And I imagine property owners would wait until the

21 project was assured to go ahead before, in some

22 cases, they were willing to permit such monitoring.

23 So that's the basis for the proposal and in

24 terms of understanding. And we -- yeah, I just

25 can't speculate on what the actions would be,

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1 but ...

2 MS. BEAUDET: Well, I thought you would

3 answer possibly, dig a well further up the hill

4 or -- I mean, who would be responsible? The

5 government is supposed to provide potable water,

6 but that's in an urban area. I don't think in the

7 rural area it's the same. I mean, you have a well,

8 you lose the well, there isn't a residence anymore.

9 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: In the Peace region, there

10 are many folks who have wells. And there are many

11 folks, because of their inabilities to find wells

12 under existing conditions, haul water. So there

13 are methods to ensure potable water for a property,

14 including hauling if groundwater opportunity is not

15 available. And it is common in the Peace region

16 for such hauling.

17 But as you've suggested, seeking an alternate

18 site would be an appropriate measure if one can be

19 found. And many of the rural properties are very

20 large. And they offer such opportunities.

21 But, again, I can't speculate on what the

22 solutions would be without identifying -- you know,

23 having the information on what the effects may be.

24 MS. BEAUDET: Well, it's a start. Thank

25 you.

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1 Environment Canada, when you said that the

2 information exists, is this a request that we

3 should ask BC Hydro to provide it, or? You feel

4 that there was a gap in the information the panel

5 has on page 58? Yes, please.

6 MS. JENNIFER TENNANT: Yes, so as we said in our

7 written submission, we did previously recommend

8 that that information be provided, and we've left

9 it up to the panel whether they would like to

10 continue to request that information.

11 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you.

12 THE CHAIRMAN: What's the normal pH of the

13 Peace River now?

14 MS. JENNIFER TENNANT: That I don't know.

15 THE CHAIRMAN: Well, Environment Canada has

16 been fussed about acid drainage and so on. And I

17 just want to know how material it might be, what

18 change in pH might you expect or fear from the

19 inundation of some of those shales and the obvious

20 corollary is, is that biologically important?

21 MS. JENNIFER TENNANT: I can see if we can find that

22 information about the pH, about the second part of

23 the question, about whether that's biologically

24 important, I would have to check and see if that's

25 something that -- the expertise that we have in

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1 our --

2 THE CHAIRMAN: All right. Thanks. Both you

3 and your colleagues at NRCan have written or spoken

4 about this, and if you want to consult them and

5 give us a joint response, that would be fine. But

6 I would appreciate a note on that.

7

8 UNDERTAKING 55: NRCAN and Environment Canada to advise

9 what change in pH is expected following the

10 creation of the reservoir and inundation of the

11 shales and advise if the change of pH could be

12 significant in biological terms.

13

14 THE CHAIRMAN: Are there questions from the

15 floor for Environment Canada?

16 You got off easy. Thank you very much.

17 Oh, not quite. Mr. Cameron.

18 MR. ROBERT CAMERON: Robert Cameron,

19 C-a-m-e-r-o-n.

20 My response to the panel regarding the

21 mechanism of methylation comes from my office next

22 door to Dr. Robert Hecky at the Freshwater

23 Institute. He's a colleague of David Schindler's.

24 And he's -- I understand he's now employed at a

25 University in the United States, but that

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1 university doesn't come to mind. But if the panel

2 has any interests, at the time I was working at the

3 Freshwater Institute, Dr. Hecky worked on mercury

4 contamination of the fishes in the Churchill and

5 Nelson reservoirs.

6 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you for that.

7 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Excuse me, Mr. Chair, if I

8 might follow on some of our earlier comments?

9 I said in my response to methylmercury, I

10 should be cautious about trying to talk from my

11 recollection. And I'd like to correct what I said

12 from information that is provided in the

13 methylmercury technical memorandum, on page 3,

14 regarding peaks and durations. So what is

15 predicted is that the methylmercury peak is

16 expected to be reached within three to eight years

17 after the inundation of the reservoir. And then to

18 return to pre-impoundment baseline levels within

19 the 15 to 25 years.

20 And that's on page 3. As well as in the

21 other documents.

22 And Mr. Baker will be in attendance to be

23 able to answer the questions on the process at the

24 human health session. And he can also speak to the

25 factors that contribute to the expected peak and

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1 durations.

2 And with respect to the questions about how

3 we would address well infrastructure, while we

4 can't be specific because the information isn't

5 always available on each site yet, on a

6 site-by-site basis what we have said in the EIS is

7 that impacts known to be caused by the project

8 would be addressed. However, speaking to the

9 specific remedies for specific sites can't be done

10 at this time.

11 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. Environment?

12 MS. JENNIFER TENNANT: I just wanted to add, there

13 was a part of a question earlier about

14 methylmercury and the choice of species for

15 monitoring which I have some notes on if that would

16 be helpful at this time.

17 And so the fish-eating wildlife at the top of

18 the food web will receive the highest mercury

19 exposure, so this would include species such as

20 bald eagle, osprey, belted kingfisher, river otter,

21 mink, and potentially others. And the species

22 chosen for monitoring should be those of highest

23 risk as identified in the wildlife risk assessment

24 for mercury and those of greatest concern to

25 Aboriginal groups and other local stakeholders.

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1 The wildlife monitoring program should be designed

2 and evaluated regularly in collaboration with the

3 appropriate government agencies and Aboriginal

4 groups and stakeholders. So that's the sort of

5 types of species that we would be expecting or to

6 come from, that type of program.

7 MR. MATTISON: I just -- you mentioned

8 species of greatest interest to First Nations and

9 certainly muskrat and moose might fit into that

10 category. And I'd certainly be interested if

11 there's more information on mercury uptake in

12 aquatic mammals.

13 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much. And I

14 believe we have time to hear from the Ministry of

15 Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations,

16 that's the Provincial Government that's actually

17 responsible for all of this stuff.

18 Do I have it right, this is the fisheries

19 side of operations?

20

21 Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource

22 Operations Panel:

23

24 Angela Davies (legal counsel)

25 Chris Addison

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1 Nick Baccante

2

3 MS. ANGELA DAVIES: All right. I'll repeat.

4 My name is Angela Davies, D-a-v-i-e-s. I am

5 counsel with the province of British Columbia, and

6 I'm here assisting the witnesses who are appearing

7 on behalf of the province this week.

8 Today I'd just like to introduce the people

9 who are attending on behalf of the Ministry of

10 Forest, Lands and Natural Resources.

11 To my left and your right is Chris Addison.

12 He is the director of resource management for the

13 Northeast Region, resident in Fort St. John.

14 Next to him is Nick Baccante, that's

15 B-a-c-c-a-n-t-e. And he is the fish and wildlife

16 section head also for the Northeast Region also

17 resident in St. John, Fort St. John, I should say.

18 Mr. Addison is going to be the Chair of this

19 panel and will be the Chair of the remaining panels

20 respecting wildlife and vegetation later on this

21 week.

22 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

23 MS. ANGELA DAVIES: You're welcome.

24 THE CHAIRMAN: Who wants to start?

25 MR. MATTISON: Yeah, I have a few questions

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1 that I can start with. Wildlife I think we're

2 going to do later, but with respect to fisheries,

3 one of the things I wanted to know is do Provincial

4 fisheries do population monitoring and population

5 dynamic kind of fecundity, mortality, et cetera,

6 and also is there any ongoing program of fish

7 tissue sampling that would tell us mercury levels

8 in fish, but that's a side question. But I'm

9 mostly interested in the populations first.

10 MR. NICK BACCANTE: Yes, so hi, how are you

11 doing? My name is Nick.

12 So, yeah, the provincial side of things, so

13 if you're trying to understand distinction between

14 what the Federal Governments do and we do, we're

15 more of the management side of the equation, so set

16 regulations, those kind of things. And a lot of

17 our studies are geared towards getting information

18 to inform those decisions. So anything to do with

19 population sizes, you know, the dynamics of it, the

20 age structure, those kinds of things. And that's

21 both on the fish and wildlife side.

22 And, of course, the reason for DFO and people

23 like that to be involved in it, because the

24 Fisheries Act is within the jurisdiction, so any

25 modifications or destructions to habitat involves

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1 authorization under the Federal act, so that's the

2 distinction essentially.

3 So that's kind of a general overview, but

4 feel free to ask more detailed question if you

5 like.

6 MR. MATTISON: Okay, let me just ask the

7 question I asked before. Are you doing fish

8 sampling population, you know, krill surveys or

9 whatever it takes to get fish numbers.

10 MR. NICK BACCANTE: Yeah, we do. We do. And

11 actually more specific, I think you were asking

12 also about things like tissue sampling. We don't

13 have an established program that looks at tissue

14 sampling for any particular reason, but you know,

15 we do do it occasionally as required, you know, if

16 there are things like fish mortality on the

17 wildlife side. You know, there's deceased

18 monitoring and those kinds of things. So we're the

19 ones that typically get out there and get those

20 samples to support that testing.

21 MR. MATTISON: Okay. So I'll be more

22 specific. I'm going to do two things, I'm going to

23 give you a heads-up, I'm going to ask in the next

24 few days when we do the wildlife session about

25 moose and about moose livers and the things we've

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1 been hearing from First Nations about moose

2 disease. So just write that down, and ...

3 MR. NICK BACCANTE: We're aware. We're already

4 at it.

5 MR. MATTISON: Okay. Good.

6 MR. NICK BACCANTE: Yeah, thanks.

7 MR. MATTISON: So let me ask my fish

8 question, have there been any recent, recent in the

9 last few years, programs of sampling for mercury in

10 fish in the Peace River in any of the reservoirs

11 upstream or in the river, this river reach that's

12 proposed for Site C?

13 MR. NICK BACCANTE: Not by us. Like I said, the

14 province doesn't have an established monitoring

15 system for mercury. You know, we're aware of the

16 concerns, but most of the sampling that's been --

17 that's occurred has been associated with things

18 like, you know, some of the projects. And this one

19 obviously is one that's raised that awareness for

20 the need for mercury testing. But it's not part of

21 an ongoing established program.

22 MR. CHRIS ADDISON: And I can add a little bit to

23 that. Chris Addison. We do issue authorizations

24 for industrial proponents, in the most cases, who

25 will hire contractors to do that sort of thing.

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1 MR. MATTISON: Just to kind of follow up

2 with respect to the management side now, I know

3 Health Canada or the provincial health departments

4 sometimes issue warnings for mercury in fish, but

5 have you at any time changed the fishing

6 regulations because of concerns about the

7 advisability of people eating fish that they might

8 catch?

9 MR. NICK BACCANTE: No, we don't because there

10 isn't a program in place. I mean, maybe you're

11 thinking of things like, they have, you know, in

12 MNR or MOE back in Ontario where there's a program

13 for testing and some of the consumption guidelines

14 are based on some of the testing, but we wouldn't

15 be able to put guidelines or consumption guidelines

16 in place without that testing program. So that --

17 you know the province doesn't have an established

18 program, so we wouldn't be able to do that.

19 Do you want me to go ahead now with the

20 presentation, or? I've got a short one of about a

21 dozen slides.

22 THE CHAIRMAN: Yes, please.

23 MR. NICK BACCANTE: Yeah. Okay. So thanks for

24 having us. Very quickly, this is a fairly short

25 presentation, and I said feel free to ask questions

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1 along the way or you want to wait until the end.

2 So this presentation, first of all, I want to

3 thank some of the colleagues too at the Ministry

4 that I've -- at MOE that I've spoken with over the

5 past week or so. This presentation reflects some

6 of their suggestions and knowledge as well.

7 So essentially what I'm going to try to do is

8 address some of the questions that the panel has

9 put to us in terms of what our current knowledge of

10 the fisheries resources in the Peace River is and

11 how we view the information in the EIS, about the

12 impacts to the fishery if the dam is built and our

13 view of BC Hydro proposed mitigation and any other

14 mitigation measures that we might suggest.

15 So all my comments here are really trying to

16 address these questions. Obviously it's a big

17 complicated thing, but you know, hopefully this is

18 kind of a starting point, some further discussion

19 down the road.

20 And in bold, in the brackets, those are

21 just -- that's the way I've labelled the slides in

22 the presentation with those headings.

23 So very quickly, the Peace watershed is a

24 very large one. It's one of the most diverse and

25 unique fish community in BC with 39 native species.

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1 The BC portion of the Peace River currently

2 supports a very diverse ecological gradient of

3 cold-water to cool-water species. So things like

4 for lake trout and bull trout down to walleye and

5 goldeye down to the lower reaches. And there's a

6 gradient in between.

7 It's the only waterway to cross the Rocky

8 Mountains. So in many respects, it's a very unique

9 mix of species typical of the Pacific watershed,

10 great plains and arctic drainages.

11 And, of course, from the ecosystem

12 standpoint, I just want to mention that the valleys

13 align east/west, and I suppose most of the other

14 ones in BC that are north and south, and as a

15 result, there's a south aspect of the northern bank

16 of the Peace which supports some fairly unique

17 ecosystems that are found further north and some of

18 the species distribution is further north than

19 anywhere else.

20 Just a general -- I thought it's important to

21 put this slide in as it kind of -- us all being all

22 on the same page in terms of what we're looking at

23 because there's a lot of uncertainty in all of

24 this. And I think when you look at something like

25 Site C and the ecosystems, they're both large and

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1 complex. And when you put the two of them

2 together, there's a huge number of pathways by

3 which things can go. And this makes the prediction

4 of impacts and the management of these impacts a

5 very difficult task with a high degree of

6 uncertainty.

7 So if anybody tells me they know what

8 happens, I'd be suspicious.

9 So very quickly, this -- just list of some of

10 the highlights of the impacts that are known to

11 occur when we build dams. And they've been

12 recognized in the EIS, they're either specifically

13 implied or suggested that they might occur, so very

14 quickly, we're moving from a river to a reservoir.

15 So I mentioned before, it's not a lake, it's a

16 reservoir. It's quite different.

17 There's productivity loss. Nutrient sources

18 for the reservoir will be minimal.

19 We have changes from a more diverse to a less

20 diverse fish community.

21 There's a loss of natural fish movement at

22 the dam site.

23 Loss of Moberly River arctic grayling.

24 They're red listed in Williston -- of the arctic

25 grayling occurred after the dam was built.

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1 Obviously we'll have some entrainment of fish

2 through the dam.

3 The reservoir will have essentially some

4 low-water-volume retention.

5 And there's a difference in night versus day

6 cycles as opposed to what we have now.

7 There's obviously some water level

8 fluctuations, and flooding of the productive zones

9 of the tributaries which are typically fairly

10 productive sections of the river.

11 And potentially some impacts on genetic

12 diversity as a result of reduced connectivity.

13 Fish need water to get from one place to the next

14 as opposed to other forms of getting there, so it's

15 important to maintain some water connectivity.

16 And as already been mentioned, increased rate

17 of methylmercury. Very simply, methylmercury

18 occurs because of -- and it occurs naturally in a

19 lot of lakes, but in the reservoir it's usually

20 amplified because you have flooding and you have a

21 lot of plant material that dies. And as the plant

22 material dies, you get -- inorganic mercury gets

23 methylated into organic and the bacteria then can

24 take it in, and it moves up the chain. So that's

25 in a nutshell kind of what's happening there.

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1 So I've got three or four tables here that I

2 try to highlight some of the proposed mitigation

3 for the different kind of impacts and kind of

4 overview of the mitigation.

5 So the first one, as I mentioned is the loss

6 of natural and unaided fish passage at the Site C

7 Dam, so the only way that we're going to get fish

8 past the dam would be for our intervention to have

9 something to capture the fish and move them. And

10 that's what -- it's proposed in the EIS which is to

11 essentially trap the fish and physically move them

12 past the dam.

13 So some of our comments around that, what I

14 think there could be a lot of improvement in the

15 EIS is that we really need to think about the

16 protocol and how we do that. How we capture the

17 fish, which fish species we're going to do this to,

18 and how many of the fish and which life-stages

19 we're going to be moving.

20 So we need to consider if we develop a

21 protocol to do this, we need to think about things

22 like -- and this is not an exhaustive list, but

23 some of the main ones, I think:

24 The source of the fish stocks, you know, some

25 of the fish may be coming from the Pine River and

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1 other places and then they don't necessarily need

2 to go past upstream of the dam.

3 The role of the species in the reservoir in

4 the river, will they fit within the management

5 objectives for the reservoir.

6 The life-stage, mature versus immature. Most

7 of what we know about bull trout for example is

8 based on studies from mature fish. We don't know

9 as much about immature fish, so we can't say as

10 much about what the role of the immature fish is

11 within the reservoir or the river itself.

12 And some of the genetic considerations.

13 So these are I think still some unanswered

14 questions that we need to put our mind to if we're

15 going to use this method as a form of mitigation

16 for fish passage.

17 Some of the changes in aquatic productivity.

18 The proposed mitigations, they really -- the reason

19 why there's no real proposed mitigation, because

20 there's predicted net increase in productivity or

21 at least no change in biomass. Don't necessarily

22 agree with that. I think there needs to be a

23 better understanding of where this aquatic

24 production is coming from.

25 Typically run of the river reservoirs,

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1 because of the high exchange rate, they're not a

2 very productive system. And as we mentioned

3 before, this is cold-water habitat, so it's not

4 clear where this productivity -- the source of the

5 productivity is going to be.

6 And we need to have a better understanding of

7 the role of the high-flushing rates on productivity

8 and better -- more explicit description on how

9 aquatic vegetation is expected to thrive, because

10 that's one of the statements that's made in the

11 EIS. It says that aquatic vegetation will be

12 thriving in the reservoir, and that hasn't really

13 happened at Dinosaur Lake. That's one of the

14 examples that's cited. As a matter of fact there's

15 been a lot of money and time spent through the

16 compensation program trying to establish aquatic

17 plants.

18 And just quickly, the reason for establishing

19 aquatic plants is to -- as an attractant for fish

20 mostly to keep them away from getting entrained,

21 caught up in the dam because of the high flow

22 through the reservoir. So it's got a lot of

23 importance. There's a lot of good reasons why we

24 want to have aquatic vegetation there.

25 The alter (sic) fish habitat. Some of the

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1 mitigations, you know, we're going to minimize the

2 reservoir fluctuations and also look at

3 compensation options.

4 Again, I think we need to -- it's not all

5 that clear through the EIS in terms of some of the

6 flows required to maintain connectivity between

7 site channels, between islands downstream. And

8 also going from a kind of a nighttime fluctuation

9 situation to a lower magnitude to the higher

10 magnitude daytime fluctuation is really going to

11 impact fish populations.

12 And we really need to think more about some

13 of the fluctuation downstream of the Pine River.

14 We need to consider those and quantify them to --

15 you know, I've heard that maybe those are not

16 considered significant and, you know, we can -- we

17 can discuss that point. But I think there's some

18 difference of opinion there.

19 So fish community changes. Again, one of the

20 mitigations is monitoring through post-impact

21 studies. And, again, I go back to the high degree

22 of uncertainty around this and about which species

23 will dominate. I think the current thinking is

24 that we're going to possibly have two large

25 predators in the reservoir and some prey species.

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1 Lake trout is there now. Bull trout is there. So

2 the thing -- you know, if, for example, one

3 scenario, if we believe the lake trout will out

4 compete bull trout, sustainability of lake trout

5 will depend on the continuous entrainment of lake

6 trout through Dinosaur to Williston to keep

7 replenishing the population into Site C reservoir.

8 So there's a lot of questions around there.

9 And also of course, the prey species. And

10 ultimately all of this is going to play in in terms

11 of one dimension of objectives are in terms of what

12 kind of a viable sustainable population we're going

13 to have to support a harvest.

14 And, again, the uncertainty of change in fish

15 communities and the utilization of tributaries,

16 right now, for example, we have a regulation where

17 we have no fishing at the mouth of the Halfway

18 River for a 5-kilometre radius to protect the bull

19 trout that congregate there before moving up.

20 And to what extent the creation of the

21 reservoir might negate having the protection.

22 Maybe that's now going to be an important -- you

23 know, if the population is not going to exhibit the

24 same migratory patterns, maybe we don't -- you

25 know, we need to change that as well. So it

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1 certainly has management implications.

2 And I think this is probably the last slide I

3 think I have on this. And so some of the changes

4 to the fishery itself. And again, the EIS talks

5 about monitoring through post-impact studies

6 and ... And there's a prediction that -- thought

7 that the fishery, there's going to be a viable

8 fishery, will it be supported with an equal

9 abundance to or greater than pre-dam conditions.

10 Again, we need to have a better

11 quantification of what those fishing opportunities

12 are and relate that to the assessment that the

13 angler preferences for the reservoir fishery.

14 You know, we have a pretty good idea of what

15 the angler's preferences are now in the river. And

16 you know, if we're going to establish a fishery

17 post dam, we need to have a better understanding of

18 what those are.

19 And also we need some alternatives because if

20 productivity estimates will not support a

21 harvestable supply of desirable fish, then what are

22 we going to do in terms of what are our choices?

23 And that's the part -- that's one of the things

24 that I think is missing in the EIS. Because the

25 sources of productivity in the reservoirs are

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1 pretty finite, you know. So the options that we

2 have are fairly finite as well.

3 So I'm just going to end the presentation

4 with just one of the things that the panel asked us

5 to also come up with some suggestions, additional

6 comments of things that we might want to see as we

7 work towards developing maybe some of these

8 mitigation measures.

9 Some thought towards mitigating for habitat,

10 loss for walleye and goldeye.

11 These, again, are examples, suggestions. You

12 know, there could be a number of other ones.

13 Expand the spatial scale for flow impacts to

14 below the Pine River. I think that also needs to

15 have some thought.

16 And more thorough assessment of the fish

17 passage mitigation of the dam, and we need to

18 develop some solid criteria by which if we're going

19 to physically capture fish and move them, we need

20 to really understand how we're going to do that and

21 what the decision-making system will be for us to

22 decide which fish and how many and all those kinds

23 of details.

24 And the understanding of the fish entrainment

25 through the Site C Dam. That's of course important

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1 because that's going -- you know, there could be a

2 net loss of productivity to the system or it

3 cannot. You know, so it's a question that needs to

4 be thought about.

5 And as a final thought, I think, looking down

6 the road, if we start looking at developing

7 compensation programs, I work quite a bit with the

8 existing compensation program. One thing that I

9 think we learned is that in developing a new one,

10 we should really think about not just restricting

11 ourselves to the footprint boundary as a way to

12 where, you know, we do compensation work. There's

13 the footprint impacts where things have happened,

14 but what I call the socioeconomic watersheds,

15 people that get affected by the things that happen

16 here, it's broader than just where the water, the

17 flooding zone is kind of thing. So that's just

18 something to think about in terms of the

19 compensation program.

20 And that's it.

21 So if you've got any questions, and of course

22 if you have anything else before questions.

23 MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Yeah, I would just like to

24 provide an additional kind of context if I may.

25 I'd hoped to do this in advance, but I was being

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1 shy. I'm sorry about that.

2 Slow down?

3 THE CHAIRMAN: Your name first and slow

4 down.

5 MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Sorry about that. It's Chris

6 Addison.

7 I'll provide some additional context for some

8 of these comments.

9 We had a -- the Ministry of Forest, Lands and

10 Natural Resource Operations had been involved in

11 the development of the EIS including the guideline

12 stage. We also knew that there was going to be not

13 necessarily all the detail that we would need to

14 see to make management choices in the EIS itself,

15 and that detail including the mitigation plans

16 would come forward with the application phase. And

17 what Nick is saying here is that these are the

18 things that we'd like to see in those mitigation

19 plans rather than being, you know, missing from the

20 EIS specifically.

21 MR. MATTISON: I just have a couple

22 questions for Mr. Baccante. You said -- I think I

23 heard you correctly that you know what the

24 preferred prey species are, fish species are now

25 for anglers. Can you give me a couple of examples

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1 of those?

2 MR. NICK BACCANTE: Sure. Well, the Peace River,

3 I mean is really well known for its bull trout

4 fishery, and it's fairly unique in the sense that

5 it supports one of the few places where large

6 migratory bull trout are present, move great

7 distances, you know, 2-, 300 kilometres within the

8 whole watershed.

9 They're very -- the reason why they're very

10 vulnerable is because they're very aggressive fish

11 and you can catch them with just about anything.

12 So if you're a bad fisherman and you want to get

13 some confidence, this is the fish to try, and --

14 MR. MATTISON: I wish I'd known that

15 earlier.

16 MR. NICK BACCANTE: Yeah, so just a suggestion.

17 But -- so -- you know, and unfortunately that

18 makes them very vulnerable. So we've been very

19 conservative over long periods of time. And that's

20 why, you know, they were blue listed as a species

21 of concern. And I think, actually, I want to -- I

22 need to add, speaking of the listing because

23 actually it's one of the questions you'd asked and

24 I forgot to mention in the slide is that the

25 council of the COSEWIC council on species, the

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1 Mackenzie basin bull trout -- has really identified

2 the bull trout here as a species of special

3 concern. And I think, you know, it is unique that

4 way, and we've been very conservative in the

5 management of the bull trout because of that

6 reason.

7 So bull trout is a very desirable species

8 from a number of perspectives.

9 Now, because of the -- of course, rainbows

10 have always been there as well, and arctic

11 grayling, I think. You know fly fishermen, of

12 course they like them. And there's some people

13 that I know that go after whitefish.

14 Lake trout has kind of emerged as an

15 important species from an angler perspective. And

16 again, that's been kind of a by-product of the

17 entrainment through the dam. We don't have any

18 reason to think or any evidence that they're

19 self-sustaining in terms of reproducing naturally

20 in the river. What we think is happening, the fish

21 are coming through, and they're just -- the lake

22 trout like cold water and there's lots of prey --

23 you know, there's lots of whitefish, and they're

24 growing like crazy in there.

25 So there is quite a mix.

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1 Of course, as you move downstream, there's of

2 course walleye and pike, and late in the summer,

3 there's people that -- not many, but there's some

4 people that will target goldeye, which are really

5 well known in Winnipeg. But out here, it's kind of

6 the fringe.

7 So there's quite a mix there.

8 But we have a pretty good --

9 MR. MATTISON: Are you familiar with which

10 species are preferred by First Nation fishers in

11 that area?

12 MR. NICK BACCANTE: Not explicitly. No, it's not

13 something that -- I mean, anything that I know,

14 it's just through conversations that I've had, you

15 know, with individuals. We haven't had -- no,

16 there hasn't been to my knowledge at least anyway,

17 an explicit kind of broad-scale study looking at

18 this.

19 I think they're fairly opportunistic. I

20 think for the most part, I know there's some First

21 Nations for example, they really prefer things like

22 whitefish. You know, it's really important to

23 them. Others, lake trout. Others, they're -- you

24 know, it depends on the time of year, but, no, I

25 don't have an explicit knowledge of that.

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1 MR. MATTISON: That's fine.

2 MR. NICK BACCANTE: Did you want --

3 MR. MATTISON: A question of -- oh, did you

4 want to --

5 MR. CHRIS ADDISON: Well, we can estimate.

6 There's a fairly broad interest in bull trout,

7 though.

8 MR. MATTISON: Yeah. Thank you.

9 A follow-up on some of the EIS comments in

10 mitigation, the notion of capture and convey around

11 the dam. I know that's a huge program for getting

12 salmon around Chief Joseph Dam, for instance, and

13 it's incredibly expensive.

14 MR. NICK BACCANTE: Right.

15 MR. MATTISON: And difficult to do

16 successfully.

17 You had some concerns about that program that

18 you've expressed to us, mainly around the design of

19 it. And I accept that it's not designed at the

20 kind of detail that would be necessary.

21 But do you have any experience with it or any

22 ability to comment on how successful you know those

23 kind of programs might be in this watershed or in

24 this type of watershed?

25 MR. NICK BACCANTE: No, it's -- I mean, I'm a

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1 fisheries biologist by trade, and I know a lot of

2 people that have done work on it. I haven't

3 myself. But certainly -- I mean, you tend to hear

4 more about the ones that are not successful, and

5 you know, a lot of times. And I just don't know if

6 there's ones that are very successful. You know, I

7 can say that because it's not the kind of thing

8 that I look at every day. But, you know, I think

9 still regardless of what the success may or may not

10 be from existing programs, I think that if we're

11 considering actually even entertaining the idea

12 that we're going to be moving fish, there's a whole

13 bunch of implications and questions that we need to

14 answer. And each one of these things, you know,

15 each decision is going to have a bunch of

16 implications, so we need to figure out what the

17 risks are and what the objectives are, so it's not

18 just a matter of in my mind of, you know, we

19 just -- as long as we move bull trout from

20 downstream to upstream, we sort of achieve

21 objectives. That by itself is not an objective.

22 You know, we need to think about what -- how it

23 fits in and the whole management of the whole

24 system, so yeah.

25 MS. BEAUDET: In your presentation, you

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1 were talking about different aspects that you'd

2 like to look at in terms of preparing mitigation

3 measures or compensation plans. And one of them

4 was aspects regarding genetics. And I was

5 wondering if we know the arctic grayling could be

6 at risk, but are there other genome that you're

7 aware that are present here and would be at risk?

8 MR. NICK BACCANTE: Well, I think -- I mean, in a

9 general sense, any fish that if we're fragmenting

10 any population, whether it be fish or wildlife,

11 artificially fragmenting a population, there's

12 always the questions around the genetics because

13 that's how some of these subspecies eventually

14 evolve. And some fish go through these

15 generational changes quicker than others.

16 I mean, there's some fish species that they

17 use in the labs because they do change, exhibit

18 genetic changes over one or two or three

19 generations.

20 So there's some work recently, actually, that

21 from Eric -- Dr. Eric Taylor at UBC just recently

22 published a paper on this, and I've spoken to him

23 about it. So I'm looking at all the potential

24 scenarios that we could look at. And the idea is

25 that if we're fragmenting fish and we're making

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1 some deliberate choices in terms of which fish, you

2 know, have passage above and below the dam and

3 which fish get fragmented by the dam may have some

4 implication over the long-term in terms of how they

5 express -- some of their population characteristics

6 may change over time. You know, new adaptation and

7 stuff, and if you do that long enough, then

8 eventually that's how subspecies, you know, sort of

9 evolve kind of things.

10 So the implications I don't think are unique

11 to grayling or to bull trout. It's any animal I

12 think that you provide some fragmentation, there's

13 always that question that you need to think about,

14 yeah.

15 THE CHAIRMAN: Are there any questions from

16 the floor?

17 Mr. McCormick.

18 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Two brief questions,

19 Mr. Chairman.

20 Witnesses, my name is Jesse McCormick. I'm

21 legal counsel to Saulteau First Nations.

22 There was some discussion in relation to

23 entrainment. And Saulteau First Nations does have

24 some concerns regarding potential imbalances in

25 life-stages in the populations in the reservoir and

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1 upstream of the dam resulting from entrainment.

2 To ensure that my question is properly

3 placed, am I correct in my understanding that it is

4 more likely for smaller immature life-stages to

5 become entrained, and it is less likely for those

6 smaller immature life-stages to be captured by trap

7 and haul?

8 MR. NICK BACCANTE: So just to understand your

9 question, you're asking if it's one life-stage

10 versus another that's more easily, more susceptible

11 to entrainment; is that what you're asking?

12 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: I believe so. It would be

13 either the smaller fish going -- more likely to go

14 through and become entrained, and then less likely

15 to be captured and conveyed.

16 MR. NICK BACCANTE: Well, that's -- it's fairly

17 broad, so -- and maybe some of the Hydro folks too

18 might be able to speak to this as well because they

19 have more experience in entrainment than I do. But

20 I think usually the issue of entrainments around

21 the dam, there's a bunch of factors. And one of

22 them is it's also related to attracting fish to the

23 dam site. So there's some flow attractants.

24 There's some habitat attractants. And some species

25 are more susceptible than others.

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1 I don't think you can easily, probably make

2 the case or -- that one species or one size may be

3 more susceptible than the other. It also depends I

4 think on the operation of the turbine. Probably --

5 you know, for sure, the Williston Lake entrainment,

6 the type of factors that determine the Williston

7 Lake entrainments are different than the ones in

8 Dinosaur because of the size of the speed -- the

9 size of the turbine and the speed of the water.

10 So I don't think you can make a

11 generalization in terms of which species or what

12 size are more susceptible than others.

13 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: Thank you, Mr. Baccante.

14 MR. NICK BACCANTE: Okay.

15 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: And if I may, Mr. Baccante,

16 suggest that BC Hydro might have something to offer

17 on this question, is it a legitimate concern in the

18 eyes of BC Hydro that you could result in fish

19 population imbalances in terms of life-stages due

20 to younger immature life-stages passing through the

21 dam and not being captured by the trap and haul?

22 MR. NICK BACCHANTE: Was that question for me, or?

23 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: I was hoping to hear if

24 BC Hydro had a potential response.

25 MR. BRENT MOSSOP: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

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1 There are a few questions in there, and I'll

2 try to address them in order.

3 The first referred to the entrainment risk

4 for fish. And there are a number of factors that

5 determine the entrainment risk for an individual

6 species, the habitats that they use, their

7 behaviour, and at the end of the day, it can be

8 their size which determines their swimming ability

9 and their ability to escape the velocities as they

10 approach a facility and as they get closer. It is

11 not the only factor, but there are a number of

12 factors that determine the risk of entrainment.

13 And we've reviewed all of those factors and

14 described them in the EIS.

15 The second question referred to whether it

16 was more difficult to attract or to capture smaller

17 fish for upstream fish passage facilities. Fish

18 passage facilities are generally designed with

19 hydraulics for the target species in mind. So

20 they're developed for the size, range and the

21 swimming ability for the species that are targeted

22 and the life-stages that are targeted.

23 Very small fish. Facilities are generally

24 not designed for very small fish. They're designed

25 for larger fish on the order of typically

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1 150 millimetres and larger depending on the

2 facility to do that.

3 So in the EIS, we've described mitigation for

4 fish passage both in terms of a trap and haul

5 facility for, you know, mid- to larger-sized fish

6 as well as a program for small fish to investigate

7 the fragmentation risks that were described in

8 terms of the movement of fish upstream and

9 downstream and the potential for genetic exchange

10 for those small fish species that may exhibit some

11 limited upstream and downstream movement and

12 alternative methods of capture and transport to

13 mitigate that risk.

14 The last question referred to -- I believe

15 the question that was directed to me after that

16 preamble was in terms of population and balance due

17 to those factors.

18 And as we've described in the EIS for

19 kokanee, these smaller fish are -- because they're

20 pelagic fish, smaller fish are more susceptible to

21 entrainment given their weaker swimming ability,

22 and we've described the population structure for

23 kokanee, for example, in the EIS with respect to

24 that.

25 And I think I will close there. I could

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1 offer more to describe fish passage relative to

2 some of the concerns that Nick had if the panel

3 wishes, but on the specific question, I can close

4 there.

5 THE CHAIRMAN: No. Thank you for that.

6 Mr. McCormick, you had one more question?

7 MR. JESSE McCORMICK: No, thank you. Those are my

8 questions.

9 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

10 Just before you begin, we are now at 5:20.

11 We have three presentations left for today, plus

12 BC Hydro's closing. I'm going to suggest if the

13 players are willing, that we hear from Chief

14 Willson from West Moberly now or in a few minutes

15 and that we break for supper and reconvene at 7:30.

16 That's on the assumption that Mr. McKinnon from

17 North/South Consultants, Treaty 8 Tribal

18 Association, and Mr. Andreeff are willing to spend

19 their evening with us.

20 Mr. Andreeff, is that all right with you?

21 Could you speak into the mic.

22 MR. WALTER ANDREEFF: Thank you very much,

23 Mr. Chair, for being so considerate.

24 We will -- I think maybe we'll defer to

25 another opportunity either submit our report and

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1 information in writing and hope you take it at --

2 THE CHAIRMAN: Understood. Thank you.

3 MR. WALTER ANDREEFF: Thank you.

4 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

5 Mr. McKinnon, are you here?

6 MR. GREG McKINNON: Yes, Mr. Chair. I'll take

7 your advice on that. This evening is fine or later

8 this afternoon is fine, whatever your choice.

9 THE CHAIRMAN: That would be great. Thank

10 you, sir.

11 MR. GREG McKINNON: Thank you.

12 THE CHAIRMAN: Okay. A question.

13 MR. JIM LITTLE: Jim Little, L-i-t-t-l-e.

14 I had -- with Ms. Jackson's presentation and

15 what Nick has brought up, I had a couple questions

16 that sort of make it pretty fuzzy, so two quick

17 ones. The methylmercury she stated in the

18 reservoir would peak at 15 -- in 15 years. And

19 right now even in Williston Lake, there's still

20 recommendations not to eat too many large fish. So

21 Williston Lake is 45 years. So I do have a

22 question. That doesn't mean there's any

23 methylmercury, you're just saying it peaks at 15

24 and it levels off or something. I assume that's

25 what you're really meaning?

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1 THE CHAIRMAN: I take it that's a question

2 to Hydro --

3 MR. JIM LITTLE: Yes.

4 THE CHAIRMAN: -- about the peaking and

5 relaxation times of methylmercury in fish.

6 MR. JIM LITTLE: Exactly.

7 THE CHAIRMAN: Some scepticism about 3 to 8

8 years and then 15 to 25?

9 Any comments?

10 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: The -- what I said earlier

11 was that the return would be to baseline

12 conditions. And so that is a return to the current

13 state of methylmercury, which actually occurs

14 naturally in the environment without a reservoir in

15 place. And that's the basis that the model has

16 been undertaken.

17 THE CHAIRMAN: We have no measurement of

18 methylmercury in fish in the Peace River before the

19 dam was built, before the Bennett Dam was built,

20 do? Or do we?

21 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: No, I'm not aware of

22 measurements before the Williston Dam was done. It

23 was, I believe -- at the risk of talking off the

24 top again -- in the 1980s that the phenomenon came

25 to light and that modelling -- or measurements were

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1 taken and the advisory was put in place.

2 THE CHAIRMAN: As a matter of fact it was

3 contemporary with the building of the Bennett Dam.

4 It was in the late 60s that the tragedy at Grassy

5 Narrows in Ontario burst upon the Nation.

6 Anyway.

7 MR. JIM LITTLE: Thanks.

8 My next question would be is that I keep

9 reading that there's going to be more biomass or

10 fishery fish available in the reservoir. And I

11 just heard from Mr. Bacchante that it's nutrient

12 poor compared to the river. So the two don't add

13 up. I mean, if there's less nutrients in the

14 reservoir than there is in the river system, how

15 can there be more fish, I guess?

16 THE CHAIRMAN: Can you respond to that.

17 MR. NICK BACCHANTE: Well, that's what I said. So

18 I guess I agree with that.

19 But, yeah, no, that was one of the things

20 that -- you know, our assessment of it is that we

21 just -- it's not very clear where that productivity

22 is coming from, you know, given what we know of --

23 THE CHAIRMAN: These are poor waters, and --

24 MR. NICK BACCHANTE: They're poor waters and

25 essentially it's a flow-through run of the river,

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1 as they call it, reservoir with a high turnover

2 rate, so it's not -- I mean, we have two reservoirs

3 upstream right now, and, you know, the productivity

4 is not exactly high on those. So in terms of

5 plankton productions and phytoplankton production,

6 I just don't see that we really thought about that

7 enough about the Site C that's going to support

8 that.

9 Like I said, I think right now probably the

10 biggest assumption we're making is that the

11 fisheries that's going to be developed, they're

12 going to be supported by -- potentially could be --

13 if lake trout is the dominant predator, entrainment

14 of lake trout through the Peace Canyon Dam, so that

15 would be the source of fish. Because, you know,

16 we -- there isn't anything to lead us to believe

17 that there's a self -- a natural reproduction of

18 lake trout in the Peace River right now.

19 THE CHAIRMAN: Yeah. Let me just -- because

20 this is a rather interesting point.

21 Hydro, how confident are your fishery's

22 biologists that the biomass that you foresee will

23 actually come to pass given the poverty of the

24 waters?

25 MR. DAVID MARMOREK: Thanks, Mr. Chair.

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1 So the work that was done involved water

2 quality modelling of all of the sediment and

3 nutrient inputs both in the existing Peace River,

4 which was calibrated to Dinosaur Reservoir, which

5 is also very nutrient poor, as Dr. Selbie from DFO

6 was saying earlier. And after that model was

7 calibrated to the existing system, then applying

8 it, given all of the different physical methylmetry

9 and other aspects of the Site C reservoir. And so

10 the Site C reservoir simulations also indicate a

11 very low productivity system.

12 However, when we put in to an ecosystem

13 model, the information that we have, for example,

14 from Dinosaur Reservoir and from Williston

15 Reservoir, we find that the estimates of kokanee

16 that are indicated in the EIS are quite supportable

17 by the empirically measured amounts of zooplankton

18 that you find in Dinosaur and that you find in

19 Williston.

20 So we're not creating science fiction here.

21 We're anchoring models in real data, and we've done

22 a lot of sensitivity analyses. And so we find that

23 even if we lower the zooplankton, which are the

24 primary food for kokanee, the bottom of the food

25 chain, some of those little critters you were

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1 talking about earlier, even if we lower that

2 productivity of zooplankton by 80 percent, we still

3 find there's enough to support the kokanee, which

4 in turn would support bull trout and lake trout as

5 Mr. Bacchante was explaining.

6 So as you said earlier, prediction about the

7 future is very difficult, but it seems reasonable.

8 And we've done a lot of exploration of the range of

9 uncertainty that a large amount of kokanee will be

10 there. Mind you, it will still be a fairly

11 unproductive reservoir. And it certainly wouldn't

12 compare to, say, Kootenay lake or Okanagan lake or

13 some of these other places, and we've taken that

14 into account.

15 So we expect fairly low density, smaller

16 kokanee to be there, and it wouldn't be the best

17 fishery in British Columbia, but it will still be

18 there.

19 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you.

20 MR. JIM LITTLE: Yeah, thanks. I think I'd

21 stick with the river fishery. Thanks.

22 THE CHAIRMAN: Yeah. Okay.

23 Councillor Willson.

24 COUNCILLOR CLARENCE WILLSON: Good afternoon. Clarence

25 Willson. I'm a Councillor for West Moberly. Good

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1 afternoon again.

2 I just have a couple of comments in regards

3 to the preferred species of food for the First

4 Nations. There's a whole bunch of -- a variety of

5 a bunch of things that are important to understand

6 about all of that. At Moberly Lake where we do a

7 lot of our fishing, and there's been a long-term

8 First Nations fisheries, a lot of netting and that

9 kind of thing, a couple of key species, the lake

10 trout are one of the key ones, as Nick knows.

11 Mr. Bacchante has been operating -- you know,

12 helping us try to restore -- the lake trout at

13 Moberly Lake are nearly extirpated now. And

14 they've asked the First Nations to stop harvesting

15 them because they're almost extirpated.

16 So that's one thing. And so that's a very

17 important species, and as you mentioned the bull

18 trout. A lot of people from our communities, when

19 the fish are not available in one place, we'll go

20 somewhere else.

21 And along the fingers in the Peace River,

22 which is just down from Peace Canyon Dam, a lot of

23 people fish for bull trout in that area.

24 It's a very popular place.

25 The other thing I wanted to -- and I was --

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1 this question has been lingering for me for a long

2 time about the mercury in the fish.

3 I'm concerned that Site C will introduce

4 mercury-laden fish into the Moberly watershed.

5 It's going to back up the Moberly River to a

6 certain extent, and then, you know, there's going

7 to be -- I want to know, are we going to have to

8 now be concerned about harvesting fish out of the

9 Moberly River and the Moberly Lake that swim up the

10 river from the reservoir and now -- you know,

11 because I know, we just finished -- our community

12 did a study just recently, way up the Crooked

13 River, far away from the Williston Reservoir, we

14 found very high levels of mercury in the fish.

15 Nobody really knows about this. Like, we did the

16 study ourselves. Hydro didn't tell anybody that

17 these fish are contaminated, be careful, you know.

18 So I'm just concerned now that the Moberly

19 River and lake is going to now have to be concerned

20 about eating fish.

21 THE CHAIRMAN: Can you essay an answer on

22 the mobility of fish from a reservoir that doesn't

23 exist yet?

24 MR. NICK BACCHANTE: Well, I mean, it's a valid

25 concern. You know, again, there's a lot of, as I

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1 said, uncertainty about this. And, you know, I

2 think sometimes -- the thing I find about fish

3 always surprises me about some of the movements,

4 you know, that we learn about them. You know, some

5 places where we don't expect necessarily them to

6 go, and we find them. So if there's water

7 connections between water bodies, we'll start with

8 the assumption that there's going to be fish moving

9 from one place to the next.

10 To what extent, you know, they may end up

11 being problem-free -- if we do have an increase in

12 mercury levels of fish in the reservoir, to what

13 extent some of those fish will move, again that's

14 conjecture.

15 Typically larger fish are the ones that are

16 the -- it's a real problem, you know. The

17 long-lived -- like the lake trouts of the world,

18 which are long-lived fish, and they accumulate.

19 Therefore, they're exposed to the environment for

20 longer periods of time versus the ones that only

21 live four, five years. A lake trout can live

22 30 years plus, 60, 80 years old.

23 And so the likelihood of lake trout migrating

24 from the Peace and Moberly is probably next to nil,

25 but it doesn't mean that there wouldn't be bull

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1 trout or other fish.

2 So, yeah, Clarence, I know. I mean, it's a

3 valid concern to think about you know with the

4 likelihood of what that is and the amount. I mean,

5 we would only know through monitoring, so, again,

6 that's just something that needs to be entrenched

7 into the program in the long-term.

8 THE CHAIRMAN: I have a feeling that

9 Councillor Willson has a fact.

10 COUNCILLOR CLARENCE WILLSON: So in our study, this is

11 one of the assumptions we made in that study that

12 the larger fish would have the higher accumulations

13 of mercury. That wasn't -- that did not turn out

14 to be true. Some of the smaller fish -- in fact my

15 family who did all this fishing, a lot of us kept a

16 bunch of the smaller ones, the medium-sized ones

17 because we thought, well, this is probably going to

18 show that the large ones, you know, might be more

19 contaminated than the smaller ones. And we found

20 several of the medium to you know, 3, 4, 5 pounders

21 had more mercury in them than the big ones.

22 So my understanding is the mercury

23 bioaccumulates in the fish. They eat smaller fish,

24 and it depends on what fish they eat.

25 And my big concern is there's a lot of

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1 information about the negative consequences of

2 mercury in people, you know. We read a whole bunch

3 of articles about, you know, can cause birth

4 defects depending on the levels. And one bad fish,

5 I'm concerned would -- could cause a lot of --

6 THE CHAIRMAN: Well, what interests me is

7 that the study that you're reporting is done in the

8 system as it is now, up the Crooked River way far

9 away from the Peace River populations that we're

10 worried about at the moment. And if they're

11 showing very high levels or some of them are

12 showing very high levels of mercury, that's an

13 interesting observation by itself.

14 COUNCILLOR CLARENCE WILLSON: And what I don't know

15 is -- currently I don't know how many of the fish

16 can get through WAC Bennett and into other --

17 THE CHAIRMAN: No.

18 COUNCILLOR CLARENCE WILLSON: -- because I know people

19 feel safe. But I've heard that when they spill and

20 there's -- some fish get through their turbines and

21 things, so I don't know about that.

22 MR. NICK BACCHANTE: Just the only comment, Chair.

23 I know it would be good for Mr. Clarence Willson.

24 I mean, we heard about the study recently. We

25 haven't seen it. It would be good to, you know, to

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1 be able to take a look at it. So I don't know if

2 it's -- you know, the one on the Crooked River, if

3 it's available, I'd be glad to look at it.

4 THE CHAIRMAN: Councillor Willson is

5 nodding. I --

6 COUNCILLOR CLARENCE WILLSON: Yeah, I think we agreed

7 to provide it to the -- when we did our

8 presentation at Moberly --

9 THE CHAIRMAN: Yes.

10 COUNCILLOR CLARENCE WILLSON: -- we agreed to provide

11 it to the -- whoever.

12 THE CHAIRMAN: And I think you probably

13 ought to get a copy to Nick, too.

14 MR. NICK BACCHANTE: Yeah.

15 THE CHAIRMAN: Great. Thank you.

16 COUNCILLOR CLARENCE WILLSON: Okay. Thanks.

17

18 UNDERTAKING 56: Provide the results of the mercury study

19 of Crooked River.

20

21 THE CHAIRMAN: Chief Willson.

22 CHIEF ROLAND WILLSON: I'm just waiting for the

23 presenter.

24 THE CHAIRMAN: Yeah, that's what I'd like

25 you to come and do right now.

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1 Thank you, gentlemen.

2 MR. NICK BACCHANTE: Thank you.

3

4 Presentation by Chief Roland Willson, West Moberly First

5 Nations:

6 CHIEF ROLAND WILLSON: Mr. Chair, panel, thank you.

7 This might be a little quicker than I was

8 anticipating since Councillor Willson got up and

9 stole my thunder.

10 THE CHAIRMAN: You've got to watch your

11 relations.

12 CHIEF ROLAND WILLSON: I have a short presentation.

13 A lot of what I'm going to talk about is not

14 specific to fisheries, but in the broad general

15 sense of waterways and watersheds.

16 I want to start out, first, I hear a lot of

17 this talk about biomass, there's a lot of biomass

18 in the water.

19 We went to court, as I had expressed earlier,

20 with the Province. We did a judicial review on a

21 mine application. It was a bulk sample permit.

22 And one of our leading arguments to it was that as

23 long as there are rats and crows at the garbage

24 dump, that does not constitute a meaningful right

25 to hunt.

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1 We were told during that whole process, the

2 Province told us that we could go somewhere else.

3 They didn't say where, and they didn't show us that

4 there was an area that had an ample supply of

5 caribou or something else to harvest on it.

6 And in fact, the area that they told us to go

7 when we did an analysis of that was all private

8 land, and we didn't have access to it. And that

9 came up in the court.

10 Having biomass in the water does not

11 constitute a meaningful right to fish.

12 There are different types of salmon and

13 preferred salmon stocks. When you look at the

14 salmon fisheries, people spend a lot of money to

15 fish certain types of salmon. They want to go and

16 catch the sockeye; they want to get a big pink

17 salmon, you know? They'll settle for a chum or a

18 dog salmon if they can't catch one, catch one of

19 the other ones. But, you know, they want their

20 preferred fish.

21 And the coastal First Nations identified that

22 there are certain fish that are what they want to

23 eat.

24 The West Moberly court case protects that

25 right. We have a meaningful right to hunt. We

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1 have a meaningful right to hunt preferred stocks.

2 And we have a meaningful right to have protected

3 habitat of that.

4 So with that, I will get into my

5 presentation.

6 The First Nations cultural sites, land use

7 activities and the wildlife uses are inseparable to

8 waterways. You may have noticed that it's the

9 Halfway River First Nations, the Prophet River

10 First Nations, the Blueberry River First Nations,

11 West Moberly. We're located on Moberly Lake.

12 We're all around water. Water is vital to our

13 existence, and it's also vital to the existence of

14 wildlife and fish.

15 The Williston Reservoir, 17 major tributaries

16 are impacted by the flooding of the Williston

17 Reservoir.

18 I won't go through them. But all these

19 areas -- and this is why I was talking about

20 Clarence stealing my thunder, we did the study on

21 the Crooked River, which I have in here.

22 Here it is. I don't know if there's -- does

23 that show up there? Okay.

24 This here is the bottom end of the Williston

25 Reservoir here. This is the Parsnip River where it

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1 comes in. This is -- oh, where did it go? I think

2 this is 45 in a straight line as the crow flies,

3 it's 45 kilometres from the bottom end of the

4 reservoir, And this other area here is

5 75 kilometres in a straight line from there.

6 We just kind of made an educated guess that

7 if there was fish contaminated with methylmercury

8 in the Williston Reservoir, they may be in the

9 tributaries and have an access to that since they

10 go up the tributaries to spawn. We did the study,

11 funded it ourselves.

12 I mentioned this earlier. I won't spend too

13 much time on this. We caught over 65 fish. And I

14 believe I had pointed out earlier that there's only

15 around five that fall under the .02 level of human

16 consumption, personal consumption levels. Quite a

17 few fell over the .05 level for commercial

18 fisheries on that. And as Councillor Willson,

19 Clarence, had mentioned, you know, it wasn't just

20 the big fish. We were extremely surprised to find

21 out that the smaller fish were heavily laden with

22 mercury.

23 Now, the test was done. We performed the --

24 we caught the fish, and we supplied the fish to

25 Rescan, and they ran the test themselves. So

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1 Rescan is a reputable company and they have -- will

2 have all that information for the panel.

3 The other thing I want to talk about is

4 selenium.

5 With the introduction of mines to the

6 territory, there's a large amount of selenium being

7 dumped in the waters around here. And one of the

8 main things that is of concern is the potential

9 resulting in reproductive impairments of their

10 offspring.

11 One of the mines is proposing to increase the

12 selenium amount by nine times what's the legal

13 human rate -- I guess that's what it's called -- to

14 be dumped into the rivers.

15 This is the Pine Watershed and the Murray

16 River. The Roman mine, the Trend mine, Teck's new

17 mine. Teck coal has got a new mine they're opening

18 up called Quintette 2. There is the old

19 decommissioned Quintette mine that's still out

20 there. PRC's load-out facility. And Teck's

21 Quintette's load-out facility are on the Pine

22 River -- sorry, the Murray river. HD Mining is

23 proposing an underground mine. There's huge

24 amounts of selenium that are being dumped into

25 these rivers.

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1 The Province's mitigation measure to this is

2 called solution by dilution, the water will

3 disperse it, and it will be all fine and dandy on

4 that.

5 We know there's health effects. Selenium is

6 a naturally occurring metal, but high doses of

7 selenium causes huge health problems.

8 The other question that comes into mind is

9 that there is lots of oil and gas and there's

10 ongoing forestry going on in this area as well.

11 Tumbler Ridge is there. And because

12 everybody that lives in Tumbler Ridge works in the

13 mines, a lot of them own jet boats, and they're up

14 and down the rivers all the time. So our ability

15 to access the Murray River right now in a canoe --

16 I don't own a jet boat. I don't have $30,000 that

17 I can buy a jet boat with, so I have to use a canoe

18 and paddle around. And these jet boats are just

19 all over the place.

20 This is the Wolverine River. This is

21 actually part of the Murray River. The Wolverine

22 dumps into the Murray just right here by Tumbler

23 Ridge right down here by Tumbler Ridge. Wolverine

24 mine is right actually on the river.

25 The Quintette spans both the Wolverine and

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1 the Murray, so runoff comes off both sides of it

2 and the old Bullmoose decommissioned mine is out

3 there as well. Lots of oil and gas activity, lots

4 of forestry activity in both of these.

5 Large amounts of selenium are being deposited

6 into the Murray and into the Wolverine.

7 Sukunka and Wapiti Rivers. This area down

8 here called Hole in the Wall, this is an area that

9 our community uses for a family camp area. We go

10 up there, and they fish, and they hunt up there.

11 It's actually rather dangerous to get up there

12 because it's a radio-controlled road, and the

13 amount of traffic that's going up and down that

14 river right now is -- the road that goes along the

15 river, is -- you take your life in your hands out

16 there.

17 There are two operating mines, the Brule and

18 the Dillon. They're actually being -- they've

19 expanded so much that they've become one mine

20 called the Brule.

21 There's the proposed pipeline, the 48-inch

22 pipeline that's being proposed by TransCanada for

23 Shell called the TransCanada Coastal GasLink. This

24 is one of the LNG dreams that they have is to get

25 these pipelines going out.

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1 There's actually another pipeline we just

2 find out now called the Merrick pipeline. It's

3 another 48-inch pipeline being proposed in this

4 valley as well.

5 If you hop over the mountains here, this

6 is -- follow the mountain, this is the Pine River

7 here. Now, all these rivers that I talked about,

8 they all dump into the Pine River at certain

9 stages.

10 Pine River has Falls Mountain Coal on it.

11 It's a coal mine owned by Walter Energy. And along

12 the Pine River, there's a highway. Right on the

13 other side of the highway, there's a train track.

14 There's already issues of exhaust from the highway,

15 creosote from the rail dumping in. That's been a

16 concern of Chetwynd's for a long time.

17 Spectra Energy has a large plant located on

18 the Pine River. And they have a sulphur pit. And

19 it's one of the known contaminating sites on the

20 Pine River where sulphur leaches into the river at

21 a constant rate.

22 So in looking at this, the main river systems

23 in our area are impacted. The Murray, the Wapiti,

24 the Sukunka, the Pine, the Wolverine, the Parsnip

25 River, the Crooked River. The 17 rivers that I

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1 identified in the beginning there, they're all

2 impacted, have been molested to some sort.

3 This chunk here that you're looking at is the

4 inundation zone of Site C. This is the last

5 stretch of relatively unmolested rivers that we

6 have. The flooding of the Williston Reservoir --

7 the Site C reservoir will impound that water and

8 cause all the problems that you're talking about

9 here, everyone's been relating to. It's going to

10 affect the bull trout spawning up there.

11 It's going to affect the Moberly River, and

12 it's going to affect the Halfway River, which are

13 two of the main rivers that are of concern to the

14 Halfway River First Nations and the Moberly First

15 Nations.

16 And it's the closest proximity that we have

17 to areas that we can get to without having to be

18 worrying about methylmercury fish, other than

19 what's coming through the dam or selenium deposits.

20 There's no coal development right now happening

21 around these rivers.

22 I talked about our seasonal round. The

23 seasonal round -- the hunt also applies to seasonal

24 round of fish.

25 Bull trout, dolly varden, rainbows, rocky

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1 mountain whitefish, arctic grayling use the Moberly

2 and Halfway for spawning areas. They are the

3 preferred fishes of the Nation to eat, not kokanee.

4 Nobody talked to us about eating kokanee.

5 I have never caught a fish, a kokanee fish in

6 the Crooked River. They are not there. They were

7 introduced. If they were in the Arctic Lake,

8 that's where they were. They didn't get down into

9 the other areas. The reasons why there's so many

10 of these is because BC Hydro has been dumping

11 60,000 fry into the Dinosaur and Williston

12 Reservoir to try and spur on a fishery up there,

13 not because they're naturally occurring.

14 The introduction of a foreign species of fish

15 into the ecosystem, kokanee, BC Hydro had no

16 discussions with us. There may be biomass in the

17 Site C reservoir, but it's not a biomass that the

18 local First Nations prefer to eat.

19 More thunder that my brother stole. This is

20 the sign on the lake trout recovery program. We're

21 working in cooperation with BC on the recovery

22 program for the lake trout right at our lake, the

23 one that we live on. We have decided not to fish

24 the lake trout. You know, we are talking to our

25 members and trying to inform them of the issue on

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1 that. It's hard to control individuals. If you

2 catch a lake trout when you're fishing, most people

3 keep it. But we try and spur them on to say let's

4 cooperate with this recovery program and be

5 responsible. We have a Treaty Right, but we don't

6 have a Treaty Right to extinguish something out

7 there. It's one of the last spots we have out

8 there.

9 That's it.

10 Thank you.

11 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, Chief Willson.

12 Are there questions that people would like to

13 ask of Chief Willson?

14 The question here is, on another day we'd

15 love to hear you do the same thing about hunting.

16 CHIEF ROLAND WILLSON: I will.

17 THE CHAIRMAN: I thought you'd say that.

18 The question of the cumulative impact on the

19 waters of this region is very much before us.

20 Thank you, sir.

21 CHIEF ROLAND WILLSON: One of the -- our concerns is

22 that nobody has looked at what we have been talking

23 about. BC has refused to take a look at the

24 cumulative impacts. They're identifying the Site C

25 as its own little impact.

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1 THE CHAIRMAN: Well, we have cumulative

2 impacts in our mandate, and so we're trying to

3 understand them. So that's the contribution.

4 Thank you very much.

5 CHIEF ROLAND WILLSON: Okay.

6 THE CHAIRMAN: We will return at 7:30.

7 Sir.

8 CHIEF ROLAND WILLSON: I was supposed to introduce

9 the -- I was supposed to introduce the next speaker

10 because he's working for -- he's one of our

11 technicians at Treaty 8, and I'm going to be

12 leaving. I've got to go home. I've got a 17 --

13 THE CHAIRMAN: You want to introduce him now

14 and then we'll hear him later?

15 CHIEF ROLAND WILLSON: Yeah.

16 THE CHAIRMAN: All right. Go ahead.

17 CHIEF ROLAND WILLSON: Will that be all right?

18 THE CHAIRMAN: That would be all right.

19 CHIEF ROLAND WILLSON: Okay. I have a 17-year-old

20 son at home with three dogs. I'm just worried

21 about my house. A 15-year-old son, sorry.

22 Okay. On behalf of Treaty 8 and the

23 communities of Doig River, Halfway, Prophet River

24 and West Moberly, I would like to introduce Gary

25 [sic] McKinnon of the North/South Consultants who

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1 is our fish and fish habitat technical expert on

2 the file. He's sitting in the back, I hope.

3 There he is.

4 So he will be presenting after dinner to the

5 panel.

6 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much, and

7 we'll see you at 7:30.

8

9 (Proceedings adjourned at 5:50 p.m.)

10 (Dinner break)

11 (Proceedings reconvened at 7:30 p.m.)

12

13 THE CHAIRMAN: Well, good evening all you

14 well-fed people.

15 We will continue with Greg McKinnon.

16 It's all yours, sir.

17

18 Presentation by Greg McKinnon:

19 MR. GREG McKINNON: Thank you for the opportunity

20 to speak to some of the concerns we have regarding

21 BC Hydro's assessment of the potential effects on

22 fish and fish habitat of the proposed Site C Clean

23 Energy Project on the Peace River.

24 My name is Greg McKinnon, that's spelled

25 M-c-K-i-n-n-o-n.

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1 I'm a senior project manager and registered

2 professional biologist with North/South Consultants

3 Incorporated, an environmental consulting company

4 with approximately 70 professionals and technical

5 staff based in Winnipeg with offices in Vancouver

6 and Victoria.

7 The company specializes in aquatic and

8 resource-use studies, and its primary expertise

9 lies in conducting environmental assessments,

10 developing mitigation approaches and plans, and

11 conducting long-term monitoring programs for large

12 scale hydroelectric projects.

13 North/South Consultants is under contract to

14 the Treaty 8 Tribal Association to provide

15 assistance to the Treaty 8 First Nations in

16 relation to the environmental assessment of the

17 proposed Site C Clean Energy Project.

18 As part of the professional services provided

19 to the Treaty 8 Tribal Association, North/South

20 Consultants has prepared a document entitled "A

21 review of the Environmental Impact Statement and

22 Panel Information Requests with respect to the

23 Effects on Fish and Fish Habitat of the Proposed

24 Site C Clean Energy Project." The document is

25 included as part of the public record, reference

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1 number 1842 and dated November 25th, 2013.

2 Just as an aside, note on this regard, that

3 I've provided an errata sheet to the panel,

4 Secretariat today outlining two errors in that

5 submission.

6 My oral presentation today will generally

7 follow the outline provided in the referenced

8 written submission of November 25th. In

9 consideration of the time available, however, my

10 discussion will by necessity not cover all points

11 raised in the written submission.

12 I will attempt to cover our main concerns

13 with respect to the amended EIS in two main topic

14 areas as follows:

15 First, information and methodological

16 deficiencies, and second, analytical deficiencies.

17 With regard to information and methodological

18 deficiencies, I will discuss the following main

19 issues:

20 Exclusion of downstream tributaries of the

21 Peace River from the effects assessment.

22 Secondly, transformation of the area upstream

23 of the proposed Site C project from a riverine to a

24 lacustrine environment.

25 And third, a potential for cumulative effects

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1 on fish and fish habitat of the proposed Dunvegan

2 project and the Site C Clean Energy Project.

3 With respect to analytical deficiencies, I

4 will discuss the test of significance utilized by

5 BC Hydro, and secondly, fish species subject to

6 effects assessment.

7 Lastly, I will sum up my presentation by

8 providing a list of key concerns regarding

9 BC Hydro's findings.

10 So to begin, I would like to discuss the main

11 information and methodological deficiencies in the

12 EIS.

13 Firstly, the exclusion of downstream

14 tributaries from the local assessment area. The

15 exclusion of Peace River tributaries downstream of

16 Site C from the local assessment area was based on

17 a set of criteria selected by the Proponent that

18 seemingly did not include the spatial

19 characteristics of the fish and fish habitat valued

20 component or VC. Put another way, BC Hydro's

21 inclusion criteria did not capture potential

22 effects related to the migratory behaviour and

23 ecology of the fish species present.

24 In our opinion, the exclusion of effects of

25 the project on fish and fish habitat use of

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1 downstream tributaries which include the Pine,

2 Beatton, Kiskatinaw and Alces rivers among others

3 represents a shortcoming in BC Hydro's

4 responsibility to determine the significance of

5 potential adverse effects of the project on area

6 populations.

7 We make the following points in this regard:

8 As noted in table 11.4.9, volume 2 of the

9 EIS, the average increase in the daily range of

10 water levels due to the project will be in the

11 order of .5 of a metre at the location of the

12 Site C tailrace and reducing to approximately 0.3

13 of a metre near the Alces River confluence.

14 Secondly, BC Hydro has not presented any

15 analysis that describes what effect predicted

16 changes in downstream water levels and flows would

17 have on fish use of and access to tributary

18 habitats.

19 And third, tributaries to the Peace River

20 upstream of the proposed Site C Dam have been

21 demonstrated to provide an important support

22 function for the Peace River populations. And the

23 Proponent indicates in the EIS section 12.3.2.4

24 that:

25

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1 "Natural recruitment of fish

2 populations in the LAA originate

3 from the mainstem Peace River

4 and/or Peace River tributaries.

5 Tributaries provide spawning and

6 early rearing habitats for species

7 populations that reside in the

8 Peace River."

9

10 And then later on:

11

12 "The Halfway River, Pine

13 River and Beatton River are

14 important sources for recruitment

15 of arctic grayling."

16

17 Again in quotations:

18

19 "Few fish populations rely

20 entirely on mainstem Peace River

21 for recruitment. Spawning sculpin

22 species, mountain whitefish, sucker

23 species and walleye occur in the

24 mainstem Peace River. However, the

25 contribution of mainstem spawning

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1 to recruitment is minimal, given

2 the temperature, flow, and ice

3 regime of the system, and evidence

4 of rapid downstream dispersal of

5 recently emerged fry. Sculpin,

6 mountain whitefish, sucker, and

7 walleye populations utilize

8 tributary spawning and early

9 rearing habitats that are located

10 outside the influence of the Peace

11 River."

12

13 And fourthly, at least five species of fish

14 and those being arctic grayling, goldeye, walleye,

15 mountain whitefish, and bull trout, are shown to

16 utilize downstream tributaries and to undertake

17 extended movements including past the proposed

18 location of the Site C Dam in the local assessment

19 area.

20 And those can be found in tables 12.7 and

21 12.8 of the EIS.

22 In summary, BC Hydro's conclusion of not

23 significant with respect to altered fish habitat

24 downstream of Site C Dam does not appear to be

25 supported by a defensible analysis of the potential

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 338

1 effects of the project on fish use, of tributary

2 habitats nor of the interdependence of mainstem and

3 tributary fish populations in the area.

4 Secondly, transformation of riverine

5 habitats.

6 Based on BC Hydro's criteria for the

7 determination of significance of adverse effects,

8 it would seem that the permanent alteration of fish

9 habitat due to transformation from riverine to

10 reservoir habitat should have been considered a

11 significant adverse effect. Habitat losses

12 associated with construction headpond and reservoir

13 filling were categorized by the Proponent as

14 significant.

15 In the accompanying text, the Proponent

16 explains, and I quote:

17

18 "The residual effects

19 resulting from habitat loss due to

20 the construction headpond and

21 reservoir filling would be adverse

22 and significant because they would

23 be sufficient to reduce the

24 abundance of fish populations in

25 the river over the spatial extent

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 339

1 of the headpond during the

2 diversion period, and would result

3 in an irreversible loss of key

4 riverine habitats required for some

5 distinct groups of fish when the

6 reservoir is filled."

7

8 And that can be found at section 12.6.3.1.

9 End of quote.

10 This statement appears to indicate that

11 BC Hydro is of the view that loss of key riverine

12 habitats required for some distinct groups of fish

13 will be a long-standing feature of dam operation.

14 However, the line item altered fish habitat

15 due to transformation of reservoir habitat during

16 reservoir operations as found in table 12.23 was

17 not considered to be a significant effect despite

18 BC Hydro's stated view that loss of key riverine

19 habitats would be irreversible and would persist

20 beyond the construction phase and extend through

21 the operational phase.

22 BC Hydro's characterization that significant

23 impacts with respect to key riverine habitats apply

24 only to construction and not operations implies, in

25 my view, only a short-term effect.

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 340

1 This is reinforced by BC Hydro in table

2 12.22, which indicates a medium-term effect on

3 altered fish habitat, that is an effect that occurs

4 greater than one year and less than or equal to

5 eight years due to construction headpond and

6 reservoir filling and a long-term effect on altered

7 fish habitat, that is, an effect that lasts for

8 greater than eight years to the life of the project

9 in the reservoir due to operations.

10 As such, mitigation with respect to loss of

11 key riverine habitats would necessarily need to be

12 applied and sustained throughout the operational

13 period.

14 And third, the potential for cumulative

15 effects of Site C and Dunvegan projects in the

16 riverine populations.

17 Information provided by BC Hydro suggests

18 that there may be a potential for cumulative

19 effects from the proposed Dunvegan project and the

20 Site C project on riverine populations of goldeye

21 and walleye, both of which exhibit extended

22 movement patterns. That can be found in table

23 12.8.

24 Radio-tagging studies reported in the Site C

25 Clean Energy Project, fish and fish habitat

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 341

1 technical data report, pages 132 and 133 indicate

2 that goldeye and walleye move long distances with a

3 total range of movement of approximately 700

4 kilometres and 500 kilometres respectively, from

5 well downstream of the site of the proposed

6 Dunvegan project in Alberta, upstream as far as the

7 Pine River confluence in the local assessment area.

8 The potential for cumulative effects

9 resulting from the combined effects of Site C

10 development and future development at Dunvegan

11 appears to exist and needs to be accounted for when

12 considering the potential for significant adverse

13 effects on the fish community downstream of Site C.

14 Moving on to analytical deficiencies.

15 Firstly, and I discussed this already, at the

16 outline. First we'll talk about the test of

17 significance, and secondly, fish species subject to

18 effects assessment.

19 With respect to the test of significance, the

20 test of significance proposed by BC Hydro is as

21 follows:

22 This could be found in Section 12.6.2,

23 page 1286 of the EIS.

24 And I quote:

25

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1 "A significant residual

2 affect is assigned if the project

3 component or activity is predicted

4 to result in either: (a) the loss

5 of an indigenous fish species,

6 subspecies populations or distinct

7 groups, or (b) a reduction in the

8 long-term average standing stock

9 biomass of the fish community

10 relative to the existing baseline

11 condition."

12

13 In the case of the definition itself, use of

14 this test of significance would appear to set a

15 different standard than that suggested by CEAA, for

16 example, and also portrayed by BC Hydro in tables

17 12.21 and 12.22 of the EIS.

18 The CEAA document, a reference guide for the

19 Canadian Environmental Assessment Act determining

20 whether a project is likely to cause significant

21 adverse effects published in 1994 notes several

22 criteria that should be taken into account in

23 deciding whether environmental effects are

24 significant and likely within the context of the

25 Act.

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 343

1 With respect to significance determinations,

2 these criteria include: magnitude, geographic

3 extent, duration and frequency of adverse

4 environmental effects; degree to which the adverse

5 environmental effects are reversible or

6 irreversible; and ecological context.

7 The document also provides guidance in

8 deciding whether these significant adverse

9 environmental effects are likely.

10 There are two criteria listed that need to be

11 considered: probability of occurrence, and

12 scientific uncertainty.

13 As previously noted, BC Hydro provided two

14 tables, table 12.21 characterization criteria for

15 residual effects on fish and fish habitat, and

16 table 12.22, characterization of residual fish and

17 fish habitat effects, that essentially mirror the

18 criteria set out by CEAA with respect to the

19 significance and likelihood of adverse effects.

20 However, table 12.23, which provides the

21 various determinations of significance utilizing

22 the (a) and (b) significant residual effect

23 criteria outlined by BC Hydro and referred to

24 earlier, appears to be disconnected from and to set

25 a different standard than the characterization

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1 criteria as provided by CEAA and again listed in

2 tables 2. -- 12.21 and 12.22.

3 Moving on to fish species subject to effects

4 assessment.

5 It remains unclear what suite of species has

6 been subject to effects assessment by the Proponent

7 and whether all species of value to First Nations

8 have been considered.

9 In the spring of 2013, as part of an

10 information request to BC Hydro, that is

11 information request number AB0001-226, the Treaty 8

12 First Nations requested that BC Hydro clarify

13 whether it was utilizing an indicator species

14 approach in its assessment of Site C and whether

15 and/or how fish species of particular value to

16 Aboriginal groups had been factored into the

17 Environmental Assessment.

18 BC Hydro replied as part of its submission of

19 May 8th, 2013, that:

20

21 "Baseline conditions and

22 potential effects for all fish

23 species are examined."

24

25 BC Hydro also noted that:

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1

2 "The approach to the effects

3 assessment takes into account the

4 regulatory and policy setting for

5 fish and fish habitat and the

6 results of consultation with the

7 general public, regulators,

8 stakeholders, community members,

9 Aboriginal groups and governments.

10 In particular BC Hydro has

11 considered information from

12 traditional use studies provided by

13 Aboriginal groups. Collectively,

14 this information informed the

15 effects assessment that took into

16 account effects to fish and fish

17 habitat, identified species, and

18 topics of concern."

19

20 It is also noteworthy that the EIS, Section

21 12.4.1.2, indicates that the filling of the Site C

22 reservoir:

23

24 "Would result in the loss of

25 28 square kilometres of Peace River

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1 fish habitat area and 1.63

2 kilometres squared of tributary

3 fish habitat area."

4

5 This would appear to represent a substantial

6 loss of fish habitats utilized by existing fish

7 populations in the Peace River and tributaries.

8 The EIS goes on to note that:

9

10 "The lotic habitat areas

11 would be replaced by 9.42

12 kilometres squared of littoral area

13 defined as a water depth less than

14 6 metres and 83.57 square

15 kilometres of limnetic area."

16

17 And that would be defined as a water depth

18 greater than six metres.

19 In Section 12.4.2.1, Transformation of

20 Reservoir Habitat During Reservoir Operation,

21 BC Hydro notes that:

22

23 "Following reservoir

24 creation, the reservoir would

25 undergo a dynamic ecosystem

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 347

1 transformation..."

2

3 It can be found on page 12-35.

4

5 "Existing fluvial habitat

6 types, i.e. riffles, pools, runs,

7 side channels, used by fish would

8 be lost through the inundation of

9 the Peace River mainstem and lower

10 tributary sections of the Site C

11 reservoir, but new lacustrine

12 habitat types, i.e. littoral and

13 limnetic zones, would be created

14 within the reservoir."

15

16 At page 12-37. It also notes that:

17

18 "Results for the most likely

19 fish community scenario indicate

20 about a 1.8-fold (sic) increase in

21 total biomass of harvestable fish

22 in the Site C reservoir relative to

23 what currently exists in the Peace

24 River, though with a very different

25 species composition."

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 348

1

2 That can be found on page 12.39 -- 12-39. In

3 this response to information request number 80,

4 table 1 estimated biomass of harvestable fish

5 species in river habitat that will be inundated in

6 the Site C reservoir over the long-term, BC Hydro

7 predicts the post-project biomass in Site C

8 reservoir for 10 harvestable fish species. In part

9 BC Hydro predicts a decrease in non-kokanee biomass

10 from 17.21 tonnes to 8.84 tonnes. This includes

11 the prediction that:

12

13 "Walleye are not expected to

14 be present in the reservoir."

15

16 Post-project and that:

17

18 "Arctic grayling are not

19 expected to be present in

20 appreciable numbers in the

21 reservoir."

22

23 And that is the estimated post project

24 biomass in Site C reservoir equals 0.00 tonnes.

25 The response also notes that:

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1

2 "Mountain whitefish comprise

3 64 percent of the biomass in the

4 current river. A large decrease in

5 mountain whitefish biomass is

6 expected."

7

8 In its conclusion, Section 12.6.3.2, BC Hydro

9 notes that:

10

11 "The project is predicted to

12 have a significant adverse effect

13 on the fish and fish habitat VC as

14 a result of the potential for the

15 loss of indigenous fish populations

16 or distinct groups of fish. The

17 three distinct groups of fish that

18 may be lost are the adfluvial

19 component of the Moberly River

20 arctic grayling, migratory or

21 adfluvial bull trout that spawn in

22 the Halfway River, and mountain

23 whitefish that rear in the Peace

24 River and spawn in tributaries of

25 the Peace River or the Peace River

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 350

1 mainstem upstream of the Site C Dam

2 site."

3

4 Despite BC Hydro's noting that:

5

6 "Following reservoir

7 creation, the reservoir would

8 undergo a dynamic ecosystem

9 transformation..."

10

11 Found in Section 12.4.2.1, it appears to have

12 concluded that significant adverse effects are

13 limited to subgroups of three species of fish as

14 listed above.

15 It is not clear that this analysis includes

16 consideration of all fish species as indicated in

17 BC Hydro's response to information request

18 0001-226, particularly those subject to harvest by

19 First Nations as included in table 12.6 And also

20 provided in response to information request

21 number 84 and displaying a reduced biomass density

22 or fish mass per unit area in the proposed

23 reservoir.

24 Note, that with respect to the latter, while

25 some fish species subject to harvest by First

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1 Nations are expected to increase in total biomass

2 in the reservoir, the biomass per unit area or

3 density may be expected to decrease, and this would

4 likely have adverse implications to catchability.

5 So in terms of key concerns:

6 Number 1, BC Hydro did not assess the

7 potential adverse effects of the project on fish

8 and fish habitat of the downstream tributaries and

9 the role played by these tributaries in sustaining

10 Peace River fish populations both upstream and

11 downstream of the proposed Site C location.

12 Number 2, BC Hydro did not assess the

13 potential for cumulative effects of the proposed

14 Dunvegan project and the Site C project on riverine

15 populations of goldeye and walleye.

16 Number 3, BC Hydro presents the view that, as

17 a result of construction headpond and reservoir

18 filling, the loss of key riverine habitats required

19 for some distinct groups of fish would be a

20 long-standing feature of dam operation.

21 However, the line item:

22

23 "Altered fish habitat due to

24 transformation from river to

25 reservoir habitat 'during the

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1 operation phase...'"

2

3 Was not considered to be a significant

4 effect, see table 12.23, despite the certainty that

5 habitat losses would persist beyond the

6 construction phase and extend through the

7 operational phase.

8 BC Hydro's conclusion that changes to fish

9 habitat due to transformation from river to

10 reservoir habitat would have significant effects on

11 only subgroups of three fish species may not be

12 comprehensive. Particularly with respect to fish

13 species of interest to and harvested by First

14 Nations.

15 The conclusion also appears to be at odds

16 with statements in the EIS that the reservoir is

17 expected to:

18

19 "Undergo a dynamic ecosystem

20 transformation..."

21

22 "With a very different..."

23

24 Or:

25

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1 "With a very different

2 species composition."

3

4 Thank you.

5 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you, sir.

6 Do you have any questions on this? Would you

7 like to start?

8 I have one question. Is the Dunvegan project

9 live? I mean, it's been talked about since God was

10 a pup, but ...

11 MR. GREG McKINNON: It still sits out there. It

12 went through an environmental assessment and

13 hearings to my recollection, and I believe. And I

14 can be corrected. There are probably people in the

15 room that would know better than I that it's still

16 a project that sits out there. What its current

17 status is, I don't know.

18 THE CHAIRMAN: Do you recall who the

19 Proponent was?

20 MR. GREG McKINNON: Glacier Power, I believe it

21 was. I don't know if that entity still exists or

22 not.

23 THE CHAIRMAN: Maybe there's somebody on

24 these benches who knows.

25 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Yes, it was -- it received

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1 its environmental assessment authorizations. It's

2 not constructed, and it's now in the hands of

3 TransAlta.

4 THE CHAIRMAN: And now belongs to TransAlta?

5 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: TransAlta.

6 THE CHAIRMAN: When did it receive its

7 environmental certification? Recently or a couple

8 years ago?

9 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Several years ago, and we can

10 look it up if you'd like.

11 THE CHAIRMAN: Well, I mean, the project has

12 been talked about for ages and ages. And I frankly

13 can't imagine why an Alberta utility would

14 construct such a thing with gas prices as they are,

15 but ...

16 MR. GREG McKINNON: Perhaps that's why it's not

17 been constructed, I suppose.

18 THE CHAIRMAN: One of my problems with the

19 theology on comprehensive -- on cumulative effects

20 assessment is the admonition to take account of

21 everything that might be built or has ever been

22 thought of whatever the heck. Hydro, as I recall,

23 took the pragmatic view that if something was, you

24 know, proceeding through a regulatory process or

25 was permitted and so on, that would be in the game.

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 355

1 And I think, if I remember rightly, that that

2 was a fairly useful cut-off for oil and gas

3 projects because they're numerous. You've got to

4 draw the line somewhere.

5 I guess I'm not entirely convinced that the

6 Dunvegan project is sufficiently real to be much of

7 a worry unless anybody can tell me that, you know,

8 it is and they're going ahead, and they're going to

9 build the thing.

10 Are any of the regulators from the

11 governments here, still here, who could say whether

12 this is proceeding past the EA stage?

13 No? Okay.

14 Ms. Jackson.

15 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: We believe that the panel

16 report was issued in 2008. And their website,

17 which I do visit periodically, provides periodic

18 updates on their ongoing investigations with

19 respect to I presume the project site. But there's

20 no indication on whether or not they're pursuing

21 construction.

22 THE CHAIRMAN: Would its headpond extend

23 into British Columbia? Do you know offhand?

24 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: My colleagues are saying no,

25 it wouldn't.

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 356

1 THE CHAIRMAN: Yeah, okay.

2 Other comments on Mr. McKinnon's paper?

3 Hydro? He took some shots at you. Surely

4 you have a response.

5 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: We were planning to address

6 some of their comments in our closing.

7 THE CHAIRMAN: In your closing. All right.

8 MR. MATTISON: I have a question for

9 Mr. McKinnon, I think. And if I refer you to -- I

10 have a copy of your speaking note which makes it

11 easier for me to refer you to page 6 of your

12 speaking notes. Under your second fish species

13 subject to effects assessment, you said that it

14 remains unclear whether all species of value to

15 First Nations have been considered.

16 And you provide some quotes from BC Hydro

17 talking about impacts on the Moberly River, arctic

18 grayling and migratory bull trout, and mountain

19 whitefish.

20 What other species of concern to First

21 Nations did you have in mind?

22 MR. GREG McKINNON: Well, it's kind of a -- it's

23 hard to -- at least hard for me to get a grasp on

24 exactly how they did the effects assessment. When

25 we put in an information request, we asked them

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1 whether they were using an indicator species

2 approach, for one thing, and they said they were

3 not and that all -- in some cases if I recall

4 correctly, that they were looking at all fish

5 species.

6 They do have -- there are a couple tables

7 included in the EIS on fish species that are of

8 value to and harvested by First Nations. But I

9 have not seen a systematic -- if they are looking

10 at all of these species and doing an effects

11 assessment on them, you know, which is difficult to

12 do. I mean, quite often an indicator species

13 approach, basically you can't study everything, so

14 you use an indicator species approach. You take

15 that through the effects assessment and then you

16 assume that that's an indicator of some broader

17 suite of species.

18 But I was not able to find that in the EIS or

19 a species-by-species approach to the effects

20 assessment.

21 So if it's there, I couldn't find it.

22 So it would be -- you know, all of the

23 species that are harvested by First Nations.

24 I mean, they do mention some subgroups of

25 fish species that have had -- as being affected by

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1 the reservoir.

2 But I could not find a systematic approach

3 where they looked at all species of interest and

4 then took it through the effects assessment.

5 MR. DAVID MARMOREK: Mr. Mattison, can I give a

6 response?

7 So as you heard earlier from Dr. Mike

8 Bradford of Fisheries and Oceans, there is some

9 uncertainty about predicting which of various

10 species will occupy various functional roles, like

11 whitefish or kokanee can both be in the planktonic

12 feeder functional roles. So when this was -- when

13 the work was set up, we looked at fish and fish

14 habitat as a whole. And in the main part of the

15 environmental impact statement, the results are

16 summarized in terms of both overall biomass and in

17 terms of three groups of species. But if you dig

18 down into the appendices, and I appreciate there

19 are a lot of appendices, appendix P3, which looked

20 at the overall ecosystem effects, looked at 11

21 species, including walleye, lake trout, rainbow

22 trout, bull trout, northern pike, arctic grayling

23 kokanee, mountain whitefish, lake whitefish,

24 burbot, suckers as well as a group of small fish.

25 Appendix Q2 which looked at effects on

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1 entrainment, looked in a lot of detail at arctic

2 grayling, bull trout and kokanee as we've discussed

3 earlier, but also looked at in total 31 species.

4 So they were examined at a deeper level of

5 resolution in the Section 12 summary. Those were

6 aggregated to look at overall fish and fish habitat

7 according to criteria which were presented.

8 THE CHAIRMAN: I have to say I have a little

9 difficulty squaring your opening statement, that is

10 it's hard to tell just exactly who's going to be

11 occupying what spot in the ecosystem when it's all

12 done with a four-digit accuracy prediction of

13 biomass.

14 MR. DAVID MARMOREK: So that was one reason why we

15 examined a number of different scenarios, in

16 appendix P3, recognizing the uncertainty. So there

17 were minimum, most likely, and maximum values for

18 each of those species as well as a range of

19 scenarios for the underlying phytoplankton that

20 supports the ecosystem, so all together about 18

21 scenarios because we recognized the uncertainty

22 that you just described.

23 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

24 I'd like to go back on the test of

25 significance.

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1 The reference guide of CEAA published in 1994

2 was quite specific when it started. I mean, first

3 you had to establish if you had an adverse effect

4 by, you know, the magnitude, the geographic extent,

5 the river's ability, and then when you had it

6 established, if it was an adverse effect, you would

7 establish the significance if there was a

8 probability that it would happen, and if also the

9 judgment depended on the certainty or uncertainty

10 of scientific material.

11 I've noticed that for BC Hydro, and possibly

12 I think the BC environmental impact office has a

13 guide that from the look of it takes all this into

14 consideration to establish whether an effect is

15 significant or not.

16 But these are guides. I mean, you can't

17 force a method on the Proponent. It's very often,

18 unfortunately, whatever the interpretation is

19 given.

20 And I'd like to ask BC Hydro about the

21 residual effect, your definition. How does it

22 relate to the process that you have done by looking

23 at magnitude, geographic extent, et cetera.

24 Because when we look here, reduction of long-term

25 average, loss of indigenous species, the (a) of

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1 this definition would go with magnitude. The (b)

2 would go more with the probability.

3 How is the analysis done?

4 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: I'd like to ask Ms. Sander to

5 respond with respect to the methods, and if you

6 require specific reference to the fish and fish

7 habitat, Mr. Mossop could follow up.

8 MS. BETTINA SANDER: Thank you.

9 The way the significance or the way the

10 residual effects were characterized and then

11 residual -- and then significance determined was

12 based exactly on those guidance documents that

13 Mr. McKinnon and that, madam, you just mentioned.

14 And so in general, we did characterize the residual

15 effects based on those magnitude, direction, those

16 set out in the guidance documents. That was the

17 first step.

18 And then the second step was to determine

19 once we had characterized those residual effects

20 and understood the nature of those effects, then

21 the next step was to determine whether those

22 effects were above a set threshold.

23 And that -- the set threshold was defined for

24 fish and fish habitat as laid out in (a) and (b).

25 MS. BEAUDET: Thank you. That's clear now.

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1 Thank you.

2 THE CHAIRMAN: Are there any questions from

3 the floor?

4 In which case, sir, thank you very much.

5 MR. GREG McKINNON: You're welcome.

6 THE CHAIRMAN: I would now turn to Hydro for

7 their reflections on the day.

8

9 Closing remarks by BC Hydro:

10 MS. SIOBHAN JACKSON: Thank you, Mr. Chair.

11 I offer our closing remarks on behalf of both

12 our morning and afternoon panels.

13 We began this morning with a presentation

14 from the Comptroller of Water Rights for the

15 Province of British Columbia who provided the

16 regulatory framework and the role of the Province

17 in ensuring dam safety throughout BC.

18 Mr. Nunn and Mr. Little followed that with a

19 presentation on dam safety and seismicity and

20 responded to a number of questions from the panel

21 and from the floor.

22 There were a few questions that arose that

23 Mr. Nunn noted we would follow-up on, and I can do

24 this now.

25 First I can confirm that the Peace Canyon

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1 seismic stability review is under way and will

2 continue through 2014.

3 The second question came from Ms. Culling and

4 related to settlement of the crest of the Bennett

5 Dam. I can confirm that, that the crest has

6 settled by 18 centimetres over the 46 years since

7 the dam was constructed. 18. 1-8 centimetres.

8 Third, I can confirm that approximately 170

9 cubic metres of material were used to remediate the

10 1996 sinkhole.

11 And in response to Mr. Chair's question

12 regarding the pH of the river posed to Environment

13 Canada, buffering capacity of the Peace River is

14 discussed in Appendix E of volume 2 in section 3.4.

15 The Peace River has a neutral to basic pH in the

16 range of approximately 7 to 8 and alkalinity of

17 about 90 milligrams per litre as calcium carbonate

18 which indicates that it is naturally well buffered

19 against acid inputs.

20 I would also like to clarify something

21 Ms. Culling said this morning. She cited a

22 sediment deposition rate of 3 million tonnes per

23 year into the Site C reservoir. However, our

24 estimated deposition rate is 1.4 million tonnes per

25 year, not 3 million. This is indicated in EIS

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. [email protected] 364

1 Section 11.8.5.1.

2 BC Hydro thanks Natural Resources Canada for

3 their detailed presentation and review of the EIS,

4 including acid rock drainage, seismicity, and

5 landslides. They noted in their conclusions that

6 their review largely supports the work we have

7 undertaken and the conclusions we have reached.

8 We appreciate that NRCan has offered a number

9 of helpful recommendations for work to be

10 undertaken should the project proceed to

11 construction. In particular, they recommend that

12 BC Hydro conduct a thorough water quality modelling

13 study supported with pertinent geochemical data to

14 inform development of an acid rock drainage and

15 metal leaching management plan.

16 As Mr. Nunn noted, we fully support this

17 recommendation and the work is already under way.

18 In addition, NRCan recommends the development

19 of a Water Quality Monitoring Plan in consultation

20 with responsible provincial regulators for both

21 construction and operations phases including

22 detection and tracking of possible groundwater

23 plumes.

24 Again, BC Hydro supports these

25 recommendations.

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1 We thank Ms. Coulson, Dr. Cassidy, and

2 Dr. Bobrowsky for their presentation, and we look

3 forward to continued engagement with NRCan's

4 scientists and professionals.

5 In the afternoon, Ms. Doucette and

6 Mr. Parkinson from Transport Canada provided their

7 review of our EIS including their seven

8 recommendations to the panel that would be required

9 for the authorization under the Navigable Waters

10 Protection Act. I would like to thank the panel

11 for allowing me to comment earlier today on their

12 presentation questions. We respect Transport

13 Canada's desire to have the information that they

14 seek related to the authorization process, and we

15 will work with them in order to do this.

16 I would note that BC Hydro will also ensure

17 at least one boat launch on the river upstream of

18 the dam site. It will remain operational at all

19 times during the construction phase as recommended

20 by Transport Canada. And as Ms. Yurkovich

21 mentioned at a previous session, we plan to

22 construct the boat launches in the reservoir prior

23 to filling in dry conditions so they'll be

24 available early, and this will be done in

25 consideration of the erosion impact line

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1 predictions.

2 We are also working to accommodate their

3 request that the temporary upstream debris booms

4 will be designed to allow boats to pass.

5 Finally, madam Beaudet asked a question

6 regarding navigation during minimum flow

7 conditions. I would like to clarify that based on

8 mapping of the minimum flow of 390 cubic metres per

9 second downstream of the dam, there would be

10 adequate water depth and a continuous channel to

11 accommodate navigation in this reach by jet boat.

12 With respect to the fisheries discussion this

13 afternoon Mr. Mossop provided an overview of our

14 fisheries assessment, and our fisheries experts

15 answered a number of questions. I would like to

16 clarify the discussion about kokanee entrainment

17 from Williston and Dinosaur Reservoirs. The

18 numbers Mr. Marmorek provided from Table 3.10 in

19 appendix Q3 were the percentage of age -- of each

20 age class of kokanee in the proposed reservoir

21 which would originate from the Williston.

22 Table 3.9 of this Appendix lists the annual

23 entrainment rates and the expected number of

24 kokanee annually entrained from Williston Reservoir

25 is about 1.5 million fish.

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1 We thank the Department of Fisheries for

2 their participation today and for their helpful

3 submissions on the EIS and to the panel. As the

4 representatives today indicated, DFO has largely

5 concurred with our findings in the fish and fish

6 habitat assessment. Specifically, that the EIS

7 accurately characterized baseline fish and fish

8 habitat resources in the regional assessment area.

9 The overall fish biomass in the proposed

10 reservoir will likely exceed that of the existing

11 river and that effects from increased sediment

12 inputs, fish stranding, total dissolved gas, and

13 mercury methylation during construction and

14 operation can be largely mitigated through standard

15 mitigation measures, monitoring and the adaptive

16 management program proposed.

17 However, DFO did have some differing

18 interpretations of the likely outcomes of the

19 project and have provided guidance that Mr. Fanos

20 noted would be included in the future discussions

21 related to authorizations required for the project.

22 We would like to address one point raised in

23 their submission. DFO stated that it is unlikely

24 that mountain whitefish populations would increase

25 downstream of the dam as predicted in the EIS. In

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1 response, we would like to note the following four

2 points:

3 First, evidence from other BC rivers below

4 dams supports the EIS prediction that there will be

5 a post-project increase in the downstream biomass

6 of mountain whitefish. Mountain whitefish is a

7 dominant species of fish in the tail waters of dams

8 in most BC river systems. The area below Peace

9 Canyon Dam currently has the highest densities of

10 mountain whitefish of all sampled areas in the

11 Peace River.

12 Second, below the dam, periphyton biomass is

13 expected -- is predicted to increase by 3.7 fold

14 facilitating all fish downstream.

15 Third, mountain whitefish prefer cold, clear

16 water. Levels of total suspended sediment are

17 expected to increase in summer and fall but to

18 decrease substantially in the spring with an

19 overall 54 percent decrease in total suspended

20 sediment transported below the dam site. This is

21 set out at page 12-45 of the EIS.

22 And finally, BC Hydro conducted a sensitivity

23 analysis in 2013 that supports its conclusion that

24 the population of mountain whitefish will double.

25 In addition, the Sensitivity Analysis also

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1 demonstrates that even if downstream mountain

2 whitefish biomass remain unchanged, the overall EIS

3 conclusions regarding biomass would remain sound.

4 We look forward to continuing our discussions

5 with DFO with respect to this and other issues

6 related to the Site C project as we move forward.

7 Representatives from the BC Ministry of

8 Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations

9 appeared today to provide several comments related

10 to fisheries management. The Ministry has been

11 engaged throughout the development of the EIS

12 guidelines and in the pre-panel stage. As

13 Mr. Addison noted, Mr. Bacchante's comments today

14 relate to mitigation measures, and we look forward

15 to their input in the development of our detailed

16 mitigation plans for the project.

17 I would note that there was some discussion

18 today related to productivity. There are many

19 different definitions of productivity. Dr. Mike

20 Bradford of DFO used productivity in terms of total

21 fish biomass and agreed with BC Hydro's assessment

22 that total fish biomass would increase above the

23 location of the Site C Dam.

24 Mr. Bacchante indicated that there would be a

25 productivity loss.

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1 While it isn't clear what definition of

2 productivity Mr. Bacchante used at that moment, I

3 would like to add the following:

4 First, the EIS predicts that total fish

5 biomass will increase by 1.8 times above the

6 location of Site C.

7 Second, the EIS estimates that the reservoir

8 area is 3.3 times the area of the current Peace

9 River above Site C.

10 Third, the resulting ratio of the biomass

11 increase of 1.8 to the area increase of 3.3 is .55.

12 So the fish biomass per unit area is expected

13 to decline by about half its present level. So

14 while the fish biomass per unit area decreases, the

15 total fish biomass in the reservoir will increase

16 1.8 fold. And BC Hydro maintains as does DFO that

17 the most appropriate measure of productivity for

18 this project assessment is total fish biomass.

19 The panel also asked Mr. Bacchante about

20 successful trap and haul programs, and he indicated

21 he did not have the experience with such programs.

22 I can provide the panel with some information

23 on this, of course, a very summary form.

24 Trap and haul is a common management measure

25 for upstream fish passage particularly at high-head

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1 facilities. Examples of successful trap and haul

2 facilities includes the Lower Baker Dam on the

3 Skagit River, which has operated since the 1950s,

4 and this facility also captures and transports bull

5 trout. Four trap and haul facilities on the

6 Willamette River that also transport bull trout,

7 and other facilities include the Merwin Dam on the

8 Lewis River, the Cowlitz River hydroproject, the

9 Roza Dam on the Yakima River, Cougar Dam, and

10 Sunset Falls project on the Skykomish River.

11 Several trap and haul facility have been

12 constructed or reconstructed within the last

13 five years to enhance passage for anadromous

14 species and bull trout. A trap and haul facility

15 has been recommended for Site C given a number of

16 factors including the management of flexibility to

17 determine which species and individuals to

18 transport and where to release them.

19 We outline in the fish passage management

20 plan a process to determine the species-specific

21 transport plans working in conjunction with

22 appropriate parties.

23 Councillor Willson and Chief Willson this

24 afternoon identified bull trout and lake trout as

25 preferred species and expressed concern that fish

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1 with elevated levels of methylmercury may run up

2 the Moberly and Halfway Rivers.

3 Baseline studies indicate that there is a sub

4 population of bull trout that migrate up the

5 Halfway River to spawn. However, there are no runs

6 of lake trout up either river. Similarly, there

7 are no runs of bull trout up the Moberly River.

8 Based on existing studies, we understand that

9 arctic grayling that reside in the Moberly River

10 upstream of Moberly Lake are resident stocks that

11 do not migrate to the Peace River.

12 As mentioned in previous sessions, Mr. Randy

13 Baker will be here next week and will be able to

14 explain the process of mercury methylation in

15 reservoirs and answer the questions that have been

16 raised to date and speak to the implications of

17 mercury in fish related to human health.

18 This evening, Mr. McKinnon spoke on behalf of

19 the Treaty 8 Tribal Association. He made several

20 points in his submission which we would like to

21 respond to in addition to the remarks we provided

22 earlier in the town of Peace River.

23 Mr. McKinnon describes BC Hydro 's

24 significance criteria for the fish and fish habitat

25 VC as non-standard.

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1 In response, we note, first, that

2 Mr. McKinnon has not suggested an alternative

3 method to determine significance. As mentioned in

4 our opening presentation, the significance

5 thresholds that BC Hydro used and as were discussed

6 just previously are based on two important

7 considerations: biodiversity and biomass.

8 This approach is aligned with Provincial

9 legislation and policy. BC Hydro's methodology is

10 also aligned with provincial and Federal

11 Environmental Assessment guidance documents.

12 Mr. McKinnon also stated that it is possible

13 that fish entrained in the flow through the

14 turbines would be permanently lost from the

15 reservoir in part due to uncertainty over the

16 effectiveness of trapping and hauling of fish from

17 downstream into the reservoir.

18 The EIS conclusion that the Halfway River

19 bull trout population could potentially be lost was

20 a very conservative conclusion. The most likely

21 outcome is the persistence of Halfway River bull

22 trout at a biomass similar to current pre-project

23 levels. This can be found in the EIS and also in

24 response to the panel's request number 84.

25 When considering the impact of entrainment on

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1 fish populations, the assessment recognized the

2 differences in and life histories across different

3 species and size-dependent survival rates through

4 the turbines. Using Halfway River bull trout as an

5 example, about one-third of the Halfway River bull

6 trout population is resident in the river and would

7 therefore not enter the reservoir. Of the adult

8 fish that do enter the reservoir, only a portion

9 tend to move downstream toward the dam and the

10 turbines and only during certain seasons. And of

11 those adult bull trout that are entrained, on

12 average roughly 65 percent are estimated to

13 survive.

14 This has been modelled, and the results are

15 provided in volume 2, appendices Q3 and P3.

16 The net result is that the expected change in

17 bull trout biomass upstream of the Site C Dam would

18 range between a 20 percent decrease and a

19 15 percent. This is with no mitigation. That is,

20 it assumes that trap and haul is not conducted or

21 may not be effective.

22 With a trap and haul program, the abundance

23 of adult bull trout upstream of the dam would

24 increase by 6 to 7 percent, and total number of

25 spawners would increase by 12 to 17 percent.

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1 Finally, I would like to address

2 Mr. McCormick's question earlier regarding how

3 claims of individuals, damage claims -- I'm not

4 talking about fish anymore. How damage claims of

5 individuals are addressed. I can advise that the

6 process for anyone who feels they have had damages

7 related to BC Hydro operations is to report that

8 either directly to one of our community offices or

9 through our main contact number at 1-800-POWER-ON.

10 They will likely -- they will then be connected to

11 our claims group who will review the claim and will

12 provide a response to their claim.

13 Thank you for the opportunity to make these

14 closing remarks.

15 THE CHAIRMAN: Thank you very much. And

16 thank you to all of you patient folks who ruined

17 your evening to come and listen to this.

18 We will adjourn and reconvene tomorrow

19 morning at 9:00, I think it is.

20 Thank you very much.

21

22 (Proceedings adjourned at 8:25 p.m.)

23

24

25

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1 REPORTER'S CERTIFICATION

2

3 I, Nancy Nielsen, RCR, RPR, CSR(A), Official

4 Realtime Reporter in the Provinces of British Columbia

5 and Alberta, Canada, do hereby certify:

6

7 That the proceedings were taken down by me in

8 shorthand at the time and place herein set forth and

9 thereafter transcribed, and the same is a true and

10 correct and complete transcript of said proceedings to

11 the best of my skill and ability.

12

13 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto subscribed

14 my name this 15th day of January, 2013.

15

16

17

18 ______

19 Nancy Nielsen, RCR, RPR, CSR(A)

20 Official Realtime Reporter

21

22

23

24

25

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$ 100,000 [1] - 261:3 17th [1] - 40:12 208:13; 216:21; 243:7; 100-year [1] - 137:15 18 [3] - 359:20; 363:6 374:18 101 [1] - 35:8 1800s [1] - 136:20 20-year [1] - 49:23 $30,000 [1] - 324:16 103-metre [1] - 107:9 1811 [2] - 135:23, 25 200 [1] - 102:18 10:45 [1] - 77:15 1812 [1] - 135:25 2000 [3] - 43:22; 175:20 ' 11 [1] - 358:20 1818 [1] - 94:19 2001 [3] - 58:25; 105:12; 11.2.5 [1] - 54:19 182 [2] - 4:11, 14 106:7 11.4.9 [1] - 335:8 183 [1] - 107:18 2002 [1] - 79:9 '10 [1] - 58:8 11.8 [1] - 87:21 1842 [1] - 333:1 2005 [2] - 57:17; 154:1 '89 [1] - 72:13 11.8.5.1 [1] - 364:1 187 [1] - 4:15 2006 [4] - 33:18; 44:3; 84:21; '90 [1] - 72:13 113 [1] - 3:19 1898 [2] - 102:3; 137:11 260:10 '91 [1] - 72:13 11308 [1] - 1:24 1899 [1] - 137:11 2007 [1] - 33:13 'during [1] - 351:25 12 [5] - 157:5; 191:18; 19 [1] - 1:15 2008 [3] - 154:1; 175:22; 0 194:17; 359:5; 374:25 19,300 [1] - 48:25 355:16 12-35 [1] - 347:3 1912 [1] - 18:21 2009 [3] - 44:5; 58:8; 175:20 12-37 [1] - 347:16 1920 [2] - 102:5; 137:13 2010 [2] - 18:14; 72:11 0.00 [1] - 348:24 12-39 [1] - 348:2 1940 [1] - 102:6 2011 [3] - 33:13, 18; 183:10 0.1 [1] - 72:8 12-45 [1] - 368:21 1949 [1] - 58:18 2012 [10] - 8:24; 44:14; 54:5; 0.25G [1] - 61:10 12.2 [1] - 155:19 1950s [1] - 371:3 63:8; 65:4; 91:8; 94:16; 0.3 [2] - 215:14; 335:12 12.21 [3] - 342:17; 343:14; 1965 [1] - 102:8 109:8; 178:6; 202:6 0.6 [5] - 215:13, 20 344:2 1967 [1] - 107:8 2013 [10] - 64:6; 94:18; 000 [2] - 6:6; 254:14 12.22 [4] - 340:2; 342:17; 1968 [1] - 40:6 109:8; 230:23; 232:6; 0001-226 [1] - 350:18 343:16; 344:2 1974 [1] - 160:10 333:1; 344:9, 19; 368:23; 02 [1] - 322:15 12.23 [3] - 339:16; 343:20; 1975 [1] - 46:14 376:14 05 [1] - 322:17 352:4 1979 [1] - 172:24 2014 [6] - 1:14; 7:1; 201:23; 202:10; 203:16; 363:2 05Gs [1] - 61:17 12.3.2.4 [1] - 335:23 1980s [4] - 83:18; 107:24; 12.39 [1] - 348:2 108:1; 308:24 2015 [1] - 105:22 21st [4] - 13:16; 14:11; 1 12.4.1.2 [1] - 345:21 1981 [4] - 83:25; 84:24; 12.4.2.1 [2] - 346:19; 350:11 85:15; 86:3 220:24 12.6 [1] - 350:19 1983 [1] - 85:15 224 [1] - 6:3 1 [27] - 1:16; 6:6; 50:14; 61:8, 12.6.2 [1] - 341:22 1986 [2] - 105:17; 106:13 228 [1] - 4:17 16, 24; 62:10; 63:15, 18; 12.6.3.1 [1] - 339:8 1989 [2] - 172:24; 174:6 229 [1] - 4:22 64:1; 65:20; 103:24; 12.6.3.2 [1] - 349:8 1990 [1] - 160:19 23rd [1] - 14:11 142:11, 16, 18; 166:19; 12.7 [1] - 337:20 1990s [2] - 68:20; 108:1 24 [1] - 151:7 175:11; 211:20; 213:24; 12.8 [2] - 337:21; 340:23 1994 [2] - 342:21; 360:1 24/7 [1] - 42:16 234:1; 235:4, 7; 254:14; 1286 [1] - 341:23 25 [6] - 55:12; 61:11; 266:20; 348:4; 351:6 1996 [5] - 40:9, 12; 43:5; 12:30 [1] - 149:15 82:5; 363:10 274:19; 308:8 1,000 [3] - 100:6; 253:16; 13 [4] - 1:14; 7:1; 182:16; [2] 25-metre [1] - 194:25 254:7 1998 - 160:19; 207:16 194:17 19th [1] - 220:13 250 [1] - 35:3 1,300 [1] - 103:5 13,000 [1] - 38:19 1:30 [3] - 149:12, 17, 21 254 [1] - 6:5 1,600 [1] - 17:16 13,500 [1] - 122:3 1s [1] - 65:15 25th [5] - 230:23; 232:6, 15; 1-8 [1] - 363:7 132 [1] - 341:1 333:1, 8 1-800-POWER-ON [1] - 133 [1] - 341:1 26 [1] - 210:4 375:9 2 14 [2] - 3:5; 224:7 26-day [1] - 178:9 1.3 [1] - 163:22 14th [1] - 40:11 26.10 [1] - 215:9 1.39 [1] - 175:22 2 [26] - 42:23; 60:3; 64:21; 15 [15] - 44:14; 50:15; 114:3; 26.4.8.1 [1] - 192:12 1.4 [1] - 363:24 65:20; 69:12; 84:25; 86:4; 175:11, 21; 204:10; 224:7; 262 [1] - 4:23 1.5 [4] - 101:21; 112:17; 98:25; 99:3; 103:9; 129:23; 266:19; 274:19; 307:18, 265 [1] - 6:8 162:11; 366:25 142:18; 155:13; 162:11; 23; 308:8; 374:19 273 [1] - 6:12 1.63 [1] - 346:1 166:20; 175:11; 208:18; 15-year-old [1] - 330:21 276 [1] - 5:1 1.8 [3] - 370:5, 11, 16 213:24; 235:7; 295:7; 150 [4] - 4:1, 10; 103:10; 28 [1] - 345:25 1.8-fold [1] - 347:20 323:18; 335:8; 344:2; 305:1 29 [3] - 143:23; 185:22; 194:4 10 [13] - 19:17; 22:1; 38:12; 351:12; 363:14; 374:15 15th [2] - 266:8; 376:14 29's [1] - 195:8 71:18; 98:25; 99:4; 100:1; 2,000 [2] - 49:3; 60:4 16 [1] - 221:18 2s [1] - 65:15 194:24; 207:5; 210:21; 2,100 [1] - 49:3 1660 [2] - 103:15; 104:19 211:24; 348:8 2,500 [1] - 61:16 16th [1] - 266:8 3 10,000 [7] - 61:8, 24; 62:10; 2.2 [1] - 65:6 17 [4] - 321:15; 326:25; 63:15, 18; 64:1; 70:24 2.3 [1] - 69:12 330:12; 374:25 10-metre [2] - 210:21; 211:19 2.5 [2] - 101:10; 102:13 3 [16] - 84:15; 87:16; 100:13; 17-year-old [1] - 330:19 10-minute [1] - 77:14 20 [15] - 54:13; 55:10; 61:18; 103:22; 142:18; 175:12; 17.21 [1] - 348:10 100 [12] - 31:22; 34:25; 35:3, 71:18; 94:15; 139:19; 193:7; 260:7; 274:13, 20; 170 [1] - 363:8 12; 89:10; 99:3; 100:2; 141:7, 12; 166:6; 204:19; 308:7; 316:20; 351:16; 102:3, 17; 214:15; 225:15 1715 [1] - 35:6 363:22, 25

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 2

3,000 [1] - 38:13 142:11, 16, 20; 165:21; 93:3; 154:10; 169:23; 229:4; 248:16 3.10 [1] - 366:18 167:1, 3; 198:14; 316:20; 179:14; 182:3; 183:4; absorb [1] - 193:10 3.3 [3] - 102:7; 370:8, 11 335:11 211:6; 229:6; 262:12; absorbed [1] - 265:13 3.4 [1] - 363:14 5,000 [1] - 104:1 306:17; 308:7; 330:11, 22; abundance [16] - 95:20; 3.7 [1] - 368:13 5-kilometre [1] - 290:18 332:14, 19; 344:11; 129:8; 161:3; 175:19; 3.8 [4] - 65:6; 78:2; 109:10; 5.3 [2] - 102:6; 105:12 363:16; 372:19 180:12; 207:21; 223:18; 132:25 5.4 [4] - 58:23; 60:1; 105:12 8,000 [1] - 49:6 238:4; 239:17; 251:22; 3.9 [1] - 366:22 5.5 [1] - 105:17 8-metre [1] - 210:20 252:22; 253:7; 291:9; 30 [12] - 73:12; 85:6; 100:4; 50 [5] - 68:16; 86:19; 87:22; 8.1 [1] - 58:16 338:24; 374:22 139:19; 141:12; 153:18; 91:20; 194:15 8.84 [1] - 348:10 abundances [1] - 177:2 215:3, 24; 216:8, 21; 500 [2] - 208:24; 341:4 80 [4] - 50:14; 312:2; 315:22; abundant [1] - 222:20 243:7; 315:22 500-megawatt [1] - 33:16 348:3 abutment [1] - 48:10 30-year [1] - 141:7 52 [2] - 6:3; 224:19 800 [2] - 75:6, 16 accelerates [3] - 6:11; 300 [1] - 295:7 53 [2] - 6:5; 254:14 800,000 [1] - 260:17 264:23; 265:6 31 [1] - 359:3 54 [4] - 3:14; 6:8; 265:1; 80s [1] - 82:21 acceleration [2] - 61:9, 11 318 [1] - 6:16 368:19 83 [1] - 247:17 accept [1] - 298:19 319 [1] - 5:4 55 [3] - 6:12; 273:8; 370:11 83.57 [1] - 346:14 acceptable [6] - 13:17; 32 [4] - 3:7, 11; 100:4; 191:20 55-metre [2] - 35:8; 48:4 84 [2] - 350:21; 373:24 50:23; 122:22; 140:11; 331 [1] - 5:6 56 [2] - 6:16; 318:18 86 [1] - 175:12 221:2 34 [2] - 3:12; 37:10 58 [2] - 269:20; 272:5 8:25 [1] - 375:22 accepting [1] - 11:16 34(1 [1] - 268:12 5:20 [1] - 306:10 8th [2] - 40:8; 344:19 access [13] - 164:1; 173:21; 35-metre [1] - 46:17 5:50 [1] - 331:9 192:1, 18, 20; 193:1; 36(3) [1] - 267:13 9 195:10; 208:8; 217:6; 360 [2] - 40:15; 116:10 6 320:8; 322:9; 324:15; 362 [1] - 5:7 335:17 9 [3] - 63:6; 76:7; 100:15 37 [4] - 33:12; 47:12; 51:9; accessible [1] - 193:25 6 [11] - 100:2, 6; 102:4; 9.42 [1] - 346:11 60:7 accidentally [1] - 78:13 103:3; 137:12; 166:6; 90 [3] - 10:8; 99:14; 363:17 376 [1] - 1:16 accommodate [9] - 9:25; 169:22; 208:18; 346:14; 900 [1] - 99:12 38 [3] - 46:25; 65:5; 109:13 83:8, 19; 199:6; 211:4, 8; 356:11; 374:24 92 [2] - 3:15; 175:12 39 [1] - 282:25 212:5; 366:2, 11 6.3 [1] - 107:7 93 [1] - 3:18 390 [6] - 214:16, 22; 215:4, accommodated [1] - 13:23 6.5 [1] - 104:16 95 [1] - 175:13 10, 22; 366:8 accommodating [1] - 220:9 60 [4] - 101:7; 107:10; 214:2; 9:00 [2] - 7:8; 375:19 3:30 [1] - 227:17 accompanying [1] - 338:15 315:22 9th [1] - 35:1 3rd [1] - 12:21 accordance [3] - 42:14; 60,000 [1] - 328:11 55:24; 184:6 600 [1] - 260:9 4 A according [5] - 34:24; 170:8; 60s [1] - 309:4 174:4; 232:2; 359:7 62 [1] - 175:11 account [16] - 68:13; 135:7, a.m [1] - 7:8 4 [18] - 50:11; 51:8; 65:19; 64 [1] - 349:3 17; 170:19; 172:2; 183:8; AB0001-226 [1] - 344:11 99:23, 25; 100:5, 13; 65 [2] - 322:13; 374:12 199:17, 21; 201:9; 205:8; abbreviation [1] - 55:1 102:14; 131:7; 142:13, 18; 212:12; 312:14; 342:22; ability [13] - 62:1; 76:4; 83:7; 162:9; 170:4, 9; 175:12; 345:3, 16; 354:20 7 187:5; 239:22; 298:22; 218:11; 316:20 accountable [3] - 36:7, 17; 304:8, 21; 305:21; 324:14; 4,000 [1] - 49:15 163:7 7 [7] - 3:4; 7:14; 71:19; 102:2; 360:5; 376:11 4-37 [1] - 162:9 accounted [5] - 66:11; 112:4, 137:12; 363:16; 374:24 able [29] - 7:23; 12:9; 50:17; 4.2 [2] - 78:3; 133:1 13; 144:1; 341:11 7.6 [4] - 50:25; 57:3; 60:2; 87:7; 97:3; 101:8, 20, 25; 4.3 [2] - 65:10; 108:4 accounts [1] - 138:3 112:12 102:4; 103:24; 112:16; 4.5 [2] - 35:13; 37:24 accumulate [1] - 315:18 7.9 [1] - 104:16 182:4; 193:8; 198:21, 40 [10] - 17:19, 21; 31:7; accumulations [1] - 316:12 70 [5] - 101:7; 105:14; 24-25; 199:5; 201:11; 47:7; 54:23; 55:21; 68:15; accuracy [1] - 359:12 214:21; 215:1; 332:4 215:19; 227:3; 262:16; 79:20; 86:19; 266:17 accurate [2] - 111:16; 251:4 70-metre [1] - 71:22 263:1; 274:23; 281:15, 18; 400 [1] - 59:3 accurately [3] - 111:7; 700 [2] - 33:15; 341:3 302:18; 318:1; 357:18; 41 [3] - 37:12; 38:11; 54:7 158:19; 367:7 70s [2] - 82:20; 167:14 372:13 45 [4] - 55:21; 307:21; 322:2 accustomed [1] - 213:22 710 [1] - 260:12 Aboriginal [14] - 9:14, 23; 46 [2] - 46:19; 363:6 achieve [2] - 63:22; 299:20 75 [1] - 322:5 184:23, 25; 187:3, 8; 48-inch [2] - 325:21; 326:3 achieved [1] - 250:10 7:30 [4] - 306:15; 330:6; 188:23; 197:14; 218:13; acid [10] - 34:1; 93:15; 95:22; 331:7, 11 275:25; 276:3; 344:16; 5 345:9, 13 262:22; 267:24; 272:16; absence [2] - 253:21; 254:6 363:19; 364:4, 14 8 acidic [1] - 95:14 5 [20] - 19:17; 33:16; 99:25; absolute [1] - 211:7 acknowledge [1] - 7:17 102:6, 21; 103:3; 105:5; absolutely [7] - 76:20, 23; 8 [22] - 7:17; 10:3; 34:17; acknowledges [1] - 184:13 109:25; 131:7; 133:5; 144:17; 205:22; 228:22;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 3

acknowledging [1] - 138:12 293:23; 294:5; 298:5 aerial [1] - 196:8 Alces [2] - 335:2, 13 acknowledgment [1] - 96:2 addition [15] - 9:10; 23:2; affect [11] - 9:13; 184:20; alert [1] - 39:2 acquainting [1] - 144:20 49:10; 50:14; 51:22; 52:16; 185:12; 192:21; 196:1; alevin [1] - 247:6 acquired [3] - 44:7; 96:1; 106:17; 110:24; 112:19; 232:9; 233:9; 327:10-12; Alex [1] - 2:19 176:2 132:11; 141:19; 256:8; 342:2 align [1] - 283:13 acquisition [2] - 38:23; 43:15 364:18; 368:25; 372:21 affected [6] - 9:17; 23:7; aligned [3] - 157:3; 373:8, 10 acreage [1] - 260:15 additional [21] - 23:2, 5; 154:7; 234:14; 293:15; alignment [2] - 185:22; 194:4 acres [1] - 260:17 101:12, 17, 19; 108:7; 357:25 alkalinity [1] - 363:16 Acres [1] - 44:7 132:14; 153:20; 154:12, affects [2] - 178:18, 20 allow [5] - 8:2; 13:13; 193:1; Act [52] - 8:24; 16:5, 11, 18; 18; 160:8; 162:1; 185:4; afternoon [26] - 14:1, 3, 8; 217:5; 366:4 17:1; 24:11; 26:18, 24; 199:10; 211:14; 256:19, 34:7; 129:2; 149:24; allowed [5] - 12:14; 73:6; 27:13; 30:21; 53:8; 94:16; 21; 292:5; 293:24; 294:7 150:22; 151:9, 14-15; 145:2; 173:21; 215:15 156:21; 161:18; 162:21; address [14] - 27:14, 19; 152:1; 165:9, 13; 169:12; allowing [2] - 113:25; 365:11 184:10, 12; 185:14; 133:16; 138:25; 146:22; 183:1; 220:15; 229:5; alluded [2] - 138:17; 249:1 201:23; 202:9, 14, 16, 20, 225:13; 231:25; 275:3; 262:7; 307:8; 312:24; almost [8] - 38:19; 60:4; 22; 203:19; 204:5, 7, 24; 282:8, 16; 304:2; 356:5; 313:1; 362:12; 365:5; 63:22; 72:23; 74:13; 78:9; 205:20; 206:11, 14, 23; 367:22; 375:1 366:13; 371:24 243:8; 313:15 207:11; 209:18; 210:17; addressed [6] - 113:9; afternoon's [1] - 165:5 alone [1] - 261:6 129:23; 269:18; 270:5; 232:10; 233:7; 245:13, age [9] - 175:10-12; 278:20; ALSTON [2] - 236:9 275:8; 375:5 18-19; 247:5; 267:13; 366:19 Alston [4] - 4:19; 228:14; 268:12; 278:24; 342:19, addresses [2] - 115:4; 181:9 Age [1] - 70:25 230:1; 236:9 addressing [2] - 33:4; 34:21 25; 365:10 agencies [4] - 153:14; Alston's [1] - 230:4 adequate [3] - 136:24; act [2] - 232:3; 279:1 217:20; 245:17; 276:3 alter [1] - 288:25 236:22; 366:10 action [4] - 28:5; 39:16, 20; agency [4] - 25:6; 97:18; alteration [1] - 338:8 adequately [1] - 113:9 76:2 115:3; 224:1 altered [6] - 193:23; 337:23; actions [5] - 37:3; 157:21, adfluvial [2] - 349:18, 21 AGENCY [1] - 1:6 339:14; 340:3, 6; 351:23 adjacent [3] - 163:3; 190:23; 25; 270:14, 25 agenda [1] - 182:2 alternate [1] - 271:17 235:13 active [13] - 57:5, 24; 59:9; ages [2] - 354:12 alternative [5] - 146:10; 104:6, 22; 106:3; 111:13, adjourn [1] - 375:18 aggregate [1] - 52:19 191:16, 19; 305:12; 373:2 adjourned [3] - 149:15; 18; 163:11; 164:2; 168:10, aggregated [1] - 359:6 alternatives [3] - 146:8; 12; 200:9 331:9; 375:22 aggressive [1] - 295:10 291:19 [22] adjournment [1] - 149:16 activities - 36:10; 37:15, ago [8] - 21:18; 68:16; 70:1; Ambatovy [1] - 46:21 20, 22; 38:2; 107:23; adjudicate [1] - 23:9 79:3; 122:3; 173:10; 354:8 amended [1] - 333:13 121:8; 162:20; 163:1; adjudication [2] - 20:6, 18 agree [15] - 129:25; 211:18; amendment [1] - 211:18 188:3; 189:3; 190:16, 24; adjust [1] - 237:2 216:10; 248:22; 251:4, 21, amendments [2] - 202:5, 8 191:6, 12; 196:18; 200:17; adjusted [1] - 153:21 24; 253:15; 254:19; America [7] - 40:8; 57:17; 208:9; 212:11; 235:14; admonition [1] - 354:20 255:11; 256:24; 269:11; 104:12; 109:21; 134:6; 241:9; 321:7 adopted [4] - 47:20; 61:3; 287:22; 309:18 136:6 activity [23] - 65:4, 9; 67:2; 127:19; 128:9 agreed [8] - 68:2; 153:4; American [1] - 104:11 79:13; 95:5; 117:12; adult [4] - 244:5; 374:7, 11, 158:14, 19; 210:22; 318:6, amount [24] - 65:22; 72:20; 121:24; 122:12, 14; 23 10; 369:21 78:22; 79:1, 24; 89:15; 137:25; 140:13, 15; 141:5; advance [1] - 293:25 agreement [3] - 200:3; 91:2; 119:12; 121:23; 145:9, 18; 163:3; 187:10; advances [1] - 54:14 211:2; 218:4 148:2; 170:10, 25; 248:25; 233:23; 325:3; 342:3 advantages [1] - 49:11 ahead [9] - 143:16; 146:19, 253:4; 255:24; 256:1, 3, 6, actual [6] - 81:10; 92:3; adverse [19] - 9:20; 157:17; 25; 166:25; 223:9; 270:21; 10; 312:9; 316:4; 323:6, 97:20; 176:1; 177:6; 199:1 225:9; 335:5; 338:7, 11, 281:19; 330:16; 355:8 12; 325:13 Adam [2] - 4:8; 150:15 21; 341:12; 342:21; 343:3, air [3] - 127:14; 196:15; amounts [3] - 311:17; adapt [2] - 157:6; 176:7 8, 19; 349:12; 350:12; 264:6 323:24; 325:5 adaptation [1] - 301:6 351:4, 7; 360:3, 6 airborne [1] - 265:13 ample [3] - 51:2, 11; 320:4 adapted [2] - 161:1; 176:14 adversely [1] - 9:13 akin [2] - 118:17; 140:17 amplified [1] - 285:20 adaptive [3] - 159:2; 270:8; advice [9] - 21:24; 22:17; Al [2] - 3:9; 32:21 amuse [1] - 252:15 367:15 54:15; 56:6; 154:11; al [3] - 84:22; 88:17; 176:25 Amy [2] - 3:10; 32:22 add [14] - 63:16; 87:15; 232:12; 233:11; 245:6; AL [2] - 87:20; 88:8 AMY [6] - 214:10, 12, 24; 112:18; 170:16; 171:23; 307:7 alarming [1] - 263:21 215:6; 216:1; 221:12 199:8; 211:10; 257:14; advisability [1] - 281:7 alarms [1] - 39:1 anadromous [1] - 371:13 275:12; 280:22; 295:22; advise [8] - 6:13; 21:14; Alaska [1] - 1:24 analogy [4] - 115:22, 25; 309:12; 370:3 43:18; 273:8, 11; 375:5 Alberta [20] - 6:4; 47:1; 116:1, 22 added [4] - 33:7; 48:5; 54:9; advised [2] - 200:15; 268:20 76:21; 146:19; 147:24; analyses [5] - 55:9; 56:21; 101:18 advisors [2] - 51:24; 54:15 152:21, 24; 153:2, 4, 6; 60:13; 179:3; 311:22 Addison [7] - 5:3; 276:25; advisory [11] - 22:5, 12; 186:24; 224:12, 20; 260:2; Analysis [2] - 23:17; 368:25 277:11, 18; 280:23; 294:6; 29:2, 5; 43:17, 22; 52:22; 261:2; 263:15; 341:6; analysis [34] - 33:13; 54:6; 369:13 55:20; 154:9; 309:1 354:13; 376:5 55:5, 17, 22; 59:11; 61:22; ADDISON [4] - 280:22; Advisory [1] - 34:17 Albertan [1] - 147:15

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 4

62:4, 8; 66:12; 114:21; anticipated [1] - 62:20 197:9; 218:22; 251:25; 9; 103:23; 106:25; 118:16; 128:1; 135:10, 14; 146:9; anticipates [1] - 192:16 252:3, 14; 253:3, 10-11, 121:3; 126:2, 4; 132:16; 183:19; 187:23; 201:25; anticipating [4] - 141:8, 18, 17; 271:18; 276:3; 370:17; 137:19, 24; 143:9, 23; 232:9; 236:1; 250:10, 16, 24; 319:8 371:22 159:14; 163:12; 173:17; 19; 252:12; 253:12, 18; anticipation [1] - 217:11 appropriately [3] - 110:20; 180:4; 186:7; 190:18; 254:1; 258:24; 320:7; anyway [6] - 69:16; 116:24; 126:22; 127:12 192:14; 193:11, 25; 335:15; 337:25; 350:15; 131:23; 211:20; 297:16; approval [11] - 19:2, 6, 25; 199:23; 200:9; 251:1; 361:3; 368:23 309:6 185:14; 186:1; 196:10; 262:25; 263:3; 267:25; analytical [3] - 333:16; apart [1] - 99:7 197:11; 210:15; 212:24; 321:19; 327:17; 328:2, 9; 334:3; 341:14 apologies [3] - 109:8; 147:9; 218:18; 222:7 333:14; 346:10; 368:10 analyze [1] - 156:14 154:24 approvals [7] - 21:24; 27:1; argue [1] - 18:22 analyzed [2] - 61:20; 179:2 apologize [3] - 11:5; 80:4, 8 161:18, 21; 162:21; argument [2] - 173:23; 207:8 analyzing [1] - 123:8 appear [8] - 11:5; 94:25; 197:15, 25 arguments [1] - 319:22 anchoring [1] - 311:21 149:4; 201:9; 261:8; approve [1] - 19:23 arise [2] - 27:15, 17 ancient [2] - 59:7; 134:11 337:24; 342:14; 346:5 approved [2] - 222:10, 14 arose [1] - 362:22 ancillary [1] - 8:7 appearance [1] - 90:12 aquatic [20] - 7:12; 8:15; arrange [1] - 80:17 AND [2] - 1:4, 7 APPEARANCES [1] - 2:1 13:7; 149:25; 152:10; arranged [1] - 81:4 ANDREEFF [7] - 133:12, 18; appeared [1] - 369:9 153:18; 154:13; 155:16; arrangement [1] - 75:19 134:19; 136:16; 138:6; appearing [1] - 277:6 156:11; 262:14; 268:17; arrive [1] - 164:19 306:22; 307:3 appendices [4] - 155:13; 276:12; 287:17, 23; 288:9, Arrow [2] - 47:8, 13 Andreeff [7] - 73:2; 133:13; 358:18; 374:15 11, 16, 19, 24; 332:7 Arsenal [1] - 68:15 134:18; 136:14; 138:7; appendix [5] - 213:24; Aquatic [4] - 1:13; 4:10; 7:6; articles [1] - 317:3 306:18, 20 358:19, 25; 359:16; 366:19 150:18 artificially [1] - 300:11 anecdotal [1] - 208:1 Appendix [6] - 129:23; arbitrary [1] - 125:23 as-built [4] - 83:25; 84:2; ANGELA [2] - 277:3, 23 175:6; 176:7; 179:1; arch [2] - 57:1; 58:22 85:3; 87:3 Angela [3] - 5:2; 276:24; 363:14; 366:22 Arctic [5] - 160:14; 167:11, ascertain [1] - 207:18 277:4 Applicant [1] - 30:15 21; 168:3; 328:7 ASH [2] - 167:25; 172:20 Angeles [1] - 126:12 application [12] - 22:23; arctic [24] - 6:6; 157:11; Ash [2] - 4:9; 150:16 angle [4] - 70:18; 74:2; 23:9; 28:16; 185:13; 198:8; 180:19; 240:7; 253:17; aside [2] - 39:8; 333:2 119:4; 122:8 202:8; 207:18; 210:10; 254:4, 8, 15-16; 283:10; aspect [5] - 267:20; 268:7, angled [1] - 74:4 257:20; 259:2; 294:16; 284:23; 296:10; 300:5; 25; 269:18; 283:15 angler [2] - 291:13; 296:15 319:21 328:1; 336:15; 337:14; aspects [10] - 33:20; 36:8; angler's [1] - 291:15 applications [3] - 197:10; 348:18; 349:20; 356:17; 55:17; 113:2; 127:11; anglers [2] - 153:5; 294:25 198:10; 201:3 358:22; 359:1; 372:9 262:15; 267:17; 300:1, 4; angles [2] - 74:16; 123:4 applied [9] - 54:24; 127:22; ARD [14] - 93:16; 94:21; 311:9 animal [1] - 301:11 128:1; 137:19; 177:8; 95:4, 9-10, 16, 21, 23; asphalt [1] - 40:10 animals [1] - 246:13 202:2; 236:18; 251:19; 96:13, 15; 129:9, 15, 24; Assent [1] - 202:6 Annual [1] - 214:1 340:12 130:8 asserted [3] - 9:13, 22; 35:18 ARD-ML [13] - 93:16; 94:21; annual [8] - 27:22; 31:8, 13; applies [3] - 122:1; 178:16; assertion [1] - 172:14 95:4, 9-10, 16, 21, 23; 37:6; 43:23; 61:7, 16; 327:23 assess [9] - 135:15; 155:16; 366:22 apply [6] - 16:7; 202:23; 96:13, 15; 129:9, 24; 130:8 193:19; 197:7; 218:12; area [87] - 6:9; 56:25; 67:23; annually [7] - 27:8, 11, 23; 203:19; 204:11, 16; 339:23 222:19; 351:6, 12 79:2, 11; 93:15; 98:17; 84:15; 85:6; 366:24 applying [1] - 311:7 assessed [6] - 63:14; 110:20; 103:8; 105:11; 106:15; anomalous [2] - 44:10; appointed [1] - 8:19 153:19; 190:11; 191:11; 110:6, 21; 111:9, 12, 19; 135:24 appreciable [1] - 348:20 192:13 113:20; 117:4; 118:11, 14; answer [33] - 15:21; 16:1; appreciate [11] - 14:13; assesses [1] - 205:2 119:7, 9; 120:16, 23; 81:21; 82:16; 85:14; 87:12; 65:21; 170:20; 183:6; assessing [3] - 122:24; 121:2; 126:5, 14; 127:6, 128:21; 129:12; 165:12; 198:12, 19; 201:15; 126:23; 210:15 13; 132:10; 136:19; 137:5; 172:9; 181:4, 18; 203:23; 231:14; 273:6; 358:18; assessment [63] - 8:20; 145:19; 148:3; 162:5, 10, 204:3; 205:18; 222:9; 364:8 20:17; 48:14; 51:20; 63:7; 13, 16, 18; 163:16, 20; 225:24; 228:2; 231:12; appreciates [1] - 161:11 64:5; 83:6; 94:11; 97:1, 15; 164:6; 171:12; 173:13; 237:2; 250:17; 261:12; appreciation [1] - 77:7 113:8; 114:23; 135:7, 10; 174:20; 187:11; 208:2, 8; 262:16; 263:1; 264:11; approach [20] - 55:25; 151:21; 152:19; 154:12; 223:5; 224:7; 243:21; 271:3; 274:23; 299:14; 110:18; 114:22; 126:19; 155:7, 18; 156:24; 158:19; 256:2; 260:17; 265:2; 314:21; 372:15 155:16, 20-21; 156:9, 15, 159:5; 164:17; 170:16, 19; 271:6; 297:11; 313:23; answered [3] - 89:1; 231:7; 23; 158:4; 304:10; 344:14; 172:2; 199:14; 209:17; 320:4, 6; 322:4; 324:10; 366:15 345:2; 357:2, 13-14, 19; 257:17; 258:7; 275:23; 325:7-9; 326:23; 333:22; answering [1] - 230:21 358:2; 373:8 291:12; 292:16; 309:20; 334:14, 16; 335:5; 337:19; answers [4] - 74:9; 145:1; approaches [3] - 154:13; 331:21; 332:16; 333:21; 338:3; 341:7; 346:1, 3, 12, 263:4; 266:8 156:19; 332:10 334:6, 14, 16; 337:18; 15; 350:22; 351:2; 367:8; anticipate [5] - 141:5; approaching [1] - 219:6 341:7, 18; 344:4, 6, 14; 368:8; 370:8, 11-12, 14 166:14; 201:3; 223:8; appropriate [18] - 12:6; 345:3, 15; 353:12; 354:1, areas [39] - 52:2; 83:11; 95:4, 243:22 39:15; 181:12; 189:11, 14; 20; 356:13, 24; 357:11, 15,

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 5

20; 358:4; 366:14; 367:6, attending [1] - 277:9 202:1; 212:10; 280:3, 15; 18; 270:19; 274:18; 8; 369:21; 370:18; 374:1 attention [2] - 246:16; 300:7; 308:21 308:11; 342:10; 344:21; Assessment [21] - 8:24; 247:10 awareness [1] - 280:19 367:7; 372:3 10:7; 20:5; 22:21; 30:6; attenuation [2] - 86:24; awful [1] - 246:15 basic [2] - 104:5; 363:15 55:2; 76:10; 93:8; 94:15; 95:18 axillary [1] - 49:9 Basin [2] - 65:5; 109:9 165:1; 182:16; 184:9; attract [1] - 304:16 axis [1] - 214:25 basin [8] - 47:9; 49:24; 198:7; 210:17; 232:13; attractant [1] - 288:19 50:13; 75:9, 11; 76:1; 246:12; 262:9; 342:19; attractants [2] - 302:23 B 176:8; 296:1 344:17; 373:11 attracting [1] - 302:22 basis [11] - 56:18; 103:9; ASSESSMENT [2] - 1:6, 8 attributed [2] - 65:7, 11 143:6; 164:22; 198:5; b) [1] - 361:24 assessments [3] - 98:9; attributes [3] - 116:3, 13; 205:21; 207:17; 209:21; B-a-c-c-a-n-t-e [1] - 277:15 258:20; 332:9 117:12 270:23; 275:6; 308:15 B-o-n-a-m-i-s [1] - 236:10 assigned [2] - 38:3; 342:2 audience [7] - 87:25; 93:22; bathtub [1] - 50:6 B-r-a-d-f-o-r-d [1] - 237:24 assist [4] - 7:23; 21:14; 95:8; 114:1; 138:9; 229:8; bathymetric [1] - 256:17 Baccante [6] - 5:3; 277:1, 14; 42:19; 153:4 249:23 BC [287] - 1:4; 2:9; 3:7, 294:22; 303:13, 15 assistance [3] - 230:21; audio [1] - 8:1 11-12; 4:1, 10; 5:7; 7:13; BACCANTE [17] - 278:10; 248:3; 332:15 Audio [1] - 2:18 8:5, 14, 19, 25; 10:6; 279:10; 280:3, 6, 13; assisting [1] - 277:6 audio-visual [1] - 8:1 12:25; 15:7; 16:15; 17:5, 281:9, 23; 295:2, 16; associated [33] - 17:9; 55:6; AUDIO/SOUND [1] - 2:17 15, 22; 18:8, 19; 19:10, 12, 297:12; 298:2, 14, 25; 95:14; 108:19, 23; 109:4, audit [2] - 28:1; 32:2 14; 22:11, 20; 23:3; 28:20; 300:8; 302:8, 16; 303:14 11, 19, 23; 110:1; 130:19; Australia [2] - 45:1; 134:6 29:12, 18; 31:8, 15, 20; Bacchante [6] - 309:11; 134:11; 136:5; 152:16; author [1] - 13:15 32:16, 25; 33:14, 17; 312:5; 313:11; 369:24; 34:12; 35:18, 22; 36:6, 9, 155:25; 161:16; 162:23; authoritative [1] - 103:13 163:5; 164:1; 184:4; 370:2, 19 19, 22; 37:9, 12, 16; 38:11, authorities [1] - 147:7 190:20; 194:3; 212:22; BACCHANTE [7] - 303:22; 16; 43:17; 44:15, 18; AUTHORITY [1] - 1:4 220:25; 225:4; 226:13; 309:17, 24; 314:24; 45:24; 46:1, 3; 53:3, 15, authority [5] - 30:22; 94:10, 317:22; 318:14; 319:2 19; 54:5, 7, 16; 57:8; 58:5; 238:2; 255:6; 256:9; 13; 184:8; 185:9 257:12; 270:16; 280:17; Bacchante's [1] - 369:13 61:12; 62:4, 12; 65:1; authorization [4] - 245:12; 338:12 background [1] - 114:5 67:18; 70:2; 76:17, 24; 279:1; 365:9, 14 association [2] - 114:8; backwaters [2] - 159:15, 20 81:2, 5-6, 19; 83:24; 84:11; authorizations [7] - 25:21; 120:5 bacteria [2] - 246:22; 285:23 85:20; 91:3; 101:5, 14-15, 198:6, 16; 245:19; 280:23; bad [2] - 295:12; 317:4 18, 24; 109:6; 117:19; Association [17] - 24:24; 354:1; 367:21 25:4; 34:18; 35:23, 25; baker [2] - 266:22; 274:22 119:13; 123:25; 125:3; authorize [3] - 16:19; 26:3, 45:17; 47:15, 21; 60:24; Baker [2] - 371:2; 372:13 127:17; 132:4, 9-10; 14 61:6; 196:11; 204:13; Balambano [1] - 47:8 134:23; 140:20; 143:13; authorized [1] - 16:17 306:18; 332:14, 19; 372:19 balance [4] - 50:16; 218:2, 144:13; 145:8; 146:14; authorizes [1] - 26:8 Association's [1] - 84:21 24; 305:16 149:6, 25; 150:2, 18; authors [2] - 13:24; 47:15 assume [3] - 92:8; 307:24; bald [1] - 275:20 151:20; 152:3; 153:3, 8, automatic [2] - 38:23; 43:15 357:16 Baldonnel [1] - 79:20 15, 17, 21; 154:11; 156:8; auxiliary [1] - 50:6 assumed [2] - 181:19; Ballroom [2] - 1:23; 7:2 157:23; 158:5; 160:19; availability [2] - 13:25; 14:10 222:10 balls [1] - 196:15 161:11, 19; 162:6, 10, 22; available [28] - 10:9; 11:23; assumes [2] - 59:16; 374:20 bank [5] - 48:5; 72:4; 84:18; 163:7, 10, 15, 19; 164:15; 13:15; 14:1; 33:24; 34:5; assuming [2] - 237:7, 20 163:17; 283:15 167:10; 170:5; 171:14; 164:21; 184:18; 198:7; assumption [3] - 306:16; Barbour [1] - 2:19 174:16, 21; 175:24; 177:9, 199:23; 220:18; 251:9; 310:10; 315:8 barrels [2] - 130:5, 7 19; 179:10; 183:10; 252:9; 254:3; 255:4, 25; assumptions [3] - 83:10; Barrett [1] - 160:12 184:22; 185:2, 4, 15; 256:3, 7; 257:19; 258:23; 186:14, 19; 188:11, 16; 199:22; 316:11 base [1] - 156:24 259:21; 271:15; 275:5; 189:2, 7, 9, 16-17, 21, assurances [1] - 270:16 based [43] - 19:25; 20:9; 309:10; 313:19; 318:3; 24-25; 190:11, 14-15, 22, assure [4] - 10:18; 36:10; 333:9; 365:24 25:22; 34:16; 43:12; 54:17; 227:3 63:11; 65:4; 83:23; 103:18; 25; 191:1, 5, 11, 22, 24; average [6] - 18:8; 34:25; 192:3, 6, 10, 13; 193:6; assured [1] - 270:21 117:11, 17; 154:17; 335:9; 342:8; 360:25; 194:9; 195:2, 7, 11, 21; asymptomatically [1] - 71:25 156:19; 157:1, 23; 164:17; 374:12 196:7, 23; 197:10, 13, 15; AT [1] - 1:11 179:25; 186:14; 192:21; avoid [5] - 9:19; 11:16; 198:9; 201:21; 203:8; at-home [1] - 115:23 194:22; 199:24; 208:5; 126:15; 199:15; 229:18 210:2, 18, 22; 211:5; atmosphere [1] - 263:17 209:23; 239:18; 240:12; AVW [1] - 2:18 213:8, 22; 217:17, 19; atmospheric [1] - 264:5 245:9; 253:22, 25; 263:2; AVW-TELAV [1] - 2:18 218:6, 15; 220:1; 224:6; Attachie [1] - 82:25 267:1, 4; 281:14; 287:8; await [2] - 23:4; 222:14 225:2, 8, 25; 226:15; attempt [2] - 207:18; 333:12 332:5; 334:16; 338:6; awaiting [1] - 28:18 232:1, 18; 233:17; 236:12; attempting [2] - 218:2, 24 361:12, 15; 366:7; 372:8; aware [19] - 16:9; 18:4, 11; 237:6; 244:3; 250:9, 16; attend [1] - 29:4 373:6 65:3, 13; 66:23; 67:4; 252:1; 253:12; 254:20; baseline [16] - 153:10; attendance [2] - 229:8; 128:3; 146:14; 188:11; 154:22; 155:8; 156:15; 255:8; 258:21; 260:11, 18; 274:22 190:25; 191:22; 195:2; 263:15; 266:12; 269:19; attended [2] - 29:4; 56:1 158:16, 20; 180:7; 259:14,

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 6

270:1, 5; 272:3; 282:13, behind [6] - 124:22; 149:22; 208:24; 209:2; 216:23; 17, 22; 226:3; 324:16; 25; 283:1, 14; 303:16, 18, 168:15; 230:8; 236:6; 263:4; 339:20; 352:5 365:17, 22; 366:11 24; 306:12; 328:10, 15, 21; 249:6 BGC [1] - 51:21 boaters [3] - 164:13, 19; 329:23; 331:21; 334:5, 9, belief [2] - 183:12; 249:15 big [6] - 78:7; 282:16; 200:19 20; 335:3, 14; 337:22; believes [2] - 194:13; 250:15 316:21, 25; 320:16; 322:20 boating [7] - 139:22; 186:12, 338:6; 339:11, 18, 22; belongs [1] - 354:4 bigger [1] - 65:25 14; 193:23; 194:2; 197:14; 340:1, 17; 341:20; 342:16; below [15] - 40:14; 71:16, 18; biggest [1] - 310:10 217:12 343:13, 23; 344:10, 12, 18, 86:21; 171:12; 176:10; bill [1] - 202:7 boats [7] - 163:22; 186:17; 25; 345:10; 346:21; 348:6, 216:22; 224:9; 292:14; bioaccumulates [1] - 316:23 208:12; 223:14; 324:13, 9; 349:8; 350:4, 17; 351:6, 301:2; 368:3, 8, 12, 20 bioaccumulation [6] - 6:11; 18; 366:4 12, 16; 352:8; 356:16; belt [1] - 243:9 263:20; 264:1, 23; 265:6, BOBROWSKY [6] - 94:8; 360:11, 20; 362:9, 17; belted [1] - 275:20 24 113:23; 139:25; 140:3; 364:2, 12, 24; 365:16; benches [1] - 353:24 biodiversity [2] - 157:2; 142:1; 144:15 368:3, 8, 22; 369:7, 21; benching [1] - 124:12 373:7 Bobrowsky [12] - 3:17, 19; 370:16; 372:23; 373:5, 9; benchmark [3] - 40:18; 41:8; biological [2] - 6:15; 273:12 92:19, 24; 94:7; 113:17, 375:7 199:19 biologically [2] - 272:20, 23 22; 139:10, 24; 142:2; Bear [1] - 141:20 benchmarks [1] - 42:10 biologist [5] - 229:24; 230:2, 144:14; 365:2 bearing [8] - 86:16; 95:11; bend [1] - 70:18 9; 299:1; 332:2 bodies [15] - 185:12; 203:8; 234:3, 17, 20, 23; 235:10; beneficial [1] - 183:13 biologists [1] - 310:22 204:2; 233:21; 234:2, 10, 237:12 benefit [4] - 82:19; 95:7; biomass [47] - 156:5; 157:3; 16, 20; 235:8, 11-12, 16, beasts [1] - 240:18 157:7; 164:3 159:7; 176:21; 179:13; 23; 236:13; 315:7 Beatton [3] - 154:21; 335:2; benefits [5] - 146:20; 147:1; 180:18; 237:18; 238:6; body [11] - 86:11, 13; 87:1; 336:13 148:10, 13, 18 247:19; 287:21; 309:9; 116:18, 22; 184:17, 21; BEAUDET [50] - 69:9; Bennett [32] - 34:22; 35:17; 310:22; 319:17; 320:10; 209:8; 234:8; 235:22; 128:18; 129:1; 146:7; 39:19, 24; 40:4; 41:10; 328:16; 342:9; 347:21; 241:3 165:18; 166:21; 181:1, 8, 43:9, 12, 14; 44:12; 57:14; 348:4, 7, 9, 24; 349:3, 5; bold [1] - 282:20 21; 201:19; 202:24; 63:4, 7, 13, 25; 70:2; 350:21; 351:1; 358:16; bomb [1] - 68:10 203:24; 210:18; 211:17; 76:25; 81:8; 88:11, 25; 359:13; 367:9; 368:5, 12; Bonamis [6] - 4:19; 228:14; 212:6, 23; 213:18, 23; 90:17; 107:17; 160:16; 369:2, 21-22; 370:5, 10, 230:1; 236:9; 244:24; 214:11, 14; 215:3, 7; 174:23; 176:2; 177:7, 11; 12, 14-15, 18; 373:7, 22; 245:1 216:6, 25; 218:3; 219:1; 178:8; 308:19; 309:3; 374:17 BONAMIS [1] - 236:9 224:5, 17; 231:24; 233:2, 317:16; 363:4 bioremediation [1] - 145:25 bookends [1] - 46:12 8, 12, 15; 234:22; 235:1, 4, benthic [1] - 265:17 BioSonics [1] - 178:6 boom [8] - 140:1; 188:9; 18; 236:23; 266:1; 267:11; Berger [1] - 46:1 bird [1] - 266:5 191:16, 18, 24-25; 218:14, 268:6, 19, 24; 269:17; best [22] - 25:14, 16, 18; birth [1] - 317:3 16 271:2, 24; 272:11; 299:25; 28:11; 45:17; 48:11, 17; bit [35] - 15:2, 8; 16:5; 17:14; booms [7] - 185:18; 191:10, 359:23; 361:25 64:17; 115:20; 122:22; 18:24; 19:5, 21; 22:18; 13; 201:1, 8; 218:4; 366:3 Beaudet [6] - 2:3; 7:20; 69:8; 128:9; 141:1; 149:5; 25:20; 28:15; 30:20, 23; Boon [4] - 139:8; 140:2 201:18; 224:3; 366:5 212:16, 19; 231:7, 12, 15; 31:16; 45:13; 56:5; 66:14; BOON [2] - 139:9; 141:15 Beaudet's [1] - 198:12 251:18; 255:21; 312:16; 70:21; 79:12; 86:24; 89:11; border [5] - 6:4; 224:13, 21; Becker [1] - 40:12 376:11 99:19; 132:3; 133:20; 260:1, 4 become [10] - 121:1; 134:7; bet [2] - 78:23; 141:4 165:9; 168:5; 209:16; bottom [12] - 50:12; 75:25; 172:18; 174:17; 237:9; betray [1] - 238:10 214:4; 223:25; 234:6, 13; 116:20; 118:20; 119:23; 249:13; 260:14; 302:5, 14; better [13] - 31:20; 60:12; 251:15; 252:15; 269:9; 125:10, 14, 16; 247:20; 325:19 188:21; 198:3; 199:19; 280:22; 293:7 311:24; 321:24; 322:3 becoming [2] - 106:1; 256:4 210:7; 265:19; 287:23; black [1] - 42:5 boundaries [7] - 99:5, 15; bedding [1] - 73:11 288:6, 8; 291:10, 17; blanks [1] - 15:12 134:14; 152:19; 162:14; bedrock [6] - 42:7; 71:1; 353:15 block [3] - 191:18, 20; 201:14 73:5; 118:16; 121:7; Bettina [2] - 4:3; 150:5 217:18 boundary [8] - 99:12; 104:6, 127:12 BETTINA [1] - 361:8 blocked [2] - 173:21; 193:1 22; 106:4; 133:21; 134:2; began [2] - 21:18; 362:13 between [21] - 63:22; 75:7; blocking [1] - 118:3 162:15; 293:11 begin [5] - 21:16; 115:1; 84:22; 98:25; 99:3; 133:20; blue [7] - 38:16; 41:16; 42:2; brackets [1] - 282:20 155:4; 306:10; 334:10 160:19; 175:20; 189:15; 215:13; 295:20 Brad [7] - 4:18; 181:16; beginning [3] - 107:24; 210:14; 221:22; 240:16; Blueberry [1] - 321:10 228:12, 19; 229:10; 245:7; 218:6; 327:1 249:18; 257:6; 266:14; Board [1] - 36:22 257:15 begins [5] - 20:19; 155:23; 278:13; 283:6; 289:6; board [9] - 22:12; 29:2, 5; BRAD [15] - 181:15, 24; 163:4; 166:6; 190:24 315:7; 374:18 36:23; 43:17, 22; 52:22; 228:19; 229:4; 232:11; behalf [6] - 95:6; 277:7, 9; Beverton [6] - 251:11, 20; 53:4; 55:20 233:5, 10, 13; 236:8; 330:22; 362:11; 372:18 252:3, 14, 25; 253:20 boards [1] - 22:5 245:7; 246:5; 247:4, 12; behave [3] - 43:1, 21; 44:2 Beverton-Holt [6] - 251:11, boat [22] - 185:23; 187:6, 10; 257:14; 258:19 behaviour [9] - 11:7; 13:13; 20; 252:3, 14, 25; 253:20 189:10, 12; 192:24; Bradford [6] - 4:20; 228:16; 39:14; 44:10; 61:1; 177:25; beyond [11] - 86:1; 117:6; 193:22; 206:6; 208:4, 9; 230:4; 237:23; 358:8; 213:7; 304:7; 334:22 137:1; 140:10; 141:7; 215:19; 216:25; 217:4, 9, 369:20

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 7

BRADFORD [21] - 237:23; 137:3; 146:24; 246:7; C Canadian [28] - 8:24; 24:23; 239:2; 240:11; 241:15, 19, 307:15 25:4; 33:18; 35:23, 25; 24; 242:8, 11; 243:5, 24; brown [2] - 59:2; 252:12 44:8; 45:16; 47:20; 60:24; 244:12, 16; 250:18; 251:8, Brule [2] - 325:17, 20 C-a-m-e-r-o-n [2] - 147:14; 61:5; 76:9, 16; 79:17; 23; 252:7; 253:18; 254:9, buff [1] - 42:1 273:19 84:20; 94:15; 98:6; 103:12; 24; 256:15; 257:4 buffer [1] - 235:13 C-a-s-s-i-d-y [1] - 94:4 104:7; 184:9; 196:11; branch [3] - 182:14; 230:5, buffered [1] - 363:18 C-o-u-l-s-o-n [1] - 93:7 204:13; 210:17; 231:2; 14 buffering [1] - 363:13 C-u-l-l-i-n-g [2] - 82:2; 342:19 Branch [1] - 15:15 bugged [1] - 246:12 138:11 cancelled [1] - 87:11 Brazil [1] - 53:1 build [7] - 26:7; 163:16; C45 [1] - 202:7 cannot [6] - 9:21, 25; 11:2; break [9] - 77:14; 149:11; 213:16; 217:2; 253:21; cables [1] - 196:8 22:21; 92:2; 293:3 169:23; 219:23; 227:10, 284:11; 355:9 Cache [2] - 194:7; 195:13 canoe [4] - 208:16, 24; 17, 20; 306:15; 331:10 build-up [1] - 213:16 calcium [1] - 363:17 324:15, 17 break) [1] - 77:18 building [6] - 61:13; 189:10; calculations [1] - 253:22 canoeing [1] - 186:13 breaking [1] - 193:13 204:13, 16; 309:3 calibrated [2] - 311:4, 7 Canyon [21] - 49:23; 57:14; BRENT [16] - 151:25; 155:3; Building [3] - 56:10; 105:21; CAMERON [5] - 147:13; 63:4; 64:5; 77:1, 5; 107:18; 160:2; 168:12, 17, 23; 111:2 148:9, 23; 149:9; 273:18 159:13; 160:17; 168:20; 169:5; 170:15; 171:23; buildings [2] - 61:14; 103:1 Cameron [4] - 147:13; 148:8; 172:22; 174:23; 176:17; 172:6; 175:2; 234:18, 25; builds [1] - 124:22 273:17 177:11; 196:7; 242:3, 18; 235:2, 6; 303:25 built [22] - 7:14; 19:12; 24:6; camp [1] - 325:9 310:14; 313:22; 362:25; Brent [4] - 4:8; 150:14; 25:10; 26:21; 30:15; 35:6; Canada [147] - 3:15; 4:11, 14, 368:9 151:19; 152:1 46:14; 70:2; 76:16; 83:25; 16, 23; 6:13; 8:18; 18:4; capabilities [1] - 139:23 Brian [6] - 2:5, 7; 4:19; 84:2; 85:3; 87:3; 156:24; 35:24; 42:18; 51:17; 53:1; capacity [7] - 21:6; 45:8; 228:13; 229:23; 261:10 192:25; 282:12; 284:25; 56:3, 10; 58:16; 62:8; 49:12; 91:19; 253:5; BRIAN [1] - 261:10 308:19; 354:21 79:18; 92:18, 21; 93:9; 363:13 bridge [10] - 194:5, 13; bulk [1] - 319:21 94:5, 9; 97:13, 17, 25; capital [3] - 35:10, 14 195:10; 196:4, 6; 208:4; bull [51] - 157:11; 160:23; 100:18, 20, 23; 103:15; capture [9] - 25:13; 154:22; 210:25; 211:3; 216:13, 15 161:5; 240:8, 14-15, 21, 104:3, 13-14, 19; 105:2, 286:9, 16; 292:19; 298:10; bridges [13] - 185:18, 20-21; 25; 243:16; 244:12, 14; 22; 111:3; 115:2; 120:19; 304:16; 305:12; 334:21 188:7; 194:7, 10; 195:13, 252:11; 254:3; 283:4; 125:16, 19, 21; 126:1, 9; captured [4] - 234:21; 302:6, 16, 23, 25; 213:3, 10 287:7; 290:1, 4, 18; 295:3, 128:10; 129:2, 16; 131:2; 15; 303:21 Bridget [1] - 2:10 6; 296:1, 5, 7; 298:6; 132:8, 23; 133:24; 135:4; captures [1] - 371:4 brief [12] - 15:18; 77:18; 299:19; 301:11; 312:4; 136:3, 11; 137:8; 144:11; capturing [1] - 142:24 93:10; 96:22; 123:24; 313:17, 23; 315:25; 145:23; 151:24; 161:14, carbon [1] - 146:10 165:23; 167:5; 201:22; 327:10, 25; 337:15; 20; 162:3; 163:19; 164:5, carbonate [1] - 363:17 221:8; 229:22; 266:11; 349:21; 356:18; 358:22; 11, 25; 165:20; 167:5; cards [2] - 118:12 301:18 359:2; 371:4, 6, 14, 24; 180:24; 181:17; 182:7, 25; care [2] - 177:22; 250:17 briefly [4] - 114:7, 17; 372:4, 7; 373:19, 21; 183:9; 184:1, 4, 8, 13-14, careful [2] - 80:5; 314:17 117:23; 197:24 374:4, 11, 17, 23 17; 185:1, 10; 187:1, 3, 15, carefully [2] - 118:4; 245:23 18; 188:1, 11, 15, 21, 25; brighter [1] - 125:24 Bull [1] - 101:2 caribou [1] - 320:5 189:9, 16; 190:13, 25; Brilliant [2] - 47:8, 13 bullet [2] - 56:12; 235:7 CARMEN [2] - 179:7; 180:9 191:22; 192:23; 193:18; bring [3] - 198:22; 201:4; bulletins [2] - 25:8; 45:19 Carmen [2] - 179:8, 21 194:1, 13, 23; 195:2, 11, 229:15 Bullmoose [1] - 325:2 carriage [1] - 41:20 15; 196:14; 197:9, 13; BRITISH [2] - 1:3, 8 bunch [7] - 299:13, 15; carried [8] - 48:1; 54:6, 12; 198:20; 201:21; 203:10; British [29] - 1:25; 7:3; 14:18; 302:21; 313:4; 316:16; 62:4; 83:18; 85:16; 87:2; 204:19; 205:2, 4; 209:25; 15:16, 19; 16:7, 10; 17:2; 317:2 144:3 212:23; 215:17, 20; 217:3, 18:2, 17; 34:24; 47:16; buoyancy [1] - 193:7 carries [1] - 91:1 24; 219:11; 220:1; 222:4, 58:14; 66:20; 67:12; 76:11; burbot [1] - 358:24 carry [2] - 13:3; 149:23 9, 23; 223:2, 22; 225:2, 8; 101:1; 104:7; 107:15, 20; Bureau [1] - 52:7 carrying [2] - 62:12; 170:25 229:13; 261:20; 263:5, 24; 109:6; 147:21; 239:20; burning [1] - 263:16 cartoon [2] - 98:16; 119:9 266:7; 267:14; 269:14, 20; 248:12; 277:5; 312:17; burst [1] - 309:5 cartoons [2] - 117:3, 24 272:1, 15; 273:8, 15; 355:23; 362:15; 376:4 business [5] - 17:23; 36:14; cascading [1] - 76:8 281:3; 363:13; 364:2; broad [6] - 148:15; 156:24; 44:25; 72:12; 207:7 365:6, 20; 376:5 case [33] - 12:11; 32:9; 297:17; 298:6; 302:17; buttress [7] - 48:10; 72:18; 68:17; 81:2; 92:16; 119:3; CANADA [2] - 1:6; 262:3 319:14 73:16; 74:3-5, 7 121:21; 122:23; 125:10; Canada's [29] - 97:18; 105:6; broad-scale [1] - 297:17 buttresses [1] - 124:13 143:6; 170:13; 205:9, 20; 161:11; 162:23; 165:23; broader [2] - 293:16; 357:16 buy [1] - 324:17 207:4, 17, 20; 208:3, 23; 182:14; 183:12, 16; 185:3, broke [1] - 41:2 BY [1] - 1:3 209:1, 5, 13; 211:16; 9; 187:21, 23; 189:5, 23; broken [1] - 39:20 by-product [1] - 296:16 218:19; 250:25; 252:21; 191:3; 192:5; 193:11; brook [1] - 252:12 267:16; 268:12; 303:2; 194:11; 195:5, 20; 196:9, brother [1] - 328:19 320:24; 342:13; 362:4 21; 197:6; 211:6; 262:10, brought [10] - 40:13; 42:18; case-by-case [2] - 143:6; 19, 25; 265:20; 365:13 52:1; 55:16; 74:1; 136:22; 207:17

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 8

cases [6] - 60:12; 106:25; certify [1] - 376:5 274:6; 275:11; 276:13; CHARLES [11] - 88:22; 124:4; 270:22; 280:24; cetera [11] - 52:20; 115:20; 277:22, 24; 281:22; 294:3; 89:12; 90:17; 91:13; 92:1, 357:3 124:13; 142:19; 144:23, 301:15; 306:5, 9; 307:2, 4, 5, 13; 144:8; 145:1, 4, 7 Cassidy [24] - 3:17; 92:18, 25; 234:10; 235:12, 25; 9, 12; 308:1, 4, 7, 17; Charles [2] - 88:22; 144:8 23; 94:3; 96:23; 113:16; 278:5; 360:23 309:2, 16, 23; 310:19; Charlotte [1] - 58:17 130:17; 131:2; 132:2, 7, chain [8] - 239:24; 246:17, 312:19, 22; 314:21; 316:8; chart [2] - 36:5, 12 22; 133:15, 19, 23; 134:21; 20; 247:2, 21; 263:19; 317:6, 17; 318:4, 9, 12, 15, Charter [1] - 9:16 135:2; 136:2, 10, 18; 285:24; 311:25 21, 24; 319:10; 329:11, 17; check [5] - 28:2; 38:8; 137:1, 6-7; 365:1 Chair [48] - 12:2; 14:6; 33:1; 330:1, 6, 13, 16, 18; 331:6, 124:21; 168:4; 272:24 CASSIDY [9] - 97:2; 131:1; 69:9; 77:10; 87:20; 90:11; 13; 353:5, 18, 23; 354:4, 6, checked [1] - 149:19 132:7, 22; 133:23; 135:3, 91:7; 113:24; 128:18; 11, 18; 355:22; 356:1, 7; checking [2] - 39:13; 78:17 25; 136:10; 137:7 130:16; 133:17-19; 134:19; 359:8; 362:2, 6; 375:15 checks [2] - 27:1; 206:10 cat [2] - 115:23, 25 136:17; 138:6; 139:2, 9; Chairman [24] - 2:3; 3:4; chemicals [1] - 109:2 Catalogue [2] - 98:7; 103:13 150:19; 172:12; 181:13; 7:10; 15:1; 93:2; 143:12; Chetwynd's [1] - 326:16 167:9; 171:13; 173:8; catch [10] - 170:23; 171:3; 183:1; 190:6; 197:23; CHIEF [13] - 167:9; 173:8; 172:15; 242:2; 281:8; 201:19; 207:14; 208:21; 174:15; 175:24; 177:5, 17; 174:2; 318:22; 319:6, 12; 295:11; 320:16, 18; 329:2 209:21; 213:1; 222:8; 221:6; 224:25; 227:15; 329:16, 21; 330:5, 8, 15, catchability [1] - 351:4 223:1; 226:24; 228:19; 229:14; 231:9, 20, 24; 17, 19 250:3, 8; 259:24; 301:19 categories [3] - 122:10; 229:5; 236:24; 265:9; chief [2] - 33:14; 44:6 challenges [1] - 95:24 125:22; 142:11 274:7; 277:18; 303:25; Chief [10] - 5:4; 167:8; 173:7; categorized [2] - 248:11; 306:23; 307:6; 317:22; chance [6] - 13:11; 14:4; 298:12; 306:13; 318:21; 338:13 319:6; 359:23; 362:10 142:4; 165:10; 244:7; 319:4; 329:11, 13; 371:23 269:10 category [6] - 142:12, 16, 18, chair [3] - 84:10; 206:13; Chiefs [2] - 93:3; 229:6 310:25 change [28] - 6:13; 35:11; 20; 276:10 chimneys [2] - 102:25; cats [1] - 115:23 Chair's [1] - 363:11 39:17; 158:15; 160:6; 105:18 165:8; 193:21; 201:24; caught [8] - 167:13, 16; CHAIRMAN [216] - 7:11; choice [5] - 252:2; 253:11; 168:8; 173:24; 288:21; 14:3, 12, 15; 16:21; 29:21; 203:18; 209:3; 220:16; 266:7; 275:14; 307:8 233:11; 237:19; 238:23; 322:13, 24; 328:5 30:24; 32:6, 13; 62:16; choices [3] - 291:22; 294:14; 239:22; 247:17; 251:6; caused [3] - 105:18; 156:17; 68:6; 69:7; 77:12, 20; 79:5, 301:1 21; 80:2, 14, 24; 81:12; 255:18; 272:18; 273:9, 11; 275:7 chosen [1] - 275:22 82:1; 84:6, 9; 85:9, 12; 287:21; 290:14, 25; causes [9] - 74:12; 97:9, 11; Chris [5] - 5:3; 276:25; 300:17; 301:6; 374:16 99:9; 114:11; 122:9, 11; 87:15; 88:4, 9, 20; 89:5, 277:11; 280:23; 294:5 21; 90:16; 91:6, 12, 21; changed [5] - 66:5; 208:11; 253:7; 324:7 CHRIS [4] - 280:22; 293:23; 92:14; 128:16; 129:7, 19; 232:12; 256:2; 281:5 causing [1] - 50:19 294:5; 298:5 130:11, 14; 132:18; 133:7, changes [36] - 27:16; 39:14; cautious [2] - 270:13; 274:10 Christmas [3] - 13:9; 145:7 16; 134:18; 135:2, 20; 84:16; 85:8; 86:7, 15; CEAA [5] - 342:15, 18; chum [2] - 252:9; 320:17 136:8, 14; 137:6; 138:7, 87:13; 140:19; 152:13, 16, 343:18; 344:1; 360:1 chunk [1] - 327:3 25; 139:6, 24; 140:2; 18; 155:11; 156:3; 158:22; CEAR [1] - 94:19 Churchill [1] - 274:4 141:14; 143:10; 144:5, 14; 171:24; 202:1; 232:4, Celesa [2] - 4:4; 150:6 chute [1] - 73:9 145:3, 6, 13, 15, 21; 146:4; 10-11, 15; 233:6; 247:18; cell [1] - 12:12 circle [2] - 58:11, 25 147:10; 148:8, 15; 149:3, 251:22; 255:2; 265:14; centigrade [1] - 170:5 circles [2] - 58:6, 10 10, 19; 160:1; 165:7; 284:19; 287:17; 289:19; centimetres [4] - 98:25; circumstances [3] - 93:20; 167:8, 24; 168:5, 14, 21; 291:3; 300:15, 18; 335:16; 116:8; 363:6 169:4, 9, 14, 17; 171:11, 352:8 227:6; 257:7 centre [2] - 43:25; 151:13 cited [2] - 288:14; 363:21 16, 20; 172:4, 7, 10; 173:7; changing [3] - 25:17; 131:21; centuries [1] - 72:1 174:1, 4; 175:1, 23; 176:3, 188:6 cites [2] - 136:23; 163:19 Century [1] - 35:1 civil [3] - 46:24; 47:3; 163:2 19; 177:1, 14, 22; 178:22; channel [6] - 50:9; 75:6, 20; certain [16] - 89:10; 91:2; 179:4; 180:22; 181:6; 158:6; 159:19; 366:10 claim [5] - 226:2, 7, 15; 117:9; 119:10; 120:25; 375:11 182:1; 190:2; 197:20; channelization [1] - 188:3 132:16; 143:2, 4; 206:24; claims [6] - 226:1, 25; 375:3, 201:18; 206:21; 208:14; channelize [1] - 188:5 252:18; 256:1; 314:6; 11 209:14; 210:6; 213:19; channels [6] - 158:7, 10; 320:15, 22; 326:8; 374:10 214:8; 216:18; 219:2, 5; 190:20; 289:7; 347:7 CLARENCE [7] - 312:24; certainly [19] - 10:22; 14:6; 316:10; 317:14, 18; 318:6, 221:2; 222:17, 25; 223:16, chapter [1] - 151:2 21:6; 30:16; 31:2; 70:17; 10, 16 24; 224:23; 225:21; characteristics [5] - 86:16; 102:10, 19; 109:21; 212:9; 226:21, 25; 227:7, 13, 17, 87:9; 121:4; 301:5; 334:19 Clarence [5] - 312:24; 316:2; 254:10; 257:18; 258:4; 22; 228:22; 231:22; 317:23; 321:20; 322:19 270:19; 276:9; 291:1; characterization [5] - 96:1; 244:24; 245:21; 246:9; 339:22; 343:14, 16, 25 clarification [4] - 12:3; 299:3; 312:11 167:22; 173:9; 259:13 247:9, 16; 248:2; 249:5, characterize [2] - 39:11; certainty [5] - 177:18; 21; 250:17; 251:13, 17; 361:14 clarifies [1] - 235:18 178:15, 20; 352:4; 360:9 clarify [9] - 82:12; 168:23; 255:15; 256:13; 258:1, 3, characterized [5] - 111:7; certificate [7] - 22:21, 25; 14; 259:4, 9, 23; 261:16; 158:20; 361:10, 19; 367:7 203:15; 212:3; 213:2; 23:10; 30:7, 10; 197:17 344:12; 363:20; 366:7, 16 263:8; 264:3, 13, 18; characterizing [1] - 123:2 CERTIFICATION [1] - 376:1 272:12, 15; 273:2, 14; clarifying [1] - 200:22 charged [1] - 167:19 certification [1] - 354:7

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 9

class [1] - 366:20 coarse [6] - 41:16, 21, 24; comforted [1] - 149:5 compaction [1] - 43:7 classic [4] - 116:25; 118:18; 42:2; 45:7; 90:5 coming [17] - 7:16; 21:19; companies [1] - 147:16 119:22; 121:14 coast [1] - 119:14 71:5; 72:10; 114:1; 171:7; company [3] - 323:1; 332:3, classification [8] - 47:21; Coast [6] - 58:13; 100:24; 172:25; 202:7; 232:16, 22; 7 61:5; 113:5; 117:11, 17; 104:6, 21; 105:8, 25 243:9; 248:25; 286:25; compare [3] - 24:10; 148:13; 127:16, 19; 203:1 Coastal [1] - 325:23 287:24; 296:21; 309:22; 312:12 classified [1] - 17:18 coastal [1] - 320:21 327:19 compared [8] - 69:25; 73:24; classify [1] - 117:8 Code [3] - 56:10; 105:21; commence [1] - 26:11 110:24; 126:5; 179:16; clauses [1] - 26:9 111:2 Commence [4] - 20:21; 21:1; 257:12; 309:12 clay [1] - 41:12 code [2] - 61:13 26:17, 23 compares [1] - 147:23 clean [1] - 118:8 coded [1] - 126:8 commenced [1] - 7:8 comparison [3] - 61:12; Clean [9] - 93:12; 94:12; codes [4] - 98:11; 110:6; commencement [1] - 162:7 83:10; 199:14 152:2; 230:18; 331:22; 111:20; 144:25 comment [30] - 59:24; 60:21; compensate [1] - 225:19 332:17, 24; 334:2; 340:25 coding [1] - 202:25 63:16; 67:15; 78:1; 80:12; compensation [14] - 185:25; CLEAN [1] - 1:2 coffee [3] - 77:14; 219:19, 23 84:20; 85:14; 92:2; 141:25; 196:17, 24; 225:8; 226:8; clean-up [1] - 118:8 cofferdam [1] - 87:5 145:2; 171:21; 178:24; 227:5; 288:16; 289:3; clear [11] - 172:19; 245:11; cofferdams [1] - 188:4 179:9; 180:17; 181:16; 293:7, 12, 19; 300:3 264:15; 268:23; 288:4; cold [5] - 125:22; 283:3; 198:13; 206:17; 210:1, 3; compete [1] - 290:4 289:5; 309:21; 350:15; 288:3; 296:22; 368:15 212:14; 218:6; 245:15; competing [1] - 86:22 361:25; 368:15; 370:1 cold-water [2] - 283:3; 288:3 246:5, 18; 257:5; 269:20; compiled [1] - 127:4 clearance [15] - 194:24; Colin [9] - 4:13, 15; 182:9, 298:22; 317:22; 365:11 compiling [2] - 126:25; 195:1, 4; 199:6; 207:5; 17-18, 20; 187:12, 15 commented [3] - 159:3; 144:18 210:20, 22; 211:5, 7, 9, 12, COLIN [20] - 182:20; 187:16; 165:23; 222:11 complaints [1] - 226:23 19; 215:16; 225:13 190:5; 203:14; 204:3; comments [28] - 12:1; 29:1; complement [1] - 156:14 clearance's [1] - 195:8 205:1, 14, 22, 25; 206:13, 85:13; 151:17; 160:3; complete [6] - 75:2; 233:21; clearances [3] - 194:9; 17; 207:14; 208:21; 213:1; 165:4; 166:8, 16; 174:10; 241:11; 244:7; 266:21; 196:12; 204:14 217:8; 218:10; 219:4; 185:3; 190:7; 218:7; 258:5; 376:10 cleared [1] - 211:20 222:8; 223:1 268:1, 3; 274:8; 282:15; completed [6] - 24:4; 40:6; clearing [12] - 190:10, 14, collaboration [1] - 276:2 286:13; 292:6; 294:8; 54:5; 63:9; 80:21; 260:10 16, 20, 23; 191:6, 15; colleague [3] - 152:12; 298:9; 308:9; 313:2; 356:2, completely [1] - 129:25 193:9, 11; 200:9, 17 228:7; 273:23 6; 369:9, 13 completing [1] - 181:22 clearly [6] - 12:10; 30:16; colleagues [7] - 7:21; commercial [5] - 194:19; completion [2] - 158:9; 86:4; 200:23; 257:22; 128:17; 228:25; 229:15; 222:24; 223:4, 11; 322:17 163:5 267:10 273:3; 282:3; 355:24 Commission [13] - 25:7; complex [2] - 251:1; 284:1 33:19; 65:2; 67:19; 68:3; client [1] - 227:4 collect [1] - 154:1 compliance [8] - 19:2; 27:12, 101:15; 109:7; 132:5, 9; cliff [2] - 116:5; 118:2 collected [12] - 127:4, 10, 12; 22, 25; 28:3; 31:9, 22 146:14, 23; 148:18; 149:6 climate [2] - 121:8; 130:6 154:19; 156:14; 168:1, 3; complicated [3] - 21:10; clock [1] - 131:23 172:21; 173:1; 176:1; commissioned [1] - 29:12 239:3; 282:17 commitments [1] - 36:19 close [20] - 10:8; 12:20; 177:10; 186:19 comply [3] - 53:19; 202:19; 31:21; 41:8; 59:13, 25; collectively [1] - 345:13 Committee [2] - 34:17; 55:3 204:11 65:9; 66:9; 67:21, 23; collide [1] - 99:7 committee [3] - 33:20; 53:4; component [13] - 17:1; 21:2; 68:21; 93:25; 105:19; colonize [3] - 241:21, 23; 154:9 24:16; 155:17; 157:10; 151:22; 161:9; 251:17; 242:10 common [12] - 100:13; 174:19; 183:15; 209:24; 260:16; 263:7; 305:25; colonized [1] - 160:10 103:11; 114:6; 117:4, 18; 233:23; 259:16; 334:20; 119:13; 120:2; 186:17; 306:3 Colorado [1] - 131:6 342:3; 349:19 218:1; 238:21; 271:15; closed [1] - 217:16 colour [3] - 42:1; 100:21; components [20] - 18:25; closely [1] - 167:6 125:24 370:24 19:1; 20:22, 25; 22:7; 24:4; commonly [2] - 109:17; closer [2] - 58:19; 304:10 coloured [3] - 58:6; 59:2; 28:24; 59:18; 86:10; 190:19 closest [2] - 101:6; 327:16 126:2 114:15; 152:17; 183:21; communicate [2] - 116:19; closing [6] - 306:12; 356:6; colours [2] - 58:9; 106:1 184:19; 185:11, 17; 186:2; 117:9 362:9, 11; 375:14 COLUMBIA [2] - 1:3, 8 187:24; 197:5; 198:23; communication [2] - 152:25; Closing [1] - 5:7 Columbia [32] - 1:25; 7:3; 199:2 153:7 closure [7] - 162:5, 13, 18; 14:18; 15:16, 19; 16:7, 10; composition [4] - 160:6; 164:6; 201:7, 13 17:3; 18:2, 17; 47:9, 17; communities [4] - 10:17; 237:19; 347:25; 353:2 290:15; 313:18; 330:23 closures [1] - 200:9 58:14; 66:20; 67:12; 76:11; comprehensive [6] - 45:21; community [12] - 160:4; CN [2] - 125:2, 5 101:1; 104:8; 107:15, 20; 55:7; 62:7; 70:12; 352:12; 174:20; 282:25; 284:20; Co [2] - 2:7 109:6; 147:21; 176:8-10; 354:19 289:19; 314:11; 325:9; Co-Manager [2] - 2:7 239:20; 248:13; 277:5; comprise [2] - 104:12; 349:2 341:13; 342:9; 345:8; CO2 [3] - 146:18, 20, 25 312:17; 355:23; 362:15; comprised [3] - 40:18; 347:19; 375:8 Coal [1] - 326:10 376:4 45:25; 55:20 compact [1] - 41:5 coal [5] - 263:15; 323:17; combination [1] - 115:14 comprises [2] - 37:9, 16 compacted [5] - 40:24; 48:9; 326:11; 327:20 combined [3] - 92:16; comptroller [6] - 21:12-14; 156:15; 341:9 60:14; 72:22; 112:23 26:24; 29:23; 30:22

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 10

Comptroller [5] - 15:14; 308:12; 344:21; 365:23; 360:14; 365:25 332:3 33:17; 37:6; 42:21; 362:14 366:7 considerations [7] - 53:25; Consulting [1] - 151:1 computer [3] - 39:4; 73:20; conduct [9] - 8:20; 96:10; 69:23; 157:2; 200:1; consumption [4] - 281:13, 156:9 98:10; 190:1, 3, 16; 201:11; 287:12; 373:7 15; 322:16 computerized [2] - 39:1; 194:20; 208:9; 364:12 considered [28] - 12:22; contact [4] - 37:5; 74:8; 149:20 conducted [7] - 113:7; 16:16; 57:2; 59:10; 60:2; 204:14; 375:9 concentration [1] - 100:24 154:1; 160:12; 248:15; 64:24; 66:8; 69:14; 80:21; contain [2] - 155:14; 168:15 concept [6] - 21:15, 25; 22:4; 250:16; 368:22; 374:20 85:21, 25; 164:15; 184:21; contaminated [5] - 269:24; 26:1; 76:8; 114:18 conducting [3] - 158:11; 185:13; 209:8, 11; 212:17, 270:1; 314:17; 316:19; concern [21] - 67:24; 162:3; 332:9, 11 19; 226:19; 289:16; 322:7 164:18; 192:14; 195:15; confer [2] - 13:24; 14:9 338:10; 339:17; 343:11; contaminating [1] - 326:19 204:1; 227:1; 259:1; conference [1] - 84:22 344:8; 345:11; 352:3; contamination [1] - 274:4 275:24; 295:21; 296:3; conferred [1] - 15:7 356:15 contemplates [2] - 240:6; 303:17; 314:25; 316:3, 25; confidence [1] - 295:13 considering [6] - 13:20; 247:17 323:8; 326:16; 327:13; confident [3] - 40:2; 177:19; 56:9; 211:1; 299:11; contemporary [1] - 309:3 345:18; 356:20; 371:25 310:21 341:12; 373:25 content [3] - 95:23; 209:19; concerned [9] - 11:8; 48:24; confidentiality [1] - 11:15 consisted [1] - 44:24 241:5 187:9; 213:3; 314:3, 8, configuration [5] - 48:11, 17; consistent [6] - 8:23; 24:13; context [8] - 49:1; 75:5; 18-19; 317:5 70:15; 74:12 25:3; 156:20; 232:25; 160:8; 240:19; 293:24; concerning [2] - 11:8; 160:4 configurations [1] - 48:16 250:10 294:7; 342:24; 343:6 concerns [22] - 8:10; 27:19; confirm [13] - 13:25; 14:9; constant [1] - 326:21 continental [1] - 134:16 158:17; 187:4, 20; 188:12, 76:15; 143:15; 147:4; constantly [1] - 25:17 continents [1] - 99:19 18; 189:5; 190:25; 191:8, 165:18; 166:4; 200:10; constitute [2] - 319:24; continually [3] - 60:22; 23; 201:6; 280:16; 281:6; 235:3; 263:11; 362:25; 320:11 90:23; 255:19 298:17; 301:24; 306:2; 363:5, 8 construct [5] - 8:5; 217:9, continue [11] - 35:18; 45:23; 329:21; 331:20; 333:12; confirmation [1] - 191:24 17; 354:14; 365:22 81:19; 120:7; 159:22; 334:8; 351:5 confirmed [6] - 107:6; constructed [10] - 40:22; 202:22; 209:2; 243:2; concise [1] - 12:3 158:21; 184:11; 189:8; 45:4, 15; 196:10; 209:7; 272:10; 331:15; 363:2 conclude [5] - 96:6, 22; 195:4; 199:5 241:1; 354:2, 17; 363:7; continued [5] - 43:1, 21; 113:7, 13; 237:15 confluence [3] - 82:23; 371:12 44:2; 201:16; 365:3 concluded [6] - 81:18; 90:7; 335:13; 341:7 constructing [2] - 48:15; continues [3] - 125:8; 163:4; 158:25; 160:13; 226:3; confused [1] - 244:25 125:5 209:1 350:12 congregate [1] - 290:19 construction [63] - 16:19; continuing [4] - 81:20, 22; concludes [2] - 165:4; 193:6 Congress [1] - 45:18 22:11; 26:12, 14; 27:4; 149:24; 369:4 conclusion [15] - 83:17; conjecture [1] - 315:14 44:23; 45:2, 23; 46:8, 16; Continuing [1] - 3:21 91:3; 113:4; 159:6; 183:25; conjunction [2] - 232:22; 47:5; 53:7, 23; 74:19; 85:6; continuous [2] - 290:5; 237:22; 246:10; 260:6; 371:21 96:9, 19; 142:4; 155:12, 366:10 337:22; 349:8; 352:8, 15; connected [2] - 43:15; 24; 158:21; 162:7, 16-17, contours [1] - 215:10 368:23; 373:18, 20 375:10 25; 163:1, 4, 9, 12, 15; contract [1] - 332:13 164:2; 185:21; 186:5; conclusions [16] - 8:21; connections [1] - 315:7 contractors [1] - 280:25 188:4, 7, 10, 13, 19, 25; 10:14; 45:3; 90:1; 91:9; connectivity [3] - 285:12, 15; contribute [6] - 55:16; 56:5; 97:16; 114:25; 127:3; 289:6 189:2; 190:24; 191:12; 97:3; 138:22; 161:7; 194:5; 196:12; 198:11; 156:23; 197:1; 237:7; consequence [5] - 17:18; 274:25 200:8; 217:6; 218:20; 240:10; 250:20; 364:5, 7; 18:3, 5, 9; 31:7 contribution [3] - 244:4; 242:16; 257:3; 338:12, 20; 369:3 consequences [2] - 147:1; 330:3; 336:25 339:20, 24; 340:5; 351:17; conclusively [1] - 212:9 317:1 contributor [1] - 121:13 352:6; 355:21; 364:11, 21; concrete [7] - 48:10; 52:19; conservation [1] - 207:24 control [2] - 76:4; 329:1 60:11; 72:23; 73:13; 146:2 365:19; 367:13 conservative [8] - 128:6; controlled [1] - 325:12 concur [5] - 237:21; 238:1; Construction [3] - 20:21; 140:9; 142:19, 24; 199:20; controlling [1] - 260:19 240:10, 12 21:1; 26:17 295:19; 296:4; 373:20 conversation [1] - 175:19 concurred [1] - 367:5 constructive [1] - 164:24 conserve [1] - 231:2 conversations [4] - 23:20; consult [3] - 9:24; 273:4 condition [8] - 13:14; 21:20; consider [14] - 76:12; 105:4; 24:5; 29:7; 297:14 30:19; 44:21; 87:4; 131:21; consultant [3] - 21:12; 44:8; 122:22; 124:2; 133:8; convey [2] - 42:3; 298:10 158:16; 342:11 133:13 135:11; 209:4; 212:1, 4; conveyance [1] - 36:3 conditions [37] - 24:18; 30:3, Consultants [5] - 306:17; 267:21; 268:7; 269:15; conveyed [1] - 302:15 5, 7, 9, 13; 38:4; 39:15; 330:25; 332:2, 13, 20 286:20; 289:14 conveyor [1] - 243:8 45:4; 66:5; 71:20; 84:1; consultants [2] - 21:13; considerable [3] - 120:13; convinced [1] - 355:5 95:15; 119:10; 123:4, 7; 55:14 121:16; 147:16 cool [1] - 283:3 131:18; 134:12; 154:5, 22; consultation [9] - 23:6; considerably [1] - 138:19 cool-water [1] - 283:3 161:17; 166:18; 169:13, 96:18; 153:13, 23; 154:18; considerate [1] - 306:23 cooperate [1] - 329:4 19; 186:2, 4; 192:19; 174:9; 217:19; 345:6; consideration [10] - 54:8; cooperation [1] - 328:21 197:16; 218:18; 239:24; 364:19 85:4; 113:3; 151:23; 201:6; coordinate [1] - 231:19 248:16; 271:12; 291:9; 211:6; 333:9; 350:16; consulting [3] - 33:11; 44:1;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 11

coordinates [1] - 269:23 course [24] - 81:18; 99:3; 90:3; 195:22 53:19; 57:14; 60:24; 61:6, coordinator [1] - 262:10 114:11, 14; 115:23; 120:9, crossed [1] - 196:8 19; 63:7, 13, 25; 64:5; copies [1] - 14:25 23; 122:12; 125:14; crossing [7] - 74:14; 82:7; 70:2; 76:9, 11, 14-17, 25; copy [4] - 14:24; 56:8; 166:14; 221:15; 245:2; 194:12; 195:5; 199:4; 77:1; 81:8; 84:21; 88:11, 318:13; 356:10 263:7; 264:20; 278:22; 204:9 25; 90:18; 107:17; 117:20; cordillera [2] - 104:7, 25 283:11; 290:9; 292:25; crossings [3] - 185:23; 160:17; 172:1, 22; 174:23; cordoned [1] - 173:18 293:21; 296:9, 12; 297:1; 190:18; 194:5 176:2, 17; 177:7, 11-12; core [10] - 39:8; 41:10, 19; 370:23 crow [1] - 322:2 178:8; 185:18; 242:3, 18; 42:1, 3, 11; 43:8; 51:6; COURT [1] - 2:13 Crown [3] - 9:24; 147:21; 286:7; 292:25; 298:12; 89:8; 138:23 court [7] - 7:25; 11:19, 25; 148:10 308:19, 22; 309:3; 310:14; Cornell [1] - 54:21 268:14; 319:19; 320:9, 24 Crown's [1] - 9:23 313:22; 335:20; 337:18, corner [3] - 118:21; 124:17; Courtney [1] - 2:7 crows [1] - 319:23 24; 350:1; 363:5; 368:9; 125:2 cover [10] - 24:9; 29:18; crustal [1] - 134:13 369:23; 371:2, 7, 9; 374:17 corollary [1] - 272:20 33:23; 69:21; 70:7; 114:4; crystal [1] - 172:19 dam [246] - 3:12; 6:4; 8:6; corporate [1] - 226:22 115:24; 116:1; 333:10, 12 CSR(A [3] - 2:15; 376:3, 19 14:18; 15:3, 6, 19-20, 24; corporation [1] - 226:10 coverage [1] - 97:8 cubic [13] - 49:1, 3-4, 6, 15; 16:6, 15, 20; 17:3, 6, 8; 18:1, 3, 8, 13, 19-20, 25; correct [22] - 68:14; 74:17; covered [5] - 53:14; 129:17; 84:15; 214:16; 215:4, 10, 79:25; 83:21, 25; 130:13; 262:20; 264:2; 266:11 22; 260:12; 363:9; 366:8 19:12, 15, 23; 20:9, 18, 22-23; 21:9; 22:10; 23:22; 132:21, 24; 143:19; covering [1] - 15:12 CULLING [9] - 82:2, 9; 83:21; 144:17; 177:13; 214:23; Cowlitz [1] - 371:8 84:8, 11; 85:10; 88:10, 15; 24:12, 21; 26:4; 27:2, 6, 215:23; 217:6; 218:9; craft [1] - 193:22 138:11 18, 22-23; 29:11; 31:15, 20, 22; 32:2, 8; 33:5, 20; 242:8; 245:8; 267:18; Craig [2] - 2:9; 87:25 Culling [6] - 82:2; 88:9; 34:12; 35:4, 7-8, 16, 19, 274:11; 302:3; 376:10 craton [2] - 59:6; 104:11 138:10; 363:3, 21 21, 23-24; 36:1, 5, 10, corrected [1] - 353:14 crazy [1] - 296:24 culling [1] - 82:22 12-13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23; correction [2] - 196:6; create [3] - 119:16; 120:21; cultural [2] - 17:13; 321:6 37:1, 4-5, 7, 9, 11-12, 17, 211:19 142:10 cumulative [11] - 138:14; 22, 24; 38:3, 10, 15, 19, correctly [4] - 66:18; 176:20; created [4] - 148:3; 159:20; 329:18, 24; 330:1; 333:25; 25; 39:2, 6, 13, 21; 40:6-8, 294:23; 357:4 265:15; 347:13 340:14, 18; 341:8; 351:13; 10, 14, 16, 22, 25; 41:19, correlation [2] - 108:9, 16 creates [1] - 149:2 354:19 25; 42:4, 11, 13, 25; 43:2, corresponding [1] - 8:15 creating [3] - 41:2; 125:7; curiosity [1] - 64:13 8, 11, 20-21, 23; 44:2, 6, 8, corresponds [1] - 61:6 311:20 curious [1] - 146:13 11, 19, 22, 25; 45:3, 10, COSEWIC [1] - 295:25 creation [5] - 6:13; 273:10; current [20] - 111:10; 127:18; 12; 46:13, 16-17, 19, 21; coshun [1] - 236:1 290:20; 346:24; 350:7 128:9; 132:10, 17; 151:1, 47:1, 8, 17, 19, 24; 48:9, cost [1] - 211:13 creatures [3] - 115:24; 6; 159:8; 205:9; 216:19; 11, 15, 20, 23; 50:16, 25; costs [2] - 212:21; 222:22 246:16; 268:17 241:14; 245:20; 260:15; 52:6, 12; 53:15; 54:7; credible [2] - 86:1; 139:12 282:9; 289:23; 308:12; Cougar [1] - 371:9 55:15; 58:5; 61:25; 62:6, 9; Creek [22] - 51:17; 58:24; 349:4; 353:16; 370:8; cough [1] - 251:16 70:2, 15, 18; 74:4, 25; 82:10; 106:8; 136:23; 373:22 COULSON [7] - 93:2; 113:15; 75:8, 18, 23; 76:3; 79:24; 137:2; 191:14, 17-18, 23, curve [2] - 252:23; 253:20 128:23; 129:6, 12; 147:2 80:22; 82:8; 83:7, 19; 84:2; 25; 194:6; 195:12, 14; Curve [1] - 214:2 Coulson [9] - 3:16, 18; 85:2; 87:3; 88:5, 7; 89:19; 203:7, 25; 213:5; 218:16 curvilinear [2] - 118:24; 92:18, 22; 93:1, 6; 129:8; 90:4, 19, 24; 91:5; 107:9; creek [1] - 204:10 119:6 147:2; 365:1 111:23; 113:5, 10; 124:21; creeks [3] - 173:19; 203:4; cut [2] - 240:7; 355:2 council [2] - 295:25 132:21; 138:22, 24; 139:3; Councillor [7] - 312:23, 25; 234:12 cut-off [1] - 355:2 141:11; 157:14; 162:5, 11, 316:9; 318:4; 319:8; creosote [1] - 326:15 cuts [1] - 73:14 15; 163:1, 5, 24; 176:11, 322:18; 371:23 crest [7] - 40:10; 82:7; 85:2; CV [1] - 46:22 17; 186:20; 187:25; 188:4; COUNCILLOR [7] - 312:24; 88:11, 17; 363:4 CVs [1] - 46:10 189:2, 8, 17; 190:1; 316:10; 317:14, 18; 318:6, crew [1] - 118:8 cycle [4] - 264:4; 265:12, 19, 201:14; 215:11; 218:19; 10, 16 Crippen [1] - 46:1 25 224:9, 11, 20; 241:10; counsel [8] - 5:2; 13:3, 19; criteria [17] - 23:18; 25:17; cycles [1] - 285:6 242:16; 262:18; 282:12; 220:6; 250:6; 276:24; 157:1; 205:5; 292:18; 284:22, 25; 285:2; 286:8, 277:5; 301:21 334:17, 21; 338:6; 342:22; D 12; 287:2; 288:21; 291:9, Counsel [4] - 2:5, 9 343:2, 10, 14, 18, 23; 17; 292:17; 296:17; country [7] - 97:24; 98:12; 344:1; 359:7; 372:24 298:11; 301:2; 302:1, 21, D-a-v-i-d-s-o-n [1] - 15:4 103:23; 104:1; 125:20; critical [2] - 111:24; 153:11 23; 303:21; 308:19; D-a-v-i-e-s [1] - 277:4 126:5; 264:9 criticisms [1] - 250:24 327:19; 339:13; 351:20; D-o-u-c-e-t-t-e [1] - 182:12 couple [22] - 14:25; 29:8; critters [1] - 311:25 362:17, 19; 363:7; 365:18; daily [3] - 27:8; 38:25; 335:9 32:1; 48:8; 50:1; 52:4; Crooked [8] - 6:16; 314:12; 366:9; 367:25; 368:12, 20; Dam [83] - 16:5, 25; 17:16; 62:23; 79:10; 143:16; 317:8; 318:2, 19; 321:21; 374:9, 23 24:12, 23-24; 25:4; 34:22, 155:2; 167:15; 168:7; 326:25; 328:6 dam's [1] - 61:20 24; 35:5, 17, 23, 25; 39:19, 238:9; 253:13; 294:21, 25; cross [4] - 41:9; 90:3; damage [13] - 38:9; 102:11, 24; 40:4; 41:10; 43:9, 12, 307:15; 313:2, 9; 354:7; 195:22; 283:7 24; 103:4; 105:18; 106:12, 14; 44:12; 45:17; 47:20; 357:6 cross-section [3] - 41:9;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 12

14; 138:21; 139:4; 226:2, 219:16; 228:6; 243:7; definitely [1] - 172:25 143:21; 152:20; 157:5; 25; 375:3 279:24 definition [9] - 35:22; 199:22; 201:14; 304:14; damages [3] - 226:1, 12; daytime [1] - 289:10 115:10; 205:1; 208:20; 305:3, 7, 18, 22; 359:22 375:6 dead [1] - 225:18 247:4; 342:13; 360:21; describes [5] - 56:14; 60:8; damaging [6] - 102:18; dead-head [1] - 225:18 361:1; 370:1 235:11; 335:15; 372:23 104:15; 106:16; 133:3; deal [13] - 13:2; 26:10; 43:18; definitions [1] - 369:19 describing [2] - 191:5; 134:8; 137:13 62:20; 76:2; 97:14; 137:23; definitive [1] - 228:2 218:15 Dams [4] - 25:7; 33:20; 35:5; 141:2; 150:21; 182:4; deflection [1] - 125:8 description [3] - 237:8, 10; 45:19 206:18; 207:13; 209:16 deformations [1] - 61:25 288:8 dams [54] - 17:2, 5, 9, 15, 23; dealing [4] - 71:6; 128:11; deglaciated [1] - 121:19 DESCRIPTION [2] - 3:2; 6:2 18:14; 21:8; 22:10; 25:2, 5, 141:1; 207:16 deglaciation [2] - 121:25; descriptions [1] - 85:21 9; 28:2; 31:7, 10, 14; deals [1] - 26:1 140:17 design [102] - 16:2; 20:1, 3, 34:25; 35:2, 11; 36:2, 9; death [1] - 18:19 degree [6] - 16:15; 95:17; 9-11, 13, 15-16, 25; 21:23; 37:13; 38:11, 20; 39:10-12; debris [22] - 49:13; 117:22; 96:5; 284:5; 289:21; 343:4 22:7; 23:12-14, 16, 24; 43:10; 46:9, 22-23; 48:15; 119:8, 12; 124:20, 22; degrees [2] - 170:5, 9 24:1, 3-4, 8, 10, 12, 17, 21; 57:8; 60:8, 11, 15, 19; 185:18; 188:8, 10; 191:10, delegation [1] - 227:25 25:3, 14-16, 19, 23; 26:11, 61:1; 62:13; 63:3, 18; 13, 15-16, 23, 25; 201:1, 8; deleterious [4] - 267:15; 13; 27:15; 28:13, 22; 29:3, 76:12, 19; 112:22, 24; 218:14, 16; 225:12; 366:3 268:7, 11, 13 8-9, 16; 33:21; 35:10; 44:6, 113:1; 176:14; 242:13; decades [6] - 12:12; 48:8; deliberate [1] - 301:1 22; 45:2, 13, 23; 46:5, 7, 284:11; 368:4, 7 71:25; 106:18; 107:4; delighted [1] - 227:25 11, 15, 20; 47:19, 21; 48:6, DAN [3] - 247:22; 248:4; 131:5 delineating [1] - 153:9 19; 49:9; 50:22; 51:5; 52:8, 249:11 deceased [1] - 279:17 delivered [1] - 151:19 18-20, 24; 55:15; 60:2, 22; Dan [7] - 4:20; 228:15, 17; December [2] - 202:6; demand [1] - 216:3 61:21; 62:9; 68:12; 69:22; 230:9, 12; 248:4 72:2, 12, 15; 73:12, 25; 220:13 demonstrate [1] - 257:22 Dan's [1] - 230:12 86:6; 88:7; 111:13, 23; decide [6] - 217:18; 223:12; demonstrated [1] - 335:21 dandy [1] - 324:3 112:12; 113:1, 6; 155:23; 231:12; 236:20; 292:22 demonstrates [1] - 369:1 dangerous [3] - 17:10; 158:2; 162:19; 198:2, 4, decided [2] - 44:16; 328:23 dense [1] - 41:12 132:21; 325:11 17, 23, 25; 199:1, 24; deciding [2] - 342:23; 343:8 densities [1] - 368:9 Daniel [4] - 4:25; 262:5, 13, 200:6; 201:1, 5, 10; decimating [1] - 180:19 density [5] - 40:13; 251:7; 209:18; 211:4; 298:18 15 decision [5] - 183:14; 206:9; 312:15; 350:21; 351:3 darker [2] - 106:1 designated [1] - 116:18 222:15; 292:21; 299:15 Denver [1] - 68:10 data [29] - 38:23; 39:4; 43:15; designed [18] - 8:8, 12; decision-making [1] - department [6] - 37:9; 39:3; 26:21; 45:4, 15; 48:25; 96:1, 12; 111:15; 123:8; 292:21 81:5; 128:25; 147:6; 61:15, 19; 83:23; 201:12; 127:8, 10; 137:1; 153:19; decisions [3] - 37:3; 245:4; 261:14 154:19, 22; 156:25; 176:1; 211:13; 270:15; 276:1; 278:18 Department [8] - 4:17, 22; 177:7, 10; 207:21; 223:18; 298:19; 304:18, 24; 366:4 decline [4] - 239:17; 240:8; 153:14; 228:1, 10; 229:3; 252:9, 11; 253:20, 22; designing [3] - 25:2; 48:21; 266:24; 370:13 247:1; 367:1 254:2; 311:21; 341:1; 61:10 decommissioned [2] - department's [1] - 183:19 364:13 designs [4] - 21:4, 23; 25:16; 323:19; 325:2 departments [1] - 281:3 date [7] - 25:23; 28:21; 35:1; 198:6 decommissioning [1] - 68:9 dependant [1] - 192:18 62:8; 232:19; 257:19; desirable [2] - 291:21; 296:7 decorates [1] - 264:8 depended [1] - 360:9 372:16 desire [2] - 198:19; 365:13 decrease [11] - 86:21; dependent [2] - 261:4; 374:3 dated [3] - 13:9; 57:17; 333:1 desktop [2] - 126:25; 144:18 193:10; 252:23; 255:3, 5; deployed [2] - 101:13; dating [1] - 136:20 despite [3] - 339:17; 350:4; 348:9; 349:4; 351:3; 132:11 Dave [1] - 160:12 352:4 368:18; 374:18 deposit [1] - 260:7 DAVID [10] - 175:6; 176:6, destructions [1] - 278:25 decreases [2] - 256:4; deposited [6] - 6:9; 84:14, 23; 177:2, 13, 24; 178:25; detached [1] - 11:5 370:14 16; 85:5; 265:2; 325:5 310:25; 358:5; 359:14 detail [12] - 20:8, 11; 23:14; dedicated [1] - 37:15 deposition [5] - 213:13; David [3] - 4:5; 150:9; 273:23 88:2; 179:2; 236:19; deemed [1] - 193:2 260:15, 18; 363:22, 24 DAVIDSON [7] - 14:24; 254:11; 294:13, 15; deep [8] - 48:4; 71:22; 86:15; deposits [2] - 265:13; 327:19 16:23; 29:25; 30:11, 25; 298:20; 359:1 110:1; 130:20, 23; 131:5, 9 depth [12] - 40:15; 69:24; 31:11; 32:12 detailed [15] - 15:9; 21:3; deeper [2] - 92:6; 359:4 86:16; 103:16; 131:21; Davidson [17] - 3:6; 14:19, 29:16; 96:2; 108:6; 198:1, defects [1] - 317:4 215:9, 12, 21; 216:21; 23; 15:4; 32:9; 35:21; 37:3; 17; 209:18; 236:6, 14; defensible [2] - 56:18; 346:13, 17; 366:10 39:9; 45:20; 46:5; 52:21; 245:2; 250:19; 279:4; 337:25 depths [4] - 86:18, 21; 87:8; 53:5, 7, 12, 14; 60:23; 364:3; 369:15 defer [1] - 306:24 176:16 198:4 details [4] - 29:19; 196:25; deficiencies [6] - 333:16, 18; describe [7] - 37:25; 56:17; DAVIES [2] - 277:3, 23 227:2; 292:23 334:3, 11; 341:14 152:13; 154:7; 189:2; Davies [3] - 5:2; 276:24; detect [5] - 98:4; 101:20; define [2] - 58:20; 204:22 259:19; 306:1 277:4 103:22; 112:16; 270:15 defined [8] - 37:22; 55:24; described [20] - 37:4; 50:10; Dawson [6] - 58:24; 82:10; detected [2] - 39:15; 44:11 204:23; 205:19; 268:11; 53:16, 21; 54:18; 86:3; 106:8; 136:23; 137:2 detecting [1] - 111:15 346:13, 17; 361:23 100:11; 110:20; 126:23; days [7] - 10:8; 40:12; 49:5; detection [2] - 96:20; 364:22

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 13

deteriorates [1] - 239:23 250:14; 255:19; 256:5; 63:12; 65:2, 24; 68:2; 146:9; 179:3; 207:22; determination [5] - 9:21; 284:16; 286:3; 300:1; 78:19; 97:4; 165:5; 282:18; 209:4, 19-20; 219:2; 10:1; 205:15, 17; 338:7 303:7; 311:8; 320:12; 301:22; 333:10; 366:12, 222:11; 235:19; 236:3, 7; determinations [2] - 343:1, 342:15; 343:25; 347:24; 16; 369:17 240:15; 244:3; 246:1; 21 353:1; 359:15; 369:19; discussions [15] - 22:13; 254:1; 258:14; 260:4; determine [16] - 9:7; 153:19; 374:2 23:24; 63:17; 67:18; 153:2; 268:16; 275:9; 299:2; 156:5; 205:5; 206:7; different.. [1] - 352:22 164:9, 24; 165:2; 189:15; 308:22; 311:1, 21; 312:8; 218:21; 268:18; 303:6; differing [1] - 367:17 198:18, 21; 240:24; 317:7; 322:23; 359:12; 304:5, 12; 335:4; 361:18, differs [1] - 179:20 328:16; 367:20; 369:4 360:22; 361:3; 365:24 21; 371:17, 20; 373:3 difficult [7] - 234:6; 256:11; disease [1] - 280:2 door [2] - 142:25; 273:22 determined [2] - 268:13; 284:5; 298:15; 304:16; dispersal [1] - 337:4 doses [1] - 324:6 361:11 312:7; 357:11 disperse [1] - 324:3 dots [3] - 99:16; 104:17 determines [1] - 304:8 difficulty [3] - 220:17; displaced [1] - 39:20 double [1] - 368:24 determining [2] - 123:6; 260:18; 359:9 displaying [1] - 350:21 Doucette [7] - 4:12, 14; 342:19 diffuse [1] - 30:25 disposal [1] - 109:18 182:8, 12, 25; 202:4; 365:5 develop [4] - 147:18, 22; dig [3] - 29:21; 271:3; 358:17 dispute [1] - 206:4 DOUCETTE [5] - 182:11; 286:20; 292:18 digit [1] - 359:12 disrupted [1] - 188:2 183:1; 202:3; 209:21; developed [9] - 54:22; Dillon [1] - 325:18 dissolved [6] - 50:20, 23; 210:12 127:22, 24; 155:8; 173:2; dilution [2] - 95:17; 324:2 52:9, 14; 158:24; 367:12 down [44] - 30:24; 32:10; 252:8; 267:3; 304:20; dimension [1] - 290:11 distance [3] - 59:23; 135:12, 50:9; 71:16; 74:20; 90:20; 310:11 dimensions [1] - 195:23 19 102:5; 103:24; 105:3; developing [9] - 47:15; dinner [2] - 331:4, 10 distances [3] - 102:17; 139:19; 142:14; 160:16; 96:15; 254:22; 258:12; Dinosaur [16] - 77:5; 154:21; 295:7; 341:2 171:17; 176:10; 182:2; 269:7; 292:7; 293:6, 9; 169:3; 173:15, 20; 175:16; distinct [8] - 157:7, 16; 195:18; 206:5; 239:7; 332:10 241:25; 242:7; 288:13; 339:5, 12; 342:6; 349:16; 241:2, 10; 242:17; 243:9; development [21] - 96:12, 290:6; 303:8; 311:4, 14, 351:19 246:16; 247:2, 6; 253:8; 17; 127:19; 138:17; 144:2; 18; 328:11; 366:17 distinction [2] - 278:13; 255:17; 263:18; 280:2; 146:12; 152:22, 25; dipping [1] - 98:16 279:2 282:19; 283:4; 293:5; 161:16; 218:17; 230:7; direct [8] - 12:1, 5; 36:18; distorted [1] - 72:9 294:2, 4; 313:22; 324:14, 255:13; 258:17; 294:11; 148:16; 210:16; 213:16; distribute [1] - 59:19 23; 325:7, 13; 328:8; 327:20; 341:10; 364:14, 231:18; 257:6 distribution [1] - 283:18 358:18; 376:7 18; 369:11, 15 directed [2] - 231:8; 305:15 disturbed [2] - 95:20; 129:9 downslope [1] - 115:12 Development [1] - 153:3 direction [5] - 41:20, 23; diverse [4] - 282:24; 283:2; downstream [66] - 41:13, 15, device [1] - 208:19 74:13; 232:21; 361:15 284:19 19, 22, 25; 42:4, 11; 52:15; 74:6; 76:12; 152:9, 13, 18; devil [1] - 227:2 directly [5] - 31:3; 63:10; diversion [8] - 16:20; 74:21; DFO [33] - 6:5; 158:14, 21; 78:10; 159:24; 375:8 162:25; 168:1; 188:2, 20; 154:19; 156:7; 158:16, 18; 159:3, 9, 22; 181:2; Director [2] - 10:6; 15:15 339:2 162:12; 171:15; 172:1, 22; 173:5; 174:23; 175:9; 207:24; 213:21; 219:11; director [7] - 36:12, 15, 21; diversity [3] - 154:14; 231:1, 18; 232:7; 235:20; 37:1, 4; 43:2; 277:12 159:11; 285:12 188:6; 208:4; 214:5; 221:16, 18, 23; 222:2; 245:5; 250:17; 254:7, 14; Directors [1] - 36:22 division [1] - 93:8 224:12; 226:4; 239:9; 255:10; 256:23; 260:23; dirt [1] - 90:25 Dixon [2] - 46:17; 47:1 240:23; 241:4; 242:3, 13; 261:21; 268:20; 278:22; disagree [1] - 249:12 document [9] - 13:22, 25; 244:7; 262:14, 17; 289:7, 311:5; 367:4, 17, 23; disagreed [1] - 248:14 74:20; 166:7; 250:23; 369:5, 20; 370:16 13; 297:1; 299:20; 305:9, disappeared [1] - 122:3 332:20, 24; 342:18; 343:7 DFO's [3] - 159:5; 230:5, 14 11; 333:20; 334:13, 15; discharge [8] - 45:8; 49:2, documentation [1] - 23:2 335:1, 16; 337:4, 16, 24; diameters [1] - 58:9 23; 74:13, 15; 75:3; 221:13 documented [3] - 38:4; 341:5, 13; 351:8, 11; DIANE [9] - 82:2, 9; 83:21; discharging [2] - 74:24; 112:23; 160:11 366:9; 367:25; 368:5, 14; 84:8, 11; 85:10; 88:10, 15; 75:22 documents [9] - 11:12; 138:11 369:1; 373:17; 374:9 disciplines [1] - 51:25 110:19; 122:19; 126:21; Diane [2] - 82:2; 138:11 dozen [3] - 26:20; 104:2; disconnected [1] - 343:24 184:25; 274:21; 361:12, diatoms [1] - 246:22 281:21 discovered [2] - 82:4; 108:8 16; 373:11 dies [2] - 285:21 dozens [1] - 42:17 discovery [1] - 42:12 dog [1] - 320:18 difference [6] - 92:9; 133:20; DR [14] - 97:2; 113:23; 131:1; discriminate [1] - 240:16 dogs [1] - 330:20 244:19; 249:18; 285:5; 132:7, 22; 133:23; 135:3, discuss [11] - 35:13; 40:1; Doig [1] - 330:23 25; 136:10; 137:7; 139:25; 289:18 45:10; 114:17, 22; 200:7; dolly [2] - 244:10; 327:25 140:3; 142:1; 144:15 differences [3] - 77:8; 227:10; 289:17; 333:18; dominant [2] - 310:13; 368:7 Dr [40] - 2:3; 3:19; 4:20; 52:9; 266:14; 374:2 334:4, 10 dominate [1] - 289:23 different [38] - 48:15; 52:2; 94:3, 7; 95:7; 96:23; discussed [6] - 146:24; done [53] - 20:12; 23:17; 113:16, 22; 129:14; 55:16; 59:19-21; 83:16; 25:23; 38:8; 44:18; 45:14; 166:10; 341:15; 359:2; 130:17; 132:2; 133:15, 19; 85:18; 87:5, 8; 106:19, 21; 363:14; 373:5 51:21; 55:24; 56:10; 62:8; 134:21; 135:2; 136:18; 120:22; 121:12; 124:7; 70:19; 73:18; 75:12; 76:13, discussing [1] - 108:21 137:1, 6; 139:24; 144:14; 135:17; 146:8; 176:17; 19; 81:17; 82:18, 20; discussion [14] - 11:3; 151:2; 228:16; 230:4, 12; 180:4; 218:8; 240:17; 125:12; 138:3; 141:9;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 14

248:9; 250:18; 262:13; 188:2, 13, 24; 189:15; 103:3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 17, 20, 210:16; 213:5; 225:9; 273:22; 274:3; 300:21; 190:16; 192:21; 193:9, 16, 22; 104:1, 4, 14, 16, 18, 230:24; 261:1; 263:10; 311:5; 358:7; 365:1; 18; 199:2; 216:7; 217:6; 23-24; 105:3, 6, 10; 106:4, 270:16; 271:23; 324:5; 369:19 218:13; 236:19; 320:1; 17, 19; 107:2, 6, 11-12, 19, 331:21; 333:21, 25; 334:6, draft [1] - 216:23 339:1, 15; 365:19; 366:6; 22, 25; 108:1, 9, 12, 17-18; 22, 24; 335:5; 338:1, 7, 18; drain [1] - 145:12 367:13; 374:10 109:5, 13, 19-20, 24-25; 340:15, 19; 341:8, 13, 18; drainage [10] - 34:2; 93:15; During [1] - 346:20 110:12, 16; 111:9, 11; 342:21, 23; 343:4, 9, 15, 146:2; 160:15; 211:25; duty [4] - 9:23; 11:1; 184:11 112:3, 8, 16, 22, 24; 131:6, 17, 19; 344:3, 6, 22; 345:2, 262:22; 267:25; 272:16; dwelling [2] - 252:10; 253:10 17, 22; 132:24; 133:21; 15-16; 350:12; 351:7, 13; 364:4, 14 dynamic [5] - 251:5; 278:5; 134:2, 7, 9, 14; 135:8, 352:10; 354:19; 356:13, drainages [1] - 283:10 346:25; 350:8; 352:19 11-13, 18; 136:1, 4, 7, 19, 24; 357:10, 15, 19; 358:4, drains [1] - 90:13 dynamics [2] - 156:12; 25; 137:10, 14, 18, 22; 20, 25; 361:10, 15, 19-20, dramatically [1] - 193:21 278:19 138:13, 20-21; 139:5; 22; 367:11 draw [2] - 197:1; 355:4 dynamiting [1] - 167:17 149:2 efficient [1] - 184:3 drawdown [2] - 91:19, 23 ease [1] - 229:18 eggs [1] - 247:6 drawdowns [1] - 196:2 E easier [1] - 356:11 eight [6] - 153:22; 188:13, drawing [1] - 84:4 easily [3] - 41:7; 302:10; 25; 274:16; 340:5, 8 drawings [6] - 16:2; 21:23; 303:1 eight-year [2] - 188:13, 25 EA [4] - 197:17; 210:12; 23:13; 26:13; 75:2; 117:2 east [1] - 105:14 EIS [86] - 35:13; 37:24; 258:6; 355:12 drawn [1] - 162:9 east/west [1] - 283:13 50:11; 51:8; 53:21; 54:18; Eagle [2] - 68:22; 108:4 draws [1] - 84:19 Eastern [1] - 105:1 58:4; 60:7; 96:2; 110:20; eagle [1] - 275:20 dreams [1] - 325:24 eastern [1] - 136:6 126:22; 139:12; 140:20; early [21] - 23:23; 42:21; dredging [3] - 212:4, 10; easy [2] - 207:20; 273:16 143:20; 144:24; 155:13, 68:19; 82:21; 83:18; 213:21 eat [7] - 246:14; 307:20; 19; 157:5; 162:9; 185:2, 120:18; 121:16, 25; 122:2; dried [1] - 260:13 316:23; 320:23; 328:3, 18 4-5; 192:13, 16; 199:15, 153:12; 160:18; 172:23; 17, 20; 200:12, 23; 209:24; drill [3] - 40:13; 71:15; eaten [2] - 242:23; 265:18 188:7; 192:22; 198:8; 127:11 eating [4] - 275:17; 281:7; 210:5, 18; 222:12; 224:11; 220:15; 336:6; 337:8; 226:9; 236:15; 237:6, 13; drill-holes [1] - 127:11 314:20; 328:4 365:24 240:6; 245:11, 23; 250:21; drive [1] - 248:21 ecological [3] - 154:5; 283:2; early-1980s [1] - 168:2 275:6; 282:11; 284:12; driven [1] - 73:17 343:6 earth [15] - 38:10; 41:5; 46:9; 286:10, 15; 288:11; 289:5; drives [1] - 99:8 ecology [2] - 238:11; 334:23 55:11; 60:14; 69:5; 75:8; 291:4, 24; 294:11, 14, 20; driving [1] - 216:14 economic [2] - 8:21; 147:17 97:18; 98:16, 22; 112:24; 298:9; 304:14; 305:3, 18, dropping [1] - 117:16 economy [1] - 17:13 117:22; 119:21; 134:4 23; 311:16; 333:13; drops [2] - 107:13; 252:24 ecosystem [13] - 155:16; earth-filled [5] - 38:10; 46:9; 334:12; 335:9, 23; 337:21; dry [2] - 270:10; 365:23 156:2; 157:6; 239:23; 60:14; 75:8; 112:24 341:23; 342:17; 345:20; due [19] - 32:2; 68:22; 93:19; 283:11; 311:12; 328:15; earthfill [7] - 8:6; 35:4, 7; 346:8; 352:16; 357:7, 18; 195:18; 211:14; 221:22; 346:25; 350:8; 352:19; 48:9; 50:25; 74:4, 25 363:25; 364:3; 365:7; 255:5; 256:4; 303:19; 358:20; 359:11, 20 Earthquake [2] - 98:6; 367:3, 6, 25; 368:4, 21; 305:16; 335:10; 338:9, 19; ecosystems [2] - 283:17, 25 103:12 369:2, 11; 370:4, 7; 339:15; 340:5, 9; 351:23; edge [1] - 116:21 earthquake [68] - 47:23; 373:18, 23 352:9; 373:15 educated [3] - 223:7, 15; 51:5; 58:12, 15, 17, 23; either [15] - 13:16; 99:6; dump [2] - 319:24; 326:8 322:6 59:24; 60:1, 4; 63:21; 107:16; 115:14; 121:20; dumped [3] - 323:7, 14, 24 effect [24] - 66:23; 67:3; 65:10, 12, 18; 67:1, 10; 124:9; 174:3; 220:14; 157:17; 192:23; 194:14; dumping [2] - 326:15; 68:12; 70:8; 79:7, 18-19; 225:7; 284:12; 302:13; 232:5; 246:18; 250:12; 328:10 98:8, 10, 13, 19; 99:22; 306:25; 342:4; 372:6; 260:5; 335:15; 338:11; dumps [1] - 324:22 100:10, 14-15; 102:12, 20; 375:8 Dunvegan [9] - 171:15; 339:17, 25; 340:2, 6-7; 103:14; 105:13, 16, 18-19; elaborate [1] - 142:4 334:1; 340:15, 19; 341:6, 343:22; 349:12; 352:4; 106:7, 10-13, 15; 107:6; Elders [2] - 93:3; 229:6 10; 351:14; 353:8; 355:6 360:3, 6, 14, 21 108:7, 13; 109:11; 110:13, element [2] - 45:12; 259:2 effective [6] - 96:13; 148:2; duration [6] - 100:9; 200:16; 25; 113:6; 132:20; 133:2-4; 199:13; 256:12; 258:12; elemental [1] - 265:11 266:15; 267:7, 9; 343:3 135:22; 136:23; 137:2, 16, 374:21 elements [2] - 10:2; 246:7 Duration [1] - 214:2 21, 25; 138:4; 139:4 effectively [1] - 35:20 elevate [2] - 169:24; 260:7 durations [3] - 267:5; earthquakes [144] - 57:2, 7; effectiveness [4] - 158:12; elevated [2] - 95:23; 372:1 274:14; 275:1 58:1, 7, 11, 13; 59:11, 16, 255:4; 258:8; 373:16 elevation [1] - 211:15 during [48] - 51:5; 90:13; 19; 60:9, 19; 62:10; 65:6, Effects [1] - 332:23 elsewhere [5] - 42:18; 67:6; 101:18; 112:7, 24; 114:3; 25; 66:6, 9, 11, 24; 67:3, effects [85] - 8:5, 14, 22; 9:4, 123:19; 148:20; 176:2 142:7; 143:7, 15; 145:10; 7-8, 18; 68:20, 25; 78:2; 11, 20; 87:10; 95:2; embarked [1] - 54:16 155:12; 157:22; 158:21; 79:10, 17; 97:7-13, 21, 24; 102:12; 103:17; 110:11, embayment [1] - 194:16 161:20; 162:16, 24; 98:2, 4, 19, 21; 99:9, 13, 23; 112:6; 138:14; 153:11; embayments [1] - 213:9 163:23; 165:3; 168:1; 15, 17-18, 23; 100:8, 17, 155:7, 16, 18; 156:16, 23; embedded [1] - 60:22 172:21; 173:19; 178:10; 25; 101:9, 11, 20, 22; 158:25; 170:16; 172:2; embedding [1] - 55:9 184:23; 186:4, 25; 187:2; 102:2, 7, 10, 13-14, 16, 18; 184:16; 195:17; 197:2; emerged [2] - 296:14; 337:5

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 15

emergency [12] - 19:3; enhancing [1] - 158:7 20:17; 28:25; 30:9; 48:13; 234:10; 235:12, 25; 278:5; 23:21; 28:2, 7; 37:8; 42:14; ensure [7] - 11:6; 17:2; 95:2, 12, 16; 152:18; 360:23 53:22; 69:17; 70:7; 76:24; 28:11; 258:22; 271:13; 182:13; 184:16; 257:17; eternity [1] - 91:5 81:1; 98:3 302:2; 365:16 332:3, 9, 16; 342:23; evaluate [1] - 86:1 emergent [1] - 37:2 ensuring [2] - 127:1; 362:17 343:4, 9; 353:12; 354:1, 7; evaluated [2] - 61:4; 276:2 eminent [2] - 52:5, 8 enter [4] - 239:10; 241:2; 358:15; 360:12 evaluating [1] - 123:4 emphasize [1] - 27:3 374:7 environmentally [1] - 184:3 evaluation [4] - 114:20; empirical [1] - 153:22 entered [1] - 13:14 environments [4] - 119:15; 134:25; 222:23; 226:20 empirically [2] - 176:22; entering [2] - 188:10; 248:17 120:19; 161:2; 240:9 Evans [3] - 4:6; 150:11; 311:17 enters [1] - 86:11 epicentral [1] - 106:14 151:2 employed [1] - 273:24 entertaining [1] - 299:11 epicentre [1] - 102:21 evening [6] - 219:9; 306:19; employees [1] - 33:15 entire [5] - 42:25; 49:21; equal [2] - 291:8; 340:4 307:7; 331:13; 372:18; encouraged [1] - 217:12 79:2; 125:20; 162:17 equally [1] - 113:18 375:17 end [18] - 27:4; 56:7; 59:4; entirely [4] - 15:23; 131:8; equals [1] - 348:24 event [9] - 37:7; 49:16, 25; 61:23; 122:5; 165:13; 336:20; 355:5 equate [1] - 120:10 64:1; 77:1; 133:1; 213:13; 183:24; 205:16; 242:3; entirety [1] - 43:4 equation [1] - 278:15 241:10; 243:12 244:6; 249:15; 282:1; entitled [1] - 332:20 equilibrated [1] - 71:19 events [8] - 64:19; 67:1; 292:3; 304:7; 315:10; entity [1] - 353:21 equipment [4] - 41:4, 8; 109:9; 125:1; 130:19; 321:24; 322:3; 339:9 entrained [8] - 168:19; 163:2; 184:5 132:13; 133:6; 141:19 endeavour [1] - 227:11 176:14; 288:20; 302:5, 14; Eric [2] - 300:21 eventually [5] - 41:1; 232:4; ended [1] - 73:16 366:24; 373:13; 374:11 eroded [2] - 70:24; 73:4 269:25; 300:13; 301:8 endorse [4] - 6:5; 254:7, 10, entrainment [27] - 174:22; erosion [20] - 45:7; 75:14; evidence [15] - 10:22; 57:4; 14 175:7; 177:6, 10; 178:7, 80:22; 87:24; 89:3, 11, 20; 59:9; 67:7; 70:4; 111:18; ends [2] - 29:17; 118:12 15-16; 242:12; 244:6; 90:8; 120:7, 18; 121:12, 155:20; 156:8, 22; 184:18, energy [5] - 40:5; 60:5; 285:1; 290:5; 292:24; 17; 127:21; 143:25; 170:1; 21; 200:18; 296:18; 337:3; 65:22; 100:3, 7 296:17; 301:23; 302:1, 11, 185:23; 192:13, 16; 365:25 368:3 Energy [11] - 93:13; 94:12; 19; 303:5; 304:3, 5, 12; errata [1] - 333:3 evidently [1] - 89:17 152:2; 230:18; 326:11, 17; 305:21; 310:13; 359:1; errors [1] - 333:4 evolve [4] - 120:7, 12; 331:23; 332:17, 24; 334:2; 366:16, 23; 373:25 escape [1] - 304:9 300:14; 301:9 340:25 entrainments [2] - 302:20; especially [3] - 104:25; evolved [1] - 171:9 ENERGY [1] - 1:2 303:7 135:16; 183:14 exact [1] - 268:23 enforce [4] - 30:17; 31:2 entrenched [1] - 316:6 Esq [3] - 2:5, 9 exactly [8] - 83:4; 221:10; enforceable [1] - 186:4 envelope [3] - 194:24; 195:8; essay [1] - 314:21 241:19; 308:6; 310:4; enforcement [4] - 19:2; 28:5; 199:7 essence [2] - 44:10; 61:10 356:24; 359:10; 361:12 30:4, 9 envelopes [1] - 195:4 essential [1] - 11:20 examine [2] - 48:6; 223:22 engage [1] - 11:2 Environment [31] - 1:13; essentially [16] - 55:19; examined [6] - 111:14, 17; engaged [3] - 22:11; 148:11; 4:10, 23; 6:12; 7:6; 10:5; 87:11; 99:8; 112:9; 116:9; 127:2; 344:23; 359:4, 15 369:11 76:21; 79:18; 129:1, 16; 159:5; 200:14; 239:11; example [30] - 20:23; 24:1, engagement [1] - 365:3 150:18; 153:2, 15; 219:11; 243:8; 256:4; 279:2; 282:7; 18; 35:10; 38:7; 39:18; engineer [23] - 21:16, 21-22; 261:19; 262:10, 19, 25; 285:3; 286:11; 309:25; 69:1; 111:17; 117:1; 26:17, 23; 33:11, 14, 16; 263:5, 24; 265:20; 266:7; 343:17 118:19; 119:13; 121:18; 36:24; 37:17; 38:3; 43:11; 267:14; 269:14, 20; 272:1, establish [7] - 174:24; 123:24; 124:17; 125:10; 44:6; 46:19, 24; 47:6, 12; 15; 273:8, 15; 363:12 256:11; 288:16; 291:16; 126:11; 145:19; 158:4; 52:5, 8; 53:11; 80:16; 81:6; environment [22] - 8:15; 360:3, 7, 14 179:16; 180:11; 200:5; 237:2 17:12; 79:17; 119:11, 18; established [9] - 9:14; 53:15; 240:13; 287:7; 290:2, 16; engineered [1] - 124:12 149:25; 152:10; 156:6; 174:18; 205:4; 279:13; 297:21; 305:23; 311:13; engineering [15] - 21:19; 237:14; 239:15; 242:15; 280:14, 21; 281:17; 360:6 342:16; 374:5 25:12, 15, 19; 44:1, 19, 25; 250:22; 253:6; 258:25; ESTABLISHED [1] - 1:2 examples [8] - 120:15; 45:14, 25; 51:23; 89:6; 261:23; 264:5; 265:15; establishing [1] - 288:18 122:16; 124:16; 125:13; 90:2; 91:8; 199:2; 224:1 275:11; 308:14; 315:19; ESTHER [3] - 77:24; 79:6, 23 288:14; 292:11; 294:25; engineering-oriented [1] - 333:24 Esther [1] - 77:24 371:1 224:1 ENVIRONMENT [1] - 262:3 estimate [9] - 87:22; 174:22; excavate [1] - 48:4 engineers [10] - 21:7; 37:10; Environmental [26] - 8:24; 254:20; 255:8, 11; 256:24; excavating [1] - 72:19 42:17; 45:25; 46:1, 10; 10:6; 20:5; 22:20; 30:6; 258:10; 266:19; 298:5 excavation [4] - 71:3, 23; 47:6; 55:11; 115:6 76:10; 93:8; 94:15; 133:14; estimated [6] - 175:4; 72:16, 22 Engineers [1] - 47:16 161:12; 164:25; 165:14; 192:11; 348:4, 23; 363:24; excavations [1] - 72:3 enhance [2] - 68:23; 371:13 182:15; 184:9, 23; 185:2; 374:12 exceed [5] - 128:6; 140:10; enhanced [1] - 95:13 198:7; 210:17; 232:13; estimates [8] - 175:6, 25; 159:7; 215:2; 367:10 enhancement [4] - 157:19; 246:11; 262:9; 332:21; 176:21; 178:16; 253:25; exceedance [2] - 61:7, 16 158:1, 6, 11 342:19; 344:17; 373:11 291:20; 311:15; 370:7 exceeding [1] - 214:25 enhancements [1] - 158:2 ENVIRONMENTAL [2] - 1:6, et [14] - 52:20; 84:22; 88:17; except [1] - 182:2 enhances [3] - 6:10; 264:21; 8 115:20; 124:13; 142:19; excessive [3] - 122:15; 265:4 environmental [25] - 8:21; 144:23, 25; 176:25; 141:9; 145:12

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 16

exchange [2] - 288:1; 305:9 156:25; 157:23; 222:2; extreme [9] - 17:19; 18:3, 5; Falls [4] - 46:18; 47:4; excitement [1] - 227:24 226:11; 230:11; 239:8; 31:7; 50:17, 24; 121:18; 326:10; 371:10 exclusion [5] - 163:11; 240:1; 266:16; 267:3; 125:10; 126:11 Falvie [1] - 52:6 333:20; 334:13, 15, 24 298:21; 302:19; 370:21 extreme-consequence [2] - familiar [5] - 28:23; 29:6; excuse [3] - 181:13; 228:19; experienced [2] - 45:14; 18:3; 31:7 250:7; 262:25; 297:9 274:7 103:20 extremely [5] - 49:25; 63:23; familiarity [1] - 237:4 executed [1] - 44:13 experiences [2] - 239:19; 107:11; 117:18; 322:20 family [3] - 180:16; 316:15; Executive [1] - 10:6 267:4 eye [1] - 116:9 325:9 executive [4] - 36:6, 16; 53:3 experiencing [1] - 130:6 eyed [1] - 66:18 Fanos [12] - 4:18; 181:16; exercise [2] - 9:16; 184:10 expert [13] - 33:12; 44:19; eyes [1] - 303:18 228:12, 20; 229:10; exhaust [2] - 219:20; 326:14 89:6; 90:1; 91:8; 94:13; 244:24; 245:7; 257:4, 15; exhausted [1] - 265:9 129:18; 155:22; 181:12; F 258:5, 18; 367:19 exhaustive [1] - 286:22 182:18; 255:23; 262:24; FANOS [15] - 181:15, 24; exhibit [4] - 290:23; 300:17; 331:1 228:19; 229:4; 232:11; F-a-n-o-s [2] - 229:10; 245:7 305:10; 340:21 expertise [12] - 147:5; 185:9; 233:5, 10, 13; 236:8; face [4] - 38:9; 39:21; 118:6; exist [8] - 57:21; 176:16; 228:6; 229:16; 231:10; 245:7; 246:5; 247:4, 12; 227:5 186:7; 259:14, 19; 268:15; 246:6; 261:12, 14; 265:20; 257:14; 258:19 faced [1] - 126:16 314:23; 341:11 272:25; 332:8 far [13] - 48:24; 75:15; faces [1] - 250:7 existence [3] - 259:18; experts [15] - 33:24; 42:17; 118:23; 136:12; 141:17; facilitating [1] - 368:14 321:13 43:18; 51:23; 52:1; 55:13, 143:3; 148:21; 223:13; facilities [12] - 63:22; 157:24; existing [21] - 54:7; 57:8; 21; 56:1, 5, 19; 81:17; 247:2; 270:9; 314:13; 163:9; 226:13; 230:11; 66:3; 131:19; 158:10; 90:6; 147:5; 220:18; 317:8; 341:6 304:17, 23; 371:1, 5, 7 176:8; 189:12; 195:16; 366:14 Farrell [2] - 194:6; 195:12 facility [11] - 40:2; 67:22; 202:11; 211:4; 242:13; explain [9] - 8:9; 15:20; fast [4] - 73:19; 99:1; 117:14 157:20; 304:10; 305:2, 5; 271:12; 293:8; 299:10; 80:18; 83:1; 189:3; 214:21; fault [9] - 65:17, 20; 66:3; 323:20; 371:4, 11, 14 311:3, 7; 342:10; 346:6; 238:19; 255:21; 372:14 67:9; 98:14-16, 18; 99:5 fact [19] - 13:9; 18:4; 27:5; 347:5; 367:10; 372:8 explained [1] - 135:24 faults [19] - 56:23; 57:4, 16, 60:12; 63:20; 80:19; exists [7] - 112:20; 142:9; explaining [1] - 312:5 18, 21-24; 58:1, 4; 59:5, 112:11; 126:17; 140:25; 226:10; 227:1; 272:2; explains [1] - 338:16 12; 67:11; 98:20; 111:13, 170:2, 6, 21; 209:23; 347:23; 353:21 explicit [3] - 288:8; 297:17, 19; 131:19; 134:11 263:16; 288:14; 309:2; expand [3] - 70:20; 73:6; 25 fear [1] - 272:18 316:9, 14; 320:6 292:13 explicitly [2] - 176:13; feasible [1] - 201:16 factor [4] - 100:1, 6; 112:25; expanded [2] - 150:21; 297:12 feature [2] - 339:13; 351:20 304:11 325:19 exploration [1] - 312:8 features [5] - 48:2, 6; 57:3; factored [1] - 344:16 Expansion [1] - 47:9 explore [2] - 147:18, 22 59:8; 73:11 factoring [1] - 261:7 expect [12] - 13:23; 104:22; exposed [1] - 315:19 February [1] - 12:21 factors [10] - 86:22; 123:6; 106:11; 138:5; 161:6; exposure [2] - 118:16; fecundity [1] - 278:5 274:25; 302:21; 303:6; 239:1; 246:4; 249:6; 261:2; 275:19 fed [1] - 331:14 304:4, 12-13; 305:17; 272:18; 312:15; 315:5 express [1] - 301:5 Federal [14] - 10:5, 15; 371:16 expectation [4] - 23:13; expressed [5] - 195:15; 94:10, 12; 115:5; 153:13; fail [1] - 18:3 24:17; 27:18; 266:19 201:6; 298:18; 319:19; 157:4; 182:15; 184:8; failed [3] - 18:5, 15; 136:5 expectations [1] - 66:18 371:25 202:6; 245:5; 278:14; failing [1] - 143:1 expected [34] - 6:13; 10:24; extend [5] - 137:21; 138:4; 279:1; 373:10 failure [9] - 17:18; 18:8, 13; 31:17; 161:3; 237:17; 339:20; 352:6; 355:22 feed [1] - 171:8 76:8; 84:23; 118:17, 20, 238:20, 23; 240:2, 8; extended [4] - 40:22; 44:3; feedback [1] - 201:15 24; 140:9 241:20, 22; 242:2, 9; 337:17; 340:21 feeder [1] - 358:12 failures [2] - 60:18 243:2, 8; 247:18; 266:15; extending [3] - 40:15; feet [2] - 40:15; 169:23 faint [1] - 59:2 267:6; 269:12; 273:9; 162:10; 201:7 FELDBERG [2] - 33:1; 274:16, 25; 288:9; 348:13, extensive [9] - 17:3; 21:8; fair [5] - 206:3, 16; 222:4; 150:19 240:1; 248:13 19; 349:6; 351:1, 3; 44:16; 46:22; 47:25; 73:19; Feldberg [3] - 2:10; 32:14; 352:17; 366:23; 368:13, 229:15; 230:10; 260:21 fairly [27] - 17:3, 23; 18:22; 220:20 19:13, 19; 31:11; 65:9; 17; 370:12; 374:16 extent [20] - 9:15; 54:11; fell [1] - 322:17 68:16; 70:22; 71:24; 75:8; expecting [4] - 31:17; 53:9; 59:4; 65:21; 95:17; 143:17; felt [13] - 78:3; 101:10, 22; 102:8; 119:24; 176:15; 232:4; 276:5 162:4; 187:24; 201:12; 102:7, 14, 16, 19; 103:19; 260:9; 281:24; 283:16; expects [2] - 190:15; 195:12 215:16; 234:13; 264:1; 104:2; 106:15; 108:18; 285:9; 292:2; 295:4; expenditures [1] - 35:15 290:20; 314:6; 315:10, 13; 146:11 297:19; 298:6; 302:16; expense [1] - 85:17 338:25; 343:3; 360:4, 23 fence [1] - 125:14 312:10, 15; 355:2 expensive [2] - 146:12; external [5] - 21:11; 43:18; ferries [1] - 186:24 fall [8] - 29:10; 169:20; 298:13 44:3, 5; 54:15 few [42] - 24:10; 40:1; 46:9; 192:11; 197:5; 204:7; experience [26] - 33:12; extinguish [1] - 329:6 62:17; 100:11; 102:12; 246:7; 322:15; 368:17 36:25; 46:20, 25; 47:7, 13; extirpated [2] - 313:13, 15 104:24; 105:1, 19; 106:19, falling [4] - 102:22; 116:5; 52:24; 55:22; 61:1; 63:18; extra [2] - 14:25; 211:15 22; 116:8; 122:4, 15; 118:1, 12 67:5; 69:25; 70:17; 90:24; extraction [1] - 108:20 123:23; 124:8, 16; 125:13;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 17

131:16; 133:15; 140:16; fire [2] - 255:17; 260:13 284:20; 285:1, 13; 286:6, fisherwoman [1] - 225:16 141:6; 143:7; 151:22; fires [7] - 260:5, 7, 14, 19, 9, 11, 17-18, 24-25; fishery [15] - 160:24; 161:7; 164:3; 190:8; 201:20; 21; 261:9; 263:15 287:8-10, 16; 288:19, 25; 232:3; 282:12; 291:4, 7-8, 211:23; 219:16; 239:6; First [55] - 5:5; 13:4, 12, 19; 289:11, 19; 290:14; 13, 16; 295:4; 309:10; 250:7; 268:1, 3; 277:25; 93:3; 137:19; 153:16; 291:21; 292:16, 19, 22, 24; 312:17, 21; 328:12 279:24; 280:9; 295:5; 160:4, 24; 165:13; 168:7; 294:24; 295:10, 13; fishery's [1] - 310:21 304:1; 306:14; 322:17; 179:24; 180:2, 5; 203:25; 296:20; 299:12; 300:9, 14, fishes [4] - 243:16; 252:1; 336:19; 362:22 220:7, 11, 22; 226:19; 16, 25; 301:1, 3; 302:13, 274:4; 328:3 fiction [1] - 311:20 229:7; 234:12; 242:21, 25; 22; 303:18; 304:4, 17, fishing [13] - 139:22; 154:4; Field [2] - 68:22; 108:4 244:18; 250:6; 262:12; 23-25; 305:4-6, 8, 10, 170:24; 171:14; 180:16; field [7] - 68:24; 127:10; 276:8; 280:1; 297:10, 20; 19-20; 306:1; 307:20; 186:12; 234:12; 281:5; 144:23; 153:23; 177:3; 301:21, 23; 313:3, 8, 14; 308:5, 18; 309:10, 15; 290:17; 291:11; 313:7; 178:8 319:4; 320:21; 321:6, 9-10; 310:15; 313:19, 23; 314:2, 316:15; 329:2 fields [1] - 68:21 327:14; 328:18; 332:15; 4, 8, 14, 17, 20, 22; 315:2, fit [2] - 276:9; 287:4 fifth [1] - 195:5 344:7, 12; 350:19, 25; 8, 12-13, 15, 18; 316:1, 12, fits [1] - 299:23 fighting [1] - 251:15 352:13; 356:15, 20; 357:8, 14, 23-24; 317:4, 15, 20; five [10] - 30:1; 37:16; Figure [1] - 162:9 23 320:11, 15, 20, 22; 321:14; 102:23; 140:21; 183:20; figure [13] - 58:3; 73:1; first [71] - 15:11; 20:8; 23:10; 322:7, 13, 20-21, 24; 187:23; 315:21; 322:15; 89:22; 104:4; 155:19; 24:11; 29:20, 22; 34:15; 325:10; 327:18, 24; 328:5, 337:13; 371:13 162:8, 14; 213:24; 215:8; 46:13; 54:21; 68:16; 70:11; 14, 23; 331:1, 22; 334:1, 5, fix [1] - 80:17 224:10, 12; 299:16 75:21; 77:15; 78:5; 80:3; 19, 23, 25; 335:17; 336:1, fixed [4] - 80:19; 81:14; figures [1] - 269:23 81:13; 82:4; 83:9; 85:13, 19; 337:13, 23; 338:1, 3, 8, 90:20; 253:15 file [2] - 28:17; 331:2 19; 108:16, 25; 109:3, 12; 24; 339:5, 12, 14; 340:3, 7, FLAC [1] - 73:19 25; 341:13, 17; 342:5, 9; filed [4] - 11:12; 14:2; 226:6, 114:4; 117:25; 119:10; flag [1] - 39:1 343:15-17; 344:3, 15, 22; 9 120:6, 17; 121:14; 122:4; flash [1] - 12:15 345:5, 16; 346:1, 3, 6; fill [9] - 15:11; 40:25; 41:5; 132:1; 140:5, 16, 19, 21; flashovers [1] - 204:15 141:6, 11; 143:13; 149:23; 347:7, 19, 21; 348:4, 8; 89:15, 17, 23; 192:10, 17 flat [2] - 119:5; 253:2 152:8; 189:5; 193:16; 349:13, 15-17; 350:13, 16, filled [7] - 38:10; 46:9; 60:14; Flats [2] - 68:9; 141:20 204:23; 217:15; 221:8; 22, 25; 351:7, 10, 19, 23; 75:8; 112:24; 217:11; flatter [1] - 119:4 229:5; 233:16, 18; 246:25; 352:8, 11-12; 356:12; 339:6 flexibility [1] - 371:16 263:13; 269:21; 278:9; 357:4, 7, 25; 358:13, 24; filling [15] - 69:11; 106:25; flexible [1] - 267:8 282:2; 286:5; 294:3; 304:3; 359:6; 361:6, 24; 366:25; 145:10; 192:9; 193:16; flies [1] - 322:2 319:16; 333:15; 341:16; 367:5, 7, 9, 12; 368:7, 14; 195:14; 196:2; 217:10; floating [3] - 49:13; 191:11; 360:2; 361:17; 362:25; 369:21; 370:4, 12, 14-15, 338:13, 21; 340:6; 345:21; 208:19 368:3; 370:4; 373:1 18, 25; 371:19, 25; 372:17, 351:18; 365:23 flood [10] - 12:15; 47:22; firstly [2] - 334:13; 341:15 24; 373:13, 16; 374:1, 8; fills [1] - 60:16 48:25; 49:13, 24; 50:17, Fish [3] - 160:19; 332:23 375:4 filming [1] - 12:14 24; 51:10; 75:11 fish [355] - 151:20; 152:7, 10, fish-bearing [6] - 234:3, 17, filter [12] - 41:15, 18, 21; flooded [2] - 186:6; 193:21 16, 23; 153:5, 9, 25; 154:2, 20, 23; 235:10; 237:12 42:2; 45:5, 7; 90:2, 5, 7, 13 flooding [13] - 190:9, 15; 8, 14-15; 155:11, 25; fish-eating [1] - 275:17 final [11] - 88:10; 94:17; 96:8; 191:9; 192:8, 25; 193:4; 156:4, 12, 17; 157:2, fished [1] - 167:12 162:19; 177:8; 198:4, 25; 194:16; 224:8; 285:8, 20; 16-17, 19, 21, 25; 158:8, fisher [1] - 168:8 201:10; 205:17; 246:1; 293:17; 321:16; 327:6 20, 23; 159:6, 9, 12, 18; fisheries [39] - 13:7; 34:7, 9; 293:5 floods [2] - 48:24; 49:6 160:5; 167:11, 18, 20; 151:18; 152:2; 153:17; finalize [1] - 130:9 floor [12] - 77:13, 22; 88:21; 169:7; 170:17, 22; 171:3, 158:6; 160:11; 212:13; finalized [2] - 162:19; 198:20 92:15; 133:10; 145:8; 6, 9; 173:17; 174:19; 229:12, 17, 24; 230:2, finalizing [1] - 96:15 214:9; 259:10; 273:15; 175:10-12; 176:21; 178:7; 9-10; 231:3, 7; 232:17; finally [10] - 26:19; 114:17; 301:16; 362:3, 21 179:12, 19; 181:22; 245:16, 20; 247:25; 119:21; 120:25; 128:4; flow [30] - 41:21; 49:4, 15; 185:24; 196:17, 24; 256:13; 276:18; 278:2, 4; 164:8; 200:2; 366:5; 74:16; 91:9; 119:21; 220:19, 23; 229:16; 230:7, 282:10; 299:1; 310:11; 368:22; 375:1 169:22; 170:2, 17; 171:1, 24-25; 233:25; 234:3, 17, 313:8; 319:14; 320:14; financially [1] - 212:6 4; 188:5, 17; 215:1, 10; 20-21, 23; 235:8, 10, 15; 322:18; 366:12, 14; 369:10 findings [6] - 93:15; 94:2; 216:2; 221:11, 14; 230:6; 237:4, 8, 10, 12, 18-19; Fisheries [22] - 4:17, 22; 238:2; 250:25; 334:9; 244:1; 288:21; 292:13; 238:4, 11, 13; 239:5, 25; 153:14; 156:20; 181:16; 367:5 302:23; 309:25; 337:2; 240:3; 241:10, 18; 242:17, 228:1, 10, 20; 229:3, 12; fine [12] - 41:15, 18, 23; 45:6; 366:6, 8; 373:13 21, 25; 246:23; 247:6, 8, 233:6; 245:13, 18; 247:1, 88:4; 265:21; 273:5; 298:1; flow-through [1] - 309:25 11, 14; 252:1, 10, 17-18, 5; 248:6, 10; 267:13; 307:7; 324:3 flowing [3] - 23:14; 75:10; 20, 23; 253:2, 6; 255:22; 268:12; 278:24; 358:8; fines [1] - 41:20 259:25; 260:25; 261:6, 8; 367:1 221:19 fingernails [1] - 99:2 flows [21] - 24:19; 50:8, 19; 263:21; 265:18; 268:14, fisherman [3] - 170:22; fingers [1] - 313:21 17; 275:17; 277:15; 278:6, 225:16; 295:12 117:22; 119:8, 12; 124:20; finished [2] - 27:2; 314:11 158:8; 170:11, 13; 189:4; 8, 21; 279:7, 9, 16; 280:7, fishermen [1] - 296:11 finite [2] - 292:1 191:7; 195:18; 196:1; 10; 281:4, 7; 282:25; fishers [1] - 297:10 fins [1] - 247:2 221:16, 21, 25; 262:17;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 18

289:6; 335:16 forestry [4] - 94:24; 200:7; fragmenting [3] - 300:9, 11, G fluctuation [4] - 256:8; 324:10; 325:4 25 289:8, 10, 13 Forests [6] - 3:5; 5:1; 14:22; framed [1] - 12:3 fluctuations [3] - 255:6; 276:15, 21; 369:8 framework [2] - 32:8; 362:16 gain [1] - 211:15 285:8; 289:2 forests [2] - 15:16; 260:11 frankly [1] - 354:12 game [1] - 354:25 fluid [2] - 131:11, 15 forgot [1] - 295:24 free [9] - 49:9, 12; 50:5, 25; gap [1] - 272:4 fluids [1] - 131:20 form [8] - 98:14; 123:12; 133:8; 193:13; 279:4; garbage [1] - 319:23 flume [2] - 50:15, 21 129:22; 147:22; 164:11; 281:25; 315:11 Gary [3] - 4:9; 150:16; 330:24 flushing [1] - 288:7 253:20; 287:15; 370:23 freeboard [3] - 51:2, 11; GARY [2] - 167:25; 172:20 fluvial [4] - 94:22; 152:14; formal [2] - 11:14; 29:17 112:11 Gas [10] - 65:2; 67:19; 68:3; 156:10; 347:5 formation [2] - 33:25; 147:25 freeze [1] - 169:22 101:14; 109:6; 132:5, 9; fly [1] - 296:11 formations [3] - 109:2; freezing [1] - 51:5 146:14; 148:17; 149:6 focus [7] - 34:9; 114:7; 130:25; 147:25 frequency [5] - 61:8; 123:1; gas [19] - 50:20, 23; 52:9, 14; 115:7; 154:5; 157:25; former [1] - 248:9 221:21, 25; 343:3 66:19; 68:21; 107:23; 185:7; 246:13 forms [1] - 285:14 frequent [4] - 103:9; 109:19; 108:19; 109:2; 110:9; focused [2] - 94:20; 267:23 formulate [1] - 231:13 134:3, 7 138:16; 147:16; 148:12; focussed [1] - 151:22 Fort [24] - 1:25; 7:3; 10:16; frequently [1] - 186:15 158:24; 324:9; 325:3; fold [2] - 368:13; 370:16 61:15; 65:9; 67:24; 68:22; fresher [1] - 62:24 354:14; 355:2; 367:12 folks [7] - 18:7; 25:6; 30:22; 99:11; 101:3, 6; 102:15; freshet [2] - 208:16; 214:17 GasLink [1] - 325:23 271:10; 302:17; 375:16 104:9; 105:23; 107:23; freshwater [1] - 171:7 gate [1] - 49:11 follow [28] - 9:3; 14:14; 23:4; 108:5, 19; 118:11; 119:7; Freshwater [2] - 273:22; gated [2] - 49:10; 50:10 29:19; 39:16; 66:16; 87:15; 132:13; 133:1, 8; 215:11; 274:3 gates [2] - 49:17; 51:7 88:15; 90:10; 118:23; 277:13, 17 Friday [2] - 13:10; 152:12 gathered [1] - 153:22 122:21; 130:17; 132:3; forth [6] - 83:12; 134:23; friend [1] - 220:20 gazetted [4] - 203:9, 12; 135:20; 141:16; 143:12; 135:5; 209:16; 238:20; frightening [3] - 102:20; 234:5, 23 172:13; 244:21; 258:4; 376:8 133:2, 4 geared [1] - 278:17 266:4, 23; 274:8; 281:1; forward [18] - 11:24; 14:20; fringe [1] - 297:6 general [26] - 8:4; 15:10; 298:9; 326:6; 333:7; 361:7; 48:20; 80:20; 131:23; front [3] - 20:2; 25:24; 59:15; 60:11; 97:8; 105:11; 362:23 136:22; 165:1, 5; 181:5; 150:25 114:5; 115:17; 117:10; follow-up [12] - 9:3; 23:4; 201:4; 231:21; 250:2; frost [2] - 169:25; 170:6 225:22, 25; 226:10, 14, 22; 229:8; 236:16; 237:20; 29:19; 39:16; 87:15; 88:15; 294:16; 365:3; 369:4, 6, 14 fry [2] - 328:11; 337:5 246:5; 263:23; 279:3; 90:10; 132:3; 141:16; foundation [4] - 20:24; 48:1, fuel [1] - 223:20 283:20; 300:9; 319:14; 266:4; 298:9; 362:23 12; 70:20 fulfill [1] - 36:19 345:7; 361:14 followed [11] - 28:13; 38:5; foundations [1] - 47:2 full [5] - 40:16; 87:19; 88:7; generalization [1] - 303:11 94:1, 6; 122:21; 128:9; founded [1] - 42:7 171:3; 201:10 generally [15] - 11:22; 31:20; 142:20; 144:25; 153:8; four [16] - 18:25; 22:16; fully [7] - 53:17; 197:6; 102:13, 24; 104:2; 109:3; 156:8; 362:18 54:17; 64:23; 117:11; 198:1, 24; 199:1; 222:19; 112:10; 113:19; 131:24; following [16] - 6:13; 16:1; 129:23; 188:19; 190:17; 364:16 134:8; 238:1; 253:9; 42:12; 89:12; 94:20; 194:5, 7, 10; 286:1; fun [1] - 227:24 304:18, 23; 333:6 121:25; 147:7; 167:3; 315:21; 359:12; 368:1; function [3] - 184:11; 245:9; generate [1] - 65:18 181:19; 273:9; 333:18; 371:5 335:22 335:7; 346:23; 350:6; generated [18] - 51:2, 13, 20; four-digit [1] - 359:12 functional [2] - 358:10, 12 368:1; 370:3 68:21; 82:21; 83:8, 19; four-year [1] - 190:17 functioning [1] - 235:21 follows [4] - 35:25; 127:3; 85:1; 86:9; 110:12; 127:23; fourth [3] - 192:5; 233:19; functions [2] - 232:7; 245:18 333:14; 341:21 235:5 128:5; 175:25; 176:1; fundamental [4] - 16:14; 177:18; 192:15 food [11] - 156:4; 160:22; fourthly [1] - 337:13 17:1; 19:6; 54:20 239:23; 242:21, 24; 247:7; generating [3] - 49:17; 67:1; frac [3] - 132:19; 133:8; funded [1] - 322:11 275:18; 311:24; 313:3 147:25 95:22 funny [1] - 78:15 fool [1] - 246:21 frac-free [1] - 133:8 generation [8] - 36:7, 16; fur [1] - 208:24 foot [1] - 116:21 frac-induced [1] - 132:19 37:16; 86:10, 17; 95:22; furs [1] - 208:16 footprint [2] - 293:11, 13 fraccing [17] - 65:8, 11, 14, 128:2; 256:9 fussed [1] - 272:16 forage [2] - 161:4; 243:15 22, 25; 66:3, 10, 13; 67:21, generation's [1] - 36:14 future [21] - 46:6; 48:20, 22; foraging [1] - 239:11 generational [1] - 300:15 23; 68:7, 18; 69:4; 79:15; 66:19; 90:9; 111:11; generations [1] - 300:19 force [9] - 201:23; 202:7, 13; 146:15; 148:4, 25 130:10; 138:5; 140:14; generic [2] - 115:10, 21 203:16; 204:5; 209:6; fraccing-type [1] - 69:4 154:23; 155:9; 157:24; genetic [5] - 154:14; 285:11; 232:16, 23; 360:17 fraction [3] - 109:22; 240:20 158:12; 195:17; 223:23; 287:12; 300:18; 305:9 foreign [1] - 328:14 fracturing [11] - 64:19; 65:7; 248:15; 258:19; 261:3; genetics [2] - 300:4, 12 foremost [1] - 83:10 66:21; 108:22, 24; 109:12, 312:7; 341:10; 367:20 foresee [2] - 70:5; 310:22 genome [1] - 300:6 17; 110:10; 112:2; 132:1; fuzzy [1] - 307:16 foresees [1] - 194:2 148:5 gentle [1] - 121:2 Forest [2] - 277:10; 294:9 fragmentation [2] - 301:12; gentleman [2] - 128:21; forest [7] - 260:5, 14, 19, 21; 305:7 220:3 261:8; 263:15 fragmented [1] - 301:3 Gentlemen [2] - 114:1; 183:2

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 19

gentlemen [2] - 52:16; 319:1 Gordon [2] - 52:4; 160:12 197:14; 275:25; 276:4; 339:4, 12, 19, 23; 340:11; geochemical [3] - 95:25; GOV_0008-071 [1] - 164:23 339:5, 12; 342:7; 344:16; 346:6; 351:18 96:12; 364:13 governance [1] - 36:6 345:9, 13; 349:16; 351:19; Hadland [4] - 219:6, 22; geochemistry [1] - 96:4 governed [1] - 24:19 358:17 220:5; 221:7 geochemistry-supported [1] government [4] - 115:3; grouting [1] - 43:7 HADLAND [5] - 219:25; - 96:4 147:17; 271:5; 276:3 grow [2] - 99:2; 243:4 221:6; 222:1, 18; 223:17 geographic [3] - 343:2; Government [6] - 8:18; growing [2] - 239:12; 296:24 Haida [1] - 58:17 360:4, 23 97:17; 144:11; 185:1; GSC [1] - 115:7 hairs [1] - 249:17 geohazards [1] - 113:19 276:16 guess [15] - 27:3; 30:25; half [13] - 17:21; 31:6; 35:17; geologic [1] - 120:9 Government's [1] - 202:7 62:22; 80:18; 88:24; 89:16; 70:14; 72:6; 87:23; 102:23; Geological [1] - 56:3 government's [1] - 66:17 90:22; 141:10; 145:10; 112:10; 149:11; 249:9; geological [11] - 56:7; 57:15, governments [8] - 8:19; 9:7; 197:24; 309:15, 18; 322:6; 260:7; 370:13 17, 22; 67:15; 70:23; 73:2; 10:9; 165:11, 17; 180:24; 323:13; 355:5 half-life [1] - 35:17 94:5, 9; 115:2; 125:19 345:9; 355:11 guidance [10] - 24:22, 25; halfway [1] - 328:2 geology [2] - 94:22; 127:5 Governments [2] - 10:15; 207:2, 12; 232:20; 343:7; Halfway [47] - 82:24; 154:20; geometric [1] - 58:20 278:14 361:12, 16; 367:19; 373:11 157:12; 171:12; 186:18, geometry [1] - 121:5 governs [1] - 16:14 guide [4] - 158:12; 342:18; 21; 191:17, 20; 194:6, 12, geomorphology [6] - 87:21; graders [1] - 124:23 360:1, 13 16, 21; 195:5, 9, 12; 196:3; 94:22; 121:5; 127:6; gradient [3] - 84:18; 283:2, 6 guideline [1] - 294:11 199:5; 203:4; 207:2, 10, 152:15; 156:11 grant [2] - 13:21; 26:2 Guidelines [4] - 76:10, 16; 22; 208:3, 7-8; 209:10; George [2] - 105:17; 106:7 granted [4] - 147:15, 17; 204:14 211:3, 8, 16; 213:4; Geoscience [4] - 101:15; 186:1; 197:17 guidelines [13] - 24:25; 216:13; 224:7; 238:25; 132:4, 10; 149:6 grasp [1] - 356:23 28:12; 36:1; 45:16, 18; 241:2; 249:8; 290:17; geosciences [1] - 44:1 Grassy [1] - 309:4 47:17; 61:6; 184:24; 321:9; 327:12, 14; 330:23; geoscientists [1] - 115:6 gratitude [1] - 7:18 209:24; 281:13, 15; 369:12 336:12; 349:22; 372:2, 5; Geoscientists [1] - 47:16 gravel [2] - 41:11; 90:5 guides [1] - 360:16 373:18, 21; 374:4 Hall [1] - 181:3 Geotechnical [1] - 43:24 gravity [2] - 61:11; 115:14 gullies [1] - 119:19 Halsey [1] - 160:12 geotechnical [3] - 42:17; grayling [25] - 6:6; 157:11; Gulliver [1] - 52:9 47:6; 113:1 180:19; 240:7, 11; 253:17; gully [1] - 119:10 hand [16] - 41:14; 50:5, 12; geotechs [1] - 115:7 254:4, 8, 15-16; 284:23, gun [1] - 231:14 53:24; 81:2; 82:17; 99:24; Germany [2] - 35:5; 53:2 25; 296:11; 300:5; 301:11; guys [1] - 228:23 100:19; 104:15; 118:21; 124:17, 21; 141:2; 198:17; giant [1] - 98:22 328:1; 336:15; 337:14; Gwaii [1] - 58:18 216:20 Gilbride [1] - 2:10 348:18; 349:20; 356:18; handle [2] - 19:20; 20:4 gills [1] - 247:2 358:22; 359:2; 372:9 H hands [3] - 260:3; 325:15; given [23] - 42:8; 59:22; 67:1; great [7] - 62:20; 85:17; 95:20; 118:14; 138:12, 15; 177:15; 283:10; 295:6; 354:2 Habitat [2] - 332:23; 346:20 162:22; 175:18; 176:15; 307:9; 318:15 hang [1] - 219:5 habitat [100] - 151:20; 152:7, 177:24; 223:19; 233:11; greater [6] - 103:22; 192:1; happily [1] - 223:7 11, 16, 23; 153:9, 25; 234:7; 268:15; 305:21; 291:9; 340:4, 8; 346:18 happy [3] - 97:3; 128:24; 154:2, 15; 155:11, 25; 309:22; 310:23; 311:8; greatest [2] - 275:24; 276:8 166:12 156:17; 157:18, 22; 158:1, 337:1; 360:19; 371:15 green [3] - 41:10; 126:2; hard [5] - 120:8; 329:1; 7-8, 20; 159:14, 19, 21; glacial [1] - 71:10 157:8 356:23; 359:10 170:17; 173:17; 185:24; glaciated [1] - 120:23 GREG [8] - 307:6, 11; harder [1] - 246:19 196:17, 24; 220:19, 23; glaciation [1] - 120:20 331:19; 353:11, 20; harm [4] - 232:16, 23; 229:17; 230:7, 25; 234:1; 354:16; 356:22; 362:5 245:11; 257:23 Glacier [1] - 353:20 247:12, 17; 253:4; 254:21, Greg [4] - 5:6; 331:15, 18, 24 harmful [2] - 268:14, 18 glad [1] - 318:3 25; 255:1, 4-5, 10, 13, 23; grey [2] - 162:13, 15 harms [2] - 225:9, 20 GLEN [7] - 14:24; 16:23; 256:7, 11, 25; 257:1, 10; grief [1] - 141:25 Harry [2] - 2:3; 7:19 29:25; 30:11, 25; 31:11; 258:11; 259:18, 20; harvest [5] - 160:5; 290:13; 32:12 ground [9] - 61:9, 15; 64:1; 278:25; 288:3, 25; 292:9; 320:5; 350:18, 25 Glen [6] - 3:6; 14:19, 23; 99:25; 100:3, 23; 108:11; 302:24; 321:3; 331:1, 22; harvestable [4] - 291:21; 15:4; 29:24; 198:3 127:14; 142:9 334:1, 19, 25; 337:23; 347:21; 348:4, 8 global [3] - 99:13; 102:1; groundwater [10] - 71:20; 338:9-11, 19; 339:14; harvested [5] - 180:8; 107:3 94:23; 96:21; 128:20; 340:3, 7, 25; 343:15, 17; 242:24; 352:13; 357:8, 23 globally [6] - 44:24; 52:23; 243:19; 262:23; 269:1, 8; 345:5, 17; 346:1, 3, 10; harvesters [1] - 153:5 103:5; 109:3, 18, 21 271:14; 364:22 347:5, 12; 348:5; 349:13; harvesting [4] - 151:8; GM [1] - 40:4 group [5] - 12:6; 25:6; 55:18; 351:8, 23, 25; 352:5, 9-10; 180:5; 313:14; 314:8 goal [1] - 98:11 358:24; 375:11 358:14; 359:6; 361:7, 24; Hatch [2] - 44:6 God [1] - 353:9 grouped [2] - 26:15, 19 367:6, 8; 372:24 haul [12] - 271:12; 302:7; Godsoe [1] - 2:9 grouping [1] - 181:19 habitats [20] - 154:6; 157:8; 303:21; 305:4; 370:20, 24; goldeye [7] - 283:5; 292:10; groupings [1] - 26:16 159:11, 16; 247:11; 371:1, 5, 11, 14; 374:20, 297:4; 337:14; 340:20; groups [19] - 157:7, 16; 257:24; 304:6; 335:18; 22 341:2; 351:15 184:23; 185:1; 187:3, 8; 336:6; 337:9; 338:2, 5; hauling [3] - 271:14, 16;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 20

373:16 17; 225:10; 238:11; 260:19 hole [2] - 71:15; 82:7 83:24; 84:11; 85:20; 101:5; Hazard [1] - 55:2 helped [2] - 52:5, 10 Hole [1] - 325:8 134:23; 143:13; 144:13; hazard [28] - 33:13; 54:6, 12; helpful [9] - 10:12; 14:3; holes [1] - 127:11 145:8; 149:25; 150:2, 18; 55:5, 17, 22; 59:10; 62:4, 209:14; 244:9; 258:12; Holt [6] - 251:11, 20; 252:3, 152:3; 153:3, 8, 17, 21; 7, 14; 66:12; 97:1, 15; 259:5; 275:16; 364:9; 14, 25; 253:20 154:11; 156:8; 158:5; 98:8; 105:20, 24; 106:3; 367:2 home [3] - 115:23; 330:12, 161:11, 19; 162:10, 22; 111:1, 6, 8; 113:8; 125:22; helping [1] - 313:12 20 163:7, 10, 15; 164:15; 127:18; 135:6, 10, 16; helps [3] - 138:4; 205:10; homes [1] - 105:19 165:10; 167:10; 170:5; 138:2; 142:10 249:21 honestly [1] - 10:24 174:11, 16, 21; 175:24; hazarding [1] - 145:19 hereby [1] - 376:5 hoops [1] - 20:8 177:9, 19; 179:5, 10, 18; hazards [18] - 76:13; 94:2, 7, herein [1] - 376:8 hop [1] - 326:5 183:10; 184:22; 185:4, 15; 21-22; 97:4; 98:11; 110:5, hereunto [1] - 376:13 hope [3] - 74:9; 307:1; 331:2 186:19; 188:11, 16; 189:2, 7, 16-17, 21, 24-25; 21, 25; 111:5; 114:21; heritage [1] - 8:22 Hope [1] - 43:3 190:11, 15, 22, 25; 191:5, 126:23; 127:6; 146:15; hi [3] - 147:2; 180:9; 278:10 hoped [1] - 293:25 11, 22, 24; 192:3, 6, 10, 186:7; 190:12, 15 high [31] - 29:14; 35:8; 38:7; hopefully [1] - 282:17 13; 193:6; 194:9; 195:2, 7, HD [1] - 323:22 46:17; 61:22; 95:20; 107:9; hoping [1] - 303:23 11, 21; 196:7, 23; 197:10, head [5] - 225:18; 230:13; 108:11; 109:1; 118:16; horizontal [2] - 73:3; 195:1 13, 15, 21; 198:9; 201:21; 248:9; 277:16; 370:25 129:9; 130:19; 147:19; Horn [3] - 65:5; 66:2; 109:8 203:8; 210:2, 18, 22; headings [1] - 282:22 194:25; 209:10; 242:12; Horvath [2] - 4:4; 150:6 211:5; 213:8; 217:17, 19; headpond [7] - 87:6; 338:12, 250:10; 252:22; 284:5; hot [1] - 125:22 20; 339:1; 340:5; 351:17; 218:6, 15; 220:1; 221:9; 288:1, 7, 21; 289:21; Hotel [2] - 1:23; 7:2 355:22 224:6; 225:2, 8, 25; 310:1, 4; 314:14; 317:11; hour [4] - 103:10; 116:10; 226:15; 227:7; 232:1, 18; heads [2] - 31:16; 279:23 324:6; 370:25 149:11; 219:19 heads-up [2] - 31:16; 279:23 [1] 233:17; 236:12, 20; 244:3; high-flushing - 288:7 hourglass [1] - 119:22 250:9, 16; 252:1; 254:20; headwaters [1] - 160:15 [1] high-head - 370:25 house [7] - 78:3, 6-8; 100:12; 255:8, 17; 258:21; 266:12; health [8] - 8:22; 178:18; higher [17] - 86:24; 96:5; 255:17; 330:21 263:10; 274:24; 281:3; 269:19; 270:1, 5; 272:3; 106:2; 140:8; 148:2, 6; houses [1] - 270:11 324:5, 7; 372:17 170:12; 210:25; 211:9; 282:13; 302:17; 303:16, Hudson's [1] - 43:3 18, 24; 308:2; 314:16; Health [1] - 281:3 221:19; 238:6; 239:23; huge [7] - 141:20; 180:20; 328:10, 15; 334:5; 335:14; hear [13] - 12:9, 18; 114:2; 289:9; 316:12 260:17; 284:2; 298:11; 339:11; 340:1, 17; 341:20; 168:6; 180:23; 181:6; highest [12] - 47:20, 22; 323:23; 324:7 342:16; 343:13, 23; 276:14; 299:3; 303:23; 61:5; 111:22; 113:5; 170:3; human [10] - 67:2; 116:9, 18, 344:10, 12, 18, 25; 345:10; 306:13; 319:16; 329:15; 246:3; 275:18, 22; 368:9 22; 121:8; 122:14; 274:24; 346:21; 348:6, 9; 349:8; 330:14 highlight [5] - 19:1; 163:21; 322:15; 323:13; 372:17 351:6, 12, 16; 354:22; heard [25] - 12:24; 89:14; 187:2; 269:6; 286:2 humans [2] - 106:18; 263:10 356:3, 16; 360:11, 20; 90:14; 115:19; 121:19; highlighted [2] - 126:7; hundred [2] - 51:12; 122:4 362:6, 9; 364:2, 12, 24; 143:14; 149:3; 152:12; 197:4 hundred-year [1] - 51:12 365:16; 368:22; 370:16; 160:3; 168:7; 187:3, 8; highlights [1] - 284:10 hunt [5] - 319:25; 320:25; 372:23; 373:5; 375:7 190:2, 8; 210:19; 242:5, highly [2] - 45:14; 63:20 321:1; 325:10; 327:23 HYDRO [3] - 1:3; 32:16 22; 244:17; 262:14; Highway [5] - 143:23; hunted [1] - 242:23 hydro [4] - 165:16; 225:23; 289:15; 294:23; 309:11; 185:22; 186:25; 194:4; hunters [1] - 208:8 230:11; 310:21 317:19, 24; 358:7 195:8 hunting [3] - 186:18; 208:9; Hydro's [37] - 14:16; 19:14; HEARING [1] - 1:11 highway [5] - 118:4; 145:20; 329:15 31:9; 36:9, 19; 37:12; 54:7; hearing [9] - 7:12; 8:2, 8, 12; 326:12 hurry [1] - 21:19 57:8; 91:3; 140:20; 151:20; 9:6; 10:8; 174:5; 251:14; hill [1] - 271:3 hydraulic [14] - 29:11; 50:2; 157:23; 162:6; 163:19; 280:1 hire [2] - 21:21; 280:25 64:19; 65:7; 66:21; 68:17; 185:2; 186:14; 189:10; hearings [8] - 10:4; 39:25; hired [2] - 21:13; 22:6 82:20; 108:22, 24; 109:12, 190:14; 191:1; 237:6; 89:13; 93:25; 95:1; 220:12; historic [4] - 72:2; 73:25; 16; 110:10; 112:2; 132:1 245:24; 246:6; 253:12; 230:17; 353:13 119:6; 141:21 Hydraulic [2] - 51:18 306:12; 331:21; 334:9, 20; heavily [1] - 322:21 historical [6] - 103:19; hydraulics [1] - 304:19 335:3; 337:22; 338:6; heavy [1] - 163:2 136:19, 24; 207:21; Hydro [223] - 2:9; 3:7, 11-12; 339:18, 22; 350:4, 17; heck [1] - 354:22 222:21; 223:18 4:1, 10; 5:7; 7:13; 8:5, 9, 352:8; 369:21; 373:9 Hecky [2] - 273:22; 274:3 histories [1] - 374:2 14; 10:13; 12:25; 13:11; hydrocarbons [1] - 108:11 hectare [2] - 175:21 history [19] - 16:6; 18:22; 15:7; 17:22; 22:11; 23:3; hydroelectric [5] - 36:25; height [2] - 40:16; 107:13 44:21; 60:19; 70:1; 101:23; 28:20, 23; 29:12, 18; 31:8, 52:5, 25; 230:7; 332:12 Held [1] - 1:22 102:9; 104:3; 107:15; 15, 20; 32:13, 25; 33:14; hydrogeology [1] - 94:23 held [2] - 56:2; 184:22 120:20; 121:13, 25; 34:12; 35:18, 22; 36:6, 22; hydrology [3] - 33:24; 82:12; helicopter [4] - 78:13, 16, 122:24; 137:16, 21; 37:9, 16; 38:11, 16; 43:17; 262:15 19; 80:10 141:11; 154:16; 180:16; 44:15, 18; 45:24; 46:1, 3; hydroproject [1] - 371:8 hello [4] - 133:12; 179:7; 186:10 53:3, 15; 54:5, 16; 58:5; hydroseeding [1] - 124:11 182:11, 20 hit [2] - 100:12; 225:17 62:4, 12; 65:1; 67:18; 70:2; hypothetical [1] - 212:18 help [10] - 9:6; 108:11; 109:2; hitting [1] - 78:7 76:24; 78:16; 81:2, 5-6, 19; 124:19; 195:10; 218:12, hold [1] - 147:19

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 21

I 329:24; 330:2; 339:23; 343:2; 371:7 370:20 356:17 included [16] - 9:8; 42:15; indicates [4] - 335:23; 340:2; impairments [1] - 323:9 56:2; 153:12; 156:9; 158:9; 345:21; 363:18 i.e [3] - 175:25; 347:6, 12 impartial [1] - 11:2 183:22; 186:8; 209:23; indicating [2] - 63:25; 178:3 Ice [1] - 70:25 impartiality [1] - 11:8 210:4; 213:10; 258:9; indication [3] - 132:19; ice [7] - 33:24; 121:22; 122:3; imperceptible [1] - 116:9 332:25; 350:19; 357:7; 143:22; 355:20 152:14; 156:10; 170:18; impervious [3] - 41:10, 12; 367:20 indicator [5] - 344:13; 357:1, 337:2 51:6 includes [12] - 46:3; 47:22; 12, 14, 16 ICOLD [1] - 45:18 implementation [2] - 36:9; 53:1; 159:11; 186:12; indicators [1] - 43:14 idea [6] - 145:24; 168:14; 152:23 187:22; 196:19; 202:14; indigenous [4] - 173:14; 256:23; 291:14; 299:11; implemented [2] - 9:19; 204:12; 348:10; 350:15; 342:5; 349:15; 360:25 300:24 199:12 371:2 indirect [1] - 210:16 identification [1] - 153:10 implication [2] - 211:14; including [29] - 37:6; 96:20, individual [6] - 28:1; 118:22; identified [17] - 142:8; 301:4 24; 100:9; 132:13; 145:21; 225:4, 9; 226:7; 304:5 152:21; 161:14; 162:3; implications [6] - 291:1; 152:25; 153:6; 163:9; individually [2] - 118:13; 172:16; 184:19; 185:10; 299:13, 16; 301:10; 351:4; 179:23; 184:22; 185:5; 228:4 187:20; 217:14; 234:9, 16; 372:16 187:10; 188:17; 189:18; individuals [7] - 23:6; 55:12; 275:23; 296:1; 320:21; implied [3] - 86:5; 236:4; 195:9, 22; 202:8; 247:7; 297:15; 329:1; 371:17; 327:1; 345:17; 371:24 284:13 262:22; 271:14; 294:11, 375:3, 5 identify [4] - 11:24; 200:5; implies [2] - 246:20; 339:24 15; 337:17; 358:21; 364:4, induce [3] - 66:10; 67:10; 234:6, 19 importance [7] - 57:19; 21; 365:7; 371:16 106:18 identifying [2] - 271:22; 114:11; 179:15, 17; 180:1, inclusion [2] - 255:11; induced [17] - 68:11; 70:3, 8; 329:24 18; 288:23 334:21 107:11, 19; 108:23; 110:8, ignorance [1] - 238:10 important [41] - 10:12; 12:9; inconsistent [1] - 174:7 21; 111:25; 112:2; 113:9; illustrate [1] - 99:22 24:15; 53:20; 98:17, 20; incorporate [4] - 60:25; 130:18; 131:18, 25; illustrates [4] - 36:5; 155:3, 99:21; 108:15; 111:13; 137:17; 138:1; 155:21 132:19; 133:6 5, 15 114:24; 115:13; 116:1, 3; Incorporated [1] - 332:3 industrial [1] - 280:24 image [6] - 98:15; 111:16; 117:5; 121:6; 122:17; incorporated [7] - 25:19; industry [5] - 25:16; 55:4; 116:16; 118:2, 9; 124:21 123:15; 124:15; 125:25; 49:8; 51:19; 82:13; 83:2; 66:19; 148:7, 12 imaginable [1] - 216:23 131:12, 15; 140:23; 157:2; 112:12; 144:1 infilled [1] - 87:24 imagine [6] - 41:7; 116:20; 174:19; 246:10; 249:3; incorporates [1] - 111:9 infilling [2] - 140:16; 141:6 117:25; 121:21; 270:20; 267:21; 272:20, 24; incorrect [2] - 223:6, 15 influence [8] - 87:8, 13; 354:13 283:20; 285:15; 290:22; increase [29] - 88:18; 100:3; 115:13; 121:9; 123:6; imbalances [2] - 301:24; 292:25; 296:15; 297:22; 158:6, 8; 161:3; 170:10; 221:21, 24; 337:10 303:19 313:5, 17; 335:21; 336:14; 176:22; 179:13; 187:9; inform [9] - 6:9; 69:18; immature [6] - 287:6, 9-10; 373:6 237:17; 266:15; 287:20; 96:12; 130:8; 155:7; 265:3; 302:4, 6; 303:20 imported [1] - 137:3 315:11; 323:11; 335:9; 278:18; 328:25; 364:14 immediate [4] - 151:3; impose [1] - 68:1 347:20; 351:1; 367:24; information [144] - 8:3, 13; 229:23; 230:1; 261:18 imposed [1] - 121:9 368:5, 13, 17; 369:22; 9:6, 10, 12, 15; 10:25; immediately [3] - 42:12; impossible [1] - 140:14 370:5, 11, 15; 374:24 11:16; 15:9; 20:2, 4; 25:24; 171:25; 217:21 impound [1] - 327:7 increased [4] - 171:1; 199:6; 29:13; 48:7; 56:6; 63:5, 11; Impact [4] - 161:12; 184:23; impoundment [1] - 274:18 285:16; 367:11 64:2; 73:22; 76:7; 94:14; 185:2; 332:21 impractical [1] - 126:14 increases [2] - 100:1; 158:23 97:19; 98:1; 103:14, 16, impact [30] - 10:16; 28:25; impression [1] - 89:2 increasing [5] - 74:7; 188:5; 19; 110:25; 113:11; 62:1; 84:12; 92:4; 95:12, impressive [1] - 17:24 221:21; 222:21; 259:16 128:12; 129:20; 141:1, 3; 16; 125:9; 128:2, 5; improve [1] - 172:4 incredibly [1] - 298:13 148:18; 152:9; 153:1, 5, 139:14; 143:21; 144:2; improvement [3] - 250:15; incurred [1] - 226:12 22; 154:2; 155:4, 6, 21, 23; 180:20; 188:23; 193:13; 251:2; 286:14 indeed [1] - 238:1 156:3, 14, 25; 161:15, 20; 218:12; 222:20; 259:1; improving [1] - 98:11 indefinite [1] - 35:20 164:5; 165:19; 166:11, 15, 289:11, 20; 291:5; 329:18, IN [2] - 1:1; 376:13 independent [14] - 8:17; 22; 167:25; 171:9; 178:4; 25; 358:15; 360:12; inabilities [1] - 271:11 11:1; 21:13, 16-17, 21-22; 179:25; 180:7; 181:11; 365:25; 373:25 Inc [2] - 2:14; 46:2 33:15; 43:23; 44:16, 20; 183:11, 22; 185:4, 6; impacted [4] - 125:1; 321:16; inches [2] - 208:18 53:10; 81:16; 90:6 186:19; 187:25; 189:17, 326:23; 327:2 [2] 22, 25; 192:4, 7; 194:10; incidences [1] - 167:16 INDEX - 3:1; 6:1 impacts [34] - 6:7; 86:14; 196:23; 198:2, 14-15, 20; incident [4] - 37:8; 40:2; India [2] - 107:8; 134:7 110:8, 21; 111:25; 137:18; 76:23; 167:15 indicate [10] - 18:18; 141:18; 200:4; 207:19, 25; 208:1, 162:1; 193:20; 195:10, 19; 5-6; 209:17; 210:7, 14; include [25] - 9:5; 36:2; 174:17; 175:25; 200:19; 196:21; 197:7; 199:16; 39:17; 115:15; 130:11; 311:10; 339:10; 341:1; 212:20; 216:20; 222:11; 203:21; 212:21; 223:10; 152:22; 159:12, 15; 163:1; 347:19; 372:3 226:6, 18; 232:20, 24; 225:4; 230:6; 247:13; 183:16; 185:18; 186:2, 5; indicated [12] - 84:12; 145:8; 233:1, 13, 17, 20; 234:5, 254:16; 257:23; 275:7; 190:6; 194:6, 18; 204:9; 158:13; 163:22; 164:16; 21; 235:9, 15; 236:12, 14; 282:12; 284:4, 10; 285:11; 224:16; 247:5; 252:4; 174:16; 311:16; 350:16; 237:25; 245:2, 10, 23; 286:3; 292:13; 293:13; 275:19; 334:18; 335:1; 363:25; 367:4; 369:24; 251:9; 254:6; 256:19, 21;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 22

257:19, 21; 258:22; instruments [5] - 38:19, 21; 277:8; 314:3; 330:8, 13, 24 item [2] - 339:14; 351:21 269:22; 270:2; 271:23; 41:6; 43:13; 112:19 introduced [4] - 167:20; items [3] - 102:22; 106:10; 272:2, 4, 8, 10, 22; 274:12; intake [2] - 176:15; 178:1 168:16; 173:23; 328:7 166:10 275:4; 276:11; 278:17; intakes [2] - 36:3; 185:24 introducing [1] - 173:13 iteration [1] - 23:1 282:11; 307:1; 311:13; integrate [1] - 46:4 introduction [3] - 229:22; itself [14] - 74:6; 79:24; 317:1; 323:2; 333:15, 17; integrated [6] - 24:2; 45:14, 323:5; 328:14 91:11; 109:13; 148:22; 334:11; 340:17; 344:10; 24; 51:23; 53:17; 184:2 inundated [2] - 257:13; 187:25; 224:11; 241:17; 345:11, 14; 348:3; 350:17, intend [1] - 190:3 348:5 287:11; 291:4; 294:14; 20; 356:25; 365:13; 370:22 intended [2] - 56:16; 186:3 inundation [8] - 6:14; 299:21; 317:13; 342:13 Information [1] - 332:22 intending [1] - 206:18 238:18; 257:1; 272:19; informative [2] - 77:7; intends [1] - 189:25 273:10; 274:17; 327:4; J 113:18 intensity [1] - 97:20 347:8 informed [3] - 155:18; 158:3; intensive [2] - 17:6; 140:22 inventory [8] - 103:13; JACKSON [29] - 151:15; 345:14 intention [1] - 206:23 122:25; 123:13; 127:7; 154:24; 161:10; 166:3; infrastructure [3] - 17:13; interact [1] - 67:3 154:19; 158:9; 172:21 181:13; 197:23; 211:2; 184:5; 275:3 interaction [2] - 200:21; inverse [2] - 214:24; 246:20 212:3, 8; 214:9; 216:16; infringe [1] - 10:2 235:14 invertebrates [1] - 265:17 224:14; 225:24; 226:9; Inglis [3] - 4:6; 150:10, 25 interactions [4] - 84:22; investigate [2] - 40:13; 305:6 227:9; 266:22; 270:13; inhabit [1] - 169:1 85:7; 155:25; 251:5 investigating [1] - 149:7 271:9; 274:7; 308:10, 21; inherently [1] - 17:10 investigation [4] - 39:3; interdependence [1] - 338:2 353:25; 354:5, 9; 355:15, initial [6] - 86:11, 23; 87:23; 42:19; 43:4; 132:6 interest [9] - 114:14; 177:6; 24; 356:5; 361:4; 362:10 153:25; 154:5, 17 217:24; 242:25; 260:25; investigations [3] - 47:25; Jackson [10] - 4:7; 150:13; initiated [3] - 39:16; 42:13; 64:20; 355:18 276:8; 298:6; 352:13; 151:12, 25; 152:13, 20; 101:4 invited [2] - 184:14; 270:18 358:3 158:13; 161:8; 183:7; initiatives [1] - 132:17 inviting [1] - 230:16 interested [7] - 8:3, 13; 355:14 injected [6] - 65:22; 66:4; 238:17; 261:17; 265:10; involved [14] - 11:4; 24:23; Jackson's [1] - 307:14 108:10; 109:17; 131:11, 15 276:10; 278:9 29:15; 46:10; 55:10; 63:10; James [1] - 7:20 injecting [3] - 109:1; 110:1; interesting [7] - 31:12; 80:1; 89:14; 117:15; 123:16; January [5] - 1:14; 7:1; 131:20 207:15; 216:4; 246:20; 156:1; 278:23; 294:10; 13:16; 220:24; 376:14 injection [15] - 68:18, 23; 310:20; 317:13 311:1 Japan [1] - 100:16 69:2; 108:9, 13; 109:16, interests [4] - 152:21; involvement [2] - 10:11; JENNIEFER [1] - 262:7 23; 112:1; 130:20, 23; 212:12; 274:2; 317:6 96:14 Jennifer [4] - 4:24; 113:23; 131:5, 24; 146:15, 18, 25 interface [1] - 36:13 involves [1] - 278:25 262:4, 8 inland [1] - 231:4 interference [1] - 225:4 IR [4] - 164:10, 23; 193:6; JENNIFER [12] - 263:23; inlets [1] - 112:9 interferences [1] - 190:12 233:18 264:10, 15; 265:23; inorganic [1] - 285:22 IR78 [1] - 233:20 interfering [1] - 202:18 267:22; 268:9, 22; 269:14; input [7] - 153:24; 154:11, irreversible [3] - 339:3, 19; interior [1] - 104:10 272:6, 14, 21; 275:12 18; 158:22; 253:17; 254:7; intermediate [1] - 49:24 343:6 jeopardizing [1] - 50:18 369:15 internal [3] - 21:6; 29:8; irrigation [1] - 122:15 JESSE [33] - 13:18; 14:6, 13; inputs [3] - 311:3; 363:19; IRs [1] - 270:2 55:19 220:5; 221:4; 224:25; 367:12 ish [2] - 58:25 International [4] - 25:7; 226:5, 17, 24; 227:1, 15; inquisition [1] - 219:3 Island [3] - 119:14; 137:20; 33:19; 44:7; 45:18 250:3; 251:3, 10, 15, 18; inseparable [1] - 321:7 186:15 international [5] - 25:13; 252:4; 253:13; 254:5, 18; inserting [1] - 124:18 islands [1] - 289:7 36:25; 43:25; 45:16; 55:20 255:1, 21; 256:21; 258:2, insist [2] - 212:24; 218:8 internationally [1] - 128:10 Islands [2] - 58:17; 154:20 4, 16; 259:7; 301:18; inspection [3] - 24:1; 30:4; interpret [1] - 56:15 isolated [1] - 42:1 302:12; 303:13, 15, 23; 38:8 interpretation [2] - 10:1; isostatic [2] - 71:10, 21 306:7 inspections [4] - 27:7; 38:4, [18] 360:18 issue - 20:20; 21:1; 22:4, Jesse [4] - 13:18; 220:6; 6; 39:13 interpretations [2] - 123:9; 21; 39:23; 51:14; 72:14; 250:5; 301:20 instability [6] - 45:9; 114:16; 74:1; 164:8; 182:5; 206:19; 367:18 Jessica [7] - 3:16, 18; 92:18, 115:5; 121:16; 122:2; interpreted [1] - 59:5 240:19; 244:6; 260:14; 22; 93:1, 6; 147:2 126:10 280:23; 281:4; 302:20; intersect [1] - 235:24 JESSICA [6] - 93:2; 113:15; installed [1] - 38:20 intersected [1] - 233:22 328:25 128:23; 129:6, 12; 147:2 instance [5] - 212:20; issued [4] - 22:25; 23:12; intersection [1] - 203:6 jet [11] - 186:12, 14, 17; 225:11, 14; 235:24; 298:12 intersects [1] - 236:14 26:23; 355:16 208:9, 12; 223:14; 324:13, instead [2] - 146:21; 208:18 intervention [1] - 286:8 issues [18] - 22:9; 27:14, 17; 16-18; 366:11 Institute [3] - 43:24; 273:23; 31:24; 34:3; 50:20; 55:15; intracraton [1] - 135:23 jigsaw [2] - 98:22; 142:15 274:3 71:6; 113:10; 115:4, 7; intracratonic [1] - 133:22 Jim [6] - 2:4; 29:25; 52:4; instrumental [1] - 103:18 153:11; 165:2; 190:11; intraplate [4] - 134:5, 9; 80:15; 130:15; 307:13 instrumentally [1] - 137:10 212:16; 326:14; 333:19; 136:4; 138:1 JIM [8] - 80:15; 81:15, 21; instrumentation [2] - 48:21; 369:5 introduce [11] - 33:2, 9; 307:13; 308:3, 6; 309:7; issuing [1] - 30:2 123:25 150:23; 228:25; 261:25; 312:20 instrumented [1] - 43:10 it'd [1] - 44:14

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 23

job [1] - 247:25 90:4, 9; 93:14; 94:2; Kurschner [4] - 3:10; 32:23; 116:5, 19-20; 117:1; Jocelyne [6] - 2:3; 7:20; 112:25; 155:5, 17; 183:20; 34:4; 91:21 121:24; 122:2, 9, 20; 146:6; 180:25; 228:7; 187:23; 313:9; 334:8; KURSCHNER [3] - 91:22; 123:16; 124:3; 125:19; 231:23 339:3, 11, 18, 23; 340:11; 92:2, 8 126:13; 127:23; 128:5; JOHN [33] - 34:14; 70:22; 351:5, 18 Kwong [2] - 95:7; 129:15 139:23; 144:10; 145:9, 18; 71:12, 14; 74:17; 75:5, 18; keyword [1] - 91:14 192:15 76:20; 80:3; 81:16; 82:6, killed [1] - 260:13 L landslides [34] - 38:12, 16; 16; 88:13; 89:6, 22; 90:14; kilograms [2] - 175:21 51:17; 83:16; 85:22; 114:5, 91:7; 97:2; 129:21; 130:13; kilometre [1] - 224:7 8, 12, 18; 116:1, 15; 117:3, L-i-t-t-l-e [2] - 80:15; 307:13 131:1; 132:7, 22; 133:23; kilometres [28] - 7:14; 38:13; 7-8, 18, 21-22; 120:3, 5; 135:3, 25; 136:10; 137:7; 59:4; 65:20; 99:12; 101:7; LA [1] - 126:14 121:12; 122:16, 24; 125:7; 139:2; 145:14, 17, 24; 102:17; 105:14; 116:6, 10; LAA [1] - 336:2 126:1, 3-4, 15, 17; 127:8; 216:19 162:11; 191:19; 194:18; label [1] - 57:10 139:10, 15; 142:8; 192:16; John [44] - 1:25; 3:8, 17; 7:3; 221:18; 247:18; 260:9; labelled [1] - 282:21 364:5 10:16; 32:19; 52:9; 54:4; 295:7; 322:3, 5; 341:4; Laboratories [1] - 51:18 landsliding [1] - 121:23 55:14; 61:15; 65:9; 67:24; 345:25; 346:2, 12, 15 laboratory [2] - 50:3; 75:13 Laos [1] - 47:10 68:22; 92:18, 23; 94:3; Kinbasket [1] - 176:9 labs [1] - 300:17 Large [3] - 25:7; 33:20; 45:19 95:7; 96:23; 99:11; 101:6; kind [44] - 19:1, 22; 20:7; lack [2] - 96:3; 225:13 large [60] - 8:6; 16:15; 18:14; 102:15; 104:9; 105:23; 22:15; 23:4; 24:7; 25:19; lacustrine [3] - 258:25; 21:9; 25:5, 9; 41:4, 7; 107:24; 108:5, 19; 118:11; 31:18; 46:11; 49:19; 67:2, 333:24; 347:11 42:22; 45:8; 50:25; 57:2; 119:7; 129:14; 131:2; 13; 88:5; 139:17, 23; laden [3] - 208:16; 314:4; 58:13; 59:5, 8, 11, 22; 132:7, 14, 22; 133:1, 9, 23; 236:16; 239:1; 246:12; 322:21 60:8; 63:21; 66:8; 69:3, 6, 135:3; 136:2, 10; 137:7; 253:22; 278:5, 16; 279:3; Ladies [2] - 114:1; 183:2 11; 75:3; 87:18; 98:19; 248:9; 277:13, 17 281:1; 282:18; 283:21; lady [1] - 80:12 100:8; 102:2; 104:18, 24; joined [1] - 229:14 285:25; 286:3; 289:8; lag [1] - 95:21 106:4, 15-16; 134:8; joint [1] - 273:5 290:12; 293:17, 24; Lagrangian [1] - 73:20 135:12; 136:6, 13; 138:13; JOINT [3] - 1:1; 2:2 296:14, 16; 297:5, 17; laid [1] - 361:24 139:3; 141:19; 175:14; Joint [11] - 93:11; 94:11; 298:20, 23; 299:7; 301:9; Lake [15] - 160:14; 167:11; 194:20; 247:17; 248:20; 161:13; 189:1, 24; 191:4; 313:9; 322:6; 356:22 168:3; 172:18; 288:13; 271:20; 282:24; 283:25; 192:6; 195:6, 21; 196:22; kinds [4] - 115:24; 278:20; 303:5, 7; 307:19, 21; 289:24; 295:5; 307:20; 230:21 279:18; 292:22 313:6, 13; 314:9; 321:11; 312:9; 316:18; 323:6; joints [2] - 48:3; 72:21 kingfisher [1] - 275:20 328:7; 372:10 325:5; 326:17; 332:11; Joseph [1] - 298:12 Kiskatinaw [1] - 335:2 lake [46] - 161:5; 167:11, 17, 349:4 JRP [1] - 218:14 Klohn [1] - 46:1 20; 168:9; 179:17; 180:12; large-scale [1] - 136:13 judge [2] - 205:12, 17 knock [1] - 106:10 237:14; 240:9, 16; 241:13, largely [8] - 30:12; 35:25; judgment [1] - 360:9 knowing [1] - 257:9 18, 21; 243:16; 259:14; 166:8; 239:18; 240:7; judicial [1] - 319:20 knowledge [12] - 21:8; 283:4; 284:15; 290:1, 3-5; 364:6; 367:4, 14 jug [1] - 116:5 52:24; 94:14; 155:22; 296:14, 21; 297:23; larger [30] - 40:19; 56:25; June [2] - 40:11 170:8; 264:11; 265:9; 310:13, 18; 312:4, 12; 58:11; 98:17; 102:9; 104:4, jurisdiction [1] - 278:24 267:2; 282:6, 9; 297:16, 25 313:9, 12; 314:19; 315:17, 14; 105:5; 107:2, 4, 17; justifiability [1] - 9:7 known [16] - 44:7, 24; 52:5; 21, 23; 328:20, 22, 24; 109:20; 119:23; 173:2; 186:23; 194:19; 238:2; justification [4] - 188:16; 106:18; 131:4, 8; 235:9; 329:2; 358:21, 23; 371:24; 191:2, 6; 266:6 240:9; 243:18, 20; 275:7; 372:6 243:15; 246:13; 304:25; 305:1, 5; 315:15; 316:12 justifying [2] - 164:6; 166:12 284:10; 295:3, 14; 297:5; lake-type [1] - 240:9 larger-sized [1] - 305:5 juvenile [1] - 253:2 326:19 lakes [6] - 116:12; 161:2; largest [16] - 17:5; 40:5, 8; juveniles [2] - 253:5, 23 knows [3] - 313:10; 314:15; 230:13; 248:6, 21; 285:19 353:24 lamps [2] - 78:6, 8 58:15, 22; 59:24; 60:1; K kokanee [70] - 160:9, 13, 16, Land [1] - 179:23 62:7; 65:10, 12; 107:6; 21; 161:1; 167:11, 14, 21, land [7] - 116:11; 142:24; 108:3; 109:11; 112:2; 23; 168:3, 6, 9, 15, 17, 19, 148:19; 163:12; 263:18; 132:24; 134:3 kayak [1] - 208:17 25; 169:2, 6; 172:14, 20; 320:8; 321:6 LaSalle's [1] - 50:2 kayaking [1] - 186:12 173:13, 18, 25; 174:3, 5, landed [1] - 78:13 last [31] - 11:25; 12:12; kayaks [2] - 208:12, 22 17, 22; 175:10, 19; 176:6, landforms [1] - 142:9 18:12; 19:17; 22:1; 29:10; keen [1] - 249:24 13; 177:20; 178:18; landing [1] - 186:23 48:8; 64:14, 23; 70:23, 25; keep [8] - 16:21; 41:6; 179:17; 180:14; 228:3; lands [2] - 15:16; 81:4 79:10; 90:18; 91:5, 20; 200:15; 219:8; 288:20; 242:6, 14, 20, 24; 243:2, 9, Lands [8] - 3:5; 5:1; 14:22; 136:16; 173:15; 178:22; 290:6; 309:8; 329:3 14, 17, 20, 22; 244:1; 276:15, 21; 277:10; 294:9; 182:12; 219:16; 221:9; keeping [1] - 164:3 305:19, 23; 311:15, 24; 369:8 228:6; 235:4, 20; 266:17; KEN [2] - 139:9; 141:15 312:3, 9, 16; 328:3-5, 15; landscape [1] - 264:8 280:9; 291:2; 305:14; kept [1] - 316:15 348:9; 358:11, 23; 359:2; landslide [36] - 51:3, 13, 20; 327:4; 329:7; 371:12 Kevin [3] - 4:2; 150:3; 151:4 366:16, 20, 24 82:21; 83:8, 11, 19; 85:18; lastly [3] - 184:13; 231:9; key [25] - 39:12; 43:14; Kootenay [1] - 312:12 86:9, 11; 87:4; 114:13; 334:7 44:10; 45:12; 57:20; 89:25; krill [1] - 279:8 115:7, 11-12, 17, 21; lasts [1] - 340:7

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 24

late [7] - 13:6; 82:20; 136:20; legitimate [1] - 303:17 135:12; 140:15; 157:25; 238:14; 324:12 169:20; 220:14; 297:2; length [2] - 78:18; 130:4 159:7; 160:13; 164:19; living [4] - 114:18; 125:7; 309:4 less [16] - 102:13; 107:10; 174:18; 193:15, 23; 126:16; 268:17 latest [3] - 25:3, 18; 61:1 112:9; 119:20; 126:6; 194:17, 21; 196:9; 200:8; LNG [2] - 138:16; 325:24 latter [1] - 350:24 134:7; 204:10; 238:17; 217:15; 223:9; 238:7; load [5] - 84:14; 85:5; launch [2] - 208:4; 365:17 249:7; 284:19; 302:5, 14; 245:12; 302:4, 13-14; 121:20; 323:20 launches [9] - 185:23; 309:13; 340:4; 346:13 342:20, 24; 343:9; 347:18; load-out [2] - 323:20 189:11, 13; 192:24; lessons [3] - 60:21; 110:16; 351:4; 359:17; 367:10, 18; loading [2] - 122:14; 213:6 216:25; 217:4, 10, 17; 112:21 373:20; 375:10 local [12] - 33:24; 38:24; 365:22 letter [2] - 209:25; 264:14 limit [2] - 101:10; 253:1 107:14; 136:23; 207:23; Lavalin [1] - 46:2 level [35] - 29:14; 50:7; 51:1, limitation [1] - 254:2 244:4; 275:25; 328:18; law [6] - 16:9; 205:9; 208:23; 10; 61:5, 22, 24; 62:11; limited [5] - 90:24; 186:21; 334:14, 16; 337:18; 341:7 209:1; 232:10; 268:12 63:14; 71:16, 18; 73:4; 253:4; 305:11; 350:13 localized [1] - 65:23 lawyer [1] - 10:23 87:13; 102:4, 6-7; 103:4; limnetic [2] - 346:15; 347:13 locally [2] - 68:20; 131:10 lay [1] - 204:1 111:22; 115:5; 132:20; limnologist [1] - 230:15 locate [4] - 97:24; 101:9, 20, layering [1] - 213:9 137:12; 156:5; 237:21; line [24] - 8:7; 36:14; 42:5; 25 layout [5] - 52:6; 58:20; 246:6; 250:11; 258:22; 128:4; 142:17, 22; 143:17; located [8] - 72:4; 104:9; 72:11; 74:19 266:14; 285:7; 322:15, 17; 185:22; 196:15; 203:6; 105:13; 137:4; 205:4; leachate [1] - 130:7 359:4; 370:13 204:9, 15; 235:25; 236:13; 321:11; 326:17; 337:9 leaches [1] - 326:20 levels [30] - 24:18; 47:22; 253:2; 269:12, 16; 322:2, locates [1] - 103:25 leaching [4] - 93:16; 95:14; 50:23; 61:21; 71:17; 87:6; 5; 339:14; 351:21; 355:4; location [22] - 9:15; 57:8, 12; 267:25; 364:15 137:14; 169:20, 24; 365:25 58:7; 59:13; 99:10; 103:16; lead [10] - 26:11; 46:19, 24; 239:25; 247:19; 255:6; linear [1] - 60:6 105:9, 23; 106:6; 122:25; 47:6, 12; 151:20; 152:2; 260:6; 261:7; 262:17; lines [17] - 26:5; 38:17; 42:9; 125:6; 141:21; 191:16; 181:10; 200:7; 310:16 263:21; 274:18; 278:7; 57:15; 58:20; 59:2; 128:2; 194:14; 212:5; 269:22; leader [1] - 93:7 307:24; 314:14; 315:12; 139:11, 14; 140:6; 141:17, 335:11; 337:18; 351:11; leading [3] - 33:14; 43:25; 317:4, 11-12; 322:16; 22; 142:5; 143:21; 144:2; 369:23; 370:6 319:22 335:10, 16; 368:16; 372:1; 196:10 locations [3] - 134:24; 137:4; 373:23 leads [3] - 39:23; 53:11; lingering [1] - 314:1 196:15 245:21 Lewis [3] - 4:8; 150:15; 371:8 liquefaction [2] - 60:17; locked [1] - 73:5 leaks [1] - 45:8 liabilities [1] - 148:11 112:25 logging [1] - 185:19 learn [1] - 315:4 liability [1] - 227:8 list [21] - 12:16; 37:21; 44:9; logical [2] - 122:20; 223:21 learned [4] - 110:16; 112:21; licence [24] - 16:17, 19; 20:5, 46:23; 47:25; 51:25; 52:3; logically [1] - 245:22 222:15; 293:9 18; 21:20; 22:22; 23:9, 12; 123:20; 124:7; 165:20; long-lived [2] - 315:17 24:15, 20; 25:22; 26:1, 6, 202:24; 203:7, 11; 209:9; least [14] - 64:20; 150:23; long-range [1] - 264:6 165:24; 170:4; 173:10; 10; 27:13; 28:16; 30:3, 16, 233:21; 234:1; 235:7; long-standing [2] - 339:13; 191:13; 208:14; 219:12; 19; 31:3; 198:9 284:9; 286:22; 334:8 351:20 249:23; 287:21; 297:16; licensee [1] - 21:20 listed [14] - 35:4; 46:9; 52:16; long-term [12] - 72:24; 337:13; 356:23; 365:17 licensees [1] - 28:7 117:20; 123:17; 202:17, 138:23; 193:24; 194:2; 21; 203:2; 206:11; 284:24; leave [4] - 195:12; 206:25; licensing [3] - 19:25; 30:21; 301:4; 313:7; 316:7; 216:14; 244:20 210:9 295:20; 343:10; 344:1; 332:11; 340:6; 342:8; 350:14 Leave [4] - 20:21; 21:1; LiDAR [2] - 111:14; 127:14 348:6; 360:24 26:17, 22 lies [1] - 332:9 listen [1] - 375:17 longer-term [1] - 43:20 listening [1] - 209:15 leaving [3] - 195:16; 213:10; life [22] - 34:22, 25; 35:11, look [67] - 23:15; 24:3, 24; 330:12 15, 17, 20; 88:7; 126:17; listing [1] - 295:22 25:12; 26:4; 41:4; 49:19; led [2] - 38:2; 165:10 154:15; 247:5; 286:18; lists [4] - 37:19; 43:13; 56:16; 61:8, 12; 65:16; Lee [1] - 2:15 287:6; 301:25; 302:4, 6, 9; 202:15; 366:22 69:20; 73:8, 21; 75:21; 303:19; 304:22; 325:15; literally [1] - 57:21 leeching [1] - 262:23 86:8; 87:8; 98:21; 99:13; 340:8; 374:2 literature [7] - 127:1, 5; left [18] - 7:19; 50:8, 12; 107:3; 114:23; 118:4; 57:13; 94:3; 100:19; 104:5; life-stage [2] - 287:6; 302:9 144:19, 21; 148:17; 153:18 120:22; 137:17; 139:20; 118:25; 124:17; 129:4; life-stages [7] - 286:18; litre [1] - 363:17 141:12; 142:14; 143:7; 151:3; 195:23; 213:3; 301:25; 302:4, 6; 303:19; LITTLE [16] - 54:4; 63:10; 146:7; 165:1, 5; 167:4; 229:23; 230:8; 272:8; 304:22 64:8; 65:1; 67:6; 68:14; 203:11; 214:14, 17, 20; 277:11; 306:11 lifecycle [4] - 239:3; 241:11; 69:20; 80:15, 25; 81:15, 215:12; 216:7; 231:20; left-hand [3] - 50:12; 100:19; 244:8; 265:12 21; 307:13; 308:3, 6; 235:22; 236:11; 254:11; 124:17 lifespan [1] - 120:11 309:7; 312:20 268:25; 269:6, 8, 11, 13; legal [7] - 5:2; 13:19; 220:6; light [4] - 59:2; 111:15; littoral [2] - 346:12; 347:12 283:24; 289:2; 299:8; 250:5; 276:24; 301:21; 222:21; 308:25 live [9] - 78:9; 238:13; 239:5; 300:2, 24; 318:1, 3; 323:12 lights [2] - 12:15; 79:14 242:18; 243:11; 315:21; 320:13; 329:23; 354:10; Legal [4] - 2:5, 9 likelihood [5] - 200:8, 21; 328:23; 353:9 359:6; 360:13, 24; 365:2; legend [1] - 215:12 315:23; 316:4; 343:19 lived [2] - 315:17 369:4, 14 legislation [5] - 24:14; 157:4; likely [36] - 97:10; 107:5; livers [1] - 279:25 looked [27] - 29:13; 64:23; 161:22; 184:6; 373:9 111:11; 112:6; 126:6; lives [4] - 80:12; 222:1; 69:16; 72:12; 74:18; 87:3;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 25

110:5, 11, 14; 126:21; M Manager [2] - 2:7 76:5; 77:9; 90:10; 130:16; 146:11, 20; 180:4, 15; manager [3] - 199:3; 229:11; 132:2; 143:12; 172:12; 184:17; 215:20; 222:5; 332:1 173:6; 204:18; 205:11, 18, 263:24; 265:23; 329:22; M-a-r-s-h-a-l-l [1] - 179:8 managing [1] - 17:23 24; 206:3, 16, 20; 216:11; 358:3, 13, 19-20, 25; M-c-K-i-n-n-o-n [1] - 331:25 mandate [7] - 184:18; 236:25; 238:9; 240:6; 359:1, 3 Mackenzie [1] - 296:1 187:21; 197:6; 228:5; 241:13, 16, 20; 242:5, 9, looking [27] - 31:18, 23; Madagascar [1] - 46:22 245:19; 246:8; 330:2 20; 243:17; 244:9, 14, 17; 42:6; 48:20; 55:7; 58:19; Madam [5] - 69:8; 198:12; manner [3] - 8:23; 9:12; 265:8; 276:7; 277:25; 65:16; 77:4; 109:8; 131:13; 201:18; 219:3; 224:3 93:24 279:6, 21; 280:5, 7; 281:1; 137:24; 146:17, 25; 166:3; madam [3] - 234:18; 361:13; manually [1] - 38:22 294:21; 295:14; 297:9; 173:13; 216:12; 264:16; 366:5 manuals [1] - 38:1 298:1, 3, 8, 15; 356:8 283:22; 293:5; 297:17; Madrid [2] - 135:22, 25 map [25] - 57:15, 17, 23; mature [4] - 121:1; 239:12; 300:23; 326:22; 327:3; magnitude [66] - 57:3; 58:10, 58:6; 99:11, 13; 101:12; 287:6, 8 357:4, 9; 360:22 16, 23; 59:23; 60:1-3, 5; 104:17; 105:10, 20; Maurice [2] - 203:7, 25 looks [1] - 279:13 64:21; 65:6, 9, 19; 69:12; 123:12; 125:18, 20-22; maximum [13] - 24:18; loose [2] - 40:14; 60:16 88:5; 99:22, 25; 100:2, 5, 126:8; 127:7, 16, 20; 48:25; 49:2, 4, 22; 50:18; loosely [1] - 54:25 13, 15; 101:10, 21; 102:2, 142:8, 10, 12, 21 51:1, 10; 65:21; 75:11; looser [1] - 40:25 4, 6, 13-14, 21, 23; 103:3, mapper [1] - 142:7 215:15, 21; 359:17 Los [1] - 126:12 9, 16, 22, 24; 105:2, 5, 7, mapping [3] - 154:15; 186:5; McCormick [46] - 13:4, 6, lose [3] - 225:18; 270:11; 11-12, 17; 107:7; 108:3; 366:8 18-19; 14:6, 13; 220:5; 271:8 109:10, 25; 112:17; 131:7; maps [6] - 80:7; 123:13; 221:4; 224:4, 24-25; 226:5, losing [1] - 179:11 132:25; 133:5; 137:12; 139:15; 256:17 17, 24; 227:1, 15; 250:1, 3, loss [27] - 157:15; 189:12, 138:13, 21; 289:9; 343:2; margin [1] - 140:12 5; 251:3, 10, 14-15, 18; 14; 222:24; 254:22; 360:4, 23; 361:1, 15 margins [1] - 159:16 252:4; 253:13; 254:5, 18; [13] 255:10, 13; 256:25; main - 17:8; 46:24; 47:3; mark [1] - 209:10 255:1, 21; 256:21; 258:2, 286:23; 323:8; 326:22; 258:11; 284:17, 21, 23; marker [3] - 40:21; 58:14; 4, 16; 259:6; 301:17, 20; 286:5; 292:10; 293:2; 327:13; 333:12, 18; 196:14 302:12; 303:13, 15, 23; 334:10; 358:14; 375:9 306:6 338:19; 339:3, 11, 18; MARMOREK [10] - 175:6; 340:10; 342:4; 345:24; Mainland [1] - 2:14 176:6, 23; 177:2, 13, 24; McCormick's [1] - 375:2 346:6; 349:15; 351:18; mainstem [8] - 157:14; 178:25; 310:25; 358:5; McGregor [1] - 168:1 360:25; 369:25 336:3, 20, 24-25; 338:2; 359:14 McKinnon [21] - 5:6; 306:16; 347:9; 350:1 losses [2] - 338:11; 352:5 Marmorek [5] - 4:5; 150:9; 307:5, 11; 330:25; 331:15, lost [7] - 91:19; 157:9; 257:3; maintain [6] - 27:6; 35:19; 175:3; 176:5; 366:18 18-19, 24; 353:11, 20; 98:6; 186:3; 285:15; 289:6 347:8; 349:18; 373:14, 19 MARSHALL [2] - 179:7; 354:16; 356:9, 22; 361:13; lotic [1] - 346:10 maintains [2] - 37:4; 370:16 180:9 362:5; 372:18, 23; 373:2, maintenance [8] - 23:21, 25; 12 louder [1] - 268:1 Marshall [1] - 179:8 24:2; 35:9; 36:8; 37:23, 25; McKinnon's [1] - 356:2 love [3] - 264:13; 270:8; masonry [1] - 102:25 39:17 mean [47] - 16:17; 25:10, 23; 329:15 mass [2] - 115:18; 350:22 major [14] - 19:9, 12-13, 18, 26:19; 27:15; 30:11; 31:22; low [21] - 18:9; 50:19; 61:23; massive [1] - 73:13 20; 31:10; 32:3; 38:12; 66:24; 92:8; 126:3; 172:15; 75:12; 105:23; 107:12; material [24] - 12:8, 20; 57:18; 89:15; 163:2; 232:4; 206:4, 10; 215:17; 216:8; 111:6; 122:7; 142:25; 13:14; 14:5; 16:23; 40:14, 235:22; 321:15 225:11; 233:3; 234:9; 170:13; 195:19; 216:4; 23; 41:1, 12, 18; 43:8; [2] 238:21; 243:22; 249:19; 221:10, 21, 25; 248:19; majority - 57:24; 248:16 46:15; 80:17, 25; 81:10; 263:14; 266:20; 271:4, 7; 285:4; 311:11; 312:15 Malaysia [1] - 46:21 89:8; 117:15; 118:23; 281:10; 295:3; 297:13; low-water-volume [1] - malfunction [1] - 51:6 119:3; 272:17; 285:21; 298:25; 299:3; 300:8, 16; 285:4 mammals [1] - 276:12 360:10; 363:9 307:22; 309:13; 310:2; lower [10] - 42:22; 125:2; man [1] - 235:12 materials [8] - 41:17, 24; 314:24; 315:25; 316:2, 4; 176:10; 239:25; 249:9; man-made [1] - 235:12 81:9; 115:16; 121:5; 123:2; 317:24; 353:9; 354:11; 283:5; 289:9; 311:23; managed [3] - 17:11, 22; 138:23; 245:24 357:12, 24; 360:2, 16 312:1; 347:9 174:5 mathematics [1] - 252:16 meandering [2] - 122:6 Lower [1] - 371:2 management [39] - 9:3; MATTER [1] - 1:1 meaning [2] - 94:14; 307:25 lowered [2] - 108:13; 148:1 28:22; 35:23; 36:14; 37:12; matter [10] - 10:16; 13:2; meaningful [5] - 319:24; lowering [1] - 148:25 43:20; 45:21; 96:13, 16; 74:21; 174:8; 227:10; 320:11, 25; 321:1 lubricating [1] - 131:20 130:8; 157:19, 21, 25; 251:1; 261:9; 288:14; means [4] - 17:25; 168:15; luck [1] - 172:5 158:1; 159:2; 191:12, 15; 299:18; 309:2 234:23; 260:20 lunch [2] - 149:11 200:13; 231:3, 7; 236:2; matters [2] - 11:3; 13:8 245:4, 16; 270:8; 277:12; meant [2] - 72:5; 169:24 luncheon [1] - 149:16 Mattison [6] - 2:4; 7:20; measure [9] - 42:24; 71:17; Lynx [3] - 194:6; 195:13; 278:15; 281:2; 284:4; 79:15; 138:17; 172:11; 164:10; 179:11; 212:2; 213:5 287:4; 291:1; 294:14; 358:5 296:5; 299:23; 364:15; 271:18; 324:1; 370:17, 24 MATTISON [60] - 29:24; 30:1; measured [2] - 177:3; 311:17 367:16; 369:10; 370:24; 31:4; 32:5; 62:17; 63:24; measurement [2] - 177:6; 371:16, 19 64:10; 66:16; 68:4; 70:9; Management [1] - 15:15 71:9, 13; 74:10, 18; 75:17; 308:17

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 26

measurements [2] - 308:22, 15; 261:7, 18; 263:9, 17, mid-1980s [1] - 160:18 162:12; 211:7; 214:16; 25 25; 264:8, 17, 22; 265:2, 5, mid-1997 [1] - 43:5 215:2, 9-10; 216:2; 221:14; measures [28] - 9:2, 8; 11, 13, 25; 266:5, 15; middle [5] - 70:18; 74:23; 359:17; 366:6, 8 110:10; 143:25; 145:17; 274:3; 275:18, 24; 276:11; 89:19; 238:4; 269:21 Mining [1] - 323:22 146:2; 166:13; 197:9; 278:7; 280:9, 15, 20; might [52] - 7:24; 23:1, 6; Minister [1] - 10:5 199:10; 210:2, 4; 212:15; 281:4; 285:22; 314:2, 4, 26:19; 38:8; 56:15, 20; Ministry [11] - 3:5; 5:1; 225:7, 12-14, 19; 236:17, 14; 315:12; 316:13, 21-22; 62:21; 66:10, 13; 67:7, 10, 14:22; 153:15; 276:14, 21; 21; 254:23; 255:14; 258:8, 317:2, 12; 318:18; 322:22; 15; 77:14; 135:18; 138:5; 277:9; 282:3; 294:9; 369:7, 13; 282:14; 292:8; 300:3; 367:13; 372:14, 17 139:18; 148:12, 25; 172:4; 10 367:15; 369:14 mercury-laden [1] - 314:4 182:4; 207:6; 212:3; mink [1] - 275:21 measuring [2] - 75:14; 170:9 Merrick [1] - 326:2 213:20; 219:22; 223:12, Minnesota [1] - 52:10 mechanism [3] - 118:15; Merwin [1] - 371:7 24; 232:18; 238:18, 20; minor [8] - 31:25; 57:18; 268:23; 273:21 mesh [1] - 118:6 239:6; 244:5; 248:2; 249:6; 102:24; 105:18; 106:14; mechanisms [2] - 84:23; message [1] - 116:14 257:10; 258:9; 261:8; 204:8; 259:16 92:11 met [3] - 9:24; 28:6; 200:7 272:17; 274:8; 276:9; minute [2] - 99:20; 149:22 media [1] - 98:2 metal [5] - 93:16; 262:22; 281:7; 282:14; 284:13; minutes [6] - 40:1; 79:20; medium [4] - 138:21; 316:16, 267:25; 324:6; 364:15 290:21; 292:6; 298:23; 100:16; 114:3; 190:8; 20; 340:2 metals [1] - 95:12 302:18; 303:16; 316:18; 306:14 medium-sized [1] - 316:16 method [8] - 54:21; 55:7; 319:7; 354:21 mirror [1] - 343:17 medium-term [1] - 340:2 83:22; 135:15; 287:15; migrate [4] - 239:7, 9; 372:4, miscommunication [1] - meet [6] - 24:17, 21; 27:9; 360:17; 373:3 11 81:13 74:4; 194:10; 196:11 methodological [3] - 333:15, migrates [1] - 240:22 misconception [1] - 34:22 meeting [3] - 7:17; 183:5; 17; 334:11 migrating [1] - 315:23 missing [2] - 291:24; 294:19 199:3 methodologies [2] - 155:10; migration [6] - 41:18, 22; mitigate [7] - 9:19; 108:17; meetings [4] - 28:21; 74:3; 196:13 154:2, 16; 238:24; 239:1 145:14; 170:6; 203:21; 160:4; 184:22 methodology [5] - 54:18, 20, migratory [7] - 157:10; 223:10; 305:13 meets [2] - 23:15; 197:15 25; 154:13; 373:9 290:24; 295:6; 334:22; mitigated [2] - 159:1; 367:14 melding [1] - 51:15 methods [8] - 48:14; 83:13; 349:20; 356:18 mitigating [1] - 292:9 member [3] - 11:10; 179:14; 152:5; 159:3; 271:13; Mike [9] - 3:8; 4:20; 32:18; mitigation [54] - 8:16; 9:2, 8; 231:9 305:12; 361:5 169:18; 228:16; 230:4; 95:24; 110:10; 118:5; member's [1] - 229:19 methylated [2] - 265:16; 237:23; 358:7; 369:19 123:17; 124:3, 5; 125:11; members [11] - 44:24; 93:2, 285:23 MIKE [35] - 83:4; 84:7; 85:13; 152:6, 24; 159:1, 14; 22; 95:8; 174:15; 183:2; methylation [5] - 158:24; 143:20; 169:11, 16, 18; 162:1; 164:10; 167:19; 229:6, 21; 328:25; 345:8 267:19; 273:21; 367:13; 170:20; 171:13, 19, 22; 179:11; 189:10, 12, 14; memo [8] - 69:23; 136:21; 372:14 172:8; 237:23; 239:2; 197:9; 199:10; 210:2; 191:5; 195:7, 22; 198:25; methylmercury [20] - 94:23; 240:11; 241:15, 19, 24; 212:1; 225:7, 14; 236:17, 211:5; 218:15 153:1; 154:3, 15; 180:13; 242:8, 11; 243:5, 24; 21; 254:22; 255:14; 258:8, memorandum [3] - 47:24; 263:25; 274:9, 13, 15; 244:12, 16; 250:18; 251:8, 13; 282:13; 286:2, 4; 221:1; 274:13 275:14; 285:17; 307:17, 23; 252:7; 253:18; 254:9, 287:15, 19; 292:8, 17; men [1] - 148:7 23; 308:5, 13, 18; 322:7; 24; 256:15; 257:4; 259:24; 294:15, 18; 298:10; 300:2; mention [7] - 106:9; 108:24; 327:18; 372:1 261:15 305:3; 324:1; 332:10; 233:25; 267:5; 283:12; methylmetry [1] - 311:8 milligrams [1] - 363:17 340:10; 367:15; 369:14, 295:24; 357:24 metre [10] - 72:7; 112:10; millimetres [1] - 305:1 16; 374:19 mentioned [45] - 15:13; 214:16; 215:5, 11, 22; million [7] - 84:15; 87:16; mitigations [4] - 123:11; 17:14; 18:14; 22:19; 25:21; 335:11, 13 260:12; 363:22, 24-25; 287:18; 289:1, 20 26:15; 29:2; 30:3; 43:16; metres [29] - 42:23; 49:1, 366:25 mix [3] - 283:9; 296:25; 55:14; 59:25; 63:6; 78:2; 3-4, 7, 15; 51:1; 71:18; millions [2] - 57:25; 120:9 297:7 103:12, 21; 106:13; 73:12; 75:6, 16; 84:15; mind [8] - 155:9; 274:1; mixed [1] - 52:19 107:21; 111:22; 112:11; 86:19; 99:4; 107:10, 18; 287:14; 299:18; 304:19; mixture [2] - 41:11; 43:7 115:1; 117:14; 124:20; 112:13; 194:24; 204:10; 312:10; 324:8; 356:21 ML [13] - 93:16; 94:21; 95:4, 126:9; 128:24; 129:14; 207:5; 211:6; 215:13; mindful [1] - 219:8 9-10, 16, 21, 23; 96:13, 15; 139:11; 140:6; 142:6; 216:21; 260:12; 346:14, minds [1] - 62:25 129:9, 24; 130:8 166:14; 190:6; 200:3; 18; 363:9; 366:8 mine [12] - 15:9; 319:21; MNR [1] - 281:12 201:21; 223:18; 276:7; mic [3] - 214:9; 251:17; 323:16, 19, 23; 324:24; Moberly [41] - 5:5; 51:17; 284:15; 285:16; 286:5; 306:21 325:2, 19; 326:11 82:23; 154:20; 157:10; 288:2; 313:17; 322:12, 19; Mica [2] - 70:2; 176:11 minerals [1] - 95:14 173:12; 180:19; 185:19; 361:13; 365:21; 372:12; microfauna [1] - 247:10 mines [4] - 323:5, 11; 186:22; 188:8; 191:14; 373:3 microflora [1] - 247:10 324:13; 325:17 196:8; 203:3; 238:25; mentioning [1] - 214:15 microphone [3] - 88:3; minimal [2] - 284:18; 337:1 284:23; 306:14; 312:25; menu [1] - 37:23 181:7; 219:7 minimize [5] - 17:9, 12; 313:6, 13; 314:4, 9, 18; Mera [3] - 4:3; 150:4; 151:5 microphones [1] - 11:21 72:16; 192:23; 289:1 315:24; 318:8; 319:4; mercury [47] - 6:8, 10, 16; mid [1] - 305:5 minimized [1] - 17:11 320:24; 321:11; 327:11, 158:24; 244:21; 260:5, 8, mid-1970s [1] - 168:2 minimum [13] - 72:20; 128:6; 14; 328:1; 330:24; 349:19;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 27

356:17; 372:2, 7, 9 143:8; 152:6, 24; 153:1, 6; 369:1 16, 24; 178:11, 25; 179:21; mobility [1] - 314:22 154:23; 155:9; 158:3, 11; mountainous [2] - 119:15; 181:15, 24; 182:20; mobilization [1] - 130:12 159:1; 192:18; 266:5; 125:3 187:16; 190:5; 203:14; mobilized [3] - 6:11; 264:23; 267:7; 269:3; 270:4-6, 15, Mountains [1] - 283:8 204:3, 18; 205:1, 11, 14, 265:6 22; 275:15, 22; 276:1; mountains [2] - 119:14; 18, 22, 24-25; 206:3, 13, mobilizes [3] - 6:10; 264:22; 278:4; 279:18; 280:14; 326:5 16-17, 20; 207:14; 208:21; 265:5 289:20; 291:5; 316:5; mouth [1] - 290:17 213:1; 216:11, 19; 217:8; mode [1] - 117:15 332:11; 367:15 mouths [1] - 159:13 218:10; 219:4, 25; 220:5; model [44] - 29:11; 50:2, monitors [3] - 38:11; 78:18; move [32] - 20:8; 71:1; 74:6; 221:4, 6; 222:1, 8, 18; 14-15, 22; 56:13; 59:15, 79:1 98:25; 99:7; 100:8; 102:5, 223:1, 17; 224:25; 226:5, 18; 82:20; 83:23, 25; 84:1, months [4] - 101:14; 190:17; 22; 105:3, 25; 107:14; 17, 24; 227:1, 15; 228:19; 24; 85:7; 111:8; 134:22; 192:12; 239:6 116:8; 117:6; 118:23; 229:4; 232:11; 233:5, 10, 135:1, 5; 136:23, 25; Montney [4] - 138:16; 120:4; 126:14; 134:5; 13; 234:18, 25; 235:2, 6; 137:3; 138:2; 156:3; 176:8; 147:22; 148:20 164:13; 187:5; 238:20; 236:8, 25; 237:23; 238:9; 177:18; 213:8; 243:12; Montreal [2] - 29:12; 50:3 242:3; 243:6; 286:9, 11; 239:2; 240:6, 11; 241:13, 251:12, 20-21, 25; 252:3, moose [4] - 276:9; 279:25; 292:19; 295:6; 297:1; 15-16, 19-20, 24; 242:5, 7, 14, 16, 21, 25; 253:3, 280:1 299:19; 315:13; 341:2; 8-9, 11, 20; 243:5, 17, 24; 11, 17, 21; 308:15; 311:6, morning [21] - 7:11; 13:18; 369:6; 374:9 244:9, 12, 14, 16-17; 13 14:16; 29:24; 33:5; 34:14; moved [4] - 58:14; 79:9; 245:7; 246:5; 247:4, 12, Model [1] - 214:2 82:11; 107:22; 108:22; 131:23; 160:16 22; 248:4; 249:11; 250:3, modeling [3] - 6:6; 178:20; 133:12; 148:24; 149:4; movement [19] - 73:14; 18; 251:3, 8, 10, 15, 18, 254:16 190:3; 198:4; 220:14; 78:22; 79:1, 24; 89:8; 99:4, 23; 252:4, 7; 253:13, 18; modelled [4] - 83:12; 176:7; 270:9; 362:12; 363:21; 8; 115:12; 117:13, 15; 254:5, 9, 18, 24; 255:1, 21; 252:2; 374:14 375:19 123:22; 154:8; 178:5; 256:15, 21; 257:4, 14; modelling [26] - 73:19; mortality [2] - 278:5; 279:16 284:21; 305:8, 11; 340:22; 258:2, 4, 16, 19; 259:7, 12, 75:13; 83:5; 85:4; 96:4, 11; MOSSOP [16] - 151:25; 341:3 24; 261:10, 15; 265:8; 123:8; 130:2; 140:24; 155:3; 160:2; 168:12, 17, movements [7] - 73:10, 21, 273:18; 276:7; 277:25; 144:22; 156:9, 13; 174:16; 23; 169:5; 170:15; 171:23; 24; 115:18; 116:2; 315:3; 278:10; 279:6, 10, 21; 175:4; 177:8, 11; 244:3; 172:6; 175:2; 234:18, 25; 337:17 280:3, 5-7, 13, 22; 281:1, 248:15; 249:13; 250:19; 235:2, 6; 303:25 moves [5] - 23:11; 118:8; 9, 23; 293:23; 294:5, 21; 267:1; 308:25; 311:2; Mossop [9] - 4:8; 150:14; 119:23; 263:19; 285:24 295:2, 14, 16; 297:9, 12; 364:12 151:19; 152:1; 167:24; moving [19] - 42:16; 48:13; 298:1, 5, 8, 14-15, 25; 300:8; 301:18; 302:8, 12, models [17] - 56:13, 18, 21; 171:20; 237:11; 361:7; 98:15, 24; 117:13; 119:1, 59:10, 21; 82:13, 15; 366:13 3; 120:1; 125:3; 165:2; 16; 303:13-15, 22-23, 25; 85:16, 23-24; 110:25; Mossop's [1] - 172:13 182:2; 189:7; 284:14; 306:7, 22; 307:3, 6, 11, 13; 308:3, 6; 309:7, 17, 24; 127:21, 23; 251:4; 267:3; most [50] - 18:7, 9, 11; 43:9; 286:19; 290:19; 299:12; 311:21 58:12; 62:7; 65:15; 67:12; 315:8; 341:14; 344:3 310:25; 312:20; 314:24; 317:22; 318:14; 319:2; modification [1] - 256:6 79:1, 23; 97:10; 99:17; MR [318] - 13:18; 14:6, 13, 331:19; 353:11, 20; modifications [1] - 278:25 100:24; 104:7, 12, 21; 24; 16:23; 29:24; 30:1, 11, 354:16; 356:8, 22; 358:5; modified [2] - 248:24; 249:2 105:6; 106:4; 120:2, 8, 10; 25; 31:4, 11; 32:5, 12; 359:14; 362:5 MOE [2] - 281:12; 282:4 121:24; 122:1; 123:15; 33:1; 34:14; 54:4; 62:17; MS [129] - 69:9; 77:24; 79:6, molested [1] - 327:2 130:18; 131:12; 134:14; 63:10, 24; 64:8, 10; 65:1; 23; 82:2, 9; 83:21; 84:8, moment [10] - 67:20; 76:6; 140:13, 15; 164:19; 66:16; 67:6; 68:4, 14; 11; 85:10; 88:10, 15; 203:11; 217:18; 231:11; 186:15; 190:18; 193:15; 69:20; 70:9, 22; 71:9, 91:22; 92:2, 8; 93:2; 234:25; 236:8; 268:9; 199:3; 234:3; 238:13; 12-14; 74:10, 17-18; 75:5, 113:15; 128:18, 23; 129:1, 317:10; 370:2 248:12; 253:9; 280:16, 24; 17-18; 76:5, 20; 77:9; 80:3, 6, 12; 138:11; 146:7; Monday [1] - 7:1 282:24; 283:13; 287:6; 15, 25; 81:15, 21; 82:6, 16; 147:2; 151:15; 154:24; money [3] - 147:20; 288:15; 297:20; 329:2; 347:18; 83:4; 84:7; 85:13; 87:20; 161:10; 165:18; 166:3, 21; 320:14 359:17; 368:8; 370:17; 88:8, 13, 22; 89:6, 12, 22; 179:7; 180:9; 181:1, 8, 13, Monias [1] - 79:12 373:20 90:10, 14, 17; 91:7, 13; 21; 182:11; 183:1; 197:23; monitor [8] - 48:22; 81:19; mostly [4] - 64:20, 22; 278:9; 92:1, 5, 13; 129:21; 201:19; 202:3, 24; 203:24; 97:11; 100:17; 114:15; 288:20 130:13, 16; 132:2; 133:12, 209:21; 210:12, 18; 211:2, 145:9; 155:11 motion [2] - 64:1; 112:18 18; 134:19; 136:16; 138:6; 17; 212:3, 6, 8, 23; 213:18, monitored [5] - 38:17, 22; motions [1] - 61:15 139:2, 9; 141:15; 143:12, 23; 214:9-12, 14, 24; 43:10; 70:3 motivation [1] - 225:3 20; 144:8; 145:1, 4, 7, 14, 215:3, 6-7; 216:1, 6, 16, Monitoring [1] - 364:19 motor [2] - 225:17, 19 17, 24; 147:13; 148:9, 23; 25; 218:3; 219:1; 221:12; Mountain [3] - 68:15; 101:2; 149:9; 150:19; 151:25; monitoring [56] - 27:22, 24; 224:5, 14, 17; 225:24; 326:10 155:3; 160:2; 167:25; 39:13; 48:21; 80:22; 81:22; 226:9; 227:9; 231:24; mountain [19] - 157:12; 168:12, 17, 23; 169:5, 11, 96:17, 25; 97:12, 23; 233:2, 8, 12, 15; 234:22; 158:18; 326:6; 328:1; 16, 18; 170:15, 20; 171:13, 100:23; 101:17, 23; 102:3, 235:1, 4, 18; 236:23; 336:22; 337:6, 15; 349:2, 19, 22-23; 172:6, 8, 12, 20; 9; 110:14, 22; 112:15; 262:7; 263:23; 264:10, 15; 5, 22; 356:18; 358:23; 173:6; 174:13; 175:2, 6, 123:11, 17-18; 124:1; 265:23; 266:1, 22; 267:11, 130:10; 140:22; 141:9; 367:24; 368:6, 10, 15, 24; 24; 176:6, 23; 177:2, 5, 13,

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 28

22; 268:6, 9, 19, 22, 24; 319:5; 320:21; 321:6, 9-10; 58:24; 68:10; 81:7; 82:24; 22:18; 31:13; 84:9; 114:3; 269:14, 17; 270:13; 271:2, 327:14; 328:18; 332:15; 102:15, 21; 105:16; 106:8; 116:16; 142:25; 143:7, 15; 9, 24; 272:6, 11, 14, 21; 344:7, 12; 350:19; 351:1; 108:4; 132:13; 261:2; 154:25; 169:10; 202:25; 274:7; 275:12; 277:3, 23; 352:14; 356:15, 21; 357:8, 335:13 270:10; 273:21; 277:14; 299:25; 308:10, 21; 23 nearby [1] - 135:13 279:23; 285:13; 309:8; 353:25; 354:5, 9; 355:15, Nations' [1] - 226:20 nearly [1] - 313:13 315:9, 24; 330:9; 361:21; 24; 356:5; 359:23; 361:4, native [2] - 180:15; 282:25 Neary [3] - 4:2; 150:3; 151:4 372:13 8, 25; 362:10 Natural [26] - 3:5, 15; 5:1; necessarily [8] - 57:23; NICK [24] - 278:10; 279:10; mud [4] - 87:19; 146:16; 14:22; 56:3; 92:17, 21; 68:18; 257:11; 287:1, 21; 280:3, 6, 13; 281:9, 23; 171:5, 10 93:8; 97:17; 100:17; 115:2; 294:13; 315:5; 340:11 295:2, 16; 297:12; 298:2, muddy [2] - 171:17; 249:8 131:2; 132:8, 22; 133:24; necessary [6] - 35:19; 36:10, 14, 25; 300:8; 302:8, 16; multiple [3] - 37:13; 66:24; 135:4; 136:2, 10; 137:8; 19; 123:10; 268:15; 298:20 303:14, 22; 309:17, 24; 69:3 145:22; 276:15, 21; necessity [2] - 211:25; 314:24; 317:22; 318:14; Murphy [1] - 2:7 277:10; 294:10; 364:2; 333:10 319:2 Murray [8] - 323:15, 22; 369:8 need [47] - 11:6; 13:24; Nick [9] - 5:3; 277:1, 14; 324:15, 21-22; 325:1, 6; natural [17] - 15:17; 66:19; 50:15, 19; 75:15; 76:2; 278:11; 294:17; 306:2; 326:23 67:14; 95:10; 103:3; 81:3; 92:11; 131:18; 307:15; 313:10; 318:13 Muskrat [2] - 46:18; 47:4 106:17; 122:11; 130:6; 161:25; 181:11; 190:22; Nicol [3] - 4:4; 150:7; 151:7 muskrat [1] - 276:9 160:14; 169:13, 19, 25; 198:1; 204:11; 210:21; Nielsen [3] - 2:15; 376:3, 19 must [9] - 9:5; 11:12; 27:6, 8; 213:13; 284:21; 286:6; 211:14; 231:11; 237:1; night [3] - 79:14; 216:3; 89:18; 196:20; 204:11; 310:17; 336:1 241:12; 257:16; 280:20; 285:5 234:7; 245:22 naturally [6] - 285:18; 285:13; 286:15, 20-21; nighttime [3] - 221:10, 15; mythologically [1] - 208:15 296:19; 308:14; 324:6; 287:1, 14; 288:6; 289:4, 289:8 328:13; 363:18 12, 14; 290:25; 291:10, 17, nil [1] - 315:24 N nature [11] - 9:22; 15:10; 19; 292:17, 19; 294:13; nine [1] - 323:12 31:25; 66:14; 75:25; 95:25; 295:22; 299:13, 16, 22; ninefold [1] - 175:20 123:2; 135:9; 200:11; 301:13; 340:11; 343:10 Nipawin [1] - 47:10 N-a-i-t-o [1] - 261:11 236:16; 361:20 needed [3] - 42:8; 161:16; Nister [1] - 87:25 Naito [4] - 4:19; 228:13; navigability [7] - 187:4; 168:4 NO [2] - 3:2; 6:2 229:23; 261:10 191:25; 203:17; 205:2, 9; needs [5] - 287:22; 292:14; nobody [4] - 80:6; 314:15; NAITO [1] - 261:10 218:16; 225:5 293:3; 316:6; 341:11 328:4; 329:22 Nam [2] - 47:10, 13 Navigable [6] - 161:17; negate [1] - 290:21 nobody's [1] - 14:4 name [30] - 7:19, 22; 11:25; 162:20; 184:12; 185:14; negative [1] - 317:1 non [4] - 95:22; 206:1; 348:9; 15:3; 76:22; 133:13; 204:6; 365:9 neglected [1] - 39:11 372:25 169:15, 17; 174:13; 179:7; navigable [32] - 161:21; Nelson [2] - 101:3; 274:5 non-acid [1] - 95:22 182:11, 20; 187:16; 202:9; 182:18; 183:21; 184:21; net [4] - 258:25; 287:20; non-kokanee [1] - 348:9 229:10, 19; 234:5, 22-23; 185:8, 13; 196:19; 197:12; 293:2; 374:16 non-navigable [1] - 206:1 236:9; 248:2; 250:5; 262:8; 201:12; 202:15, 17, 25; netting [2] - 177:3; 313:8 non-standard [1] - 372:25 277:4; 278:11; 294:3; 203:1, 13, 18; 204:22, 24; network [6] - 97:12, 23; none [1] - 91:23 301:20; 331:24; 376:14 205:6, 11, 16; 206:1, 5, 8, 100:19; 101:8; 102:1; normal [3] - 51:1; 200:13; name's [1] - 93:6 12, 24; 207:3, 10; 208:17; 103:21 272:12 named [2] - 54:21; 228:4 209:8; 212:25 networks [1] - 102:1 normally [4] - 43:1, 21; 44:2; names [3] - 203:12; 229:20; navigate [1] - 215:19 neutral [1] - 363:15 213:14 244:17 navigation [58] - 151:24; neutralization [1] - 95:17 north [6] - 84:18; 101:3; naming [1] - 206:23 152:17; 162:2; 164:2, 17; never [15] - 18:2; 70:17; 163:17; 283:14, 17 Nancy [3] - 2:15; 376:3, 19 183:15; 186:3, 7, 11, 72:14; 92:10; 167:13, 21; North [10] - 40:8; 57:17; Narrows [1] - 309:5 21-22; 188:1, 12, 17, 22; 168:8; 171:13; 173:24; 64:15, 18; 104:11; 109:21; Nation [9] - 13:4, 12; 160:4; 189:3; 190:13, 15, 19, 21, 174:2; 242:23; 328:5 134:5; 136:6 179:24; 203:25; 234:12; 23; 191:21; 192:17, 21; new [41] - 22:10; 25:2; 27:14, North/South [5] - 306:17; 297:10; 309:5; 328:3 193:13, 17, 19; 194:8, 15; 17; 39:20; 72:11; 79:13; 330:25; 332:2, 13, 19 National [5] - 56:10; 98:6; 195:10, 18; 196:16, 21; 84:18; 146:12; 150:22; Northeast [2] - 277:13, 16 103:12; 105:21; 111:2 197:3, 7, 17; 199:6, 14, 16, 151:6, 10; 156:6; 157:6; northeast [5] - 101:1, 18, 24; national [8] - 61:13; 97:12; 19, 24; 202:19; 203:5, 22; 185:21; 189:10; 192:20, 108:5; 117:19 98:8; 100:18; 101:8; 102:1; 205:6; 209:23; 212:5, 13; 24; 194:5; 195:4; 202:9; northern [4] - 104:25; 103:21; 105:20 214:18; 216:9; 217:25; 204:5; 206:11, 14-15, 23; 120:19; 283:15; 358:22 Nations [47] - 5:5; 13:19; 218:1, 22, 25; 222:20; 209:18; 212:15; 232:3, 10, Northern [1] - 146:19 93:4; 137:20; 153:16; 225:10; 366:6, 11 16, 25; 242:16, 19; 293:9; northwest [2] - 82:12; 108:5 160:24; 165:13; 168:8; Navigation [5] - 201:22; 301:6; 323:16; 347:11 Northwest [2] - 51:19; 105:1 180:2, 5; 220:7, 11, 22; 202:9, 14; 204:24; 205:20 New [3] - 119:24; 135:22, 25 Norway [1] - 44:25 229:7; 242:21; 243:1; navigational [9] - 162:4, 12; News [2] - 64:15, 18 Norwegian [1] - 43:24 244:18; 250:6; 262:12; 186:25; 194:9, 24; 195:8; news [1] - 69:1 note [27] - 11:18; 14:2, 7; 276:8; 280:1; 297:21; 196:13; 197:7; 211:12 newspaper [1] - 64:16 17:21; 53:20; 58:12; 62:3; 301:21, 23; 313:4, 8, 14; near [14] - 38:25; 40:10; next [25] - 3:21; 11:23; 20:7; 63:4; 156:18; 159:10;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 29

163:13; 167:1; 175:18; 165:22; 166:1; 219:12; occur [27] - 51:5; 58:1, 13; oldest [3] - 35:4, 7; 136:20 216:1; 221:18; 231:1, 9, 234:8; 259:15; 279:9; 59:16; 70:4; 97:10, 13; oligotrophic [1] - 248:18 25; 273:6; 333:2; 346:8; 348:20; 366:18 98:21; 99:15; 100:25; oligotrophy [2] - 249:18 350:24; 356:10; 365:16; numerical [5] - 61:17; 75:12; 104:23; 116:10; 119:8; once [12] - 12:24; 22:25; 368:1; 369:17; 373:1 82:13; 83:13 126:1; 131:23; 134:9; 26:20; 44:3; 85:23; 124:22; noted [10] - 65:15; 136:21; numerous [2] - 52:17; 355:3 135:18; 142:8; 162:6; 186:6; 193:2; 203:15; 335:8; 343:13; 344:25; Nunn [29] - 3:8, 13; 32:19; 193:15; 196:19; 226:1; 255:20; 265:15; 361:19 362:23; 364:5, 16; 367:20; 33:6; 34:2, 13; 60:23; 61:4; 284:11, 13; 336:23 one [155] - 13:2; 18:4, 8, 19; 369:13 62:19; 63:1; 68:5; 70:10, occurred [16] - 31:5; 58:16, 20:10; 26:16; 29:10; 31:20; notes [10] - 88:17; 178:2; 21; 77:22; 80:2, 18; 82:3; 24; 68:8, 25; 80:5; 102:15; 41:7; 43:9; 46:13; 47:14; 268:10; 275:15; 342:21; 89:5, 21; 90:12; 91:6; 105:7, 11, 16; 106:5; 48:2; 49:8; 51:3, 16; 52:4; 346:21; 347:16; 348:25; 129:19; 139:1; 145:13; 107:8; 122:2; 134:4; 57:11, 20; 59:4, 9, 24; 349:9; 356:12 216:16, 18; 362:18, 23; 280:17; 284:25 61:21; 63:2; 64:17; 66:7; noteworthy [1] - 345:20 364:16 occurrence [4] - 69:14, 19; 67:3, 9; 68:6, 21; 71:6, 15; nothing [5] - 32:3; 49:21; NUNN [24] - 34:14; 70:22; 97:20; 343:11 73:13; 74:2; 75:21; 78:5; 67:25; 253:7; 264:19 71:12, 14; 74:17; 75:5, 18; occurring [4] - 66:24; 216:2; 82:4, 22, 24; 86:22; 89:25; noticed [5] - 82:7; 91:13; 76:20; 80:3; 81:16; 82:6, 324:6; 328:13 91:9; 96:9; 98:24; 99:6; 321:8; 360:11 16; 88:13; 89:6, 22; 90:14; occurs [10] - 87:1; 90:23; 101:2; 102:14; 105:11; notification [1] - 37:7 91:7; 129:21; 130:13; 121:24; 138:17; 186:15; 112:10; 119:2, 6; 121:13; notifications [1] - 42:15 139:2; 145:14, 17, 24; 240:5; 285:18; 308:13; 125:23; 126:11; 130:18; noting [2] - 255:22; 350:4 216:19 340:3 134:1; 136:16, 18-19; notion [1] - 298:10 nutrient [5] - 248:19; 284:17; oceans [1] - 116:12 141:2, 15; 146:10; 147:24; November [6] - 94:18; 309:11; 311:3, 5 Oceans [11] - 4:17, 22; 166:1, 7; 167:17; 178:11; 230:23; 232:6, 15; 333:1, 8 nutrients [5] - 247:7; 248:20, 153:14; 181:17; 228:1, 10; 179:15; 192:17; 206:21; NPA [6] - 202:12; 203:15; 25; 268:3; 309:13 229:3, 13; 248:7, 10; 358:8 207:6; 208:25; 215:8; 209:6, 9, 12; 210:9 nutshell [1] - 285:25 OCR [1] - 2:15 219:25; 220:1; 223:4, 13; NRCan [19] - 93:9, 23; 94:5, NWAPA [1] - 210:15 odds [1] - 352:15 224:10, 25; 225:14; 226:2; 10, 13; 96:6; 110:24; NWP [1] - 218:18 Oderteich [1] - 35:5 227:14; 232:14; 236:8; 111:1; 113:11; 126:19, 24; NWPA [9] - 185:14; 186:1; OF [3] - 1:1; 3:1; 6:1 246:11; 248:11; 249:23; 128:8, 12; 147:3; 269:1, 194:11; 196:9; 197:12, 15; offer [4] - 271:20; 303:16; 258:3; 259:11, 25; 267:18, 15; 273:3; 364:8, 18 202:5, 12; 209:6 306:1; 362:11 25; 268:9, 19; 270:1; NRCAN [2] - 6:12; 273:8 offered [1] - 364:8 271:18; 278:3; 280:18; 281:20; 282:24; 285:13; NRCan's [18] - 93:11, 14, 18; O offering [1] - 13:21 94:2, 16; 95:6, 9; 96:24; offers [1] - 194:16 286:5; 288:10, 13; 289:19; 290:2, 11; 291:23; 292:4; 97:8, 15; 110:3; 111:4; offhand [1] - 355:23 oath [1] - 10:22 293:8; 295:5, 23; 299:14; 113:20; 130:1; 266:12; OFFICE [1] - 1:8 objective [1] - 299:21 300:3, 18; 302:9, 21; 269:9; 365:3 office [4] - 38:25; 53:6; objectives [6] - 160:22; 303:2; 306:6; 309:19; nuances [1] - 248:14 273:21; 360:12 212:21; 287:5; 290:11; 313:10, 16, 19; 315:9; nuclear [1] - 55:3 Office [1] - 10:7 299:17, 21 316:11; 317:4; 318:2; nuisance [1] - 67:25 officer [1] - 182:13 obligations [1] - 27:9 319:22; 320:18; 323:7, 11; number [82] - 6:6; 17:17; officers [1] - 207:24 observation [2] - 171:4; 325:19, 24; 326:19; 19:9; 21:4, 18; 25:8; 26:9, offices [2] - 332:5; 375:8 317:13 328:23; 329:7, 21; 330:10; 25; 27:1; 28:21; 35:2; Official [2] - 376:3, 20 observational [1] - 127:11 340:4; 353:8; 354:18; 39:24; 52:23; 54:12; 57:6; officials [1] - 167:17 observations [4] - 127:15; 357:2; 359:14; 365:17; 59:18, 21; 62:13; 63:6; offshore [1] - 105:8 144:23; 239:19; 240:12 367:22; 374:5; 375:8 76:7; 82:3; 84:12; 85:1, 17; offspring [1] - 323:10 observed [4] - 69:10; 112:7; one-in-a-thousand-year [1] - 87:16-18; 91:10; 94:19; often [7] - 21:10; 137:17; 267:4, 9 51:3 96:6, 9; 97:22; 108:18; 207:22, 25; 212:15; obstruct [2] - 190:21; 194:8 one-third [1] - 374:5 109:9; 120:23; 123:18; 357:12; 360:17 obtain [2] - 183:10; 227:5 one-year [1] - 192:17 131:17; 132:16; 166:4; oil [12] - 68:21, 23; 79:13; obtained [1] - 208:6 ones [24] - 30:16; 57:19; 179:22; 184:19; 185:11; 107:23; 108:19; 109:3; obtaining [1] - 226:8 103:8; 203:2; 217:2; 193:7; 218:11; 219:14, 17; 110:9; 147:15; 148:11; obvious [2] - 264:20; 272:19 238:22; 246:14; 279:19; 228:2, 4; 251:6; 252:16-18, 324:9; 325:3; 355:2 22; 253:1, 24; 254:14; obviously [10] - 24:11, 20; 283:14; 286:23; 292:12; Oil [10] - 65:2; 67:19; 68:3; 45:12; 80:10; 210:13; 299:4, 6; 303:7; 307:17; 262:20; 284:2; 292:12; 101:14; 109:6; 132:5, 9; 217:24; 280:19; 282:16; 313:10; 315:15, 20; 296:8; 304:4, 11; 333:1; 146:14; 148:17; 149:6 344:11; 348:3; 350:21; 285:1, 7 316:16, 18-19, 21; 320:19 Okanagan [2] - 18:13; occasion [2] - 68:7; 223:14 ongoing [12] - 44:17; 45:7; 351:6, 12, 16; 359:15; 312:12 362:20; 364:8; 366:15, 23; occasionally [2] - 227:2; 63:8; 90:8; 96:3; 112:15; Old [1] - 215:11 371:15; 373:24; 374:24; 279:15 153:12; 278:6; 280:21; old [7] - 35:3, 8; 76:22; 375:9 occasions [1] - 168:7 324:10; 355:18 216:15; 315:22; 323:18; Number [1] - 10:3 occupy [1] - 358:10 onset [2] - 95:21; 163:4 325:2 numbers [9] - 101:24; occupying [1] - 359:11 Ontario [2] - 281:12; 309:5 older [2] - 102:24

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 30

open [5] - 101:16; 161:1; ordered [2] - 11:14; 42:22 own [15] - 56:9; 66:15; 367:3; 369:12; 370:19, 22 162:24; 164:3; 217:22 orders [1] - 204:8 120:11; 124:14; 126:24; Panel [25] - 4:1, 11, 17, 23; opened [1] - 155:2 organic [1] - 285:23 144:11, 22; 159:5; 164:20; 5:1; 6:8; 93:12; 150:2; opening [13] - 128:24; organization [1] - 103:25 174:6; 264:4; 324:13, 16; 161:14; 182:7; 183:1; 129:14; 151:16, 18; 161:9; organizations [3] - 25:13; 329:25 189:1, 24; 191:4; 192:6; 165:4; 183:6, 8; 228:21, 34:20; 98:3 owned [3] - 31:7; 38:15; 195:6, 21; 196:22; 228:10; 23; 323:17; 359:9; 373:4 orientated [1] - 72:4 326:11 230:21; 265:1, 3; 276:22; Opening [7] - 3:4, 11; 4:22; oriented [1] - 224:1 owner [4] - 20:23; 27:18, 22 332:22 7:10; 14:16; 32:25; 229:3 origin [2] - 6:8; 265:1 owner's [1] - 23:22 PANEL [5] - 1:1; 2:2; 32:16; operate [6] - 8:6; 27:6; 49:12; original [2] - 43:8; 44:22 owners [4] - 19:15; 27:6; 262:3 91:24; 97:23; 223:12 originally [1] - 101:4 31:21; 270:20 panel's [4] - 82:19; 183:14; operated [2] - 101:4; 371:3 originate [4] - 95:13; 169:2; oxidizing [1] - 95:13 204:1; 373:24 operates [2] - 100:18; 223:14 336:2; 366:21 Panel's [1] - 94:11 operating [3] - 212:14; originated [1] - 160:13 P panels [2] - 277:19; 362:12 313:11; 325:17 orphan [1] - 39:11 paper [4] - 84:20; 88:17; operation [21] - 16:20; 23:21, osprey [1] - 275:20 300:22; 356:2 P-a-r-k-i-n-s-o-n [1] - 182:22 25; 26:22; 28:14; 36:8; otherwise [6] - 6:11; 11:13; papers [1] - 18:10 P-a-t-t-e-n-d-e-n [1] - 174:14 37:23, 25; 53:23; 96:19; 62:21; 149:21; 264:22; paragraph [1] - 269:21 P-e-d-e-r-s-e-n [1] - 77:25 155:12, 24; 157:20; 189:7; 265:5 parallel [2] - 73:17; 210:13 p.m [5] - 149:15, 17; 331:9, 192:22; 193:5; 303:4; otter [1] - 275:20 parameters [1] - 117:9 11; 375:22 339:13; 351:20; 352:1; ought [2] - 207:5; 318:13 paraphrasing [1] - 250:9 P3 [3] - 358:19; 359:16; 367:14 ourselves [6] - 48:7; 144:20; pardon [3] - 169:16; 175:22; 374:15 Operation [4] - 3:5; 14:23; 217:20; 293:11; 314:16; 178:6 pace [1] - 219:9 26:23; 346:20 322:11 Park [1] - 186:15 Pacific [3] - 99:18; 230:14; operational [5] - 91:22; outboard [1] - 225:17 PARKINSON [19] - 182:20; 283:9 339:21; 340:12; 352:7; outcome [2] - 28:18; 373:21 187:16; 190:5; 203:14; package [7] - 46:25; 47:3; 365:18 outcomes [2] - 239:22; 204:3; 205:1, 14, 22, 25; 233:19; 235:5; 259:3 operationally [2] - 92:3, 9 367:18 206:13, 17; 207:14; paddle [1] - 324:18 operations [17] - 15:17; 24:2; outer [1] - 40:23 208:21; 213:1; 217:8; page [19] - 3:21; 165:21; 34:6; 46:4, 6; 69:4; 76:18; outfalls [1] - 185:24 218:10; 219:4; 222:8; 166:4, 6; 167:1, 3; 198:14; 157:22; 158:22; 198:11; outflow [1] - 74:22 223:1 226:13; 276:19; 339:16, 235:7; 269:20; 272:5; outline [5] - 26:12; 114:3; Parkinson [12] - 4:13, 15; 274:13, 20; 283:22; 24; 340:9; 364:21; 375:7 333:7; 341:16; 371:19 182:9, 17, 21; 187:12, 15, Operations [5] - 5:1; 276:15, 341:23; 347:3, 16; 348:2; outlined [2] - 39:6; 343:23 17; 199:21; 201:2; 222:25; 22; 294:10; 369:8 356:11; 368:21 365:6 outlining [1] - 333:4 PAGE [2] - 3:2; 6:2 operator [3] - 194:19; Parsnip [3] - 160:15; 321:25; output [2] - 123:12; 142:14 223:11, 13 pages [1] - 341:1 326:24 outs [3] - 29:5, 9; 53:6 opinion [7] - 189:9; 193:11; Pages [1] - 1:16 Part [1] - 187:12 outside [4] - 50:7; 134:24; 205:15; 222:13; 252:5; pale [1] - 215:14 178:17; 337:10 part [52] - 8:17; 42:11; 50:10; 289:18; 334:24 panel [102] - 2:7; 3:7, 15; 64:16, 24; 67:9; 75:5; outstanding [1] - 32:3 opportunistic [1] - 297:19 7:21; 8:3, 13, 17; 9:11, 21, 78:25; 80:22; 83:6, 15; outweigh [1] - 164:2 opportunities [3] - 8:9; 25; 11:14; 12:2, 8, 22; 87:2, 7; 92:6; 114:19; overall [13] - 131:11, 14; 271:20; 291:11 13:10, 20; 14:24; 15:5, 14, 119:13; 129:23; 134:25; 156:23; 188:23; 218:12; opportunity [13] - 12:25; 18; 19:4; 30:14; 33:2, 8; 136:6; 157:20; 158:4; 238:6; 358:16, 20; 359:6; 14:9; 134:22; 151:16; 34:14; 44:19; 55:19; 68:4; 186:24; 187:22; 191:14; 367:9; 368:19; 369:2 160:3; 161:24; 200:2; 89:6; 90:2, 6; 91:8; 92:21; 197:21; 202:6; 204:4; overburden [1] - 71:11 219:10; 242:18; 271:14; 93:2, 22; 94:18, 25; 95:7; 209:8, 11; 213:11, 24; overburdens [1] - 95:23 306:25; 331:19; 375:13 96:7; 113:24; 146:7; 226:19; 249:6; 258:9, 17; overflow [3] - 49:9, 12; 50:5 opposed [2] - 285:6, 14 148:16; 150:21; 151:11; 272:22; 275:13; 280:20; overlaps [1] - 210:13 158:14; 159:24; 166:24; optimization [1] - 52:11 291:23; 297:20; 324:21; overlying [1] - 41:2 169:11; 174:15; 184:14, optimizing [1] - 50:22 332:18, 25; 344:9, 18; overrepresented [1] - 200:11 24; 187:2, 20; 210:1; option [1] - 223:22 348:8; 358:14; 373:15 oversee [2] - 36:18; 55:23 220:8, 21; 221:5; 226:18; options [4] - 125:5; 189:18; participant [1] - 13:12 overseeing [1] - 33:14 229:6, 20; 230:16; 231:17, 289:3; 292:1 participants [2] - 10:13; overseen [1] - 231:5 19; 233:11; 245:10; 250:7, oral [2] - 137:19; 333:6 12:24 oversight [1] - 45:22 14; 252:15; 253:15; orange [2] - 58:25; 106:1 PARTICIPANTS [1] - 2:8 overtop [2] - 85:2; 87:5 254:19; 256:22; 259:7, 13, orange-ish [1] - 58:25 participate [2] - 184:14; overtopping [1] - 88:18 17; 260:3, 23; 261:19; order [19] - 86:18; 88:5; 230:17 overview [13] - 15:19; 16:5; 263:3; 269:6, 13; 272:4, 9; 165:8; 171:8; 182:2; participated [1] - 56:4 93:11; 94:6; 96:22, 24; 273:20; 274:1; 277:19; 188:21; 192:1; 197:1, 6; participating [1] - 94:10 97:7; 113:18; 152:4; 282:8; 292:4; 306:2; 319:6; 198:23; 204:12; 218:12; participation [4] - 10:11; 183:18; 279:3; 286:4; 323:2; 331:5; 333:3; 227:3; 304:2, 25; 335:11; 93:11; 183:17; 367:2 366:13 355:15; 362:20; 365:8, 10; 365:15 particular [12] - 57:4; 114:6;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 31

117:4; 119:18; 179:15, 19; 202:20; 203:3; 206:5; 50:24; 60:8; 61:24; 63:3, 7; 189:2, 7; 198:1, 11, 16; 206:19; 232:19; 279:14; 207:20; 214:15; 218:13; 64:5; 73:18 218:21; 236:19; 294:16; 344:15; 345:10; 364:11 224:19; 230:25; 231:4; performed [4] - 60:12; 339:20; 352:6; 365:19 particularly [6] - 180:14; 235:21; 237:9; 238:15; 114:21; 126:24; 322:23 phase.. [1] - 352:1 201:5; 260:24; 350:18; 239:7; 242:3, 14, 17; performing [1] - 123:8 phased [1] - 20:23 352:12; 370:25 259:15, 20; 261:2, 4; Pergau [1] - 46:21 phases [4] - 27:1; 96:19; parties [4] - 8:4, 14; 187:19; 264:9; 271:9, 15; 272:13; perhaps [13] - 15:12, 21; 184:24; 364:21 371:22 280:10; 282:10, 23; 283:1, 19:25; 64:10, 19; 102:17; phenomenon [1] - 308:24 partly [1] - 15:23 16; 295:2; 308:18; 310:14, 131:22; 132:14, 25; Phillips [3] - 3:10; 32:22; parts [10] - 18:6, 15; 51:24; 18; 311:3; 313:21; 315:24; 240:19; 243:10; 257:4; 34:1 60:20; 72:6; 103:15; 114:4; 317:9; 331:23; 333:21; 354:16 PHILLIPS [6] - 214:10, 12, 116:18; 117:1 334:15; 335:19, 22; 336:3, peril [1] - 206:9 24; 215:6; 216:1; 221:12 Pascale [3] - 4:3; 150:4; 8, 20, 24; 337:10; 345:25; perimeter [1] - 256:16 phone [3] - 14:1, 7; 89:13 151:5 346:7; 347:9, 23; 349:23, period [20] - 42:25; 69:6; phones [1] - 12:13 pass [7] - 49:13, 15, 22; 25; 351:10; 362:25; 90:13; 109:14; 120:13; phonetic [4] - 46:21; 76:23; 50:17, 19; 310:23; 366:4 363:13, 15; 368:8, 11; 129:2; 140:17, 20-21; 79:12; 236:2 passage [18] - 154:14; 370:8; 372:11, 22 141:7, 11; 173:1; 178:9; photo [2] - 117:24; 119:6 157:19; 158:1; 189:15; Peace/Williston [1] - 34:17 188:14, 25; 190:17; photograph [2] - 40:20; 240:24; 241:9; 242:12; peak [8] - 61:9; 163:23; 260:21; 266:21; 339:2; 216:13 286:6; 287:16; 292:17; 266:20, 24; 267:6; 274:15, 340:13 photographs [1] - 127:14 25; 307:18 301:2; 304:17; 305:4; periodic [3] - 27:10; 39:17; photography [1] - 12:14 peaking [1] - 308:4 306:1; 370:25; 371:13, 19 355:17 physical [13] - 50:2; 65:17; passed [1] - 178:2 peaks [2] - 274:14; 307:23 periodically [1] - 355:17 75:13; 82:15; 83:2, 5, 12; passing [1] - 303:20 PEDERSEN [3] - 77:24; 79:6, periods [2] - 295:19; 315:20 85:16, 24; 152:13; 156:1; passionate [1] - 116:23 23 periphyton [1] - 368:12 239:24; 311:8 past [20] - 21:11; 99:6; Pedersen [2] - 77:24; 79:21 permanent [2] - 217:2; 338:8 physically [4] - 59:13; 158:7; 101:14, 18; 111:9; 141:22; peer [1] - 55:19 permanently [1] - 373:14 286:11; 292:19 153:18; 182:16; 189:8; pelagic [2] - 238:5; 305:20 permission [1] - 80:7 phytoplankton [2] - 310:5; 190:1; 219:19; 240:22; pending [2] - 162:19; 201:10 permit [3] - 81:7; 270:22; 359:19 241:5, 10; 282:5; 286:8, people [47] - 17:12; 18:11; 319:21 pick [2] - 164:12; 238:19 12; 287:2; 337:17; 355:12 19:10; 32:7; 39:25; 46:7; permits [1] - 198:5 picked [2] - 263:18; 265:17 pasture [3] - 78:13, 16, 20 52:4; 53:1; 55:15; 56:2; permitted [1] - 354:25 picture [11] - 38:14; 40:11; pathways [2] - 153:10; 284:2 67:14; 69:18; 107:24; permitting [4] - 12:18; 165:3; 41:14; 50:5, 12; 118:11, patient [1] - 375:16 120:8, 10; 123:16; 133:2; 257:20, 25 21; 119:6, 24; 124:25; PATTENDEN [6] - 174:13; 165:15; 167:12; 168:8; persist [5] - 159:10, 18; 196:3 175:24; 177:5, 16; 178:11; 180:5, 14; 181:8; 211:23; 239:17; 339:19; 352:5 pictures [3] - 50:1, 4; 123:23 217:1, 5; 226:11; 228:5; 259:12 persistence [1] - 373:21 piece [2] - 16:14; 19:6 261:3; 263:10; 277:8; Pattenden [3] - 174:13; person [7] - 12:6; 13:16; pieces [4] - 24:13; 25:12; 179:1; 259:12 278:22; 281:7; 293:15; 44:19; 54:21; 118:10; 142:24; 149:20 296:12; 297:3; 299:2; pattern [2] - 99:14; 105:6 249:23; 265:25 piezometer [1] - 71:17 313:18, 23; 317:2, 18; patterns [3] - 178:5; 290:24; personal [1] - 322:16 pike [2] - 297:2; 358:22 320:14; 329:2, 12; 331:14; 340:22 personnel [1] - 184:6 pilot [1] - 80:11 353:14 PAULA [5] - 182:11; 183:1; perspective [6] - 15:21, 25; Pine [20] - 158:16; 186:16; people's [1] - 218:1 202:3; 209:21; 210:12 52:12; 71:15; 222:6; 221:17, 23; 234:10; per [28] - 6:6; 49:1, 3-4, 7, Paula [6] - 4:12, 14; 182:8, 296:15 286:25; 289:13; 292:14; 16; 103:10; 116:8; 163:22; 11, 25; 202:4 perspectives [1] - 296:8 323:15, 21; 326:6, 8, 10, 175:21; 180:21; 214:16; pause [1] - 201:17 pertinent [2] - 96:11; 364:13 12, 18, 20, 24; 335:1; 215:5, 11, 22; 253:16, 23; pay [1] - 246:15 pet [1] - 246:14 336:12; 341:7 254:7, 15; 350:22; 351:2; paying [1] - 247:10 PETER [5] - 113:23; 139:25; pine [1] - 260:13 363:17, 22, 24; 366:8; Peace [120] - 6:4; 43:11; 140:3; 142:1; 144:15 pink [2] - 252:9; 320:16 370:12, 14 46:3; 48:3; 49:23; 51:14; Peter [12] - 2:10; 3:17, 19; pipe [4] - 40:19, 23; 41:1 percent [28] - 31:22; 61:11, 56:25; 57:13; 58:21; 63:4; 4:6; 92:19, 24; 94:7; pipeline [5] - 325:21; 326:1 18; 87:23; 89:10; 91:19; 64:5; 73:3; 77:1, 4; 82:23; 113:22; 139:10; 142:1; Pipeline [2] - 64:15, 18 99:14; 175:11-13; 214:15, 107:18; 120:22; 122:1, 6; 150:11; 151:2 pipelines [2] - 204:17; 21; 215:1, 3, 24; 216:8; 130:3; 133:14; 134:24; Peter's [1] - 139:18 325:25 225:15; 312:2; 349:3; 153:17; 154:2, 6; 157:13, Peters [3] - 4:25; 262:5, 13 pipes [1] - 124:18 368:19; 374:12, 18-19, 24 23; 158:5, 13; 159:13, 19; petroleum [2] - 68:24; piping [1] - 138:23 160:17; 163:3, 6; 165:14; percentage [1] - 366:19 147:18 pit [1] - 326:18 168:19, 25; 169:1, 19; perfect [1] - 27:15 pH [9] - 6:13; 272:12, 18, 22; place [35] - 22:13, 22; 28:8; perform [6] - 44:16; 60:11, 170:3; 171:12; 172:22; 273:9, 11; 363:12, 15 41:5; 52:22; 53:22; 67:21; 173:4; 174:23; 176:17; 15; 112:24; 114:12; 184:11 phase [23] - 20:7; 23:24; 85:24; 99:4; 108:3; 140:15; performance [13] - 38:11; 177:11; 185:19; 186:10, 84:25; 85:19, 23; 86:4, 13; 142:23; 146:3; 169:23; 39:14; 43:23; 44:18, 21; 15; 188:8, 24; 196:7; 142:7; 162:17; 187:2;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 32

195:13, 16, 24; 200:18; 67:17; 68:2; 98:17, 20; position [3] - 23:8; 227:4; 184:10; 255:18; 256:9 202:12; 213:10; 216:15; 103:2; 104:20; 131:12; 254:9 POWER [1] - 1:4 221:11, 14; 225:19; 139:13; 162:18; 165:16; positions [1] - 229:20 powerhouse [6] - 8:6; 26:5; 263:13; 281:10, 16; 173:9; 178:23; 179:6; possibilities [1] - 69:18 49:21; 71:3, 23; 75:7 285:13; 308:15; 309:1; 198:21; 201:8; 209:5; possibility [3] - 146:18; PowerPoint [1] - 220:22 313:19, 24; 315:9; 324:19; 211:22; 216:4; 221:13, 23; 148:24; 194:23 PRA [3] - 57:11; 58:21; 59:3 376:8 223:3, 5; 224:2; 232:14; possible [26] - 27:20; 48:14; practice [6] - 25:16; 28:12; placed [9] - 11:13; 37:18; 233:16; 249:4, 11; 265:12, 66:1; 69:14; 89:13; 96:21; 30:5; 35:24; 47:17; 127:18 39:21; 59:11; 89:23; 188:7, 14, 16, 20; 282:18; 289:17; 110:11, 22; 125:12; 135:7; practices [6] - 25:18; 45:17; 9; 260:3; 302:3 310:20; 367:22 138:19; 164:10; 181:1; 60:23; 122:22; 128:10; placement [1] - 218:14 pointed [2] - 48:2; 322:14 187:24; 193:2, 12; 203:5; 200:13 places [8] - 141:17; 143:2; pointing [1] - 199:11 215:18; 216:9; 217:23; pragmatic [1] - 354:23 208:13; 240:22; 287:1; points [10] - 12:3; 44:10; 222:23; 224:8; 226:17; prairies [1] - 59:7 295:5; 312:13; 315:5 57:20; 58:9; 259:13; 263:6; 364:22; 373:12 PRC's [1] - 323:20 placing [1] - 196:20 266:10; 333:10; 335:7; possibly [10] - 67:16; 68:1; pre [12] - 12:17; 49:6; 66:3; plains [2] - 104:10; 283:10 368:2; 372:20 79:14; 137:3; 213:17; 84:12; 131:19; 184:24; Plan [1] - 364:19 poisoning [1] - 180:13 233:23; 267:19; 271:3; 187:2; 257:1; 274:18; plan [19] - 42:14; 69:17; policies [1] - 36:17 289:24; 360:11 291:9; 369:12; 373:22 74:15; 96:13, 18; 113:4; policy [6] - 157:4; 232:20; post [14] - 71:10; 186:4; pre-dam [1] - 291:9 129:24; 130:8, 10; 132:15; 233:7; 345:4; 373:9 190:15; 192:17; 196:2; pre-existing [2] - 66:3; 158:5; 191:15; 216:15, 19; politically [1] - 66:18 238:18; 257:3; 289:20; 131:19 269:8; 364:15; 365:21; pollutants [1] - 264:7 291:5, 17; 348:7, 16, 23; pre-impact [1] - 84:12 371:20 polygon [1] - 143:1 368:5 pre-impoundment [1] - plane [3] - 73:11; 118:20; polygons [3] - 142:12, 18, 21 post-construction [1] - 274:18 119:4 Pomeroy [4] - 1:23; 7:2 257:3 pre-inundation [1] - 257:1 planes [3] - 73:3, 13, 15 pond [2] - 256:4; 270:10 post-filling [1] - 196:2 pre-panel [3] - 184:24; plankton [1] - 310:5 pool [2] - 75:1; 194:25 post-flooding [1] - 190:15 187:2; 369:12 planktonic [1] - 358:11 pools [1] - 347:6 post-impact [2] - 289:20; pre-project [1] - 373:22 planned [3] - 44:12; 64:6; poor [5] - 207:13; 309:12, 291:5 pre-registered [1] - 12:17 227:23 23-24; 311:5 post-project [3] - 348:7, 16; pre-regulation [1] - 49:6 planning [6] - 19:3; 28:8; popped [1] - 219:15 368:5 preamble [1] - 305:16 33:2; 181:17; 199:4; 356:5 popular [1] - 313:24 posted [2] - 12:22; 232:21 precautionary [1] - 42:23 plans [15] - 28:3, 8-9; 53:22; populated [2] - 67:23; posting [2] - 186:6; 200:13 preceded [2] - 14:17; 166:9 76:25; 96:16; 152:24; 103:23 potable [2] - 271:5, 13 precedent [1] - 268:14 192:10; 195:22; 294:15, population [29] - 156:12, 19; potential [62] - 8:14; 9:19; precipitation [1] - 119:20 19; 300:3; 332:10; 369:16; 175:15; 177:21; 178:19; 60:18; 75:14; 82:21; 83:19; preclude [1] - 206:13 371:21 238:11; 240:8, 21; 243:3, 84:24; 85:7, 22; 86:1; 87:4; predator [1] - 310:13 plant [5] - 40:4; 68:10; 14; 244:5; 278:4, 19; 95:21; 110:8; 111:25; predators [1] - 289:25 285:21; 326:17 112:25; 113:9; 129:9; 279:8; 290:7, 12, 23; predatory [2] - 161:5; 243:15 planting [2] - 124:11; 145:25 138:14, 16; 139:15; 300:10; 301:5; 303:19; predecessor [1] - 29:23 plants [3] - 263:18; 288:17, 305:16, 22; 368:24; 372:4; 155:11; 156:16; 157:15; predict [3] - 59:22; 159:4; 158:12, 25; 160:23; 19 373:19; 374:6 239:22 plate [12] - 19:15; 99:5, 8, 12, populations [26] - 173:3; 171:24; 184:20; 185:12; predicted [19] - 60:13; 160:6; 192:13; 193:20; 194:14; 15; 104:6, 22; 106:3; 238:23; 239:3; 240:4; 188:17; 189:4; 191:7; 195:19; 196:20; 199:10; 133:21; 134:2, 14 247:8; 278:9; 289:11; 196:1; 243:13; 254:21; 201:7; 212:21; 223:11; plates [3] - 98:23; 99:6 301:25; 317:9; 335:6, 22; 255:9, 12; 256:25; 258:11; 225:3, 13; 230:24; 260:17; play [6] - 138:16, 18; 177:17; 336:2, 7, 19; 337:7; 338:3, 274:15; 287:20; 335:15; 261:7; 300:23; 301:24; 194:22; 213:11; 290:10 24; 340:16, 20; 342:6; 342:3; 349:11; 367:25; 303:24; 305:9; 323:8; played [1] - 351:9 346:7; 349:15; 351:10, 15; 368:13 367:24; 374:1 331:21; 333:25; 334:21; players [1] - 306:13 predicting [3] - 73:23; 240:3; 335:5; 337:25; 340:14, 18; pleased [3] - 159:23; 262:11; portage [4] - 164:8; 189:18; 358:9 190:1, 4 341:8, 12; 344:22; 349:14; 263:5 prediction [11] - 158:17; 351:7, 13 pleases [1] - 220:21 Porter [2] - 3:8; 32:18 177:20; 241:8; 246:19; potentially [8] - 124:2; pleasure [1] - 219:4 porter [7] - 34:3; 51:21; 252:19; 284:3; 291:6; 191:18; 225:2; 269:24; plot [2] - 106:6; 216:5 82:17; 83:1, 21; 85:9, 12 312:6; 348:11; 359:12; 275:21; 285:11; 310:12; plotted [1] - 39:5 PORTER [4] - 83:4; 84:7; 368:4 373:19 plumes [2] - 96:21; 364:23 85:13; 143:20 predictions [7] - 73:21, 24; pothole [2] - 40:9; 82:8 plunge [1] - 75:1 portion [6] - 91:24; 97:14; 156:16; 238:3; 239:16; pounders [1] - 316:20 plus [6] - 49:23; 85:6; 170:4, 192:1; 242:1; 283:1; 374:8 243:13; 366:1 pounds [1] - 208:24 9; 306:11; 315:22 portions [2] - 143:4 predicts [6] - 252:16, 21, 25; poverty [1] - 310:23 point [48] - 12:4; 20:20; 23:8; portrayed [1] - 342:16 348:7, 9; 370:4 Power [1] - 353:20 26:25; 27:5, 21; 32:4; 52:3; pose [1] - 95:24 preface [1] - 237:1 56:11, 22; 59:1, 23; 64:11; posed [2] - 197:8; 363:12 power [6] - 21:17; 22:2; 40:4;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 33

prefer [3] - 297:21; 328:18; president [2] - 36:7, 16 proceeding [3] - 11:12; 248:10; 267:7; 270:15; 368:15 pressure [7] - 74:7; 108:10, 354:24; 355:12 276:1, 6; 278:6; 279:13; preferably [1] - 243:17 13; 130:19, 24; 131:9; PROCEEDINGS [2] - 1:11; 280:21; 281:10, 12, 16, 18; preference [1] - 11:15 148:2 3:1 288:16; 293:8, 19; 298:11, preferences [2] - 291:13, 15 pressures [5] - 108:12; proceedings [10] - 11:4; 17; 305:6; 316:7; 328:20, preferred [11] - 160:5; 180:8; 109:1; 147:25; 148:5, 25 28:19; 149:15, 17; 184:15; 22; 329:4; 367:16; 374:22 242:21; 294:24; 297:10; pressurized [1] - 66:4 331:9, 11; 375:22; 376:7, Program [1] - 230:18 313:3; 320:13, 20; 321:1; prestress [1] - 66:3 10 programs [12] - 9:3; 153:21; 328:3; 371:25 presumably [4] - 131:19; Proceedings [1] - 7:8 172:15, 21; 174:8; 280:9; prehistoric [1] - 137:18 174:24; 243:15; 256:16 proceeds [1] - 77:2 293:7; 298:23; 299:10; preliminary [13] - 20:1, 3, presume [1] - 355:19 process [58] - 11:10; 16:3, 8; 332:11; 370:20 15-16; 25:22; 61:20; 63:14, pretty [18] - 17:6; 22:2; 19:19; 20:13; 22:24; 23:5; progress [2] - 28:21; 63:12 25; 95:25; 143:21; 199:24; 29:14; 139:14; 141:18; 26:12; 39:6; 55:1, 10, 23; progressed [1] - 200:6 200:6; 201:1 207:6; 245:11, 21; 246:24; 56:16; 65:14, 23; 66:4, 10; progression [1] - 61:22 premise [1] - 255:15 247:24; 248:22; 249:8; 93:12; 108:25; 109:12, 15, progressive [1] - 122:19 preparation [5] - 190:9; 255:19; 265:8; 291:14; 18; 110:1; 122:20; 132:1; progressively [2] - 40:21; 191:9; 192:8; 193:4; 237:6 292:1; 297:8; 307:16 153:8, 12; 154:11; 161:21; 41:24 prepare [2] - 10:4; 127:15 prevent [4] - 45:7, 9; 90:8; 165:1, 3; 183:14, 18; prohibit [1] - 213:21 prepared [4] - 111:1; 127:9; 188:9 185:5; 187:20; 208:6; PROJECT [2] - 1:2 211:5; 332:20 preventing [1] - 41:20 210:12; 222:12; 225:25; project [144] - 6:10; 7:13; preparedness [6] - 23:22; prevention [1] - 95:24 226:8, 10, 14; 232:13; 8:10, 22; 9:4, 8, 11, 13, 17, 28:3; 42:14; 53:22; 70:7; prevents [3] - 41:18, 21; 245:10; 257:17, 20-21; 20; 10:2; 11:9; 15:3, 20, 76:25 204:14 258:23; 265:10; 267:19; 24; 16:8; 19:1, 5; 20:25; preparing [2] - 245:25; 300:2 previous [4] - 112:8; 224:16; 274:23; 320:1; 354:24; 22:2, 14, 19; 23:7; 26:3; prescribe [1] - 197:8 365:21; 372:12 360:22; 365:14; 371:20; 29:3; 33:17; 34:23; 38:1, 7; presence [2] - 172:16; previously [6] - 164:23; 372:14; 375:6 39:19; 46:6, 8, 18; 47:2, 4, 235:16 208:5; 212:11; 272:7; processes [3] - 19:23; 156:1; 11, 20; 48:24; 54:1, 9, 16, present [21] - 34:8; 89:18; 343:13; 373:6 263:20 24; 56:7; 57:12; 59:17; 95:1, 3, 8; 129:22; 169:8; prey [4] - 289:25; 290:9; produced [7] - 11:19; 61:3; 64:9; 72:11; 77:1; 184:15; 200:19; 220:17; 294:24; 296:22 125:18; 142:14; 250:22; 81:7; 95:2, 19; 97:5, 16; 236:5; 238:8; 241:13; prices [2] - 223:20; 354:14 252:17, 20; 253:23 110:7, 21; 117:20; 135:9; 242:6; 266:7; 295:6; 300:7; primarily [3] - 171:14; 248:6; producer [1] - 40:5 140:14; 143:16; 146:19, 334:23; 348:14, 19; 370:13 252:8 product [1] - 296:16 25; 148:11, 14; 149:1; Presentation [12] - 3:5, 12, primary [6] - 47:15; 115:3; production [3] - 156:4; 155:12, 24; 156:17; 14, 18-19; 4:10, 14-15; 5:4, 122:9; 156:4; 311:24; 287:24; 310:5 157:16; 158:18; 159:23; 6; 182:25; 187:15 332:8 productions [1] - 310:5 162:20; 171:24; 183:20; presentation [61] - 14:18, 22; Prince [2] - 105:16; 106:7 productive [7] - 159:15; 184:16, 19; 185:11, 17; 15:5, 22; 29:17; 33:4, 22; principle [1] - 97:18 249:7, 14, 17; 285:8, 10; 186:2; 187:11, 23; 189:20; 190:16, 18; 197:5, 8, 18; 34:8, 12, 16; 53:17; 54:3; principles [1] - 35:24 288:2 202:2; 221:22; 222:6, 10, 70:13; 92:17; 93:1; 97:6, prioritizing [1] - 158:10 productivity [27] - 154:14; 13; 223:9; 225:10; 226:20; 14; 113:22; 114:2, 19; priority [1] - 147:19 155:17; 156:12, 19; 159:4; 230:24; 233:8, 24; 235:13; 149:23; 150:18; 151:14; private [4] - 11:3; 80:6; 229:17; 247:15; 253:25; 245:9; 247:16; 258:17; 182:19; 183:3, 7, 9, 16, 24; 270:3; 320:7 284:17; 287:17, 20; 288:4, 262:11; 264:21; 265:4; 185:7; 187:13, 22; 190:7; prize [1] - 180:14 7; 291:20, 25; 293:2; 309:21; 310:3; 311:11; 270:17, 21; 275:7; 332:1; 197:4; 218:7; 220:14, 19, probabilistic [3] - 135:6, 10; 333:23; 334:2, 25; 335:5, 23; 230:20; 236:7; 281:20, 138:2 312:2; 369:18-20, 25; 370:2, 17 10; 338:1; 340:8, 19-20; 25; 282:2, 5, 22; 292:3; probability [9] - 63:23; 341:6; 342:2, 20; 348:7, 299:25; 307:14; 318:8; 107:11; 140:8; 142:25; products [1] - 120:6 16, 23; 349:11; 351:7, 14; 319:4, 12; 321:5; 331:18; 214:25; 343:11; 360:8; professional [5] - 37:10; 353:8, 16; 354:11; 355:6, 333:6; 334:7; 362:13, 19; 361:2 47:17; 246:3; 332:2, 18 Professional [1] - 47:16 19; 364:10; 367:19, 21; 364:3; 365:2, 12; 373:4 probable [4] - 48:25; 50:17; 368:5; 369:6, 16; 370:18; presentations [2] - 94:1; 75:11; 97:20 professionalism [1] - 250:11 371:10; 373:22 306:11 problem [5] - 70:6; 166:21; professionals [5] - 114:12; Project [13] - 26:22; 46:11; presented [15] - 34:16, 19; 270:7; 315:11, 16 116:17; 117:8; 332:4; 47:9; 53:18; 93:13; 94:12; 84:21; 94:3, 7; 96:1; 166:7; problem-free [1] - 315:11 365:4 profile [7] - 6:4; 84:17; 85:8; 152:3; 232:9; 331:23; 194:10; 218:6; 231:11; problems [8] - 20:10; 39:9; 332:17, 24; 334:2; 340:25 236:12, 15; 266:25; 52:14; 119:16; 139:21; 86:8; 224:6, 9, 19 project's [1] - 241:1 335:14; 359:7 324:7; 327:8; 354:18 profiles [1] - 83:24 presenter [1] - 318:23 [45] projects [17] - 19:10, 18, 20; procedural [1] - 13:2 program - 17:4, 7-8; presenters [1] - 12:16 18:1, 20, 23, 25; 23:22; 21:17; 26:20; 36:10, 25; procedure [1] - 226:22 presenting [2] - 12:7; 331:4 27:22; 35:22; 36:13; 53:16, 52:25; 62:13; 73:8; 158:12; proceed [6] - 9:4, 9; 159:23; 204:6; 209:4; 280:18; presents [4] - 96:5; 167:5; 245:9; 258:20; 364:10 18; 160:20, 22; 174:6; 199:14; 351:16 229:12, 25; 230:3, 10, 13; 332:12; 340:15; 355:3

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 34 prologue [1] - 210:9 201:23; 202:9, 14; 204:7, 320:2; 362:15 Q prominence [1] - 147:16 24; 205:20; 365:10 Province's [2] - 27:21; 324:1 promote [1] - 184:1 protection [12] - 75:15; Provinces [3] - 231:5, 8; prone [1] - 138:13 169:25; 185:8, 23; 229:12, 376:4 Q2 [1] - 358:25 propagated [1] - 148:3 24; 230:2, 10; 232:17; provinces [1] - 260:20 Q3 [5] - 175:6; 176:7; 179:1; propagates [1] - 86:25 245:20; 269:8; 290:21 Provincial [6] - 10:15; 366:19; 374:15 propagation [3] - 86:12, 17; protects [2] - 74:25; 320:24 153:13; 157:3; 276:16; qualified [1] - 207:10 87:9 protocol [3] - 144:24; 278:3; 373:8 quality [26] - 45:21; 96:4, 10, properly [1] - 302:2 286:16, 21 provincial [12] - 66:17; 17; 128:20; 130:2; 153:19; properties [2] - 143:18; protocols [1] - 122:21 130:9; 147:7; 148:19; 154:3; 156:10; 212:13; 271:19 proved [1] - 145:11 167:16; 176:24; 245:1, 17; 219:13; 248:18; 254:21; 255:9, 12; 256:24; 257:2, property [5] - 80:6, 11; Proverbs [2] - 4:7; 150:12 278:12; 281:3; 364:20; 269:24; 270:20; 271:13 PROVERBS [1] - 179:21 373:10 24; 258:7, 10; 261:1; 262:23; 267:24; 269:1; Prophet [2] - 321:9; 330:23 Provide [6] - 6:3, 8, 16; provision [5] - 69:17; 97:19; 311:2; 364:12 Proponent [37] - 22:7; 96:10; 224:19; 265:1; 318:18 232:17, 23 Quality [1] - 364:19 111:8, 14; 112:17; 113:7, provide [71] - 8:8, 21; 9:1; provisions [4] - 53:8; 12; 114:22; 123:19; 127:4, 10:15; 12:25; 15:18; 25:8; 202:11; 205:7; 245:20 quantification [1] - 291:11 22, 25; 128:8, 13; 136:22; 41:12; 66:14; 76:24; 93:10, proximity [4] - 66:21; 75:22; quantify [1] - 289:14 146:9; 187:19; 203:21; 14; 96:23; 98:1, 8; 113:5; 138:15; 327:16 quantifying [1] - 55:8 204:10; 206:7, 10; 207:1, 151:16; 152:4; 159:20; prudent [1] - 81:19 quantitative [1] - 155:15 13; 213:15; 239:15; 160:8, 22-24; 161:4, 19; Pryse [4] - 3:10; 32:22; 34:1; quantity [6] - 254:21; 255:9, 243:13; 248:23; 251:11, 164:4; 165:20; 166:12; 214:8 12; 256:25; 257:23; 258:11 19; 257:22; 334:17; 183:18; 187:12; 189:25; PRYSE [6] - 214:10, 12, 24; quarry [2] - 81:4, 7 335:23; 338:13, 15; 344:6; 191:24; 192:1, 7; 195:7, 215:6; 216:1; 221:12 Quebec [1] - 260:5 353:19; 360:17 22; 196:23; 198:15, 25; Pryse-Phillips [3] - 3:10; Queen [1] - 58:17 proponent [1] - 23:17 207:25; 218:15, 20; 32:22; 34:1 questioned [2] - 159:9; Proponent's [3] - 111:8; 224:15; 225:8; 226:15; PRYSE-PHILLIPS [6] - 228:24 126:20; 249:13 227:11; 230:20; 232:12; 214:10, 12, 24; 215:6; questioner [1] - 12:5 proponents [1] - 280:24 234:4; 242:24; 244:1; 216:1; 221:12 questions [94] - 7:23; 8:10; Proponents [2] - 113:2, 4 254:20; 255:8; 263:4, 6; public [25] - 8:4; 10:9; 11:13; 11:9; 12:1; 13:15; 15:22; proportion [1] - 175:14 270:16; 271:5; 272:3; 12:20; 94:19; 98:2; 115:4, 21:4; 32:6; 34:5; 62:17, 20, proposal [7] - 8:5; 110:4; 293:24; 294:7; 301:12; 8; 162:24; 163:8, 11, 16, 24; 63:2; 66:7; 68:5; 70:9, 112:4, 14; 162:6; 262:16; 318:7, 10; 332:14; 335:21; 25; 164:1; 184:25; 188:23; 14; 77:10, 13, 22; 82:3; 270:23 336:5; 356:16; 369:9; 193:1; 197:14, 16; 217:23; 88:1, 21, 24; 93:21; propose [2] - 170:5; 266:4 370:22; 375:12 218:13, 25; 230:17; 128:17, 22, 25; 129:2; Proposed [1] - 332:23 provided [42] - 29:1; 76:14; 332:25; 345:7 130:15; 133:10; 138:8; 93:24; 94:18; 98:4; 113:12; PROPOSED [1] - 1:3 Public [1] - 186:24 139:7; 147:11; 165:12, 15, 122:19; 126:21; 128:13; 25; 174:10; 179:5; 181:4, proposed [66] - 7:14; 8:9; publicized [1] - 68:17 57:12; 84:2; 93:12; 94:12; 147:21; 161:13; 164:22; publish [1] - 148:18 10, 18; 201:20; 219:14, 17; 95:19; 99:10; 110:15; 179:25; 185:4; 187:25; published [6] - 65:4; 109:7; 220:25; 224:3; 228:5; 140:20; 144:3; 159:15; 222:12; 226:18; 229:19; 250:23; 300:22; 342:21; 230:22; 231:6, 12, 21; 162:4, 10, 18; 163:16; 230:23; 232:21; 233:14; 360:1 238:10; 244:20; 248:7; 172:1, 17; 185:16; 186:20; 236:18; 251:5; 256:20; puddle [1] - 145:12 253:14; 259:9; 261:20; 269:23; 272:8; 274:12; 262:16; 263:2, 4, 9; 188:12, 16, 22; 189:3; pup [1] - 353:10 332:18; 333:3, 7; 340:17; 267:12; 273:14; 274:23; 191:13; 192:24; 194:9; purpose [8] - 8:2; 17:8; 19:4; 197:5; 200:1, 17; 202:17; 343:13; 344:1; 345:12; 163:14; 197:25; 211:11; 275:2; 277:25; 281:25; 205:3; 210:2; 211:7; 222:5; 350:20; 362:15; 365:6; 212:11; 254:22 282:8, 16; 287:14; 290:8; 366:13, 18; 367:19; 293:21; 294:22; 295:23; 225:7; 237:9; 267:8; purposes [5] - 36:15; 61:12; 269:12; 280:12; 282:13; 372:21; 374:15 111:14; 198:10, 16 299:13; 300:12; 301:15, provides [6] - 191:5; 250:23; 18; 304:1; 306:8; 307:15; 286:2, 10; 287:18; 325:21; pursuant [2] - 184:9; 210:8 256:1; 343:7, 20; 355:17 329:12; 353:6; 362:2, 20, 326:3; 331:22; 332:17; pursuing [1] - 355:20 providing [9] - 94:13; 22; 365:12; 366:15; 372:15 333:23; 334:1; 335:20; put [24] - 42:9; 45:24; 49:1; quick [6] - 71:24; 90:10; 337:17; 340:19; 341:5, 20; 103:15; 113:18; 123:9; 56:20; 71:16; 72:22; 89:15; 123:24; 220:4; 231:15; 350:22; 351:11, 13; 140:11; 153:4; 166:14; 125:6; 134:22; 135:5; 307:16 366:20; 367:9, 16 334:8 136:25; 210:25; 211:17; province [11] - 17:4, 24; quicker [3] - 62:21; 300:15; proposing [4] - 112:18; 218:22; 219:18; 281:15; 218:9; 323:11, 23 18:3, 23; 19:16; 38:14; 282:9; 283:21; 284:1; 319:7 40:5; 277:5, 7; 280:14; quickly [9] - 87:1; 100:9; prospect [1] - 148:4 287:14; 309:1; 311:12; 281:17 107:13; 243:6; 281:24; protect [4] - 197:16; 203:21; 334:20; 356:25 Province [16] - 15:16; 16:13; 282:23; 284:9, 14; 288:18 231:2; 290:18 putting [1] - 174:3 21:22, 24; 22:17; 23:15; quiet [2] - 57:25 protected [1] - 321:2 puzzle [2] - 98:23; 142:15 24:23; 26:13; 27:11; 28:17; Quintette [3] - 323:18; Protection [11] - 161:17; pyrite [1] - 129:22 162:20; 184:12; 185:14; 31:21; 152:21; 319:20; 324:25

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 35

Quintette's [1] - 323:21 242:12; 253:16; 285:16; realtime [1] - 38:25 364:9, 25; 365:8 quite [32] - 19:12; 24:23; 288:1; 310:2; 323:13; rear [2] - 157:12; 349:23 recommended [3] - 258:16; 28:23; 32:1; 56:5; 59:13; 326:21; 363:22, 24 rearing [2] - 336:6; 337:9 365:19; 371:15 60:10; 65:23; 78:3; 79:8, rates [9] - 91:10; 137:25; reason [14] - 11:7, 20; 14:7; recommends [3] - 163:10; 12; 86:4; 118:15; 137:5; 174:22; 175:7; 178:16; 88:16; 193:23; 253:19; 218:15; 364:18 141:17; 143:3; 206:15; 188:5; 288:7; 366:23; 278:22; 279:14; 287:18; reconstructed [1] - 371:12 207:20; 216:5; 240:17; 374:3 288:18; 295:9; 296:6, 18; reconvene [6] - 77:15, 20; 243:6; 244:5; 257:22; rather [13] - 44:17; 48:7; 359:14 149:12; 227:22; 306:15; 273:17; 284:16; 293:7; 92:6; 137:4; 146:2; 174:11; reasonable [4] - 85:21; 375:18 296:25; 297:7; 311:16; 206:22; 245:23; 262:21; 178:2; 219:19; 312:7 reconvened [2] - 149:17; 322:16; 357:12; 360:2 263:25; 294:19; 310:20; reasonably [2] - 11:21; 27:19 331:11 quotations [1] - 336:17 325:11 reasons [3] - 70:20; 288:23; record [15] - 11:13; 12:21; quote [4] - 129:8; 338:16; ratio [1] - 370:10 328:9 58:23; 59:25; 97:24; 107:3; 339:9; 341:24 rationale [1] - 152:5 reassess [1] - 140:24 136:24; 137:10, 15, 23; quotes [1] - 356:16 rats [1] - 319:23 reassessment [3] - 76:18; 138:4; 226:6; 263:7; RCC [4] - 47:8; 74:3, 7 83:7; 140:22 332:25 R RCR [3] - 2:15; 376:3, 19 rebound [8] - 71:7, 10, 21; recorded [5] - 104:19; 108:3; re [3] - 144:20; 185:22; 194:4 72:7, 25; 73:18 137:11; 160:17; 163:23 re-acquainting [1] - 144:20 receive [7] - 8:3, 13; 9:11; recordings [1] - 79:18 race [1] - 221:23 re-alignment [2] - 185:22; 207:18; 212:15; 275:18; records [4] - 18:18; 45:2; radar [1] - 111:15 194:4 354:6 103:18 radical [1] - 139:14 reach [7] - 172:17; 194:15; received [12] - 9:6; 13:10; recovery [5] - 68:23; 167:19; radically [1] - 208:11 221:22; 237:8; 244:11; 28:17; 56:8; 179:22; 202:5; 328:20; 329:4 radio [2] - 325:12; 340:24 280:11; 366:11 210:1; 232:1; 233:3, 20; recreational [7] - 154:4; radio-controlled [1] - 325:12 reached [6] - 35:17; 95:15; 353:25 160:25; 186:11; 187:9; radio-tagging [1] - 340:24 159:5; 250:20; 274:16; receiving [2] - 9:10; 225:25 193:22; 208:18, 23 radius [1] - 290:18 364:7 recent [16] - 19:9; 21:15; recruit [1] - 251:25 rage [1] - 260:21 reaches [2] - 237:11; 283:5 63:11; 70:23; 82:18; recruitment [8] - 251:12, rail [1] - 326:15 reactivated [1] - 134:12 110:16; 112:22; 131:10; 20-21; 253:16; 336:1, 14, rain [1] - 171:2 read [13] - 12:21; 13:11; 19:8; 132:13; 133:1; 156:20; 21; 337:1 rainbow [1] - 358:21 37:20; 38:21; 44:9; 52:3; 199:3; 220:16; 260:9; recruits [5] - 6:6; 251:6; rainbows [2] - 296:9; 327:25 64:15; 74:14; 143:14; 280:8 253:16; 254:7, 15 rainfall [1] - 119:12 237:6; 317:2 recently [14] - 22:3; 48:4; recurrences [1] - 59:20 raise [3] - 32:7; 79:22; reading [3] - 144:21; 245:23; 64:14, 22; 65:8; 108:21; red [6] - 57:15; 99:16; 165:15 309:9 121:18; 122:13; 300:20; 104:17; 106:2; 126:8; raised [10] - 8:11; 31:12; readings [1] - 39:2 314:12; 317:24; 337:5; 284:24 39:24; 51:14; 158:17; ready [1] - 228:7 354:7 reduce [8] - 145:18; 162:1; 164:9; 280:19; 333:11; real [7] - 141:25; 237:20; Reclamation [1] - 52:8 190:12, 14; 192:15; 367:22; 372:16 260:14; 287:19; 311:21; recognize [2] - 10:13; 67:22 199:15; 206:25; 338:23 raising [1] - 211:11 315:16; 355:6 recognized [5] - 52:23; reduced [2] - 285:12; 350:21 ramp [2] - 100:9; 217:22 realigned [1] - 143:24 72:13; 284:12; 359:21; reducing [1] - 335:12 ramped [1] - 138:18 realize [2] - 126:1; 180:17 374:1 reduction [4] - 84:17; ramps [1] - 193:2 really [68] - 12:8; 15:25; recognizing [5] - 44:14; 171:25; 342:7; 360:24 ran [1] - 322:25 16:10, 25; 17:11; 18:16, 54:14; 55:4; 245:25; refer [9] - 59:6; 93:16; 162:8; RANDAL [5] - 219:25; 221:6; 21; 19:4, 22; 20:9, 19; 359:16 166:8, 19; 178:25; 267:2; 222:1, 18; 223:17 21:16, 25; 23:10, 25; 24:7, recollection [5] - 68:10; 356:9, 11 random [1] - 66:25 24; 25:9; 26:1, 7; 27:4; 235:2; 266:23; 274:11; reference [12] - 57:16; 62:5; Randy [2] - 221:7; 372:12 29:15; 31:23; 52:10; 64:12; 353:13 69:21; 74:20; 82:11; range [27] - 17:20; 31:1; 70:3; 72:14; 81:14; 86:16; recommend [7] - 147:7; 232:24; 245:16; 270:9; 56:12; 61:23; 86:21; 112:13; 114:9; 115:3, 17, 189:1; 191:4; 210:21; 332:25; 342:18; 360:1; 104:16; 105:2, 7, 11; 20; 116:5, 14, 16; 125:4; 270:6; 272:7; 364:11 361:6 109:25; 116:7, 14; 124:10; 126:15; 131:15; 132:15; recommendation [18] - referenced [3] - 198:23; 131:7; 133:6; 158:8; 135:24; 140:7, 18; 143:5; 128:19; 130:1; 164:6; 201:2; 333:7 193:22; 233:2; 264:6; 206:17; 210:8; 216:14; 166:19; 189:6, 23; 191:3; referred [14] - 45:20; 46:5; 266:25; 304:20; 312:8; 240:25; 241:7; 247:9; 192:5; 195:6, 20; 196:22; 54:20, 25; 55:13, 18; 335:9; 341:3; 359:18; 282:15; 286:15; 287:18; 209:22; 210:23; 218:11; 56:25; 58:21; 60:24; 80:25; 363:16; 374:18 288:12; 289:10, 12; 222:15; 266:4; 364:17 304:3, 15; 305:14; 343:23 ranging [1] - 65:6 292:20; 293:10; 295:3; recommendations [25] - 9:2, referring [6] - 82:22; 91:25; rapid [1] - 337:4 296:1; 297:4, 21-22; 18; 10:14; 30:14; 96:7; 166:1; 226:7; 232:18; rapidly [3] - 97:25; 116:10; 307:25; 310:6; 314:15 128:14; 152:5; 161:15, 25; 254:25 117:14 realm [2] - 30:17; 118:25 165:22; 166:5, 9-10, 13, refers [3] - 56:12; 168:24; rare [2] - 136:7; 238:21 Realtime [2] - 376:4, 20 16; 183:13, 20; 213:2; 175:5 rate [11] - 117:13; 170:12; REALTIME [1] - 2:13 258:9; 269:2, 5; 307:20; refined [1] - 22:1

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 36

refining [1] - 143:17 236:19; 245:8, 14; 258:20, remarks [17] - 3:4, 11; 5:7; reproducing [1] - 296:19 reflect [1] - 198:12 23; 345:4; 354:24; 362:16 7:10; 32:25; 151:18, 22; reproduction [1] - 310:17 reflections [1] - 362:7 reinforced [1] - 340:1 161:9; 183:6, 8; 228:21, reproductive [1] - 323:9 reflects [1] - 282:5 reinjected [1] - 69:5 23; 237:1; 362:9, 11; reputable [1] - 323:1 refuge [1] - 171:6 reiterating [1] - 197:25 372:21; 375:14 request [25] - 11:15; 13:20; refused [1] - 329:23 relate [5] - 120:16; 152:6; remediate [1] - 363:9 15:5, 13; 63:5; 64:2; 76:7; refusing [1] - 228:23 291:12; 360:22; 369:14 remediated [2] - 43:6; 44:15 189:24; 192:6; 195:7, 21; regard [8] - 7:13; 135:22; related [34] - 8:14; 30:12; remediation [2] - 42:20; 43:5 196:23; 210:19; 220:22; 180:7; 199:20; 200:24; 38:19; 64:19; 65:14; 88:1; remedies [1] - 275:9 224:6; 272:2, 10; 344:10; 333:2, 17; 335:7 115:5; 131:25; 151:18, 24; remedy [1] - 81:11 348:3; 350:17, 20; 356:25; regarding [21] - 9:12, 15; 161:21; 183:21; 184:18; remember [6] - 12:7, 18; 366:3; 373:24 13:7; 127:5; 128:19; 129:3; 185:20; 187:4, 21; 188:12; 43:2; 216:13, 21; 355:1 requested [16] - 15:18; 204:1; 216:25; 262:17; 190:11; 191:23; 194:2; remind [2] - 12:1, 11 94:25; 161:19; 164:4, 7; 266:2; 270:2; 273:20; 196:23; 218:16, 18; remote [1] - 63:23 165:19; 188:15; 189:1; 274:14; 300:4; 301:24; 229:16; 302:22; 334:22; remotely [1] - 38:22 198:14; 199:7, 12; 201:4; 331:20; 334:8; 363:12; 363:4; 365:14; 367:21; remove [4] - 124:18, 24; 218:20; 220:13; 233:17; 366:6; 369:3; 375:2 369:6, 9, 18; 372:17; 375:7 195:13; 217:5 344:12 regardless [4] - 100:21; relates [3] - 210:16; 225:3; removed [2] - 58:4; 193:9 requesting [3] - 166:11; 117:10; 171:1; 299:9 258:7 removes [1] - 121:22 167:2; 217:3 regards [9] - 95:19; 139:10; relating [1] - 327:9 removing [2] - 121:20; requests [7] - 185:6; 197:10; 177:20; 178:14; 187:5; relation [14] - 91:17; 97:9; 122:14 210:7; 212:15; 218:14; 196:12; 205:9; 208:23; 144:10; 188:18; 189:4; Renata [2] - 3:10; 32:23 220:10 313:2 191:7, 12; 220:11; 230:22; RENATA [3] - 91:22; 92:2, 8 Requests [1] - 332:22 regime [4] - 156:10; 170:18; 231:6; 236:11; 259:17; repeat [1] - 277:3 require [15] - 26:16; 76:12, 337:3 301:22; 332:16 repeated [1] - 155:10 17; 98:19; 122:23; 142:6; regimes [1] - 152:15 relations [1] - 319:11 replaced [4] - 43:22; 151:12; 192:24; 194:23; 196:9, 14; region [44] - 38:3, 24; 43:11; relationship [3] - 149:4; 197:1; 346:11 213:14, 20; 225:1; 245:12; 56:14, 24; 58:19, 22; 179:19; 180:3 replacement [1] - 39:18 361:6 59:17; 67:12; 70:5; 101:1, relationships [1] - 176:12 replacing [2] - 91:4; 180:10 required [34] - 9:1; 10:21, 23; [9] 21:19; 23:6; 28:4; 35:10, 9, 13, 25; 102:9; 105:23; relative - 77:6; 98:24; replenishing [1] - 290:7 125:25; 127:1; 142:25; 15; 48:22; 65:18; 72:20; 106:14, 23; 111:6; 112:17; replicate [1] - 82:14 228:5; 306:1; 342:10; 123:10, 22; 124:4, 6, 23; 114:7; 118:11; 119:8; replicated [1] - 83:13 120:3; 122:1, 25; 123:20; 347:22 127:7; 128:6; 184:10; replied [1] - 344:18 125:24; 127:8; 134:5, 24; relatively [11] - 69:25; 73:9; 185:15; 198:6; 202:19; reply [1] - 170:21 136:13; 137:10, 21; 75:12; 86:15; 131:16; 204:6; 210:14; 215:16; report [19] - 10:5, 7; 13:15; 136:7; 137:15; 220:2; 245:3; 258:6; 279:15; 138:12; 144:20; 230:15; 27:11; 29:5, 9; 51:16, 249:10, 16; 327:5 289:6; 339:4, 12; 351:18; 260:11; 271:9, 15; 329:19 18-19; 53:3, 6; 79:16; 365:8; 367:21 Region [2] - 277:13, 16 relaxation [3] - 48:3; 72:21; 83:23; 86:3; 260:4; 306:25; requirement [4] - 53:10; regional [1] - 367:8 308:5 341:1; 355:16; 375:7 regions [5] - 37:17; 106:2; release [8] - 100:4; 108:11; 195:9; 203:19; 222:19 report-outs [3] - 29:5, 9; requirements [9] - 8:23; 125:4; 135:8 109:2; 214:6, 13; 221:12; 53:6 Register [1] - 35:5 232:22; 371:18 130:10; 153:19; 194:11; reported [8] - 21:21; 32:1; Release [1] - 214:2 195:3; 200:4; 202:11; registered [2] - 12:17; 332:1 39:9; 40:11; 64:2, 18; 204:12; 257:21 Registry [1] - 12:23 released [2] - 20:13; 95:12 106:12; 340:24 relevance [1] - 115:8 requires [2] - 119:10; 124:14 registry [1] - 94:19 reporter [3] - 7:25; 11:19, 25 relevant [11] - 64:13; 106:22; requiring [1] - 166:22 regular [2] - 37:5; 39:12 Reporter [2] - 376:4, 20 117:19; 127:5; 135:8; requisite [1] - 42:15 regularly [3] - 36:22; 37:1; REPORTER'S [1] - 376:1 144:19; 216:1, 5; 219:15; Rescan [2] - 322:25; 323:1 276:2 reporting [3] - 33:17; 37:7; 262:20 rescheduled [1] - 220:24 regulate [1] - 17:16 317:7 reliable [1] - 194:1 research [11] - 43:25; 94:4, regulates [1] - 184:4 REPORTING [1] - 2:13 relief [4] - 71:2; 118:14; 8; 98:10; 126:24; 132:10; regulation [5] - 27:10; 49:6; Reporting [1] - 2:14 122:7 144:11, 18; 230:5, 13 230:6; 245:1; 290:16 reports [7] - 31:8; 36:15, 21; relieve [1] - 67:8 researched [1] - 131:4 Regulation [7] - 16:6, 25; 37:1; 84:12; 90:14; 103:19 rely [6] - 17:2; 21:11; 25:15; reservation [1] - 190:9 17:17; 24:12; 53:19; 76:12, represent [4] - 58:6, 10; 157:8; 170:22; 336:19 Reservoir [34] - 77:5; 91:18; 17 99:16; 346:5 relying [2] - 48:7; 257:18 154:21; 160:11, 21; regulations [4] - 27:12; Representative [1] - 2:19 184:7; 278:16; 281:6 remain [9] - 11:1; 162:24; 168:10, 13; 169:3, 5-6; representative [3] - 33:19; 179:13; 202:12; 203:19; 173:2, 16, 20; 175:16, 21; regulator [1] - 37:5 36:23; 181:3 212:24; 365:18; 369:2 176:9; 180:11; 214:2; regulators [6] - 96:15, 18; representatives [4] - 53:5; remaining [4] - 193:7, 20; 242:1; 248:11; 311:4, 130:9; 345:7; 355:10; 154:10; 367:4; 369:7 364:20 195:25; 277:19 14-15; 314:13; 321:15, 17, represents [3] - 60:4; 99:3; remains [3] - 193:15; 344:5; 25; 322:8; 327:6; 328:12; regulatory [13] - 32:8; 67:20; 335:3 153:13; 185:9; 229:11; 356:14 346:20; 366:24

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 37

reservoir [192] - 6:14; 34:3; resolved [1] - 72:14 195:24; 198:22; 199:4; 126:18; 134:22; 161:12; 38:12, 17; 42:23; 50:7; resource [6] - 15:17; 21:11; 209:13; 212:7; 247:25; 183:17; 185:5, 7; 187:20; 51:1; 62:2; 69:15, 24; 70:8; 55:13; 56:1; 277:12; 332:8 264:6; 271:4; 276:17; 204:6; 209:1; 226:15; 78:18; 84:14; 85:5; 86:8; Resource [6] - 5:1; 153:3; 329:5; 364:20 229:11; 262:10; 268:5; 87:13; 88:6; 91:24; 95:4; 276:15, 21; 294:10; 369:8 rest [3] - 40:25; 214:22; 319:20; 332:21; 363:1; 106:24; 107:13, 16, 19; resource-use [1] - 332:8 244:20 364:3, 6; 365:7; 375:11 110:9; 112:1; 127:24; resources [5] - 147:19; restocking [1] - 173:11 REVIEW [3] - 1:1; 2:2 139:22; 140:16; 141:6; 153:18; 231:3; 282:10; restore [1] - 313:12 reviewed [20] - 15:20, 24; 143:20; 154:7; 156:2, 6; 367:8 restrict [1] - 190:22 28:25; 45:1; 48:14; 83:6; 159:4, 7, 10, 17, 20; 160:7; Resources [21] - 3:5, 15; restricted [3] - 192:20; 87:14; 110:19; 135:5; 161:4, 6-7; 164:13; 168:15, 14:23; 56:3; 92:18, 21; 193:17; 217:12 144:12, 24; 153:17; 18, 20; 172:16, 18; 174:18, 93:9; 97:17; 100:18; 115:2; restricting [1] - 293:10 187:18; 196:13, 20; 25; 175:8; 177:21; 178:17, 131:2; 132:8, 23; 133:24; restriction [5] - 67:21; 205:12; 223:5; 237:25; 19; 189:11; 191:9; 192:8, 135:4; 136:2, 11; 137:8; 192:17; 218:5, 8, 23 262:15; 304:13 10, 17, 19-20, 22; 193:4, 145:23; 277:10; 364:2 restrictions [7] - 68:1; reviewer [4] - 21:5; 95:6; 14, 17, 21; 194:3, 21; respect [53] - 30:2, 6, 8; 188:13, 17, 22; 189:4; 129:14 195:14; 209:7, 11; 214:6, 45:11; 47:19; 130:1, 18; 191:1, 7 Reviewer [1] - 93:18 12; 216:23; 217:1, 10-11, 143:18; 152:10; 166:13, result [28] - 11:2, 14; 18:19; reviewers [1] - 51:24 16; 221:13; 223:12; 228:3; 17; 183:15, 20; 190:10, 25; 23:4; 95:10; 121:12; reviewing [4] - 21:3; 44:17; 237:10, 18; 238:3, 5; 191:10; 192:9; 193:5; 156:22; 157:15; 163:10, 122:18; 126:20 239:10, 14; 240:16, 25; 199:22; 200:25; 201:25; 21; 177:8; 180:6; 188:3; reviews [4] - 19:9; 27:10; 241:6, 23; 242:4, 10, 17, 211:3; 226:3; 232:7; 233:8; 194:4; 213:16; 238:6; 44:3; 47:18 19; 243:4, 6, 11, 21, 23; 240:14; 250:21; 267:12, 255:3; 283:15; 285:12; revolves [1] - 16:10 244:1; 248:18; 249:5, 9, 15, 20; 268:20; 269:7, 23; 303:18; 339:2; 342:4; Richard [3] - 4:6; 150:10, 25 16; 250:21; 255:7, 20; 275:2; 278:2; 281:2; 345:24; 349:14; 351:17; Richter [1] - 69:13 256:2, 10, 16, 18; 257:8, 305:23; 332:22; 333:13; 374:16 RICK [6] - 174:13; 175:24; 10; 265:15; 273:10; 334:3; 337:23; 339:23; resulting [8] - 152:17; 160:5; 177:5, 16; 178:11; 259:12 274:17; 284:14, 16, 18; 340:10; 341:19; 343:1, 18; 225:9; 302:1; 323:9; Rick [3] - 174:13; 175:4; 285:3, 19; 287:3, 5, 11; 350:24; 352:12; 355:19; 338:19; 341:9; 370:10 259:12 288:12, 22; 289:2, 25; 361:5; 365:12; 366:12; results [29] - 6:16; 56:8; Ricker [5] - 251:21, 25; 290:7, 21; 291:13; 301:25; 369:5 62:14; 63:25; 83:12; 85:10; 252:7, 16, 21 307:18; 308:14; 309:10, respected [1] - 36:24 95:9; 96:25; 111:1, 4; Ridge [4] - 324:11, 23 14; 310:1; 311:9; 312:11; respecting [1] - 277:20 113:19; 152:5; 153:6; riffles [1] - 347:6 314:10, 22; 315:12; 322:4; respectively [1] - 341:4 154:17; 155:14; 158:3; rift [1] - 136:5 327:7; 328:17; 338:10, 12, respects [1] - 283:8 174:17; 177:11, 18-19; rifts [2] - 136:8, 13 21; 339:6, 15-16; 340:6, 9; respond [14] - 8:10; 13:1; 178:20; 199:13; 236:4; right-angle [1] - 70:18 345:22; 346:23; 347:11, 71:5; 159:24; 160:3; 267:5; 318:18; 345:6; right-hand [6] - 50:5; 99:24; 14, 22; 348:6, 8, 14, 21, 161:24; 175:3; 177:22; 347:18; 358:15; 374:14 104:15; 118:21; 124:17, 21 24; 350:6, 23; 351:2, 17, 181:15; 197:21, 24; Results [1] - 214:3 rightly [1] - 355:1 25; 352:10, 16; 358:1; 309:16; 361:5; 372:21 retain [2] - 62:2; 245:18 Rights [9] - 9:14, 23; 15:14; 363:23; 365:22; 366:20; responded [2] - 77:3; 362:20 retained [4] - 43:17; 44:20; 33:18; 37:6; 42:21; 180:21; 367:10; 370:7, 15; 373:15, responding [1] - 226:23 52:17; 256:17 362:14 17; 374:7 response [44] - 12:6; 19:3; retaining [1] - 36:2 rights [7] - 9:16, 20; 26:2; reservoir-triggered [2] - 28:8; 42:13; 63:5; 71:8, 22, retains [1] - 231:1 147:15, 18 110:9; 112:1 24; 76:9; 93:23; 98:3; retention [1] - 285:4 rigs [1] - 146:16 reservoirs [27] - 38:21; 118:5; 141:8; 148:25; retire [1] - 209:2 Rim [1] - 99:18 69:11; 87:19; 106:25; 152:20; 153:21, 23; return [4] - 274:18; 308:11; riparian [18] - 254:21; 255:1, 107:4, 10; 112:9; 116:12; 179:12; 180:10; 193:6; 330:6 4-5, 9, 12, 18; 256:7, 11, 155:22; 161:2; 192:25; 225:1; 226:16; 227:11; Revelstoke [2] - 33:16; 239:8, 19; 241:15; 242:7; 18, 25; 257:1, 10, 12; 231:13; 234:19; 235:5, 7; 176:11 248:12, 21; 260:16; 258:11; 259:1, 18 254:12; 267:9; 273:5, 20; reversible [1] - 343:5 266:14, 16; 274:5; 280:10; riprap [6] - 38:9; 39:18-20; 274:9; 303:24; 348:3, 25; Review [11] - 93:12; 94:11; 76:4; 81:1 287:25; 291:25; 310:2; 350:17, 20; 356:4; 358:6; 161:14; 189:1, 24; 191:4; rises [2] - 50:7; 132:20 372:15 363:11; 368:1; 373:1, 24; 192:6; 195:6, 21; 196:22; risk [17] - 17:10, 12; 88:18; Reservoirs [1] - 366:17 375:12 230:21 123:14; 148:10; 158:23; reside [2] - 336:7; 372:9 responses [4] - 31:18; 185:3, review [57] - 16:2, 13; 19:2, 192:15; 193:12; 275:23; residence [2] - 145:20; 271:8 6; 263:6 5, 25; 20:19; 21:5, 14, 23; 300:6; 304:3, 5, 12; resident [4] - 277:13, 17; responsibilities [1] - 219:15 22:7, 16; 23:5, 11; 24:9; 305:13; 308:23 372:10; 374:6 responsibility [4] - 10:19; 27:18; 29:8, 16; 31:13; risks [9] - 17:9; 37:2; 147:17; residual [11] - 258:25; 231:2; 267:14; 335:4 39:5; 43:23; 44:5, 17, 21; 149:1; 164:1; 193:19; 338:18; 342:1; 343:15, 22; responsible [20] - 37:11; 45:22; 55:19; 64:24; 81:17; 202:18; 299:17; 305:7 360:21; 361:10, 14, 19 46:15, 20; 47:3; 96:14, 18; 91:8; 94:16; 95:9; 97:1, 15; river [103] - 6:3; 49:5; 50:9; resolution [1] - 359:5 97:19; 163:7; 184:3; 110:3, 18; 111:4; 113:20; 70:25; 71:16, 18; 72:5;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 38

73:4, 17; 74:14, 16; 75:6, 22, 24-25; 351:10; 356:17; rounded [1] - 81:8 salmonoid [1] - 252:5 20; 79:11; 86:7; 122:6; 363:13, 15; 368:11; 370:9; Royal [1] - 202:5 salmonoids [1] - 253:10 126:7; 156:2; 157:8; 159:8; 371:3, 6, 8-10; 372:5, 7, 9, Roza [1] - 371:9 sample [2] - 155:9; 319:21 162:23; 163:14; 164:14, 11, 22; 373:18, 21; 374:4 RPR [3] - 2:15; 376:3, 19 sampled [1] - 368:10 20; 167:13; 169:20; river's [1] - 360:5 RTS [2] - 106:24; 107:7 samples [6] - 46:10; 73:22; 170:25; 171:3; 172:17; riverbed [4] - 71:16; 169:22; RUDAKEWICH [10] - 169:11, 127:10; 130:6; 270:19; 173:14; 174:3; 176:9; 170:7; 188:6 16, 18; 170:20; 171:13, 19, 279:20 186:6; 187:6; 188:5, 9; riverine [13] - 237:14; 22; 172:8; 259:24; 261:15 sampling [11] - 144:23; 189:13; 192:2; 193:22; 333:23; 338:4, 9; 339:4, Rudakewich [2] - 169:18; 154:4; 172:14, 23; 235:9; 195:18; 206:11; 207:21; 11, 18, 23; 340:11, 16, 20; 259:23 278:7; 279:8, 12, 14; 212:24; 215:12, 21; 217:6; 351:14, 18 Rudakewich's [1] - 172:5 280:9, 16 221:10; 222:20, 24; rivers [14] - 206:24; 225:5; ruined [1] - 375:16 sand [5] - 41:11, 15, 22; 223:19, 23; 224:9, 19-20; 261:4; 323:14, 25; 324:14; rules [1] - 55:24 90:5; 109:1 225:17; 238:8; 241:14, 17; 326:7, 25; 327:5, 13, 21; run [7] - 86:2, 13; 171:2; Sander [3] - 4:3; 150:5; 247:18; 250:22; 255:16, 335:2; 368:3 219:19; 287:25; 309:25; 361:4 25; 257:7, 12; 258:24; Rivers [3] - 154:20; 325:7; 372:1 SANDER [1] - 361:8 262:17; 275:20; 280:11; 372:2 run-off [1] - 171:2 Saskatchewan [1] - 47:11 284:14; 285:10; 287:4, 11, road [11] - 40:10; 41:3; run-up [2] - 86:2, 13 satisfied [6] - 113:11; 128:8, 25; 291:15; 296:20; 52:20; 75:15; 118:7; running [1] - 136:5 12; 172:8; 246:2, 6 309:12, 14, 25; 312:21; 124:25; 139:19; 282:19; runoff [1] - 325:1 Saturday's [1] - 262:14 314:10; 323:22; 324:24; 293:6; 325:12, 14 runs [6] - 12:19; 72:18; Saulteau [12] - 13:3, 7, 19; 325:14; 326:20, 22; Road [1] - 1:24 73:17; 347:6; 372:5, 7 179:24; 182:2; 220:6, 10, 338:25; 348:5; 349:4; roads [1] - 125:15 rupture [1] - 65:20 22; 226:19; 250:6; 301:21, 351:24; 352:9; 363:12; ROBERT [5] - 147:13; 148:9, rupture's [1] - 119:5 23 365:17; 367:11; 368:8; 23; 149:9; 273:18 rural [2] - 271:7, 19 saves [1] - 124:24 372:6; 374:6 Robert [3] - 147:13; 273:18, Russ [2] - 4:5; 150:8 saw [2] - 145:22; 249:23 River [185] - 6:16; 47:11; 22 Ruti [1] - 46:13 scale [10] - 50:14; 69:13; 48:3; 51:14; 57:1; 58:21; robust [3] - 19:19; 55:7; 62:9 98:8; 118:10, 22; 136:13; 65:5; 66:2; 73:3; 82:23-25; robustness [1] - 178:18 292:13; 297:17; 332:12 109:9; 122:1, 6; 130:4; S rock [20] - 34:2; 71:4, 18; scales [2] - 60:5 133:14; 153:17; 154:3, 6, 72:16; 73:4-7, 22; 93:15; scaling [1] - 134:25 21; 157:10, 12-13, 24; 95:11; 115:14; 118:25; S-e-l-b-i-e [1] - 248:5 scars [1] - 126:13 158:14, 16; 159:19; 125:8, 14; 130:5; 262:22; S-t-e-i-n-e-r [2] - 88:23; scenario [3] - 63:20; 290:3; 160:18; 163:3, 6; 165:14; 267:24; 364:4, 14 144:9 347:19 168:25; 169:1; 171:12; rockfall [2] - 117:25; 118:3 safe [11] - 17:3; 18:22; 36:8; scenarios [12] - 49:19; 172:22; 173:4; 180:19; rockfalls [1] - 117:21 40:3; 52:12; 184:2; 186:3; 85:18, 20, 25; 86:2, 5-6; 185:19; 186:10, 16, 18, 21; rocks [7] - 59:7; 95:20; 193:2; 217:20; 317:19 223:9; 300:24; 359:15, 19, 188:8, 24; 191:14, 17, 20; 98:14; 104:12; 123:3; safely [5] - 27:6; 42:4; 62:10; 21 194:7, 12, 16, 21; 195:5, 9; 129:9; 134:17 63:15; 163:17 scepticism [1] - 308:7 196:4, 8; 199:5; 202:20; rocky [1] - 327:25 safety [88] - 3:12; 14:18; schedule [8] - 181:20, 25; 203:3; 206:5; 207:2, 10, Rocky [3] - 68:9, 15; 283:7 15:3, 6, 19, 21, 25; 16:6, 20, 22; 208:3, 7-8; 209:10; 202:15, 18, 21; 203:17; rod [2] - 40:19 15; 17:4, 6, 8; 18:1, 20, 25; 218:21; 220:16 211:3, 16; 213:4; 214:15; ROLAND [13] - 167:9; 173:8; 20:9, 18; 23:22; 24:7; 27:4, 218:13; 221:17, 23; 224:7; scheduled [5] - 202:10; 174:2; 318:22; 319:6, 12; 14; 29:11; 31:22; 32:2, 8; 230:25; 231:4; 234:10; 209:9, 12; 220:14, 19 329:16, 21; 330:5, 8, 15, 33:5; 34:12; 35:21, 23-24; 235:21; 237:9; 238:15; scheduling [1] - 220:10 17, 19 36:1, 5, 11, 13, 15, 17, 239:7; 241:2; 242:14; schematic [4] - 116:16, 24; Roland [2] - 5:4; 319:4 20-21, 23; 37:1, 4-5, 8-9, 249:8; 259:15, 20; 261:4; 117:2; 118:18 role [16] - 28:15; 30:8, 11-12; 11, 17; 38:3, 19, 25; 39:2, 264:9; 272:13; 280:10; Schindler's [1] - 273:23 37:25; 96:24; 97:8; 194:22; 6; 42:13; 43:2, 11, 20; 282:10; 283:1; 284:23; science [6] - 54:14; 56:19; 245:5, 14, 16; 287:3, 10; 44:11; 45:10, 12; 46:4; 286:25; 289:13; 290:18; 230:5, 14; 245:6; 311:20 47:18, 24; 48:20, 23; 288:7; 351:9; 362:16 sciences [1] - 97:18 292:14; 295:2; 308:18; 50:16; 52:12; 53:15; 113:6, roles [2] - 358:10, 12 scientific [2] - 343:12; 310:18; 311:3; 313:21; 10; 115:8; 139:21; 140:12; 314:5, 9, 13, 19; 317:8; roller [2] - 48:9; 72:22 360:10 163:8, 25; 188:18; 189:5; Roman [1] - 323:16 scientist [4] - 94:4, 8; 318:2, 19; 321:9, 21, 25; 191:8; 193:19; 196:14, 16; room [2] - 250:15; 353:15 122:18; 230:5 323:16, 22; 324:15, 20-21; 197:8; 200:1; 201:10; 326:6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 20, rooted [1] - 193:8 scientists [3] - 55:11; 92:17; 217:25; 218:24; 362:17, 19 25; 327:11, 14; 328:6; rotational [2] - 117:21; 365:4 Safety [10] - 16:5, 25; 17:16; 330:23; 331:23; 333:21; 118:19 scope [5] - 9:22; 110:18; 24:12; 53:19; 76:9, 11, 334:15; 335:13, 19, 22; roughly [10] - 61:18; 65:19; 126:19; 153:9 16-17; 196:11 336:3, 8, 12-13, 20, 24; 99:1; 100:4; 101:10; 102:5; Scott [2] - 1:23; 7:2 sales [1] - 148:19 337:11; 341:7; 345:25; 109:13; 122:3; 137:11; screen [1] - 213:25 salmon [8] - 252:9; 298:12; 346:7; 347:9, 24; 349:19, 374:12 sculpin [1] - 336:21 320:12-15, 17 round [3] - 327:22

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 39

Sculpin [1] - 337:5 99:9, 14, 16; 102:22; selected [2] - 48:10; 334:17 316:20; 342:21; 354:9; season [3] - 163:23; 186:25; 103:4; 104:20; 105:5, 25; selection [1] - 46:16 369:9; 371:11; 372:19 217:15 107:4; 111:10, 16; 118:3, selenium [10] - 95:23; Shaftesbury [1] - 186:23 Seasonal [1] - 214:1 5, 9, 19, 22; 119:9, 25; 130:12; 323:4, 6, 12, 24; shaking [12] - 59:22; 61:7, seasonal [3] - 327:22 120:3; 121:1; 122:7; 324:5, 7; 325:5; 327:19 21; 63:15, 19; 99:25; seasons [2] - 173:20; 374:10 123:13, 22; 125:2; 126:12, self [2] - 296:19; 310:17 100:3, 10, 16, 23; 110:13; seated [1] - 150:25 22; 129:3; 142:15, 17; self-sustaining [1] - 296:19 133:3 Sebastian [1] - 176:24 143:2; 144:24; 150:20; senior [4] - 28:22; 33:11; shale [3] - 48:12; 129:22; sec [1] - 204:20 162:14; 171:10; 183:8; 182:13; 332:1 138:16 second [37] - 49:1, 3-4, 7, 201:16; 203:12; 219:6, 21; Senior [1] - 55:2 shales [6] - 6:14; 59:7; 73:8; 16; 56:12; 64:4; 75:10; 221:9; 237:13; 238:24; sense [9] - 15:10; 88:5; 147:23; 272:19; 273:11 78:6, 9, 11; 79:7, 16, 19; 243:23; 246:4, 14; 250:6; 115:21; 139:18; 196:4; shall [1] - 233:22 85:23; 97:14; 109:15; 259:11; 272:21, 24; 292:6; 248:20; 295:4; 300:9; shallow [2] - 92:6; 159:16 114:19; 189:23; 204:4; 294:14, 18; 310:6; 331:7; 319:15 shallower [1] - 86:23 214:16; 215:5, 8, 11, 23; 352:4 sensitive [2] - 23:18; 251:22 shape [4] - 74:2; 100:21; 219:5; 233:16; 272:22; seeing [5] - 72:6; 103:8; sensitivity [4] - 86:20; 179:2; 119:22; 256:5 304:15; 333:16; 356:12; 163:14; 173:3 311:22; 368:22 shaped [6] - 118:20; 120:17, 361:18; 363:3; 366:9; seek [5] - 12:3; 93:23; 171:6; Sensitivity [2] - 23:16; 21; 121:14; 252:24 368:12; 370:7 256:23; 365:14 368:25 shared [1] - 11:17 secondary [1] - 156:4 seeking [1] - 271:17 sensors [1] - 38:20 sharing [1] - 114:2 secondly [7] - 96:14; 108:16; seeks [1] - 184:1 sent [1] - 233:18 sheared [1] - 73:6 333:22; 334:5; 335:14; seem [5] - 148:5; 168:21; separated [1] - 66:25 sheds [1] - 125:8 338:4; 341:17 218:3; 239:14; 338:8 sequences [1] - 53:11 sheet [1] - 333:3 seconds [1] - 100:11 seemingly [1] - 334:18 sequestration [1] - 146:10 shell [4] - 41:24; 47:1; 71:1 Secretariat [5] - 7:22; 11:11; seepage [3] - 90:19, 23; 91:9 series [5] - 20:20; 27:7; Shell [1] - 325:23 220:9; 231:19; 333:4 seeping [1] - 91:1 64:18; 138:20; 139:4 shelters [1] - 194:17 SECRETARIAT [1] - 2:6 seeps [1] - 42:3 serious [4] - 232:16, 23; shelves [2] - 102:22; 106:11 Section [17] - 35:13; 37:24; sees [1] - 239:3 245:11; 257:23 shock [1] - 148:3 50:11; 51:8; 54:18; 87:21; segments [1] - 143:23 seriously [1] - 10:19 shoreline [8] - 34:3; 159:14; 157:5; 192:12; 210:4; seiche [1] - 51:4 service [4] - 49:18; 164:12, 255:3, 24; 256:1-3, 12 235:7; 341:22; 345:20; seiches [7] - 110:12, 23; 18; 264:5 shorelines [1] - 38:18 346:19; 349:8; 350:11; 112:6, 13; 113:10 services [2] - 182:14; 332:18 shores [1] - 243:19 359:5; 364:1 seismic [63] - 33:13, 20; Services [2] - 2:14, 19 short [17] - 8:20; 34:18; 93:9, section [18] - 41:9; 51:9; 51:4; 53:25; 54:6, 12; 55:5, session [12] - 7:12; 8:12; 17; 95:21; 123:20; 137:15, 60:7; 73:2; 83:22; 90:3; 22; 57:10; 58:20; 59:10; 12:17; 13:1; 33:23; 152:9; 23; 170:21; 183:17; 94:15; 151:6; 166:6; 60:9; 61:7; 62:4, 7-8, 14, 219:9; 262:15, 22; 274:24; 200:16; 220:2; 227:20; 195:22; 206:2; 268:12; 24; 63:3, 6; 64:5, 18, 24; 279:24; 365:21 281:20, 24; 319:12; 339:25 277:16; 335:23; 339:8; 66:12; 68:5; 69:23; 70:19; Session [2] - 1:12; 7:5 short-term [2] - 200:16; 78:17; 94:2, 21; 95:5; 363:14 sessions [1] - 372:12 339:25 96:25; 97:1, 4, 15; 100:18, sections [2] - 285:10; 347:10 set [19] - 27:9; 34:18; 36:17; shortcoming [1] - 335:3 20; 101:12, 17; 102:1; secure [1] - 184:3 39:1; 51:8, 11; 85:17; shorthand [1] - 376:8 105:20, 24; 106:2; 108:7; secured [1] - 81:7 145:19; 278:15; 334:17; shortly [2] - 14:14; 39:22 110:5, 14, 20, 22; 111:5, 8; security [1] - 90:4 342:14; 343:18, 24; shotcrete [1] - 125:17 112:15; 113:8; 122:12; sediment [34] - 84:14; 85:5; 358:13; 361:16, 22-23; shots [1] - 356:3 125:21; 132:15; 134:22; 87:17, 21; 89:16; 90:12; 368:21; 376:8 show [9] - 54:10; 56:22; 135:6, 15; 136:21; 138:2; 91:2, 4; 92:5; 119:1, 25; set-up [1] - 51:11 108:16; 117:2, 23; 259:14; 363:1 121:20; 124:24; 152:15; setting [5] - 104:5; 134:10; 316:18; 320:3; 321:23 Seismic [1] - 55:2 156:11; 158:22; 170:11, 135:16; 138:1; 345:4 showed [5] - 45:6; 73:2; seismically [2] - 57:24; 59:9 25; 171:3, 25; 195:18; settings [1] - 138:1 90:3; 136:18; 145:22 196:1; 211:25; 213:7, seismicity [26] - 3:13; 33:5; settle [1] - 320:17 showing [4] - 50:13; 114:4; 34:12; 56:14; 68:11; 69:8; 12-13, 16; 216:12; 311:2; settled [3] - 41:1; 88:11; 317:11 363:22; 367:11; 368:16, 20 70:3; 96:24; 106:24; 107:1, 363:6 shown [17] - 40:10; 41:15, 16; 108:23; 110:3, 8, 22; sedimentary [1] - 213:6 settlement [5] - 88:17; 89:3, 25; 42:5; 50:11; 57:23; 111:5, 10; 112:1, 4; sedimentation [7] - 86:8; 10-11; 363:4 99:10, 24; 100:19; 104:14; 113:10; 130:19; 131:25; 91:25; 92:3, 11; 170:1, 10; settlements [1] - 51:4 105:9; 106:6; 119:11; 211:22 132:13, 20; 362:19; 364:4 settles [1] - 92:5 213:15; 216:5; 239:8; sediments [2] - 111:18; seismograph [1] - 100:22 seven [4] - 161:15; 165:24; 337:15 seismologists [1] - 55:11 118:25 188:24; 365:7 shows [10] - 36:12; 38:14; see [82] - 11:10; 12:9; 19:14; SELBIE [3] - 247:22; 248:4; seventh [1] - 196:21 41:9; 57:6; 98:15; 101:12; 23:15-17; 25:9; 27:16, 23; 249:11 several [15] - 12:12; 56:4; 104:5; 124:21; 139:15; Selbie [6] - 4:21; 228:17; 28:3; 40:19; 49:5; 57:9; 100:16; 115:6; 116:6; 186:19 58:5; 59:2, 12; 61:23; 66:1; 230:13; 248:4; 250:18; 131:5; 228:6; 229:15; Shrum [1] - 40:4 75:1; 78:15; 79:13; 92:9; 311:5

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 40

shy [2] - 51:22; 294:1 224:14; 225:24; 226:9; 331:2 246:16; 304:23; 305:6, 10; sic [9] - 45:19; 55:3; 188:19; 227:9; 266:22; 270:13; situation [11] - 84:1; 85:3; 358:24 190:9; 197:1; 210:15; 271:9; 274:7; 308:10, 21; 107:14; 114:10; 124:14, smaller [22] - 68:11; 69:15; 288:25; 330:25; 347:20 353:25; 354:5, 9; 355:15, 19; 176:15; 213:20; 226:4, 101:21; 105:3; 109:10; side [22] - 59:24; 70:19; 24; 356:5; 361:4; 362:10 11; 289:9 134:8; 135:13; 139:4; 75:16; 99:24; 100:19; Siobhan [3] - 4:7; 150:13; situations [2] - 120:15; 149:2; 204:2; 302:4, 6, 13; 104:15; 151:8; 158:6, 10; 152:12 240:15 304:16; 305:19; 312:15; 159:19; 190:19; 260:1; sister [1] - 244:12 six [9] - 101:14, 17; 117:18; 316:14, 16, 19, 23; 322:21 276:19; 278:8, 12, 15, 21; Site [114] - 6:4, 9-10; 7:13; 120:2; 125:22; 181:8, 18; Smith [2] - 84:22; 88:17 279:17; 281:2; 326:13; 15:3; 16:8, 16; 21:9; 28:16; 346:18 Smith's [1] - 203:1 347:7 45:11; 47:2; 53:17; 54:8; sixth [1] - 195:20 SNC [1] - 46:2 sides [1] - 325:1 57:12; 58:19; 59:14; 61:4, size [19] - 65:17; 69:24; SNC-Lavalin [1] - 46:2 sight [1] - 42:9 19; 62:6, 9; 64:25; 76:13, 75:14, 24; 99:22; 103:6; Sneep [3] - 4:20; 228:15; sign [1] - 328:20 15; 77:1, 6; 93:12; 94:12; 106:12; 116:4, 7; 189:19; 230:9 significance [18] - 157:1; 95:19; 97:1, 16; 99:10; 196:4; 303:2, 8-9, 12; so-called [2] - 55:25; 238:5 334:4; 335:4; 338:7; 105:9; 114:20; 117:20; 304:8, 20; 374:3 social [1] - 8:22 341:17, 19-20; 342:14; 148:22; 152:2; 161:3; size-dependent [1] - 374:3 Society [3] - 34:24; 133:14; 343:1, 19, 21; 359:25; 168:15, 18, 20; 172:1; sized [2] - 305:5; 316:16 165:14 360:7; 361:9, 11; 372:24; 174:25; 175:7, 9, 17; sizes [2] - 118:1; 278:19 socioeconomic [1] - 293:14 373:3 176:18; 178:15, 17, 19; Skagit [1] - 371:3 sockeye [1] - 320:16 significant [41] - 6:15; 18:12; 185:18; 194:3; 214:1; skill [1] - 376:11 soft [2] - 118:24; 119:1 78:5; 79:8; 84:13; 98:1; 215:10; 224:20; 230:18; skip [1] - 53:13 soil [4] - 40:23; 43:7; 115:14; 105:4; 107:5, 16, 19; 240:19, 22; 241:23; 242:4, Skykomish [1] - 371:10 123:3 10; 248:17; 249:6; 259:14; 109:4; 116:7; 119:11; slender [1] - 73:9 soils [1] - 121:8 262:11, 16; 264:21; 265:2, 121:23; 135:19; 136:13; slide [29] - 19:8; 37:19; solid [1] - 292:18 4; 280:12; 283:25; 286:6; 157:17; 158:15; 194:22; 38:13; 39:7; 40:7; 41:9; solution [5] - 124:15; 125:4; 240:21; 242:1; 266:13; 290:7; 292:25; 310:7; 42:7; 53:9, 13; 54:10; 180:18; 210:25; 324:2 311:9; 314:3; 327:4, 7; 273:12; 289:16; 337:23; 56:11, 23; 57:6; 58:3; 99:6, Solutions [1] - 2:18 328:17; 329:24; 331:22; 338:11, 14, 22; 339:17, 22; 21; 118:19; 125:9; 136:18; solutions [2] - 123:10; 332:17, 24; 333:23; 334:2, 341:12; 342:1, 20, 24; 141:19, 21; 145:22; 155:3, 271:22 343:8, 22; 349:12; 350:12; 16; 335:12, 20; 337:18, 24; 5, 15; 162:8; 283:21; someone [7] - 89:14; 92:11; 340:15, 20, 24; 341:9, 13; 352:3, 10; 360:15 291:2; 295:24 100:11; 148:23; 206:9; 344:14; 345:21; 347:10, significantly [2] - 78:4; slides [7] - 34:16, 19; 119:2; 225:15; 265:21 22; 348:6, 24; 350:1; 120:22 154:25; 155:2; 281:21; sometime [1] - 170:22 signs [2] - 186:6; 200:14 351:11, 14; 363:23; 369:6, 282:21 sometimes [8] - 69:3; 107:2; 23; 370:6, 9; 371:15; silt [2] - 41:11; 171:7 sliding [1] - 117:16 115:15; 207:19; 208:2; 374:17 similar [10] - 43:7; 47:1; slightly [2] - 176:17; 250:13 263:21; 281:4; 315:2 SITE [1] - 1:2 55:14; 159:21; 162:13; slippage [2] - 98:14, 18 somewhat [5] - 88:25; site [53] - 6:4; 47:25; 48:18; 176:15; 224:12; 250:13; slope [18] - 95:4; 114:16; 150:21; 212:18; 227:23; 59:25; 66:9, 22; 73:2, 23; 269:2; 373:22 115:5; 121:7, 10; 123:4, 248:14 75:19; 78:10; 79:18, 24; similarity [2] - 177:24; 178:1 21; 124:9, 13; 125:12; somewhere [8] - 147:20; 81:9; 112:19; 130:6; similarly [1] - 372:6 126:10; 128:1, 4, 11; 148:12; 201:22; 211:18; 157:14; 162:5, 11, 15; simple [3] - 115:10; 117:6; 139:11; 140:6, 9; 143:25 260:16; 313:20; 320:2; 163:1, 15, 17, 24; 164:2; 124:10 sloped [2] - 121:2, 15 355:4 186:20; 188:10; 189:2, 9, simplest [2] - 98:14; 125:13 slopes [9] - 38:13; 122:8, 15; son [2] - 330:20 17, 20; 190:1; 200:13; simplified [1] - 155:19 123:5; 124:1, 4; 125:17; soon [5] - 27:19; 121:22; 201:14; 205:22, 24; 208:2; simply [9] - 115:20; 118:1, 146:1; 217:13 193:2; 217:23; 263:6 215:11; 218:20; 224:20; 13; 124:11, 18, 24; 144:23; sloshing [1] - 112:8 sorry [32] - 14:10; 64:8; 240:22; 241:10; 271:18; 200:12; 285:17 sloughing [1] - 115:19 73:19; 76:21; 84:6, 8, 11; 275:5; 284:22; 289:7; simulate [1] - 215:9 slow [3] - 30:24; 294:2 88:9; 92:10; 95:12; 130:15; 302:23; 341:5; 350:2; simulations [1] - 311:10 slowed [1] - 90:19 133:18; 136:14; 140:3; 355:19; 365:18; 368:20 single [1] - 69:5 slowly [4] - 11:22; 116:8; 166:3; 172:17, 24; 177:5; site's [1] - 269:22 sinkhole [13] - 39:23; 40:14, 117:14; 119:24 180:25; 181:15, 21, 23; site-by-site [1] - 275:6 17; 42:13, 20; 43:6, 19; slumping [1] - 115:20 216:16; 233:5; 248:4; Site-C [4] - 6:4, 9; 224:20; 80:17, 23; 81:11, 14; 82:4; small [40] - 40:9; 61:25; 259:19; 268:1; 294:1, 5; 265:2 363:10 64:21; 65:5; 67:17; 69:25; 323:22; 330:21 sites [14] - 37:12; 38:15; sinkholes [4] - 44:15; 88:25; 71:21; 73:23; 89:7; 100:10; sort [18] - 16:6; 49:2; 71:14; 54:7; 58:5; 62:6; 79:14; 89:3, 23 101:9, 21-22; 103:24; 75:23; 118:24; 124:5; 101:18; 155:10; 205:3; sinks [1] - 264:19 107:1, 25; 108:1, 17; 133:21; 140:18; 167:15; 269:24; 275:9; 321:6; SIOBHAN [29] - 151:15; 109:22; 112:16; 116:4; 241:9; 269:5; 276:4; 326:19 154:24; 161:10; 166:3; 118:3, 15; 119:19; 125:14; 280:25; 299:20; 301:8; sits [3] - 91:23; 353:11, 16 181:13; 197:23; 211:2; 129:2; 131:16; 138:20; 307:16; 327:2 sitting [3] - 22:23; 61:14; 212:3, 8; 214:9; 216:16; 159:9, 12, 18; 244:5; sorts [2] - 172:10; 248:7

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 41

sought [2] - 154:11; 255:8 353:2; 356:12, 14, 20; squared [2] - 346:2, 12 271:24; 277:24; 278:1; sound [1] - 369:3 357:1, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 17, squares [1] - 38:16 293:6; 315:7; 319:16; source [14] - 6:8; 57:10; 19, 23, 25; 358:3, 10, 17, squaring [1] - 359:9 353:7 58:21; 83:11; 160:23; 21; 359:3, 18; 360:25; SSHAC [3] - 55:1, 25 started [7] - 27:5; 47:5; 63:8; 161:4; 168:17; 241:6; 368:7; 371:14, 17, 20, 25; St [23] - 1:25; 7:3; 10:16; 64:7; 107:24; 108:12; 243:15; 248:17; 265:2; 374:3 61:15; 65:9; 67:24; 68:22; 360:2 286:24; 288:4; 310:15 species-by-species [1] - 99:11; 101:6; 102:15; starting [6] - 111:5; 131:6; sources [12] - 6:10; 58:2; 357:19 104:9; 105:23; 107:24; 169:20; 180:24; 187:25; 83:16; 155:6; 264:7, 16, species-specific [1] - 371:20 108:5, 19; 118:11; 119:7; 282:18 19, 22; 265:4; 284:17; specific [29] - 52:18; 59:23; 132:14; 133:1, 9; 277:13, state [7] - 27:12; 31:9; 45:5; 291:25; 336:14 69:21; 127:21, 23; 198:19; 17 117:12; 226:2; 308:13 south [3] - 133:1; 283:14 201:4; 205:3, 21, 23-24; stability [16] - 73:18; 95:4; statement [10] - 4:22; 14:17; South [1] - 47:11 212:16; 220:11; 225:22; 121:10; 127:20; 128:1, 4, 29:1; 155:1; 227:8; 229:3; southeast [1] - 105:14 231:10; 235:15; 254:24; 11; 139:11; 140:6; 141:17, 240:1; 339:10; 358:15; southern [1] - 125:3 268:8; 269:5; 275:4, 9; 22; 142:5, 17; 143:18; 359:9 space [2] - 253:4; 256:3 279:11, 22; 306:3; 319:14; 192:14; 363:1 Statement [5] - 14:17; spans [1] - 324:25 360:2; 361:6; 371:20 stabilization [3] - 124:3; 161:12; 184:24; 185:2; spatial [4] - 152:19; 292:13; Specific [2] - 1:12; 7:5 143:25; 192:9 332:21 334:18; 338:25 specifically [8] - 95:3; 114:7, stabilize [4] - 114:16; 124:9; statements [3] - 67:13; spawn [10] - 157:11, 13; 20; 117:9; 178:7; 284:12; 125:12; 217:2 288:10; 352:16 173:18; 239:12; 243:18; 294:20; 367:6 stabilized [1] - 124:5 States [1] - 273:25 322:10; 349:21, 24; 372:5 specified [2] - 24:20; 26:6 stabilizing [1] - 146:1 station [1] - 101:6 spawner [8] - 6:6; 243:18; Spectra [1] - 326:17 stable [5] - 91:10, 14-15; stations [7] - 100:20; 101:2, 251:7; 252:22; 253:16, 23; speculate [4] - 130:22; 104:11; 143:5 13, 19; 108:7; 132:11, 15 254:7, 15 270:14, 25; 271:21 stack [1] - 118:11 statistics [1] - 40:7 spawners [4] - 252:19; speculative [2] - 223:25; staff [8] - 7:22; 21:7; 29:4; status [3] - 37:2; 248:19; 253:1, 24; 374:25 243:21 37:10, 14; 46:3; 164:25; 353:17 spawning [14] - 173:20; speed [3] - 16:21; 303:8 332:5 stay [2] - 181:24; 241:5 239:4; 243:20, 22-23; speeds [1] - 66:13 stage [13] - 75:9; 109:3, 12, stayed [2] - 29:14; 43:3 244:2, 4; 252:18; 327:10; spell [2] - 11:25; 229:18 15; 139:21; 246:1; 258:20; steady [2] - 16:21; 45:5 328:2; 336:5, 21, 25; 337:8 spelled [8] - 93:6; 94:4, 7; 287:6; 294:12; 302:9; stealing [1] - 321:20 speaker [2] - 221:9; 330:9 182:12, 21; 229:10; 262:8; 355:12; 369:12 steel [1] - 40:18 speaking [8] - 11:21; 31:6; 331:24 stages [11] - 120:18; 121:16; steelhead [1] - 252:13 71:9; 266:24; 275:8; spelling [1] - 229:21 247:5; 286:18; 301:25; steep [2] - 119:15; 121:15 295:22; 356:10, 12 spend [4] - 53:8; 306:18; 302:4, 6; 303:19; 304:22; STEINER [11] - 88:22; 89:12; speaks [1] - 91:11 320:14; 322:12 326:9 90:17; 91:13; 92:1, 5, 13; special [2] - 38:6; 296:2 spent [3] - 31:14; 50:21; stagnant [1] - 140:25 144:8; 145:1, 4, 7 specialist [2] - 52:7; 94:13 288:15 stakeholders [4] - 153:16; Steiner [8] - 88:22; 90:16; specialists [1] - 22:6 spill [3] - 42:22; 178:10; 275:25; 276:4; 345:8 91:12; 92:14; 143:11; specializes [2] - 230:6; 332:7 317:19 stand [1] - 32:10 144:7, 16 specially [2] - 51:24; 55:16 spills [1] - 52:13 standard [9] - 30:5; 113:6; step [8] - 23:10; 88:3; specialty [1] - 52:17 spillway [22] - 26:4; 49:9-11, 159:1; 227:8; 236:17; 108:25; 250:1; 270:11; species [120] - 115:24; 14, 17; 50:6, 10, 13, 22; 342:15; 343:25; 367:14; 361:17, 21 157:6, 8; 159:10, 12, 18; 51:6; 52:7, 11; 71:4, 23; 372:25 steps [3] - 22:19; 108:25; 160:5; 161:5; 171:9; 73:10; 74:13; 75:3, 7-8, 22 Standards [1] - 204:13 158:9 173:14; 177:25; 179:12, spillway's [1] - 74:24 standards [20] - 25:1, 14; Steve [4] - 2:15; 4:4; 150:7; 15, 20; 180:1, 8, 15, 21; spillways [3] - 36:4; 49:21; 27:17; 28:6, 12; 35:11; 151:7 237:19; 238:6, 19, 21; 52:9 36:18; 45:16; 60:22, 25; stick [2] - 182:1; 312:21 239:2, 6, 9, 13, 16; 242:25; splitting [2] - 182:19; 249:17 61:2; 98:12; 110:6; 111:20; still [38] - 20:24; 49:22; 58:5; 244:12; 247:14; 252:1, 5, spoken [4] - 220:20; 273:3; 122:21; 128:7, 9; 144:25; 63:9, 12; 71:1; 80:21; 8; 266:5; 275:14, 19, 21; 282:4; 300:22 196:11; 246:3 90:20; 108:2; 131:4; 276:5, 8; 282:25; 283:3, 9, spoon [1] - 118:20 standing [5] - 118:12; 241:3; 132:18; 134:9, 16; 135:22; 18; 286:17; 287:3; 289:22, sports [1] - 242:2 339:13; 342:8; 351:20 168:10; 169:6; 173:16; 25; 290:9; 294:24; 295:20, spot [1] - 359:11 standpoint [1] - 283:12 206:15; 209:13; 215:3; 25; 296:2, 7, 15; 297:10; spots [1] - 329:7 stands [1] - 55:2 216:15; 234:1; 246:23; 300:16; 302:24; 303:2, 11; spraying [2] - 125:16; 146:2 star [1] - 57:11 249:16, 24; 259:25; 264:4; 304:6, 19, 21; 305:10; spread [1] - 118:6 stars [3] - 57:7, 13; 58:4 287:13; 299:9; 307:19; 313:3, 9, 17; 328:14; spring [7] - 201:3, 23; start [27] - 23:20; 24:5; 312:2, 10, 17; 323:19; 334:5, 23; 336:6, 22-23; 202:10; 203:16; 208:15; 34:21; 62:23; 64:6; 70:11; 353:11, 15, 21; 355:11 337:13; 341:17; 342:5; 344:9; 368:18 82:16; 97:6; 102:23; 103:4; stilling [4] - 50:13; 75:9, 25 344:3, 5, 7, 13, 15, 23; spur [2] - 328:12; 329:3 120:11; 165:25; 169:14, stock [6] - 251:12, 20-22, 25; 345:17; 347:25; 348:5, 8; square [4] - 65:20; 116:6; 17; 183:3; 215:8; 228:8; 342:8 350:13, 16, 25; 352:11, 13; 345:25; 346:14 231:25; 233:16; 263:8; stock-recruitment [3] -

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 42

251:12, 20 123:16; 131:10; 132:12; substantial [2] - 211:13; 312:3; 335:21; 364:16 stocking [8] - 160:20; 168:6, 153:10, 20, 23, 25; 154:12, 346:5 supportable [1] - 311:16 11, 13; 169:7; 173:1; 17; 155:6, 8, 14; 156:15; substantially [1] - 368:18 supported [7] - 96:4, 11; 174:6, 8 168:2; 172:24; 176:24; suburban [1] - 126:14 156:6; 291:8; 310:12; Stockner [1] - 248:9 177:4; 178:4, 7-9, 12; suburbs [1] - 126:12 337:25; 364:13 stockpile [1] - 81:1 179:22, 24; 234:11; success [1] - 299:9 supporting [1] - 23:2 stocks [6] - 160:14, 21; 259:14, 19; 260:24; successful [8] - 18:1; 23:25; supportive [1] - 190:13 286:24; 320:13; 321:1; 278:17; 287:8; 289:21; 225:15; 298:22; 299:4, 6; supports [8] - 283:2, 16; 372:10 291:5; 332:8; 340:24; 370:20; 371:1 295:5; 359:20; 364:6, 24; stole [2] - 319:9; 328:19 345:12; 372:3, 8 successfully [3] - 43:6; 368:4, 23 stones [3] - 118:1, 7; 125:15 study [38] - 6:16; 62:14; 62:19; 298:16 suppose [7] - 91:16; 130:22; stop [4] - 118:6; 125:14; 63:11; 65:3, 5; 66:2; 79:2; successors [1] - 261:18 145:23; 166:24; 257:9; 247:1; 313:14 82:10, 12-13; 84:25; 96:11; sucker [2] - 336:22; 337:6 283:13; 354:17 stopped [2] - 108:14; 173:11 108:6, 15; 109:7; 126:25; suckers [1] - 358:24 supposed [7] - 78:23; 79:19; stops [1] - 265:20 127:21, 23; 142:15; suddenly [2] - 73:6; 148:4 146:7; 154:25; 271:5; storage [1] - 16:20 153:21; 236:6; 248:6, 10; sufficient [2] - 89:19; 338:23 330:8 260:10; 261:1; 297:17; stored [1] - 39:4 sufficiently [1] - 355:6 surely [2] - 74:23; 356:3 314:12, 16; 316:10; 317:7, story [4] - 78:14; 174:4, 7; suggest [9] - 131:11; 149:10; surface [8] - 33:25; 98:22; 265:22 24; 318:18; 321:20; 161:25; 238:1; 252:13; 111:16; 119:4; 152:14; 322:10; 357:13; 364:13 straight [2] - 322:2, 5 256:19; 282:14; 303:16; 169:21; 216:22; 224:6 Study [1] - 179:23 stranding [2] - 158:23; 306:12 surficial [4] - 94:21; 111:17; stuff [5] - 139:22; 246:21; 367:12 suggested [7] - 147:24; 127:12; 142:9 263:12; 276:17; 301:7 STRANG [2] - 87:20; 88:8 164:11; 243:3; 271:17; surprise [2] - 62:22; 168:5 sub [3] - 26:20; 59:18; 372:3 Strang [3] - 3:9; 32:21; 284:13; 342:15; 373:2 surprised [3] - 90:22; 240:4; subaqueously [1] - 116:11 151:12 suggestion [2] - 162:23; 322:20 subconsultants [1] - 52:18 strange [1] - 74:2 295:16 surprises [1] - 315:3 subgroups [3] - 350:13; strategy [2] - 72:15; 190:14 suggestions [4] - 250:24; surprising [3] - 78:22, 25; 352:11; 357:24 stray [1] - 80:8 282:6; 292:5, 11 130:22 subject [13] - 60:17; 129:16; stream [12] - 83:24; 84:17; suggests [2] - 244:3; 340:17 surprisingly [1] - 18:7 145:8; 202:15; 205:6; 85:8; 122:7; 171:5; 208:15; suite [2] - 344:5; 357:17 surrounding [3] - 10:17; 259:25; 334:5; 341:17; 243:18; 244:11; 249:8; Sukunka [2] - 325:7; 326:24 40:23; 126:13 344:3, 6; 350:18, 25; 252:10; 253:10 sulfides [2] - 129:11, 21 surveillance [11] - 35:9; 356:13 stream-dwelling [1] - 252:10 sulphide [1] - 95:11 37:15, 20-21, 23; 38:1; subjects [2] - 94:21; 129:3 streams [3] - 235:12; 239:13; sulphides [1] - 95:13 39:8, 12; 42:16, 19 submerged [2] - 193:8, 12 243:25 sulphur [2] - 326:18, 20 Survey [1] - 56:3 submission [32] - 13:6, 21; strength [2] - 9:22; 97:21 sum [1] - 334:7 survey [15] - 40:21; 41:8; 94:17, 20; 96:8; 126:20; strengthening [1] - 124:12 summarize [2] - 62:3; 152:8 42:6, 8; 56:7; 67:15; 94:5, 151:23; 158:14; 161:13; stress [6] - 66:5; 67:8; 71:2; summarized [4] - 94:17; 9; 115:2; 125:19; 160:12; 163:21; 165:21; 183:23; 131:21; 134:12, 15 148:12; 166:5; 358:16 163:20; 233:25; 234:1, 7 186:9; 209:22; 230:22; stresses [2] - 73:5; 134:13 summary [9] - 9:5; 17:14; surveyed [1] - 40:18 233:14; 236:4; 262:19; stretch [2] - 255:16; 327:5 93:14; 94:1; 147:20; surveyors [1] - 41:6 263:1; 264:2; 266:13; strong [3] - 11:15; 106:10; 183:19; 337:22; 359:5; surveys [3] - 186:14; 200:19; 267:23; 269:4, 9; 272:7; 112:18 370:23 279:8 333:5, 8, 11; 344:18; strong-motion [1] - 112:18 summer [8] - 163:23; 214:20; survival [2] - 241:21; 374:3 367:23; 372:20 struck [2] - 29:3; 70:13 215:18, 25; 216:9; 221:19; survive [1] - 374:13 submissions [4] - 164:10; structural [2] - 47:12; 57:19 297:2; 368:17 susceptibility [4] - 123:14; 187:18; 269:15; 367:3 structurally [1] - 138:22 summers [1] - 79:3 125:20; 127:20; 140:8 submit [5] - 12:19; 189:17; structure [13] - 24:6; 56:24; Sunset [1] - 371:10 susceptible [10] - 60:17; 197:10; 256:22; 306:25 72:6, 8; 73:21; 86:14; supersaturation [2] - 50:20; 125:24; 126:10; 142:13; submitted [9] - 10:7; 23:3; 176:18; 211:8, 11; 214:13; 52:14 143:8; 302:10, 25; 303:3, 84:20; 144:13; 184:25; 217:5; 278:20; 305:22 supper [1] - 306:15 12; 305:20 189:21; 191:2; 192:3; structured [1] - 153:8 supplement [1] - 160:20 suspended [3] - 171:25; 195:3 structures [19] - 17:10, 24; supplemental [2] - 63:5; 368:16, 19 subscribed [1] - 376:13 21:10; 28:14; 36:2; 50:18; 76:6 suspicious [1] - 284:8 subsection [2] - 267:13, 21 72:3, 17; 102:24; 111:24; supplied [1] - 322:24 sustainability [1] - 290:4 subsequent [5] - 21:24; 124:12; 176:16; 178:1; supply [3] - 261:5; 291:21; Sustainable [1] - 153:3 27:16; 54:10; 56:23; 185:25; 195:25; 196:24; 320:4 sustainable [1] - 290:12 237:16 197:2 support [17] - 154:25; sustained [2] - 194:1; 340:12 subspecies [3] - 300:13; studied [2] - 176:12; 179:18 156:16; 159:11; 166:15; sustaining [3] - 35:14; 301:8; 342:6 studies [50] - 54:13; 82:20; 198:2; 207:7; 208:16; 296:19; 351:9 substance [3] - 267:15; 83:2, 4-5, 9, 18; 84:19, 25; 247:7; 258:22; 279:20; Swain [2] - 2:3; 7:19 268:15 85:15; 114:13; 122:20; 290:13; 291:20; 310:7; swarm [1] - 108:7 substances [2] - 268:8, 13

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 43

swarms [1] - 107:25 teams [1] - 28:22 197:15; 212:1; 218:17; 21; 250:17; 251:13, 17; Sweden [1] - 53:1 technical [30] - 15:12; 22:5, 233:6, 13; 247:13; 249:5; 255:15; 256:13; 258:1, 3, swim [1] - 314:9 12, 16; 24:22, 25; 25:8; 257:23; 258:19; 261:6; 14; 259:4, 9, 23; 261:16; swimming [3] - 304:8, 21; 29:2, 5; 45:19; 47:24; 264:17; 267:24; 270:24; 263:8; 264:3, 13, 18; 305:21 52:21; 56:6; 69:23; 93:18; 273:12; 282:9; 283:22; 272:12, 15; 273:2, 14; swing [1] - 78:5 94:16; 95:6; 129:13, 15; 289:5; 290:10; 291:22; 274:6; 275:11; 276:13; swung [1] - 78:7 136:21; 154:9; 220:25; 293:18; 296:19; 300:2; 277:22, 24; 281:22; 294:3; symbols [2] - 100:21 229:16; 250:22; 262:24; 301:1, 4; 303:11, 19; 301:15; 306:5, 9; 307:2, 4, symmetrical [2] - 72:17, 21 274:13; 331:1; 332:4; 305:4, 8, 16; 310:4; 351:5; 9, 12; 308:1, 4, 7, 17; sympathetic [1] - 67:8 341:1 358:16; 369:20 309:2, 16, 23; 310:19; synopsis [1] - 183:17 Technical [1] - 2:19 terraced [1] - 35:8 312:19, 22; 314:21; 316:8; 317:6, 17; 318:4, 9, 12, 15, synthesize [1] - 156:13 technically [1] - 56:17 terrain [10] - 94:6, 22; 21, 24; 319:10; 329:11, 17; System [1] - 186:25 technicians [5] - 8:1; 21:7; 114:20; 126:23; 127:6, 16, 330:1, 6, 13, 16, 18; 331:6, SYSTEM [1] - 2:17 29:11; 37:11; 330:11 18, 20; 142:10 Territories [2] - 105:1; 229:7 13; 353:5, 18, 23; 354:4, 6, system [28] - 37:16; 43:15; technique [1] - 125:16 11, 18; 355:22; 356:1, 7; 44:11; 45:6, 22; 54:5; 90:3, techniques [5] - 42:8; territory [4] - 7:17; 17:25; 359:8; 362:2, 6; 375:15 7; 117:11; 164:9, 16; 123:18, 21; 124:8; 177:3 262:12; 323:6 184:2; 186:6; 189:18; technologies [1] - 208:10 Territory [2] - 93:4; 183:4 themselves [5] - 30:15; 212:15; 248:24; 249:3; technologist [2] - 37:18; test [11] - 28:9; 96:3; 268:16; 87:11; 121:6; 166:11; 280:15; 288:2; 292:21; 43:12 322:23, 25; 334:4; 341:16, 322:25 293:2; 299:24; 309:14; teck [1] - 323:17 19-20; 342:14; 359:24 theology [1] - 354:19 311:7, 11; 317:8; 337:3 Teck's [2] - 323:16, 20 Testalinden [1] - 18:13 there'd [1] - 71:24 there'll [6] - 53:10; 72:24; system-wide [1] - 54:5 tectonic [2] - 98:23; 104:5 tested [3] - 26:21; 83:15; 224:8; 237:16; 243:12 systematic [2] - 357:9; 358:2 tectonics [1] - 104:3 85:18 thereafter [1] - 376:9 systems [7] - 38:23; 174:24; TELAV [1] - 2:18 testimony [1] - 11:22 243:10; 248:21; 249:20; telemetry [1] - 178:3 testing [10] - 52:19; 85:19, therefore [6] - 93:21; 201:12; 326:22; 368:8 telephone [3] - 13:16; 76:21; 25; 130:5; 268:16; 279:20; 206:25; 234:6; 315:19; 220:18 280:20; 281:13, 16 374:7 thermal [2] - 152:14; 170:18 T Telus [1] - 234:11 text [2] - 166:9; 338:15 temperature [4] - 156:10; thanking [1] - 183:4 Theun [1] - 47:10 170:4; 268:4; 337:2 THE [220] - 1:1; 2:6; 7:11; they've [11] - 168:8; 172:25; T-e-n-n-a-n-t [1] - 262:9 temporary [8] - 40:21; 42:10; 14:3, 12, 15; 16:21; 29:21; 173:2, 17; 198:23; 226:12; table [19] - 150:25; 181:2, 12; 81:4; 118:5; 185:19; 217:5; 30:24; 32:6, 13; 62:16; 249:1; 284:11; 313:14; 230:8; 234:1, 16; 235:11, 366:3 68:6; 69:7; 77:12, 20; 79:5, 325:18 17; 269:22; 335:8; 339:16; tend [4] - 31:24; 210:12; 21; 80:2, 14, 24; 81:12; thinking [6] - 46:5; 212:8; 340:1, 22; 343:14, 16, 20; 299:3; 374:9 82:1; 84:6, 9; 85:9, 12; 215:24; 216:11; 281:11; 348:4; 350:19; 352:4 289:23 tendered [1] - 47:4 87:15; 88:4, 9, 20; 89:5, Table [3] - 235:4; 366:18, 22 third [14] - 64:12; 78:11; tends [2] - 86:23; 253:9 21; 90:16; 91:6, 12, 21; tabled [1] - 51:16 86:13; 118:17; 191:3; tenfold [1] - 176:22 92:14; 128:16; 129:7, 19; tables [6] - 286:1; 337:20; 233:19; 242:16; 333:25; TENNANT [13] - 262:7; 130:11, 14; 132:18; 133:7, 342:16; 343:14; 344:2; 263:23; 264:10, 15; 16; 134:18; 135:2, 20; 335:19; 340:14; 363:8; 357:6 265:23; 267:22; 268:9, 22; 136:8, 14; 137:6; 138:7, 368:15; 370:10; 374:5 tagging [1] - 340:24 269:14; 272:6, 14, 21; 25; 139:6, 24; 140:2; thirds [1] - 37:14 tags [1] - 7:22 275:12 141:14; 143:10; 144:5, 14; thirsting [1] - 64:16 tail [2] - 221:22; 368:7 145:3, 6, 13, 15, 21; 146:4; thorough [5] - 44:20; 96:10; Tennant [3] - 4:24; 262:4, 8 tailgate [1] - 214:7 147:10; 148:8, 15; 149:3, 113:8; 292:16; 364:12 tens [1] - 116:6 tailrace [2] - 159:13; 335:12 10, 19; 160:1; 165:7; thoroughly [1] - 43:10 tenuous [1] - 149:5 talkin' [1] - 207:23 167:8, 24; 168:5, 14, 21; thoughts [3] - 134:23; 199:8; term [22] - 26:11; 43:20; 169:4, 9, 14, 17; 171:11, talks [2] - 26:8; 291:4 71:7; 72:24; 115:17, 21, 208:25 16, 20; 172:4, 7, 10; 173:7; taper [1] - 71:25 23; 117:6; 138:23; 193:24; thousand [3] - 51:3; 71:19; 174:1, 4; 175:1, 23; 176:3, TAR [1] - 154:10 194:2; 200:16; 301:4; 122:4 19; 177:1, 14, 22; 178:22; target [2] - 297:4; 304:19 313:7; 316:7; 332:11; thousands [1] - 57:22 179:4; 180:22; 181:6; targeted [2] - 304:21 339:25; 340:2, 6; 342:8; three [25] - 22:15; 40:12; 182:1; 190:2; 197:20; targets [1] - 23:16 348:6; 360:24 44:4, 19; 47:14; 54:17; 201:18; 206:21; 208:14; task [1] - 284:5 terms [66] - 6:15; 13:22; 55:20; 64:23; 86:9; 90:6; 209:14; 210:6; 213:19; tasks [1] - 52:18 24:9, 22; 59:15; 61:9; 92:17; 120:15; 157:7; 214:8; 216:18; 219:2, 5; Taylor [1] - 300:21 70:23; 91:22; 100:3, 6; 179:11; 189:10; 192:12; 221:2; 222:17, 25; 223:16, TC [1] - 218:14 101:23; 103:2, 7; 111:25; 274:16; 286:1; 300:18; 24; 224:23; 225:21; Tea [2] - 51:16; 82:10 112:15, 21; 115:19; 306:11; 330:20; 349:17; 226:21, 25; 227:7, 13, 17, team [15] - 29:9; 34:7; 44:24; 120:11; 124:1; 125:5; 350:13; 352:11; 358:17 22; 228:22; 231:22; 45:15, 25; 46:3; 48:6; 126:19, 25; 137:16; 143:7; three-person [1] - 44:19 244:24; 245:21; 246:9; 51:23; 53:4; 93:7; 199:2; 144:21; 146:12; 161:17; threshold [2] - 361:22 247:9, 16; 248:2; 249:5, 224:14; 229:21; 231:10 166:18; 176:13; 180:3; thresholds [1] - 373:5

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 44

thrive [2] - 240:9; 288:9 tort [1] - 227:8 134:13, 16 173:19; 187:7; 238:14, 16; thriving [1] - 288:12 total [20] - 35:2; 43:13; 54:7, transport [13] - 87:22; 239:4; 248:25; 259:20; throughout [10] - 42:25; 17; 158:23; 237:17; 341:3; 152:15; 156:11; 170:11; 285:9; 290:15; 321:15; 43:4; 126:1; 164:25; 185:5; 347:21; 351:1; 359:3; 182:5; 211:22; 219:24; 322:9; 333:20; 334:14; 187:19; 209:22; 340:12; 367:12; 368:16, 19; 224:1; 264:6; 305:12; 335:1, 19; 336:4; 337:16; 362:17; 369:11 369:20, 22; 370:4, 15, 18; 371:6, 18, 21 346:7; 349:24; 351:8 Thuen [1] - 47:14 374:24 Transport [96] - 4:11, 14, 16; tributary [10] - 159:13; thunder [3] - 319:9; 321:20; touching [1] - 106:22 151:24; 161:11, 14, 20; 238:24; 239:13; 243:25; 328:19 tour [1] - 90:17 162:3, 22; 163:19; 164:5, 335:17; 337:8; 338:1, 3; Tim [5] - 3:9, 14; 32:20; 33:7; tourism [2] - 187:10; 194:2 11, 25; 165:19, 23; 167:4; 346:2; 347:10 54:3 tourist [2] - 82:6; 207:7 180:24; 182:7, 14, 25; tried [2] - 223:8, 10 TIM [8] - 54:4; 63:10; 64:8; tours [1] - 194:20 183:9, 12, 16; 184:1, 4, 8, tries [1] - 74:6 65:1; 67:6; 68:14; 69:20; toward [2] - 42:16; 374:9 13-14, 17; 185:3, 8, 10; trigger [6] - 65:25; 106:19; 80:25 towards [6] - 48:13; 57:9; 187:1, 3, 15, 18, 21, 23; 107:5; 122:16; 131:22; timely [1] - 93:24 105:25; 278:17; 292:7, 9 188:1, 11, 15, 21, 25; 208:19 Timex [1] - 149:22 town [3] - 67:23; 158:13; 189:5, 9, 15-16, 23; triggered [13] - 66:5; 106:24; timing [1] - 164:7 372:22 190:13, 24; 191:3, 22; 107:1, 16, 22; 109:19, 23; tiny [2] - 103:7; 246:22 track [2] - 125:6; 326:13 192:5, 23; 193:10, 18; 110:9; 112:1; 122:11; tiny-weeny [1] - 246:22 tracked [1] - 38:5 194:1, 11, 13, 23; 195:2, 5, 131:7 tissue [4] - 154:4; 278:7; tracking [2] - 96:20; 364:22 11, 15, 20; 196:9, 14, 21; triggering [1] - 107:12 197:6, 9, 13; 198:20; 279:12 trade [3] - 257:6; 299:1 triggers [1] - 121:23 201:20; 203:10; 204:19; titled [1] - 214:1 trade-off [1] - 257:6 trophic [6] - 239:25; 246:17, 205:2, 4; 209:25; 211:6; TO [1] - 1:2 traditional [3] - 135:14; 19; 247:21; 248:21; 263:19 212:23; 215:17, 20; 217:3, today [49] - 7:16; 15:3; 19:24; 208:25; 345:12 trouble [1] - 251:14 24; 219:25; 222:4, 9, 23; 20:2, 11; 28:15; 33:3, 6; Traditional [4] - 93:4; troubled [1] - 206:22 223:2, 22; 225:2, 7; 365:6, 34:21; 43:9; 60:10; 93:5, 179:23; 183:4; 229:7 trout [84] - 157:11; 160:23; 12, 20 10, 19; 95:1; 108:2; 114:3; traditionally [1] - 242:23 161:5; 179:17; 180:12; transportation [4] - 184:2, 5; 128:23; 129:18; 131:4; traditions [1] - 137:19 240:8, 14-15, 21, 25; 187:5; 222:22 147:5; 152:4; 159:24; Traditions [2] - 151:1, 5 241:13, 21; 243:16; transported [2] - 241:12; 182:17, 19; 183:5; 199:11; traffic [3] - 187:10; 189:8; 244:12, 14; 252:11-13; 368:20 229:8, 14, 23; 230:12, 17, 325:13 254:3; 259:14; 283:4; transports [1] - 371:4 287:7; 290:1, 3-4, 6, 19; 20; 232:1; 242:6; 262:11, tragedy [1] - 309:4 trap [12] - 286:11; 302:6; 295:3, 6; 296:1, 5, 7, 14, 13; 264:12; 277:8; 306:11; trailer [2] - 164:12, 20 303:21; 305:4; 370:20, 24; 22; 297:23; 298:6; 299:19; 333:4, 6; 365:11; 367:2, 4; train [3] - 125:2, 9; 326:13 371:1, 5, 11, 14; 374:20, 301:11; 310:13, 18; 312:4; 369:9, 13, 18 trajectories [1] - 240:3 22 313:10, 12, 18, 23; 315:21, today's [1] - 262:21 TransAlta [3] - 354:3 trapping [1] - 373:16 23; 316:1; 327:10, 25; toe [6] - 74:24; 75:18, 23; TransCanada [2] - 325:22 travel [3] - 163:14; 221:15; 328:20, 22, 24; 329:2; 76:2; 116:21 transcribed [1] - 376:9 241:3 337:15; 349:21; 356:18; together [4] - 45:24; 268:22; transcriber [2] - 219:20; travelling [1] - 225:16 358:21; 359:2; 371:5, 14, 284:2; 359:20 229:19 Treasury [1] - 148:19 24; 372:4, 6-7; 373:19, 22; tomorrow [1] - 375:18 transcript [1] - 376:10 Treaty [23] - 7:17; 9:14; 10:1; 374:4, 6, 11, 17, 23 Tompkins [1] - 186:23 transcripts [2] - 11:18, 22 34:17; 93:3; 154:10; trouts [1] - 315:17 tonnes [7] - 87:17; 260:8; transfers [1] - 67:9 179:14; 180:21; 182:3; truck [4] - 78:7; 100:12; 348:10, 24; 363:22, 24 Transformation [1] - 346:19 183:4; 229:6; 262:12; took [8] - 49:20; 54:16; 164:12, 20 transformation [8] - 156:1; 306:17; 329:5; 330:11, 22; true [8] - 19:13; 66:20; 68:13; 59:11; 196:3; 345:15; 258:24; 333:22; 338:4, 9; 332:14, 19; 344:11; 372:19 79:23; 89:4; 217:19; 354:23; 356:3; 358:4 339:15; 351:24; 352:9 trees [4] - 111:17; 115:16; tool [1] - 156:13 316:14; 376:9 transformation.. [3] - 347:1; 193:10, 12 truly [1] - 25:11 toolbox [1] - 157:21 350:9; 352:20 tremors [2] - 68:8; 69:12 trust [1] - 10:12 top [7] - 91:23; 118:2; transit [3] - 186:20; 189:18; Trend [1] - 323:16 try [10] - 17:11; 25:13; 119:23; 141:22; 244:25; 243:7 275:17; 308:24 trends [1] - 266:5 116:19; 282:7; 286:2; transiting [1] - 163:24 trespass [2] - 80:5, 9 topic [10] - 68:7; 69:21; 295:13; 304:2; 313:12; transition [4] - 41:16; 42:2; Trevis [1] - 2:7 328:12; 329:3 76:22; 93:19, 22; 116:23; 237:14, 16 129:17; 151:19; 220:11; TREVOR [1] - 179:21 trying [10] - 71:1; 177:16; transitions [1] - 41:23 333:13 Trevor [2] - 4:7; 150:12 207:1; 268:10; 274:10; transits [1] - 163:20 Topic [2] - 1:12; 7:5 trial [1] - 158:11 278:13; 282:15; 288:16; translational [2] - 117:21; trials [1] - 85:1 328:25; 330:2 Topic-Specific [2] - 1:12; 7:5 119:2 tube [2] - 40:18; 42:6 topics [6] - 34:15; 150:21; triangles [2] - 38:15; 101:16 transmission [8] - 8:7; 26:5; Tribal [5] - 34:18; 306:17; Tumbler [4] - 324:11, 22 159:25; 262:20; 345:18 185:22; 196:10; 203:6; 332:14, 19; 372:19 tumbling [3] - 117:16; 118:7; topple [1] - 118:13 204:9; 235:25; 236:13 125:15 topples [1] - 117:22 tributaries [30] - 154:3, 6; transmitted [3] - 38:24; tunnel [3] - 48:5; 74:21 toppling [2] - 118:9, 14 157:13; 167:13; 171:17;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 45

turbid [3] - 249:7, 10, 14 UK [3] - 34:25; 45:1; 125:11 undisturbed [1] - 41:7 244:6; 246:19; 248:8; turbidity [1] - 249:2 ultimately [2] - 175:15; unexpected [1] - 240:2 251:13; 253:1; 255:16; turbine [3] - 241:22; 303:4, 9 290:10 unfair [1] - 132:3 258:5; 260:7, 13; turbines [4] - 317:20; ultra [2] - 248:18; 249:18 unfamiliar [1] - 17:25 263:17-19; 265:17; 266:4, 373:14; 374:4, 10 unable [1] - 264:10 unfinished [1] - 72:12 23; 271:3; 272:9; 279:23; turn [12] - 12:12; 32:13; 68:5; unacceptable [2] - 142:21; unfold [1] - 22:24 281:1; 285:24; 288:21; 92:16; 96:23; 113:17; 145:11 unfortunately [5] - 93:18; 290:19; 292:5; 298:9; 161:8; 165:12; 175:2; unaided [1] - 286:6 129:13; 264:10; 295:17; 307:15; 309:13; 314:5, 9, 312:4; 316:13; 362:6 unanswered [1] - 287:13 360:18 12; 315:10; 317:8; 319:8; turning [1] - 70:15 unanticipated [1] - 240:5 uniformly [1] - 59:16 320:9; 321:23; 322:10; turnover [1] - 310:1 unapproachable [1] - 11:6 unique [13] - 25:11; 38:6; 323:18; 324:13; 325:10, twisted [1] - 72:9 unavailable [1] - 93:19 56:13; 75:9; 124:14; 13; 327:10; 328:12; 334:7; 354:10; 358:13; 361:7; two [64] - 8:19; 13:24; 19:22; unavoidable [1] - 93:19 127:16; 282:25; 283:8, 16; 362:23; 372:1, 4, 6 20:8; 24:11, 13; 34:15, 20; uncertainties [2] - 55:5, 8 295:4; 296:3; 301:10 update [3] - 64:11; 233:3, 6 37:14; 42:9; 50:4, 16; uncertainty [16] - 96:5; Unit [1] - 33:16 57:13, 20; 58:9; 63:18, 22; 206:25; 223:20; 241:7; unit [5] - 100:5; 350:22; updated [5] - 28:20; 105:22; 64:14; 75:9; 78:1; 79:3; 283:23; 284:6; 289:22; 351:2; 370:12, 14 195:7; 232:2, 8 82:20; 86:22; 87:10, 23; 290:14; 312:9; 315:1; United [1] - 273:25 updates [3] - 76:24; 156:20; 101:2; 104:2; 105:10; 343:12; 358:9; 359:16, 21; units [3] - 49:17; 60:3; 355:18 108:25; 109:14; 114:4, 15; 360:9; 373:15 127:13 updating [1] - 232:24 122:9; 123:15; 157:1; unchanged [1] - 369:2 university [1] - 274:1 upgrades [3] - 19:13; 35:10, 161:24; 165:22; 166:8; unclear [3] - 195:17; 344:5; University [2] - 52:10; 14 173:10; 187:12, 22; 356:14 273:25 upper [11] - 50:4; 57:9; 191:13; 195:16; 199:8; uncommon [1] - 244:18 unknown [1] - 234:13 61:23; 91:24; 118:2, 21; 124:17, 20; 247:19; 249:6, 224:3; 240:17; 259:11; under [51] - 10:22; 16:13, 18; unless [6] - 11:13; 22:22; 267:17; 268:20; 279:22; 17:16; 20:14; 22:10; 26:17, 68:4; 91:3; 171:8; 355:7 15 upstream [33] - 38:9; 39:21; 284:1; 289:24; 300:18; 24; 51:21; 54:8; 59:7; unlikely [4] - 49:16, 25; 301:18; 307:16; 309:12; 64:20; 72:17; 87:5; 115:13; 63:20; 367:23 49:3, 23; 63:3; 76:18; 157:14; 162:11; 168:18; 310:2; 325:17; 327:13; 130:3; 132:12, 17; 158:8; unlisted [1] - 206:8 333:4, 13; 343:10, 13; 169:2; 201:7; 241:12, 162:16; 163:15; 169:13, unloaded [1] - 71:4 373:6 15-16; 280:11; 287:2; 19; 170:12; 184:11; unloading [3] - 71:8, 11; 299:20; 302:1; 304:17; two-and-a-half [1] - 87:23 194:11; 197:11; 203:19; 121:22 two-stage [1] - 75:9 305:8, 11; 310:3; 333:22; 204:6; 209:9, 12, 17; unmolested [1] - 327:5 two-thirds [1] - 37:14 335:20; 341:6; 350:1; 210:9, 16; 218:11; 231:14; unproductive [4] - 248:12, 351:10; 365:17; 366:3; two-year [1] - 109:14 245:13, 18-19; 268:11; 24; 249:19; 312:11 370:25; 372:10; 374:17, 23 type [25] - 48:11; 60:25; 61:2; 271:12; 279:1; 322:15; unreinforced [1] - 102:25 69:4; 106:14; 117:14; uptake [1] - 276:11 332:13; 356:12; 363:1; unstable [2] - 124:2 118:17; 121:6-9; 135:14, upwards [1] - 40:22 364:17; 365:9 unsymmetrical [1] - 72:3 16; 137:25; 141:8; 142:9; upwelling [1] - 243:19 undergo [3] - 346:25; 350:8; untainted [1] - 171:7 198:15; 208:10; 215:18; urban [1] - 271:6 352:19 unusual [4] - 38:4; 39:2, 15; 240:9; 254:25; 276:6; USA [1] - 35:7 undergoing [1] - 123:22 70:16 298:24; 303:6 usage [6] - 193:20; 208:1, underground [1] - 323:23 up [131] - 9:3; 14:14; 21:4; types [21] - 48:15; 103:11; 23; 217:21; 222:21; 223:19 underlying [2] - 59:7; 359:19 23:4; 29:19; 31:16; 38:5; 112:3, 22; 113:9; 115:18; useable [1] - 194:18 underneath [1] - 56:24 39:16; 48:16; 51:11; 55:21; 116:2, 15; 117:3, 18; useful [4] - 166:24; 255:13; understood [7] - 60:10; 57:9; 58:7; 62:10; 63:17; 120:2; 121:12; 122:25; 258:12; 355:2 81:13; 169:1; 176:19; 65:4; 66:13, 16; 71:1, 5; 135:17; 227:6; 276:5; [1] 235:19; 307:2; 361:20 72:10, 15; 73:16; 74:1; user - 223:4 320:12, 15; 347:6, 12 undertake [3] - 93:23; 263:5; 81:8; 82:24; 85:17; 86:2, uses [4] - 136:22; 205:4; typical [3] - 49:2; 123:12; 337:16 13; 87:15; 88:15; 90:10; 321:7; 325:9 283:9 undertaken [6] - 19:18; 92:10; 98:23; 100:8; USGS [1] - 131:13 typically [11] - 39:10; 73:9; 158:5; 212:10; 308:16; 102:22; 116:10; 118:8; usual [4] - 14:16; 52:13; 103:4; 119:22; 200:20; 364:7, 10 119:23; 122:5; 124:22; 69:18; 263:20 221:19; 279:19; 285:9; UNDERTAKING [9] - 6:3, 5, 130:17; 132:3; 133:5; utility [1] - 354:13 287:25; 304:25; 315:15 8, 12, 16; 224:19; 265:1; 134:25; 135:20; 138:18; utilization [1] - 290:15 Tyson [2] - 4:5; 150:8 273:8; 318:18 141:3, 16; 143:12; 146:24; utilize [2] - 337:7, 16 undertaking [2] - 224:16; 147:7; 149:20; 154:25; utilized [5] - 111:21; 137:20; U 254:14 163:14; 164:12; 166:3; 155:20; 334:4; 346:6 UNDERTAKINGS [1] - 6:1 168:4; 169:23; 172:13; utilizing [2] - 343:21; 344:13 undertakings [1] - 231:17 173:10; 175:19; 181:17, U-shaped [1] - 120:21 undertook [2] - 109:7; 20; 188:19; 189:19; U.S [4] - 52:7; 55:4; 69:1; V 160:20 203:20; 206:7; 207:23; 131:12 underwater [1] - 116:11 208:8; 213:16; 217:22; UBC [1] - 300:21 V-shaped [3] - 120:17; underway [1] - 200:14 219:16; 224:11; 242:4;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 46

121:14 view [17] - 27:21; 32:4; Water [18] - 15:14; 16:5, 11, 202:20; 205:5, 25; 207:3, valid [2] - 314:24; 316:3 67:17; 163:17, 25; 164:22; 18; 17:1; 24:11; 26:18, 24; 11, 19; 208:17; 213:4; validate [1] - 83:13 170:2; 199:9, 25; 256:14; 30:21; 33:17; 37:6; 42:21; 217:13; 223:4; 283:7 valley [20] - 48:4; 70:22, 24; 282:11, 13; 339:11, 18, 25; 53:8; 362:14; 364:19 waterways [10] - 184:20; 72:18, 20; 75:25; 114:9; 351:16; 354:23 water [158] - 16:9, 14, 17-18; 185:12; 196:25; 203:17; 120:15, 17; 121:14, 19, 24; viewing [1] - 163:16 20:5, 18; 22:21, 23; 23:9, 204:7; 205:2, 10; 217:21; 122:6; 139:16, 20; 140:18; views [4] - 25:3; 95:1; 12; 24:15, 18-20; 25:21; 319:15; 321:8 143:4; 207:6; 326:4 184:15; 195:23 26:1; 27:13; 28:16; 30:2, wave [12] - 38:8; 39:20; valleys [10] - 114:8; 120:5-7, vigilant [1] - 18:16 12-13, 16, 19, 21; 31:3; 51:20; 76:1; 86:2, 11-12, 21, 25; 121:11; 126:7; virtually [4] - 31:15; 57:22; 33:25; 36:2; 42:3, 22; 50:7, 17, 23, 25; 87:9; 128:5 283:12 125:11; 126:7 25; 66:4; 68:23; 69:4, 24; waves [13] - 51:2, 4, 13; valuable [1] - 254:20 visit [2] - 29:11; 355:17 71:17; 72:5; 75:10; 86:11, 82:22; 83:8, 20; 85:2; 86:9; value [10] - 61:17; 67:25; visitors [1] - 261:19 13, 15, 18, 21, 23, 25; 87:5; 110:12; 127:24; 178:12; 225:18; 257:9; Visual [1] - 2:18 87:8; 89:18; 90:25; 91:1; 148:3; 192:15 344:7, 15; 356:14; 357:8 visual [1] - 8:1 96:4, 10, 17; 108:10; ways [6] - 22:16; 59:19; valued [4] - 152:17; 183:15; visualize [1] - 225:11 109:1, 16-17, 22; 110:2; 97:22; 106:20; 137:5 209:24; 334:19 vital [2] - 321:12 112:8; 116:4; 119:15; weak [3] - 73:3, 13, 15 values [3] - 17:13; 266:25; void [1] - 41:2 122:11; 124:18; 130:2, 20, weaken [1] - 138:24 23; 131:5; 146:15, 21; 359:17 volcanic [1] - 122:12 weaker [1] - 305:21 152:14; 154:3; 156:9; Vancouver [3] - 119:14; Volume [1] - 1:15 weather [1] - 194:17 158:5; 159:16; 161:1; 137:20; 332:5 volume [17] - 40:8; 77:6; weathering [1] - 95:11 varden [2] - 244:10; 327:25 87:23; 89:18; 129:23; 163:12; 169:24; 170:4, 11; web [1] - 275:18 variability [1] - 116:15 130:24; 131:8, 11, 14; 171:5; 185:12, 24; 192:21; website [5] - 11:23; 98:5; 193:10; 195:19; 198:9; variations [1] - 23:19 155:13; 211:20; 213:24; 232:21; 233:1; 355:16 202:17, 25; 203:1, 8; varies [3] - 175:9; 180:21; 238:2; 285:4; 335:8; wedged [1] - 74:5 204:2, 8; 209:8, 10; 239:5 363:14; 374:15 wedging [1] - 74:6 212:13; 216:21; 221:16; variety [2] - 22:6; 313:4 volumes [5] - 69:3, 6; 77:4; week [7] - 13:9; 31:13; 277:7, 233:21; 234:2, 8-9, 16, 19; various [19] - 38:15; 56:2; 83:11, 16 21; 282:5; 372:13 235:8, 11-12, 16, 22-23; 118:1; 128:2; 145:17; vulnerable [2] - 295:10, 18 weekly [1] - 27:8 236:13; 238:2; 241:3; 149:20; 172:21; 177:3; weeks [1] - 64:14 243:5; 248:17; 255:2, 6; 196:15; 198:22; 235:13; weeny [1] - 246:22 W 256:10; 261:1, 5; 262:17; 242:22; 245:24; 246:7; weigh [1] - 56:19 267:18, 24; 268:4; 271:5, 247:5, 14; 343:21; 358:9 weighing [1] - 148:9 WAC [3] - 63:4, 7; 317:16 12-13; 283:3; 285:4, 7, 13, varius [1] - 116:18 weight [6] - 56:20; 72:23; wait [6] - 204:20; 209:19; 15; 288:3; 293:16; 296:22; vast [1] - 57:24 121:21; 155:20; 156:8, 22 217:1; 219:5; 270:20; 303:9; 311:1; 315:6; VC [3] - 334:20; 349:13; weighted [1] - 56:13 282:1 319:18; 320:10; 321:12; 372:25 weir [1] - 50:8 waiting [3] - 22:20, 24; 324:2; 327:7; 335:10, 16; vegetation [19] - 115:16; welcome [5] - 7:12; 79:6; 318:22 346:13, 17; 364:12; 121:7; 122:14; 123:5; 261:25; 277:23; 362:5 wall [3] - 48:4; 72:18, 20 366:10; 368:16 124:11; 146:1; 190:10, 12, well-established [1] - 53:15 Wall [1] - 325:8 water-based [1] - 192:21 21, 23; 191:5, 15; 193:8; well-fed [1] - 331:14 Wallace [1] - 2:5 water-retaining [1] - 36:2 265:14; 277:20; 288:9, 11, well-known [1] - 44:7 walleye [11] - 283:4; 292:10; water-use [1] - 158:5 24 wells [15] - 69:2; 109:18, 23; 297:2; 336:23; 337:7, 14; watercraft [1] - 208:22 velocities [3] - 76:3; 188:18; 112:2; 128:20; 130:20; 340:21; 341:2; 348:13; Waters [6] - 161:17; 162:20; 304:9 131:6, 9, 16-17; 269:25; 351:15; 358:21 184:12; 185:14; 204:7; velocity [1] - 75:12 270:7, 19; 271:10 WALTER [7] - 133:12, 18; 365:9 verify [2] - 110:19; 197:14 West [14] - 5:5; 58:13; 134:19; 136:16; 138:6; waters [18] - 161:21; 182:18; versa [1] - 164:14 100:24; 104:6, 21; 105:8, 306:22; 307:3 183:21; 185:8; 202:15; version [1] - 155:19 25; 173:12; 306:14; Walter [2] - 133:13; 326:11 203:13; 204:25; 205:7; versus [5] - 252:17; 285:5; 312:25; 319:4; 320:24; 209:12; 231:3; 249:14; 287:6; 302:10; 315:20 Waneta [1] - 47:14 321:11; 330:24 wants [3] - 71:5; 255:17; 309:23; 310:24; 323:7; vertical [4] - 42:5; 194:25; west [1] - 101:7 277:24 329:19; 368:7 210:20 western [1] - 119:13 Wapiti [2] - 325:7; 326:23 watershed [10] - 167:21; vessel [10] - 163:20; 164:8; Western [4] - 51:17; 97:13; 180:20; 230:25; 231:5; 189:8, 14, 18; 190:1, 3; warmer [1] - 267:18 282:23; 283:9; 295:8; 100:20, 23 196:5; 208:10; 216:24 warnings [1] - 281:4 298:23; 314:4 weves [1] - 51:11 warranted [2] - 164:17; vessels [4] - 186:20; 189:19; what-if [1] - 49:19 166:17 Watershed [1] - 323:15 194:19 whatnot [1] - 85:7 [2] waste [8] - 69:2, 4; 109:16, watersheds - 293:14; via [1] - 193:1 whereas [1] - 73:4 22; 130:20, 23; 146:15, 21 319:15 viable [2] - 290:12; 291:7 WHEREOF [1] - 376:13 waterway [18] - 185:21; vice [3] - 36:7, 16; 164:14 waste-water [6] - 109:16, 22; 189:20; 191:19, 21; whitefish [24] - 157:12; vice-president [2] - 36:7, 16 130:20, 23; 146:15, 21 194:18; 196:19; 197:12; 158:18; 243:16; 296:13, Victoria [1] - 332:6 watch [2] - 123:21; 319:10

Mainland Reporting Services Inc. 47

23; 297:22; 328:1; 336:22; witnesses [7] - 150:22, 24; 189:3; 190:17; 191:6; 337:6, 15; 349:2, 5, 23; 227:16; 250:4; 259:8; 192:17; 193:16; 217:15; 356:19; 358:11, 23; 277:6; 301:20 218:21; 221:20; 297:24; 367:24; 368:6, 10, 15, 24; Wolverine [6] - 324:20, 23, 340:4; 363:23, 25 369:2 25; 325:6; 326:24 year-by-year [1] - 218:21 whole [18] - 13:1; 31:14; wonder [3] - 89:2; 91:2; years [76] - 19:17; 21:15, 18; 37:21; 44:11; 55:23; 72:8; 216:7 22:1; 30:1; 33:12; 34:25; 78:14; 114:18; 264:4; wondered [4] - 89:16; 91:18; 35:3, 8, 12; 36:24; 40:25; 265:25; 295:8; 299:12, 23; 133:19; 220:3 44:4, 14; 46:19, 25; 47:7, 313:4; 317:2; 320:1; wonderful [1] - 263:16 12; 48:2; 52:23; 54:13, 17, 358:14 wondering [13] - 69:13; 23; 55:21; 58:1; 64:23; wide [7] - 54:5; 66:18; 70:16; 139:17; 146:17, 23; 68:16; 69:3; 70:1, 24; 75:6, 20; 193:22; 204:10 147:19; 170:1; 201:24; 71:19; 79:11; 87:22; 91:10, wide-eyed [1] - 66:18 203:10; 211:24; 228:20; 20; 99:3; 102:3; 120:10; Wilder [6] - 191:14, 17-18, 266:18; 267:16; 300:5 122:3; 139:19; 140:16, 21; 23, 25; 218:16 word [1] - 220:4 141:6, 13; 143:7, 16; wildlife [16] - 264:1; 265:24; wording [1] - 200:11 153:18, 22; 173:10; 266:2; 275:17, 23; 276:1; words [1] - 215:17 182:16; 192:22; 194:15; 277:15, 20; 278:1, 21; worker [2] - 163:8, 25 204:19; 208:11, 13; 279:17, 24; 300:10; 321:7, workers [2] - 78:17; 79:25 211:24; 237:16; 239:6; 14 works [20] - 8:7; 26:3, 6, 8; 266:17, 20; 274:16, 19; Wildlife [1] - 160:19 27:7; 46:24; 47:3; 75:19; 280:9; 307:18, 21; 308:8; Willamette [1] - 371:6 163:2, 6; 185:16, 20, 23; 315:21; 340:5, 8; 354:8; willing [4] - 228:24; 270:22; 196:20; 197:11; 204:8; 363:6; 371:13 306:13, 18 205:3; 211:15; 236:17; Years [1] - 214:2 Williston [42] - 69:15; 77:5; 324:12 yellow [3] - 41:14; 58:25; 91:18; 160:10, 21; 168:9, workshops [2] - 56:2, 4 104:17 13; 169:5; 172:18; 173:2; worksites [1] - 163:10 yellow-ish [1] - 58:25 175:8, 16, 20; 176:21; world [28] - 17:5; 18:6, 15; young [5] - 148:7; 239:4; 177:2; 180:11; 240:13; 25:10; 35:2; 43:11; 51:25; 252:17, 19, 23 242:7; 243:9; 248:11; 52:25; 60:20; 64:17; 65:13; younger [1] - 303:20 284:24; 290:6; 303:5; 67:6; 70:1; 81:18; 90:7; yourself [2] - 11:24; 223:17 307:19, 21; 308:22; 99:9, 17; 103:10; 110:17; yourselves [1] - 261:25 311:14, 19; 314:13; 112:23; 121:11; 126:9, 16; Yukon [1] - 104:25 321:15, 24; 322:8; 327:6; 132:18; 133:5; 135:15; Yurkovich [1] - 365:20 328:11; 366:17, 21, 24 137:24; 315:17 willows [1] - 145:25 World [1] - 35:4 Z WILLSON [20] - 167:9; world's [1] - 99:15 173:8; 174:2; 312:24; worried [3] - 211:23; 317:10; zagging [1] - 142:23 316:10; 317:14, 18; 318:6, 330:20 Zealand [1] - 119:25 10, 16, 22; 319:6, 12; worry [4] - 139:5; 214:18; zero [1] - 175:10 329:16, 21; 330:5, 8, 15, 269:25; 355:7 zig [1] - 142:23 17, 19 worrying [1] - 327:18 zig-zagging [1] - 142:23 Willson [17] - 5:4; 167:8; worth [2] - 199:11; 200:22 Zimbabwe [1] - 46:14 173:7; 306:14; 312:23, 25; wracked [1] - 72:9 316:9; 317:23; 318:4, 21; zone [17] - 40:14; 41:16; write [2] - 74:19; 280:2 319:4, 8; 322:18; 329:11, 42:2; 57:10; 58:21; 59:3; writing [1] - 307:1 13; 371:23 98:14; 133:8; 136:5; 140:7; written [18] - 12:19; 94:17, 218:8; 256:18; 293:17; wind [2] - 51:3, 12 20; 96:8; 161:13; 183:23; 327:4 winding [1] - 255:25 186:8; 200:23; 209:22; zones [4] - 99:5; 218:5; winds [3] - 38:7; 194:1 230:22; 262:19; 263:1; 285:8; 347:13 Winnipeg [2] - 297:5; 332:5 264:2; 267:23; 272:7; zoom [1] - 132:15 winter [5] - 169:21; 190:17; 273:3; 333:8, 11 200:18, 20; 214:17 zooplankton [3] - 311:17, wintertime [2] - 170:3, 14 Y 23; 312:2 wish [6] - 79:21; 129:12; 163:13; 165:15; 223:15; 295:14 Yakima [1] - 371:9 wishes [1] - 306:3 year [34] - 18:8; 51:3, 12; withstand [4] - 62:10; 63:15; 58:8, 18; 85:6; 87:17; 99:1; 64:1; 139:3 101:18; 102:16; 103:6, 25; WITNESS [1] - 376:13 109:14; 116:8; 124:23; witnessed [1] - 173:16 173:15; 188:13, 19, 25;

Mainland Reporting Services Inc.