On the Reticularian and Radiolarian Rhizopoda (Foraminifera and Polycystina) of the North-Polar Expedition of 1875–76 Henry B

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Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 5 Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tnah11 XLIX.—On the reticularian and Radiolarian Rhizopoda (Foraminifera and Polycystina) of the North-Polar Expedition of 1875–76 Henry B. Brady F.R.S. Published online: 15 Oct 2009.

To cite this article: Henry B. Brady F.R.S. (1878) XLIX.—On the reticularian and Radiolarian Rhizopoda (Foraminifera and Polycystina) of the North- Polar Expedition of 1875–76, Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Series 5, 1:6, 425-440, DOI: 10.1080/00222937808682361 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222937808682361

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AN'D

MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY.

[FIFTH SERIES.]

No. 6. JUNE 1878.

XLIX.--On the Ret~eularian and Radlolarlan Rhizopoda (Foraminifera and Polycystlna) of the North-Polar Expe- dition of 1875-76. By HENRY B. BRADY, F.R.S. [Plates XX. & XXI.] FORAMINIFERA. AMONGST the collections brought home by Capt. H. W. Feilden, R.A, the naturalist to the North-Polar Expedition which sailed in 1875 under the command of Capt. Sir G. iWares, R.N., were a number of gatherings of material which had been laid aside from time to time for examination with respect to Microzoa and Microphyta. There were in all some fifty or sixty packages; and after the Diatomaceee hac~ been determined, Capt. Feilden was kind enough to place them in my hands for the investigation of the Foraminifera and Poly- cystina. The material consisted for the most part of sound-

Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 ings; but there were a few samples of dust and dirt from discolourcd ic% and of mud from beds of glacial deposit of greater or less age. The soundings were from depths of from 10 to 220 fathoms ; and the quantity of each was comparatively small. The samples from mud-beds were larger, and yielded pretty good series of Foraminifera ; but as they exhibit a fauna which is practically identical with that of the present sea-bottom at moderate depths in the same latitudes~ they require no separate treatment. The dust from ice-hummocks and similar positions gave no Rhlzopoda worth recording. .,Inn. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. i. 29 426 Mr. H. B. B;ady o;~ t]~e Reticularia and All the material was carefully washed to clear it of impal- pable inorganic matter. This process seriously reduced many of the already small samples; and some of them left scarcely any residue for examination. Nevertheless of the fifty or sixty gatherings about forty yielded sufficient organic remains to give a general, though of course not an exhaustive, idea of the microzoic fauna of their respective localities. In some instances a number of the soundings were from points so near together and at depths so similar, that the results from several could be incorporated with advantage ; but after con- densation on this wise, and file omission of a few of those which gave obviously incomplete lists, there remains the groundwork for a fairly representative distribution-table com- prising twenty-four stations. This must be regarded, under the circumstances, as very satisfactory. The primary object of the expedition was geographical rather than biological; there was no opportunity for dredging; and the chances of obtaining material in other ways were beset with difficulties hardly to be appreciated by those wh% like myself, have been accustomed to collect in temperate regions. The following is a list of the Stations arranged in order of latitude, beginning at the most southern point of the series. The geographical details, thanks to careful labelling, can be stated with much accuracy. The capital letters A to X refer to the heading of the columns in the accompanying Table. The area comprised in the Table may be divided into three sections. The first sixtecn columns (A to P) refer to localities in Baffin's Bay and Smith Sound. These are separated by the whole length of Kennedy Channel (nearly two degrees) fl'om Discovery Bay (Q), the only representative of the latitude of Hall Basin. Robeson Channel (nearly one degree) intervenes between this and the nearest of the seven remaining Stations. A. Glacial mud, Tyndall Glacier, 27 fathoms, Sept. 12, 1876, situate in Bardin Bay, east side of Baffin's Bay, lat. 77° 15' N. Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 A little box of reddish clay with worn shell-fragments, containing relatively but few organisms; the Foraminifera belong chiefly to the genera Verneuilina, Cassldulina, Trun- catalina, and Nonionina. B. Off Cape Isabella, 220 fathoms, lat. 78 ° 201 N. This..... is the deepest sounding contmnmg (~ ]~~ orammffera• ° ; but it is richer in Diatomacem (notably Coscinodisc'~es radia- tus) than in Idhizopoda. Of the latter, Cassidullna, Trun- oatullna, and No;do~;5~a are again the most prominent types. - • -.- -m~- ".: : : : : : : : : : :m~" " " : " " "~" "~m ...... mm "m~" "m" ...... ~ ~ • . "K ,Og 99L o~ ~g} oT/L "~q • . • ...... ,4 ~o @.~@-~@--@-@-@-@-@@,-~@'~@'''@@'@~@'~'~@~@~@@'~ ~..-~...~ .... ~.~---~-~-~-~-~ n "spu*IS I apunl:[ ...~...~...~.~ .... ~.~---~-~ ...... ~ .... ~-~- ~.~.~U...~.~.~-~ ...... ~- "AI oil o, o~O "~rI • £~aoh~ 7.o ~s~oo

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o Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 2014 December 25 07:36 at Cambridge] of [University by Downloaded Radiolaria of the Arctic ExTedi*ion , 1875-76. 427 C. Off Cape Sabin% Smith Sound~ 50 fathoms, lat. 78 ° 44' I~. D. Off Brevoort Island~ Smith Sound, 210 fathoms, lat. 78 ° 44 t N. The former of thes% from shallower water, contains but few species ; the latter gives a tolerably rich list of Foraminifera-- Polystomella arctlca particularly fine and abundant, the genera Lagena, Cassidulina~ Truncatulin% Pulvinulina~ and ~Vonio- nina all well represented. There were in addition a fc~v Ostracoda ~. E. Off Cape Victoria, Bache Island~ 35 fathoms, lat. 79° 14t 5[. The zenus Truncatulina by far the most abundant~ associated w'~th Noninom'% Polystomella~ and other shallow-water types. Contained also Ostracoda of five species and a few Cosclnodiscl. F. Between Walrus Shoal and Victoria Head, Sept. 8, 1876~ 57 fathoms, lat. 79° 26 f 5[. A poor lot~ containing little beyond Cassidullna~ Nonionlna, and the weaker forms of Polystomell% with one or two Radio- laria. The only specimen of .Pulvlnullna Michelinian% a common surface form in the 5[ortll Atlanti% found in the entire collection~ was in this material. G. and H. Franklin-Pierce Bay~ lat. 79° 28 r 5[. The former (G) refers to two soundings~ in 13 fathoms and 15 fathoms respectively ; the latter (It) to two in 46 fathoms. The contents of all four were much alike~ sandy mud with small worn stones ; those from the greatest depth contained the largest variety of organisms. The salient types of Foramini- fera in all are L,'tuola~ Truncatuli'na~ and Polystomella. The shallow-water material furnished the only specimens found of the genus Discorbina. It contained in addition a number of diatoms, which my friend Mr. F. Kitten, of 5[orwich~ tells me are as follows'--Trlceratlum, arctlcum ; Biddulphla~ sp. ; ~habdonema Crozieri ; Grammato_phora marina ; and Actino- Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 Ttychus undulatus. A few valves of Ostracoda were also met with. I. Allman Bay~ Sept. 14, 1876, 25 fathoms, lat. 79 ° 30I N. The Bay between Cape Hawks and Cape d'Urville. A tube full of sand and stones, bat rich in Foraminifera. The genus Lagena in considerable variety~ with PolymorTMna , * The Ostracoda were carefully preserved throughout, and form the subject of a separate notice by my-- brother, -- Dr. G S. Bray.d 29* 428 Mr. H. B. Brady on the Reticularia and Cassldulina, Pulvinulin% and Nonionlna as its prominent associates. J, K, and L. Dobbin Bay 7 Aug. 28 to Sept. 1, 18767 lat. 79° 351 ~. The column J includes three soundings, namely in 45, 467 and 47 fathoms, whilst K and L are from 113 and 125 fathoms respectively. The muddy material obtained in 46 fathoms contained the largest number of forms; in that from the greatest depth organisms of all sorts are rare. The leading types of Foraminifera are Casslclu[ina, Pulvinullna, and Poly- stomella. M and N. Off Hayes Point, Aug. 18 and 19, 1876, lat. 79° 42' N. Two soundings, the one in 22, the other in 35 fathoms, containing a few Diatomaceze and Ostracoda. and a sprinkling only of Rhizopoda, the latter chiefly Cassidulina and Trun- catullna, with Virgulina, Pulvinulina, and Polystomella in smaller numbers. O and P. Off Cape Frazer, Aug. 24th, 1876, lat. 79 ° 451 N. The column marked O is compiled fi'om a single sounding at 50 fathoms ; that headed 1) is from three soundings, all at a depth of 80 fathoms. The latter taken together yield .by far the best representative tlst of the whole series, comprzsmg in all thlrty-three species of Foraminifera. The most characteristic amongst them are Polystomella arctica, which is of targe size and abundant, and the hitherto undescribed type Hyper- ammina. Almost all the genera contained in the other lists are present to a greater or less extent, the most important exception being PolymorTMna. [['he same locality also gave the r~chest list of Ostracoda--elevcn species, one of which is new to science. Q. Discovery Bay, lat. 81 ° 41' N. Comprises two samples~one from 23 fathoms, the other from 25 fathoms. Rhizopoda rare and minute, chiefly Cas-

Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 sldulince7 other genera being represented by very poor specimens. R. Fiord Valley, near Lincoln Bay, fat. 82° 8' ~N. Mud taken from between the valves of shells ; yielded little beyond Cassldulince and the weak varieties of 2Polystomella. The Ostracoda were of more importance and embraced one new species. S. Mud from ravine north of Repulse Bay, lat. 82 ° 10 t N. A little sandy glacial mud from Hall's Land, with the l~adiolaria of the Arctic ExTedition , 1875-76. 429 label ~ brought by Mr. Egel~on, April 1876." It contained but few specimens, and these of only four species. Though manifestly insufficient to show the extent of the fauna, they have been allowed a column in the Table as representatives of a region somewhat separated from the rest. Ostracoda were present, but in very small numbers. T. Winter quarters of the ~ Alert,' 1875-6, 6 fathoms, lat. 82 ° 27' N. Four tubes containing dried mud. Foraminifera chiefly of the genera Globigerina, Cassidulina, Nonionina~ and Poly- stomella. Some of the tubes gave also a few Diatomaceze (Triceratium arcticum) and occasional valves of Ostraeoda. U. Mud-beds~ 150 feet elevation, lat. 82 ° 27' N. This material was found to be almost devoid of organic remains of any sort ; the few specimens of Foraminifera were of quite the commonest species. ¥. Floeberg Beach, July 1876, lat. 82 ° 29' N. A small tube of sand from the shore, and a pill-box with mud and stones from a depth of 10 fathoms, only furnished together what appears to be an incomplete list ; and the specimens were all very small. There were a few Ostracoda also present. W. Cane Ravine, June 1876, lat. 82 ° 331 N. A lot of finel.~y divided silt, taken out of a specimen of Astarte boreaIis, Item mud-beds 100 feet above the sea-level~ in Grinuell Land; containing small examples of a few of the common arctic types of Foraminifera and Ostraeoda. X. Sounding, May 11, 1876, 72 fathoms, lat. 83 ° 19' N. The most interesting sounding in the entire collection, not merely as being the nmst northerly, but also, considering the minute quantity that could be obtained for examination (only a few grains altogether), as presenting the most varied range of Microzoa. It consisted of fine soft mud containing Diato- macea~ (Coscinodiscus radiattts), Radiolaria in greater variety

Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 than any other sounding~ and Foraminifera of no less than eleven genera, the most abundant of the latter being a dwarf variety of Globigerina. In tracing on the map the area represented by this collection, and comparingit with that covered by previous researches, it becomes manifest that the ground is altogether new. Our present knowledge of arctic Rhizopoda is chiefly derived from the labours of Profs. W. K. Parker and T. Rupert Jones, and of the Rev. A. M. Norman. The memoir of Messrs. Parker and 430 Mr. H. B. Brady on the Reticularia and Jones~ in the ~Philosophical Transactions ' for 18657 forms the text-book of the subject. It contains the results of the examination of the soundings taken by Sir E. Parry in Baffin's Bay, between latitudes 74° 45' and 76 ° 301 N. ; of those of Dr. Sutherland off the ttunde Islands, on the west coast of Greenland, in lat. 68 ° 501 N. ; and of dredglngs made by Mr. MtAndrew off the coast of Norway~ between lat. 65 ° and 71 ° N. Mr. Norman's material consisted of dredgings brought home by Dr. g. Gwyn Jeffreys from his cruise in the t Valo- rous,' the vessel~ it will be remembered~ which sailed in com- ipany with the ~Alert ' and t Discovery~' as far as Disco sland~ on their northward voyage. The record of Mr. Nor- man's observations on the Rhizopoda, which, so far as they affect our present purpose, refer to an area. lying between about lat. 59 ° and lat. 70 ° N., forms one section of the general scientific report submitted to the Royal Society. A notice by Dr. Carpenter of a few of the larger forms appeared at the same time. Messrs. Parker and Jones's memoir is accompanied by a series of elaborate distribution-tables~ one of which is devoted to the Arctic fauna. Of the twenty localities it comprises, ~even belong to the group of soundings, from Baffin's. Bay~ five to the Hunde Islands~ and eight to the Norwegian coast. In all seventy-flve species of Foraminifera are enumerated; and of these twenty appear in the Norwegian list only. A condensed statement of the results embodied in Messrs. Parker and Joncs's Table will be found in the three columns (a, b~ c) appended to that which accompanies the present paper. A ready means of comparison is thereby afforded, and the subject need not~ therefor% be further dwelt upon. The ~Valorous ' report cannot, unfortunately~ be treated in the same way, as it contains no detailed lists of the Foramini- fera. I propose, therefor% in order to complete the summary of what t.as been hitherto written on the subject, to cull from the Rev. A. M. Norman's paper (Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. xxv. pp. 207-213) such particulars as he gives relative to the dis-

Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 tribution of species in those localities that come within the sphere .°f our present inquiry...... Having had the opportunity of looking over the fine collection of ]~oramlmfera obtained from the ~Valorous ' material, I may be permitted to express my regret that circumstances have hitherto prevented Mr. Norman from giving his results to the world. They are of great interest and cost much labour ; and the details would have been a valuable contribution to the literature of the Rhizopoda. Four of these dredgings were from points within the Arctic Circle; and two others, from the Stations hum- l~adiolaria of the Arctic ExTedition , 1875-76. 431 bered 8 and 9 respectively~ though not strictly arctic in latitude~pertain to an adjacent and .much richer zoological_ area.. and are within Davis Straits, whmh may be regarded as a sort of natural boundary. The following notes are abstracted from 2dr. Norman's summary. HOLSTEINBORG HARBOUR (lat. 66 ° 401 N.)~ 7-35 fathoms. The more remarkable Foraminifera were :-- Troc]~ammina gordialis, J. & P. ; Lituola canariensls~ D'Orb. ; Textularla biformis~ P. & J. ; and Bolivina2)unctata ~ D'Orb. GODHAVN HARBOI:I~ DISCO (lat. 69 ° 10' N.), 5-20 fathoms. Thirty-six species identified, amongst them :--Dentallna consobrina, D'Orb. ( fide P.& J.), PolymorTMna burdlgalensis, D'Orb.; Pullenia spl~ceroides~ D'Orb. ; Verneuilina polystroTha , Reuss; Cassld~lina obtusa, D'Orb. ; P~lvinulina Karsteni, Reuss; and Discorbina obtusa~ D'Orb. LIEVELY HAaBOUa, DISCO (lat. 70 ° N.~)~ 5-20 fathoms. The Foraminifera exhibited a marked parallelism with those recorded by Mr. G. M. Dawson from Gaspg Bay¢, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Twenty-eight species were noted~ including :--Rhabdopleura abyssorum~ Parker ; Lituola cassis, Parker; 2Vonionina labradorica~ Parker i and Buliminapyrula~ D'Orb. STATION No. 5. Lat. 66 ° 59 ~ N., long. 55 ° 271 W., 57 fathoms. Thirty-five Foraminifera observed~ ten belonging to the genus Lagena. The list contains~ amongst others :--Lagena striatojounctata, P. & J. ; Lituola globigerln~ormis, P. & J. ; Cyclamra~:na cancellata~ H. B. Brady~ MS.~" ; and Bulimlna elegantisslma~ D'Orb. STATION ~O. 8. Lat. 62 ° 6 t N, long. 55 ° 56' W, 1350 fathoms. Contained many of the more common Foraminifera. The following are noted :--Nodosar~a ScMichtii~ Reuss ; Orbitolites tenulssimus~ Carpenter ; Pullenia quinqueloba~ Reuss ; and Li- tuola nautiloidea~ Lamk. Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 STATION NO. 9. Lat. 59 ° 10' N, long. 50 ° 25' W., 1750 fathoms. Remarkable for the abundance and variety of arenaceous * The latitudes of Holsteinborg~ Godhavn, and Lievely HaIbours are not given in the Report~ and the last of the three does not appear in any ma]~ ]7 have access to ; but, for the pur~)ose of comparison with the range of the other localities, the figures staten are near enough. t It must be remembered~ nevertheless, that Gaspg Bay is in lat. 48° to 49° N.~ or fully a degree south of the coast of Cornwall, though more or less Arctic in climatal conditions. 432 Mr. H. B. Brady on the Reticularia and types, e. g. Rhabdamrnina, Pilulina, most of the various forms described as Zituolce by Dr. Carpenter, and Astrorhiza cate- nata, Norman. In addition to these, Cristellaria obvelata, Reuss, Orbulina neo]'urensis, Karrer, and the dwarf variety of Globigerina bulloides, alluded to on a later page of the present paper~ were also found.

To turn now to the more strictly zoological portion of the subject. An examination of the accompanying Distribution- Table, still more the inspection of the mounted specimens, brings into relief certain characteristics of the Polar foramini- feral fauna. Some remarks will presently be made on the individual species where they exhibit any special or note- worthy features i but attention may be drawn at the outset to one or two facts of more general import. There are about half a dozen species that may be regarded as essential con- stituents of the microzoic fauna of these high latitudes, having been found at almost every depth at which tile floor of the sea has been examined. They are as follows--Globlgerlna bulloldes (a dwarf variety), Cassidulina lcevlgata and C. crassa, Truncatullna lobatula, Pulvinulina Karsteni, and Poly- stomeUa str~atoTunctata. They are usually accompanied by one or two forms of Nonionlna, varying according to depth and other circmnstances, and, if the sea-bottom be composed of rough sand or gravel, by PolystomelIa arctics. Other species occur in every sample of mud or sand wherever obtained ; but it is not too much to say that those above enumerated constitute ninety-five per cent. of the entire collection made from these soundings. The constant occurrence of Cassidulina laevigata, of full size and well-grown, even when the other Foraminifera accompanying it were poor, starved specimens, and the presence of Pulvinullna Karstenl in almost every dredging to the practical exclusion of all other species of the same genus, are points of considerable significance. The almost complete absence of the Milioline genera (for the occurrence of a single, minute, thin-shelled specimen here and

Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 there in a few of the soundings amounts to absence in such a case) is an unexpected feature. In dredgings at similar depths but little to the south of those under consideration the simple porcellanous forms are comparatively common; and their area of distribution is otherwise world-wide; yet it is hardly too much to say that no approach to a full-sized mature specimen of any of the modifications of the Milioline type has been met with in the North-Polar material. One or two of tile species are undescribed hitherto; and a few others present characters somewhat modified by their Radiolaria of the Arctic ExTedition , 1875-76. 433 boreal habitat. The following notes refer to some of these ; the numbers prefixed correspond with those employed in the Table. The new forms and the more interesting varieties are figured in Plates XX. and XXI. ; for the rest~ nearly all the species are welt illustrated in Messrs. Parker and Jones's memoir before referred t% or in Prof. Williamson's ~ Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain.'

9. Lituola g[omerata, nov. (P1. XX. fig. 1, a-c.) Gharacters. Test free, arenaceous, thin-walled, nonQaby- rinthic; spiral in arrangement, subglobular in form, often somewhat lengthened in the direction of the axis; usually more or less unsymmetrical. Segments few~ three orfour in each convolution, tong 7 narrow. Sutures but little excavated except at the ends. Aperture at the inner margin of the terminal chamber~ near the exterior of the corresponding segment of tile previous convolution, simpl% often obscure. Diameter of the test seldom more than T~-~ inch (0"25 millim.). This, which is perhaps the most minute of the segmented Lituolida, is an obscure and difficult form to treat. The sep- tation is often imperfect and sometimes cannot be traced on the exterior. The drawings (P1. XX. fig. 1, a-c) are from unusually good specimens, and they are sufficiently characteristic. When the Lituoline genera come to be rearranged in the light of the material which now exists for their more extended and acclLrate study~ it is possible that this~ in common with some other of our northern species~ may find its place in Reuss's genus HaTlophragmlum ; but its nearest allies are forms best recognized at present under the genel~iC term Zituola. In distribution Lituola glomerata is by no means confined to the arctic seas~ but has been met with in the ' Challenger' dredgings from many parts of the world. 10. Hyperammlna eZongata~ nov. gen. et sp. (Pl. XX. fig. 2, a, b.)

Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 Characters. Test arenaceous, in the form of a straight or nearly straight tapering tube, the wide end closed and rounded~ the open narrow end constituting the general aperture. Ex- terior sandy and rough, interior smooth. Length (of the Arctic specimens) about ~ inch (2"5 millims.). This is one of the many arenaceous types brought home in 1869 by the naturalists in charge of the first cruise of the Porcul~ine ;' but it has not hithert% so far as I am aware, receives a name. Its club-like or, still mor% its pestle- like contour and sandy textur% suggest the term Hyjoeram- 434 Mr. H. B. Brady on the Retlcularla and mgna*. The polar specimens are very small when compared with those from the North Atlantic, or with those from many of the ~Challenger' stations--examples considerably more than half an inch (15 or 16 millims.) being not unfrequent in other localities. 14. Lagena aplculata, Reuss. The somewhat compressed as well as the globose forms are included under this name. 17. Lagena striatojounctata, Parker & Jones. (el. XX. fig. 3.) A few specimens similar in character to those figured by ~iessrs. Parker and Jones were met with in two of the deeper soundings. 18. JLagena Feildeniana, nov. (P1. XX. fig. 4.) Characters. Test subglobular~ pyriform~ with surface-ornamentation consisting of a few stout longitudinal costa3 alter- hating at regular distances with longitudinal rows of large perforations. Longer diameter about ~ inch (0"37 millim.).- A very pretty little shell, with somewhat striking superficial ornament. It bears considerable resemblance to two other costato-perforate species, namely JLagena striatopunctata, P. & J., and L. HowcMniana, Brady. The former of these has a double row of minute pores bordering each riblet (P1. XX. fig. 3) ; the latter, which is a Carboniferous species, has a single row of orifices down the top of each ridge ; whilst L. Feildeniana is distinguished by stout entire costa~ with a single series of large pores in the furrows between them. As this particular varietal form does not appear to have been hitherto observed or described, it may very properly be associated by name with the naturalist" to whom we owe the North-Polar collections. Hab. Off Cape Frazer, 80 fathoms. 19. Lage~,a cauclata, D'Orbigny.

Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 A single entosolenian specimen, not unlike that figured by Williamson as Entosolenia globosa, var. lineata~ Rec. For. Gt. Br. pl. i. fig. 17. 22. Glandulina lcevlgata, D'Orbigny. From 80 fathoms off Cape Frazer~ very rare ; an elongate variety resembling G. gracilis of Reuss~ though not quite so attenuated and sharp-pointed. * ~Tr~po~(a pestle);///x~o~(sand). Radiolaria oJ t£e Arctic Expedition, 1875--76. 435 25. ~rlstellaria rotulata~ Lamarck. Also one or two specimens approaching C. crepidula in contour. 26. Polymorphina lactea~ Walker & Jacob. Both typical pyriform specimens, and the compressed modification known as P. lactea~ vat. amygdaloides, Reuss. 29. PolymorTMna acumlnata, D'Orbigny. (P1. XX. fig. 5, a, b.) 30. _PolymorpMna rotundata~ Bornemann. (P1. XX. fig. 6~ a, b.) Two interesting and somewhat rare forms~ sufficiently illustrated by the figures. It is necessary~ however~ to bear in mind that the successive modifications of the genus Pol~mor- phina~ though generally pretty easily recognized~ are of little more than varietal significance. 32. Globlgerina buUoides, D'Orbigny~ vat. (P1. XXI. fig. 10, a, b, c.) Occasional specimens of the genus Globlgerina occurred in most of the soundings ; in one only were they present in sufficient abundance to constitute what we are accustomed to speak of as a Globigerina-ooz% namely in that from the most northerly point attained by the Expedition. The specimens differ considerably from the typical form--so much so that they can hardly be associated with it except as a variety. The shells are very small~ compactly mad% and nearly spherical ; the individual segments are scarcely ventricos% and do not exhibit the globular contour that we are accustomed to regard as characteristic of the genus~ nor do they open into a central or umbilical vestibul% but communicate directly with each other. The general aperture forms a semicircular or crescen- tic opening at the inferior margin of the terminal chamber. The Rev. A. M. Norman probably alludes to the same modi-

Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 fication of the type in his description of specimens from a depth of 1750 fathoms in lat. 59 10 r N, long. 50 ° 25 t W, one of the ~Valorous' stations just within Davis Straits*. 34. ~fviger~napygmvea, D'Orbigny, vat. (P1. XX. fig. 7, a, b.) The Uvlgerince, a very few specimens of which were found in several of the soundings~ are uniform in their characters and * l)roe. Roy, Soc. vol. xxv. p. 212. 436 Mr. H. B. Brady on the Reticularia and contour. They are minut% thin-shelled 7 and obscurely trian- gular ; but the segments are more inflated than in the Uvl.qe- r~na angulosa of Williamson~ and the surface ornamentation is very partially distributed. They differ almost as nmch from the typical (7. Tygmcea*; but the points of divergence are such as may and probably have been brought about by the diffcrent life-conditions of a polar climate. Such specimens may be accepted as representing a starved or impoverished variety of the typical form rather than a distinct species. 38. Bulim~na elegantissim% D'Orbigny. (P1. XXL fig. 12.) Very rat% and not of the precise contour by which the species is usually recognized: the segments are similarly arranged ; but they are relatively shorter~ and there arc fewer in each convolution~ as indicated in the figure. 41. Textularia biformis 7 Parker & Jones. (P1. XX. fig. 8.) A very re;nut% thin-shelled arenaceous species. Messrs. Parker and Jones's figures are on somewhat too small a scale to show the conformation of the test quite distinctly. The largest of the Polar specimens is but little over r~rinch (0"37 millim.) in length. 42. VerneuillnaTolystropha7 Reuss. (P1. XX. fig. 97 a-c.) Small specimens of this arenaceous triserial Textularian are common in one or two of the localities. They are often of the slender 7 more elegant form delineated in fig. 9 7 a. 45. 29ulv~nulina Karsten~7 Reuss. (P1. XXI. fig. 117 a-c.) Over extensive areas~ in almost every portion of the glob% the floor of the ocean is largely composed of the shells of Foraminifera belonging to two genera~ Globlgerina and/°ttl- vlnulina; but for the most part these are merely the dead skeletons of pelagic species which 7 when living~ inhabit a layer of water that~ comparatively speaking~ may be regarded as superficial; but it is far otherwise in these high latitudes. Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 A single chance specimen of Pulvinulina Michellniana is the only representative of the pelagic section of the genus found in the entire collection of soundings; whilst P.lvlnuliaa Karstenl 7 one of the many species that~ so far as we know 7 live on the sea-bottom 7 is present everywher% and the size and condition of the specimens indicate that it is at home in these northern regions. * Compar~ Williamson's figures, Ree. For. Gt. Br. pl. 5. figs. 138-140, with fig. 7, a, b, of the present paper. Radiolaria of the Arctic Expedition, 1875-76. 437

53. Polystomella arctica, Parker & Jones. (P1. XXI. fig. 13, a-d.) An essentially boreal species, its distribution probably not extending further south than Shetland. It is a large, coarse, thick-shelled modification of the type, most nearly related to .P. striatopunctata. There are, however, certain structural peculiarities observable in mature specimens, the most important of which is the duplication of the sutural apertures. In- stead of the single line of orifices immediately over each septum, there are frequently two parallel rows, which, if the sutures are marked externally by raised bands of ex- ogenous deposit, appear one on each side of the limbation. From the exterior it appears as though the two rows of pores opened respectively into the two adjacent chambers; but with a little care sections may be made (fig. 13~ d) showing clearly that this is not the case, but that the double tubulation is the result of the lengthening and bifurcation of what was originally a simple orifice. The horizontal section of the entire shell (fig. 13, c) shows its general structure. The laminated thickening appears to be confined to the last convolution, and to be caused by the chamber-wall of some of the segments being extended over that of the previously formed chambers, as in the Nummulite. The investment of the later chambers is therefore thinner than that of those preceding them~ the last formed being the thinnest. The typical _Polystomella crfspa, so common in the shallow water of temperate latitudes, does not appear at all in the material from these polar localities. It seems to be replaced

b Y ~ . arctic% with• P. " striatopunctata.... in still larger numbers ; and these pass by insensible gradations into the various forms of 2Vonionina.

~ADIOLARIA. Here and there in the finer portions of some of the sound- Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 ings the siliceous tests of Radiolaria were observed ; but at one station only, and that the most northerly of all~ were they met with in any. abundance. In most cases there was no great difficulty in asmgning the various forms which were obtained to their generic types : but it was found impossible to determine the species satisfactorily from published authorities. Under these circumstances, the natural course to pursue was to forward the mountings to Prof. Haeckel~ of Jena, for his opinion on the more doubtful specimens. The learned Pro- 438 Mr. H. B. Brady on tire Reticularia a~d fessor has been kind enough to examine the mountings ; and his remarks upon them contain much of interest. He states that the species ar% as far as they g% exactly identical with those he finds in the ~Challenger soundings from the Stations numbered 268 to 274 in Sir Wyville Thomson's printed list--that is to say, with the particular species which are tbund at the sea-bottom in the middle of the Pacific~ from about 8 ° N. of the equator to 8 ° S. of the sam% at depths of 2400 to 2900 fathoms. Prof. Haeckel confirms the view which I had already arrived at~ that~ until we have the wider basis for accurate nomenclature which the publication of the ~ Challenger' Radiolaria will afford~ it is better to give nothing more than an enumeration of the genera observed. There has been no previous record of Arctic Radiolaria, except in the tabular statements which accompany the Rev. A. M. Norman's paper (op. clt. xxv. pp. 204, 205). In these Tables eight species of Polycystina are set down as occurring on the west coast of Greenland and in Davis Straits ; but 1 gather from the author that the entry is only intended to convey the fact of this number of distinct forms being observed~ and that no determination of genera or species was attempted. The following notes represent the distribution of the group so far as revealed by the polar soundings :~ AA. Off Cape Dudley Digges, July 26, 1875, 260 fathoms, let. 76° 7' N. This sounding is from a point in Bafiln's Bay somewhat south of the rest. The material contained no Foraminifera worth recording ; and therefore the locality was not included in the Table. The Radiolaria were few in number~ and be- longed to the genera STongodiscus and STongotrochus. B. Off Cape Isabell% 220 fathoms~ lat. 78° 20' N. Contained more than one species of Spongotrochus. F. Between Walrus Shoal and Victoria tIead~ Sept. 8~ 1876~ 57 fathoms~ lat. 79 ° 26' N. Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 Five genera of Radiolaria represented~ viz. Haliomm% Tetrapyle~ Heliodiscus~ S2ongaster ~ and EuchitoMa. J and K. Dobbin Bay, 47 fathoms and 113 fathoms~ let. 79° 351 N. The only genera noticed were Trematodi~cus and Spongo- trochus. X. Sounding~ May 11~ 1876, 72 fathoms, lat. 83 ° 191N. The most northerly point attained. The little tube full of Radiolarla of the Arctic Expedition, 1875-76. 439 mud which was secured yielded species of the following genera--Dictyopodium, Haliomma, Tetrapyle, Heliodiscus~ Actinomma~ Spongotrochus, Sjoongaster, and Euc]~itonia. Thus in all there are ten genera of Radio]ari% eight of which exist in the highest latitudes that have yet been reached.

We are now in a position to inquire what actual service to biological science, or rather to that small section of it which has been considered in the foregoing pages, has been rendered by the North-Polar Expedition of 1875-76. Nothing need be added to what has already been said about the Radiolaria. With respect to the Foraminifera it has been seen that previous researches had rendered account of the Arctic fauna as far north as lat. 76 ° 30'--that is, to within 13 ° 30' of the North Pole. To this record we are ngw able to add three further instalments, namely, the group of soundings in Smith Sound and the north of Baffin's Bay, a single one in Hall Basin, and, lastly, a series to the north of Robeson Channel. These extend our knowledge of the sea-bottom to lat. 83 ° 19' N., a distance of 6 ° 49'--in other words, over more than half the interval between the most northerly point of previous researches and the actual North Pole. From a zoological point of view the result is not less gratifying. Sir E. Parry's soundings in Baflln's Bay, which, taken together, furnish the northernmost section of ]~Iessrs. Parker and Jones's Table, yielde4 seventeen species of Foraminifera. All but three of these have been found in the material brought by Captain Feilden ; but they form only a small part of the catalogue of fifty-three species which appear in our Table. Setting aside the Norwegian lists given by the same authors, as representing a fauna more or less influenced by the warm current of the Gulf-stream, the Hunde-Island and Baffin's-Bay columns give an aggregate of fifty-five species, or only two in excess of the total now recorded. The facts which have been elicited therefore appear to indi- Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 cate that there is no very striking diminution in the number and variety of the Rhizopoda as we approach the North Pole.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE XX. .Fig. 1. Zituola glomerata, n. sp., magnified 100 diam. : a and b, perlphero- lateral aspect, front and back ; c, end view. :Fig. 2~ a~ b. Hyperammina elongata, n. gem et sp., magn. 40 diam. J~'g. 3. Lagena striatopunctata, Parker & Jones~ magn. 75 diam. 4~0 Mr. A. G. Butler on new b'loecies Fig. 4. Lagena Feildeniana, n. sp., magn. 75 diam. Fig• 5. Polymorphina acuminata~ D'Orbigny, magn. 75 diam. : a, peri- phero-lateral aspect ; b, end view. .Fig. 6. Polymorphina rotunda~a, Bornemann~ magn. 65 diam. : a, pori- phero-lateral aspect ; b, end view. ~g. 7. [fcigerina pygm~ea, D'Orbigny, car., magn. 90 diam. g. 8. Textularia biformis, Parker & Jones~ magn. 90 diam. • 9. Verneuilina polystropha~ Reuss, magn. 90 diam.

PLAr]~ XXI. Fig. 10. Globigerina b~lloides, D'Orbigny, arctic variety, magn. 100 diam. : a, superior or spiral face; b, inferior aspect; c~ peripheral aspect. Fig. 11. Pulv~nulina Karsteni, Reuss, magn. ,50 diam. : a, superior; b, inferior ; c, peripheral aspect. Fig. 12, Bulimlna elegantissima, D'Orbigny, car., magn. 90 diam. Fig. 13. l~olystomella aretica, Parker & Jones: a, lateral, b, peripheral aspect~ magnified 30 diam. ; c~ horizontal section~ showing the laminated thickening of the shell-wall and its minute tubulation~ magn. 40 diam. ; d, horizontal section of part of the outer convolution, more highly magnified, showing the bifurcation of the sutural orifices, magn. 100 diam.

L.--D....iptio.. Zp.. e. Jap...-- Part III. Geometrites. By ARTHUR G. BUTLER, F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c. [Continued from p. 406.] Zerenid~e. ABRAXAS, Leach. 196. Abraxas consjourcata~ n. sp. Wings white, black at the base; black discocellular blotches~ two parallel diseal series of subconituent black blotches~ between which runs an orange line ; a confluent series of mar- aginal black blotches: primaries with the base orange-streaked; central costal black patch confluent with the discocellular

Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 blotch; two subbasal black blotches• Body orange, spotted with black ; the head and thorax black, but the back of the collar and tcgul~e orange. Expanse 1 inch 7 lines. Yokohama (Jonas). This species is much like some extreme heavily spotted varieties of A. grossularlata; but it may be readily distinguished from them all by the two discal series of large spots or blotches being nearer to the outer margin and complete in the secondaries as well as in the primaries, also in the secondaries being broadly black at the base. Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014

J Downloaded by [University of Cambridge] at 07:36 25 December 2014 i