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Developing Central Zagros Mountains Conservation and Sustainable Development Program with an Approach to Mainstreaming Biodiversity

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Developing Central Zagros Mountains Conservation and Sustainable Development Program with an Approach to Mainstreaming Biodiversity Journal of Scientific Research and Studies Vol. 3(9), pp. 179-190, September, 2016 ISSN 2375-8791 Copyright © 2016 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.modernrespub.org/jsrs/index.htm MRRRPPP Full Length Research Paper Developing Central Zagros Mountains conservation and sustainable development program with an approach to mainstreaming biodiversity Ali Arvahi 1*, Shirin Abolghasemi 2, Ali Nazaridoust 3, Pooneh Raisdana 4, Masoomeh Hosseininasab 4 and Reza Derakhshandeh 5 1Department of Environment, Deputy National Project Manager of UNDP/ GEF Conservation of Biodiversity in Central Zagros Mountain, Iran. 2Department of Environment, National Project Manager of Conservation of Biodiversity in Central Zagros Mountain, Iran. 3Azad University of Parand, (Iran), Assistant Professor. 4Department of Environment, Technical Expert- Management and Planning of Conservation of Biodiversity in Central Zagros Mountain, Iran. 5Department of Environment, Financial Expert of Conservation of Biodiversity in Central Zagros Mountain, Iran. *Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Accepted 14 September, 2016 In recent decades, Zagros biodiversity have faced serious dangers due to the changes in population, socio-economic systems, lack of proper management methods and the decrease in the traditional land use, impacted by unsustainable and unbalanced development. If the current practices of using natural resources and the environment do not change, many of the species will extinct soon. For years the relevant organizations in the region have conducted the sustainable development studies and activities; however, the outcomes did not have desired results in the environment, because these activities were done separately and did not involve the local communities. Therefore, a need was felt to design and develop the Conservation and Sustainable Development Program of Central Zagros Mountains aimed at mingling conservation of biodiversity and development through the participation of all the relevant stakeholders and its target in balancing and sustainable development management of the region through mainstreaming biodiversity in different parts of the development and utilization of resource. In the following, with coordination for multi sectoral ratification of the program in 6th IR- National development plan and also communicated by the Planning and Development Council of the Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Isfahan, Fars and Kohgilouyeh and Boyerahmad provinces, the operational phase of program has begun. It is obvious that this approach is a new approach in Iran and this paper will present the experiments of UNDP/GEF/DoE Conservation of Biodiversity in Central Zagros Mountain Project. Key words: Catchment management areas, mainstreaming biodiversity, central Zagros Mountains, conservation, sustainable development. INTRODUCTION Iran has worthwhile mountainous with unique biodiversity ecosystems. Mountains have the most biodiversity, flora, in the world, and the Middle East. Mountainous fauna and gene diversity in comparison with other ecosystem is one of the most important natural ecosystems, but their role and importance has not been 180 J. Sci. Res. Stud. Figure 1. CZM and Pilot Management Areas. considered adequately in Iran Socio and Economic sometimes will result in irreversible destruction and National Development Plan (Pazhoohesh and reducing local community chance for livelihood and IranManesh, 2011). protecting resources for future generations. Therefore, Central Zagros is mostly mountainous with 830-4416 m the most important destruction consequences are as altitude above sea level. The average elevation is 2332 m follows: with 34% of 2100-2400 m and less than 1000 m for less than 1% of the area. The Central Zagros is provided (a) Natural resources deterioration and destruction. settlement and livelihood for around 10% of the (b) Reducing biodiversity. population and the most important point for nomads (c) Decreasing environment quality. whose 50% of them are related to the Zagros. Moreover, (d) Landscape demolition and reducing environmental Central Zagros is the main resource for providing water health. for central Iran plateau, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea. The (e) Missing livelihood opportunities. Central Zagros Mountain (CZM) with an area of (f) Reducing social and economic development. 3.100.000 ha includes almost all of the Charmahal and (g) Decreasing life quality. Bakhtiari province and vast area of the Kohgiluye and Boyer-Ahmad province, a huge part of Marvdasht, Eghlid, According to this fact, the main reasons of Central Zagros Abadeh, Sepidan and Mamassani in Fars province and destruction are destructive and unsustainable Semirom in Isfahan (Figure 1). The most part of the area development activities, not considering nature protection covered by forests and pastures varied topography and and lack of priority in adaptation and indigenous life climate that has resulted in specific ecologic conditions quality. As a result, main solutions for conserving Zagros and high biodiversity in small areas (Aghazamani, 2016). Mountain are identified and introduced as follows: EbrahimiRastaghi (2011), despite of being a unique ecosystem, Zagros Mountain importance has not been (a) Ensuring development activities, and that, projects are considered in sustainable development and promoting green and sustainable. economic situation of the region; also indicators such as (b) Ensuring that local community life quality is prioritized. public life quality has ignored, therefore the ecosystem (c) Ensuring resources conservation, and that, natural and biodiversity is being destructed and threatened by areas are considered in all developed plans. two reasons: Changing land use in areas which has rich biodiversity and unsustainable harvesting from According to the Zagros Mountain importance, special biodiversity. These items act alone or with each other and ecologic characters and conditions, development Ali et al. 181 stakeholders’ organizations studied about sustainable convention in June of 1996 (GEF, 2007). Dalal-Clayton development and respect to the related standards in and Bass (2011) said biodiversity and poverty reduction implementation, although it hasn’t been resulted in are intrinsically linked and demand an integrated desirable results in nature. This is because of approach. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) unorganized and point activities, without local community has long emphasized the need for integrating, or participation, that hasn’t been resulted in significant ‘mainstreaming’, biodiversity into national and local impact on Zagros Mountain biodiversity conservation and development and poverty reduction strategies, most ecologic balance. Therefore, composing a recently in its new Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011- comprehensive program for conservation and sustainable 2020). Examples of nascent and successful development of Zagros Mountain is needed if a cross- mainstreaming interventions are provided by Daily and sectoral and applied structure and management system Ellison (2002), Pierce et al. (2002), Rosenzweig (2003), was established to support biodiversity and promote local and Nazaridoust et al. (2012). community livelihood in national and provincial bodies (Mehrabi, 2011). In this regard, Department of Environment (DoE) with METHODOLOGY cooperation with United Nation Development Program (UNDP) and Global Environment Fund (GEF) Petersen and Huntley (2005) said the desired outcomes experimented “Biodiversity mainstreaming” approach in of mainstreaming, borrowing from the gray literature; Conservation and Sustainable Development Program of published mainly by the World Bank, Pierce et al. (2002) Central Zagros Mountains (C+SD P of CZM) for identified the following list: comprehensive management of Central Zagros Mountain to be achieved resources conservation and sustainable (a) The incorporation of biodiversity considerations into development targets with considering main stakeholders policies governing sectoral activities. roles and participation in Zagros Mountain (b) The simultaneous achievement of gains in biodiversity comprehensive management (CBCZP, 2015). and gains in an economic sector (the “win-win” scenario). With focus on biodiversity mainstreaming approach, the (c) The recognition of sectoral activity as being based on, C+SD P of CZM has been composed. The process longs or dependent on, the sustainable use of biodiversity. for 5 years that includes study and field operations. (d) Sectoral activities in certain situations result in overall Moreover, principles and concepts of biodiversity gains for biodiversity, exceeding biodiversity losses. mainstreaming approach as a new approach in biological resources conservation are as follows (Ferdowsi, 2011): According to above outcomes, Conservation and Sustainable Development Program of Central Zagros (a) Mainstreaming means integration or settling Mountain has been developed by participation of all biodiversity conservation and sustainable use activities in governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders, production strategies such as agriculture, fishery, especially local communities. Table 1 shows the forestry, tourism, mining, etc. implementation process of composing the program. To (b) Mainstreaming means settlement of biodiversity compose C+SD P of CZM, several consultation and considerations in poverty reduction and national discussion workshops were held in national, provincial programs of sustainable development programs. and management
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