Intensive catchment wide survey of FIOs and related data

Carl Stapleton on behalf of the research team

www.shef.ac.uk/c2c Field survey design Sampling overview

• HSPF - sub catchment structure – Low & high flow FIO characterisation of selected subcatchments identified by model team, with responsive sampling • Infoworks network models – Temporal variability of FIO flux from intermittent storm discharges (CSOs, storm tanks) over single events to clarify ‘event mean concentration’, responsive manual sampling augmented by autosamplers – Final effluent and crude sewage quality Sampling overview 2

• 1D/2D/3D Numerical river & coastal hydrodynamic & WQ models – Current velocity and direction • ADCPs • Drogues – Travel time and connection • Microbial tracer surveys – Water & Sediment Quality • Vertical WQ profiles – discrete samples & sondes • Bed sediment samples • Riverine & sewage input quality/fluxes – Mircrobial decay • marine and freshwaters; funded by EA Catchment field team deployment • July – Sept, Oct 2012 – (1st week: equipment installation) • CREH Laboratory: – E. coli, presumptive & confirmed enterococci, turbidity, pH, conductivity, salinity. Riverine sample points

Site River Location 101 Ribble EA Samlesbury gauge 102 Ribble 103 Ribble Mitton Bridge 104 Ribble Sawley Bridge 109 Hodder Lower Hodder Bridge 111 Loud ptc Hodder 112 Langden Brook ptc Hodder 115 ptc Ribble, Edisford Ln 116 Swanside Beck ptc Ribble (A59) 118 Bolton-by-Bowland 119 ptc Ribble 120 Calder Whalley flow station 127 Barden Weir 140 Wigglesworth Beck ptc Ribble 141 Water u/s Colne WwTW 142 Ribble Edisford 143 Easington Brook ptc Hodder 144 Wanlass Water ptc Pendle Water 201 Dawen EA Blue Bridge gauge 203 d/s Hollins Mill 204 Darwen d/s Darwen WwTW 205 Old Briggs Brook 501 Lostock Ulnes Walton Lane 601 Yarrow Fishery Bridge Croston 26 sample points 701 Douglas Wanes Blades Bridge 801 Three Pools at A570 18 sites same as 2002 apportionment study. Rivers and Streams

• 1629 samples – Between 24 and 34 base flow samples/site – Between 16 and 44 high flow samples/site Riverine E. coli WwTW samples

• Phase 1 (Jul – Sept): 6 WwTW FE & STOs • Phase 2 (Oct): 7 WwTW Crude influent, FE & STOs • Total 409 samples

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Blackburn Walton-le-Dale Darwen Leyland

Wigan Treated sewage E. coli CSO event monitoring

• 6 CSOs & 2 storm tank overflows (Burnley & Leyland) • High sampling frequency, initially 5 - 10 minutes • Autosamplers at 2 CSOs triggered by level switches. • Field team deployed to other CSOs during periods of heavy rain to await start of spill & to sample

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Blackpool Central Darwen at Blue Bridge – Bathing water – d/s large secondary WwTW

Ribble at Ribchester Douglas at Wanes Blades – informal freshwater bathing – d/s large UV WwTW Offshore boat surveys Estuarine & Offshore surveys • 6 Profile sites: – 3 mile marker – 6 mile marker – 9 mile marker – 11 mile marker – – Southport • Water samples collected at surface, 1m, 60% d & seabed • Bed sediment samples • Sonde profiles (temp, cond, sal, TDS, turb, pH, DO) • Downwelling photosynthetically available radiation • 200 samples for FIOs Water quality & sediment surveys

Estuary mouth transect (approx. 14 mile marker) Drogue tracking Drogue tracking

Drogues released at: 1. Proposed Anchorsholme outfall (HW) 2. Manchester Square outfall (HW) 3. Fairhaven Outfall (HW) 4. River Douglas (HW) 5. Southport profile point (LW) 6. Ainsdale (LW) 7. Formby (LW)

ADCP deployment

Deployed Sat 23rd/Sun 24th November 2013

Recovered Feb-April 2014 ADCP deployment

• 5 locations

Tracer studies Overview • 2 studies – 8th – 10th September – 21st – 23rd October • Bacteriophage Tracers • Gulp tracer injection 1016 to 1017 orgs – same no. orgs as between 1 & 67 million m3 storm sewage) – Total E.coli flux to Estuary over 12 weeks = 1.1 x 1017 organisms (July – Sept 2012) • Hourly sampling for four tidal cycles after injections • Wide intertidal areas required use of 2-person UTVs • 3109 phage & 2706 FIO enumerations: 902 samples 1st Study Overview

• 4 marked inputs: – Manchester Square PS CSO (LW release) – Fairhaven Tanks PS CSO outfall (HW release) – River Douglas (confluence with Ribble Estuary) (HW) – Southport WwTW FE (HW) • 6 bathing water sampling locations: – Blackpool Bathing waters (South, Central, North) – St. Annes (pier) & St. Annes North bathing waters – Southport bathing water

Blackpool sample points

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St. Annes (pier) Boat sampling transects

• Boat sampling off Blackpool between North and South piers during first flooding tide

© Crown Copyright and Database Right 2015. Ordnance Survey (Digimap Licence) MS2 – Manchester Square

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0 0 -10.00 -5.00 0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 Hours after tracer released (14:32 BST 8/9/13) 2nd study 2nd Study Overview • 3 marked inputs: – Harrowside CSO (HW release) – (tidal limit) (HW) – Preston (Clifton Marsh) WwTW FE (HW)(+Rhodamine) • 5 bathing water sampling locations: – Blackpool Bathing waters (South, Central, North) – St. Annes (pier) & St. Annes North bathing waters • 4 estuary sample points: – R. Darwen mouth (Winery Lane) – R. Ribble, L’pool Rd bridge ( Bridge) Preston – Preston Marin Bullnose – Lytham • Boat sampling between marina and Lytham over HW at set points in estuary

Estuary sample points

• Boat sampling off Preston WwTW outfall in Rhodamine plum River Darwen – Serratia Estuarine sites River Darwen – Serratia Estuarine sites River Darwen – Serratia bathing water sites Other observations Bacterial Decay experiments

www.shef.ac.uk/c2c FIO Decay experiments

• 47 irradiated and associated dark experiments: – 282 Microcosm results – 18 Sites: • 3 Freshwater • 7 Estuarine/Brackish • 8 Seawater – 9 Sites in C2C Study Area: • 3 Freshwater: Darwen TL, Ribchester & Settle • 3 Estuarine: 1 mile post, 6 Mile post & Lytham • 3 Seawater: Bl’pool Central, North & – 200 Results from C2C Study Area Results

Mean Mean Mean Total Irradiation -2 n T90 (Hours) T90 (Hours) D90 (MJ m ) Irradiated Dark (Visible+UVA+UVB) E. coli Freshwater 68 13.61 **355.51 6.65 Estuarine 32 8.56 *30.64 5.17 Saline 20 2.33 33.77 1.41 Confirmed Enterococci Freshwater 68 14.87 65.70 8.99 Estuarine† 32 11.08 84.63 6.70 Saline 20 4.98 57.39 3.01

* Excludes one experiment where no decay was observed ** Excludes two experiments where no decay was observed 10,350 enumerations † Estuarine data includes a wide range of salinity (1-30 ppt) Data Dissemination Data from: Used for: • QMSA WQ Surveys • Regional Coastal Modelling; • Tracer surveys • Storm water management; • Offshore WQ Profiles • Catchment Management; • Sediment Surveys • Catchment remediation; • ADCPs; • Trade effluents; • Drogues; • Bathing water compliance prediction; • Bacterial decay (T90); • Weather stations • Cell 11 Regional Monitoring Programme; • Pollution Source investigations; Provided to: • MSc study (with EA)