Concert ‹ Deux Orchestres

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Concert ‹ Deux Orchestres André Larquié président Brigitte Marger directeur général « Oui, il y a de la virtuosité sonore chez Mahler : constamment visible, rarement voyante. » Cette clarté de l’instrumentation mahlérienne relevée par Pierre Boulez en 1976 avait également été soulignée par Schönberg en 1948 : « Ce qui frappe d’abord dans l’orchestration de Mahler, c’est l’objectivité presque sans précédent qui le pousse à n’écrire que ce qui est absolument nécessaire. » Lignes épurées, colorations délicates, traits concis sont autant de gestes admirés par le maître vien- nois et pour une large part absorbés dans son propre style. D’une grande homo- généité, ce programme offre un ensemble d’œuvres où Schönberg et Mahler sont parvenus à cette parfaite aisance dans la transparence et la pureté du trai- tement sonore. Avec la Symphonie de chambre n° 1 op 9 (1906), Schönberg abandonne pour la première fois le grand effectif orchestral des premières œuvres comme Pelléas et Mélisande ou les Gurre-Lieder. Cette réduction de la nomenclature, également pré- sente dans les Trois pièces pour orchestre de chambre (1910), participe de l’ex- trême concentration alors recherchée par le compositeur tant dans la forme que dans le matériau. C’est dans le même esprit qu’en 1922 il réorchestre pour dix- sept instruments le Lied der Waldtaube, péroraison de la première partie des gigantesques Gurre-Lieder. Avec cette réactualisation instrumentale il opte pour une écriture minimale ne supportant plus aucune addition décorative ou gratuite. Dans les plus tardives Variations pour orchestre op 31 (1926-1928), Schönberg revient au grand effectif symphonique qu’il exploite dans un style proche de celui de la musique de chambre suivant en ce sens l’écriture économe de Mahler dans ses cinq Rückert-Lieder (1901). Les variations paires sont ainsi traitées en for- mation réduite alors que les variations impaires conservent la grande formation dans sa totalité. Clarté de l’alternance dans le but d’obtenir plus d’efficacité, alors synonyme pour Schönberg de plus d’expressivité. Corinne Schneider samedi 6 mars - 20h Arnold Schönberg salle des concerts Symphonie de chambre n° 1 op 9, pour 15 instru- ments solistes (1906) durée : 20 minutes Trois Pièces pour orchestre de chambre (1910) durée : 2 minutes Lied der Waldtaube, pour mezzo-soprano et 17 ins- truments (1922) durée : 12 minutes Pierre Boulez, direction Yvonne Naef, mezzo-soprano Ensemble Intercontemporain entracte Gustav Mahler Rückert-Lieder (1901) durée : 18 minutes Um Mitternacht Ich atmet’ einen linden Duft Blicke mir nicht in die Lieder ! Liebst du um Schönheit Ich bin der Welt abhanden gekommen Arnold Schönberg Variations pour orchestre, op 31 (1926-1928) durée : 23 minutes Pierre Boulez, direction Yvonne Naef, mezzo-soprano Philharmonia Orchestra coproduction cité de la musique, Ensemble Intercontemporain en collaboration avec le Philharmonia Orchestra concert à deux orchestres Arnold Schönberg effectif : flûte/flûte piccolo, hautbois, cor anglais, clarinette en Symphonie de chambre mi b, clarinette en si b/clarinette en la, clarinette basse, bas- n° 1 op 9, pour 15 ins- son, contrebasson, 2 cors en fa, 2 violons, alto, violoncelle, contrebasse ; éditeur : Universal Edition. truments Dans un texte écrit aux États-Unis à l’âge de 75 ans (Comment j’ai évolué, 1949), Schönberg situe l’op 9 (1906) à l’apogée de sa première période de com- position. Avec cette Première Symphonie de chambre, il a la conviction d’avoir atteint son « propre style de compositeur » en étant notamment parvenu « à un progrès considérable dans la libération de la disso- nance ». Bien qu’inscrite dans la tonalité générale de mi majeur, cette œuvre repose en effet sur un maté- riau étranger au système tonal. Schönberg y accu- mule des procédés tels que la prolifération des ambiguïtés harmoniques, le chromatisme et la gamme par tons (dans le premier thème du mouvement initial Sehr rasch, par exemple). Mais c’est surtout l’utilisa- tion d’harmonies de quartes qui mine définitivement le sentiment tonal, et ce, dès la première page avec le signal du cor construit sur la succession ré-sol-do- fa-si b-mi b. Schönberg souligna lui-même le rôle fon- damental de cet intervalle dans son Traité d’harmonie (1911) : « Ces quartes se répandent à travers l’œuvre entière de façon architecturale [...]. Elles n’apparais- sent pas seulement en tant que mélodie ou simple effet d’accord impressionniste, mais leur caractère particulier pénètre la structure harmonique tout entière : ce sont des accords comme les autres. » Quant à la forme générale de cette composition en un seul tenant, Alban Berg est le premier à en avoir cherché la combinatoire dans une analyse théma- tique qu’il publie en 1918. Il ramène la structure à l’imbrication d’un vaste premier mouvement de sonate avec les quatre moments de la symphonie tradition- nelle (exposition / scherzo / développement / mou- vement lent / récapitulation). L’extrême concentration de cette construction confère un caractère plutôt ramassé à la partition qui se retrouve dans l’effectif instrumental. Il s’agit en effet d’un orchestre réduit 4| cité de la musique concert à deux orchestres dans lequel tous les pupitres sont représentés à l’ex- ception de la percussion. Après son installation aux États-Unis, Schönberg effectue une version pour grand orchestre de cet opus (comportant d’impor- tantes modifications au niveau des parties secon- daires et d’accompagnement), qu’il dirige pour la première fois à Los Angeles en 1935. Trois pièces effectif : flûte, hautbois, clarinette en si b, basson, cor en pour orchestre fa, harmonium, célesta, 2 violons, alto, violoncelle, contre- de chambre basse ; éditeur : Belmont. Après les Cinq pièces pour orchestre op 16 et Erwartung, les Trois pièces pour orchestre de chambre (1910) de Schönberg, écrites pour 12 instruments solistes, sont décisives dans l’établissement de l’ato- nalité. Pour le compositeur viennois, cette nouvelle voie se caractérise d’abord par « l’émancipation de la dissonance », expression visant à traduire selon lui « une extension de l’intelligibilité, qui donne à la dis- sonance la même intelligibilité qu’à la consonance » (1941). Totalement « incorporés aux fonctions musi- cales et ayant prise sur la sensibilité », des accords dissonants non préparés, non résolus et non fonc- tionnels ou encore des harmonies de quartes, devien- nent ainsi les éléments constitutifs du nouveau langage. Depuis 1908, les œuvres atonales de Schönberg pré- sentent encore une autre particularité : l’extrême briè- veté. Avec les Six petites pièces pour piano op 19 (1911), les Trois pièces pour orchestre de chambre (1910) sont dans l’ensemble de la production du com- positeur les partitions les plus concises. En moins de trois minutes se succèdent trois mouvements (Rasch / rapide, Mässig / modéré et Gehende / allant) dont le dernier reste inachevé sur un ostinato de l’harmonium. Retrouvée après sa mort en 1957 par Josef Rufer, cette miniature inaboutie témoigne d’un certain état « d’asphyxie » qui caractérise le style de Schönberg au début des années 1910. Il s’agit en effet d’une de ses dernières pièces atonales purement instrumentales avant la méthode de composition avec douze sons notes de programme | 5 concert à deux orchestres (1923). Impasse de l’idée ou crise du style… il s’agit d’une partition extrême dans la concentration de tous les paramètres, toujours guidée par l’unique ambition d’aboutir à une expression maximale. Lied der Waldtaube effectif : mezzo-soprano, flûte/flûte piccolo, hautbois, cor anglais, clarinette en la, clarinette en la/clarinette en mi b, clarinette base, basson, contrebasson, 2 cors en fa, piano, harmonium, 2 violons, alto, violoncelle, contrebasse ; édi- teur : Universal Edition. Le Lied der Waldtaube fut sans aucun doute une des pages les plus appréciées de Schönberg de son vivant. Elle conclut la première partie des Gurre-Lieder dont la composition s’étend de 1900 à 1911. Initialement conçu avec piano, ce cycle devient l’œuvre la plus gigantesque du compositeur. Elle nécessite en effet cinq solistes, un récitant, un chœur d’hommes à trois voix, un chœur mixte à huit voix et un effectif orchestral monumental (8 flûtes, 7 clarinettes, 7 trom- pettes…). Pendant près de deux heures, les textes du poète danois Jens Peter Jacobsen (1847-1885) choisis par Schönberg retracent la légendaire ren- contre amoureuse du puissant et vieux roi Waldemar, rebelle qui ne craint ni Dieu ni le Diable, avec la jeune et ravissante Tove. Victime de la jalousie de la reine, Tove meurt. Waldemar est alors condamné à errer et à pourchasser éternellement la vision inaccessible de la bien-aimée, ayant osé se révolter contre Dieu qui lui a ôté la dernière chance de connaître enfin le bon- heur. Thématique éminemment wagnérienne, dont l’ombre plane également sur l’écriture musicale et sur la qualité du traitement orchestral. Prenant place juste après le dialogue amoureux du couple, le Lied der Waldtaube est le sommet émo- tionnel du cycle. Au cours de cette lamentation, l’oi- seau donne le récit de la mort de Tove et témoigne de l’affliction de Waldemar qui commence à se trans- former en un être démoniaque et à se révolter contre Dieu. En 1922, Schönberg transforme cette lamen- tation en une partition autonome dont il arrange l’or- 6| cité de la musique concert à deux orchestres chestration pour un ensemble de chambre constitué de 17 instruments. Claire et évidente, la nouvelle dis- position met a posteriori en évidence toute la moder- nité de l’écriture de 1900 basée sur un système d’ostinato et de relais entre les timbres, déjà très proche du principe de la « Klangfarbenmelodie » (mélodie de timbres) opéré dans les Cinq pièces pour orchestre op 16 de 1909. C. S. notes de programme | 7 concert à deux orchestres Lied der Waldtaube La Voix de la colombe des bois Tauben von Gurre ! Sorge quält mich, Ramiers de Gurre, un souci me point Vom Weg über die Insel her ! Qui vient du chemin de l’île ! Kommet ! Lauschet ! Approchez ! Ecoutez ! Tot ist Tove ! Nacht auf ihrem Auge, Tove est morte, la nuit est sur ses yeux Das der Tag des Königs war ! Qui étaient le jour du roi.
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