Banana Bush Brush Caper Berry publication. of time

Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Capparis arborea How wide should the Riparian zone be? the at accuracy ensure steps reasonable all taken has author the information, Riparian zone width is heavily influenced by human activity. this compiling In advice. appropriate seek please circumstances specific For only.

Agriculture, tourism, fishing, boating and commercial activity has advice general as intended is publication this in Information Disclaimer. General influenced riparian zone width since European settlement. If we were A guide to selection for to have an ideal width for riparian ecosystems it would be in the revegetation projects range of 10 - 40 m or more. However, the majority of existing riparian areas of the Mid – lower Clarence River which are accessible for Using local native for revegetation projects contributes revegetation are currently in the range of 5 - 20 m. significantly to improving biodiversity. By understanding the natural

habitat of native plants we can improve our chances of reinstating How salty is the river?

native vegetation. A range of different species occurs along Seawater is approximately 35,000 ppm while freshwater is generally waste. post-consumer from recycled

the Clarence River. Where they are located is largely dependent Brown Kurrajong River Lilly defined as water with a salinity of less than 3,000ppm. Brackish 100% paper ecoStar on Printed

upon their geographic range and distribution as well as preferences Commersonia bartramia Crinum pedunculatum water can be anywhere between 500 to 30,000ppm. Water sampling 2013. February Printed

for soil conditions and tolerances of different levels of inundation is regularly carried out at various locations on the Clarence River and www.clarencelandcare.com.au

Email: [email protected]

by salt, brackish or fresh water. Species selection for each site the table below provides an example of how salty the river can be at

Phone: 5009 6643 02

is determined by assessing the many factors that influence tree the time when the sampling is carried out. This can be different from

growth, the purpose of the riparian planting and consideration of month to month and year to year depending on river flows and tides. Landcare. Clarence contact guide the

the following; of copy a or information further For River Salinity Levels at various parts of the Clarence & Coldstream • availability of seed resources Rivers & Shark Creek on 26th & 27th November 2012 • suitability of height and width for location Location Salinity (ppm) • soil type Clarence River at Grafton 590 • tolerance to saline or brackish water Tuckeroo Sandpaper Fig Clarence River at Swan Creek mouth 3110 • shading of water courses Cupaniopsis anacardiodes Ficus coronata Clarence River at Southgate mouth 5410 • harvesting and maintenance of crops Clarence River at Ulmarra 3960 • proximity to power lines, vehicular tracks, fences Clarence River at Lawrence 9225 • availability of fresh water Clarence River at Maclean 14300 • landowner’s ability to maintain the site. Clarence River at Harwood Bridge 18900 The aftercare of revegetation projects is vitally important and Upper Shark Creek at bridge on Byrons Lane 2620 maintenance of plantings should be considered as part of any Upper Coldstream River at Briner Bridge 2000 project. This is especially important for threatened, rare and endangered plants. Lower Coldstream River at Calligans Creek mouth 5320

The Importance of Riparian Vegetation found where salt levels are slightly lower or as an understory to Source: Clarence Valley Council Floodplain Project Newsletter, December 2012. The riparian area is commonly defined as the land alongside creeks the Grey Mangrove. Saltmarsh generally occur on the landward and rivers, including the riverbank itself. Riparian vegetation grows side of mangroves. Red Samphire (Sarcocornia quinqueflora), next to a waterway, whether it is a gully, creek, swamp, wetland, Saltwater Couch (Sporobolus virginicus) and Marine Couch river, fresh or saline. Aside from the aesthetic and biodiversity (Paspalum vaginatum) are common Saltmarsh species. Toe of Bank benefits provided by healthy riparian vegetation, plants along the Saltmarsh can include a mosaic of different habitat types such Low growing, multi trunked plants with Riparian zone provide important functions such as; as; tidal pools, rush meadows, herb fields, and mudflats. matted roots to bind the toe. Best • filtering of sediment, nutrients and pollutants before Zones species for erosion control and can they reach the waterway. withstand inundation and fast flowing To give an indication of where species mainly occur along the water. • protection against wave and flood erosion - the roots of river is divided into three main zones of occurrence trees bind and reinforce soils. - i.e. different plants and their varying tolerances of saline or Middle Bank • shading of waterways – provides fish friendly habitat and brackish water. Topmost part of the face of the bank. Medium sized plants with good root reduces blue - green algae growth. Zone S is predominantly saline, Zone B is predominantly systems and large canopies which • ensures healthy ecosystems. Brackish and Zone F is predominantly Freshwater - with shade the stream. • a source of food and habitat for aquatic and terrestrial species. some mixing of brackish waters during high tides. Plants listed in B and F may also be found along tidally influenced Upper Bank • important locations for conservation and movement MID – LOWER freshwater creeks and rivers that flow into the Clarence. Flat or mostly level section. of wildlife. Trees with deep root systems. The factors that most influence plant distribution along the river CLARENCE RIVER estuary are salt exposure and regular fluctuations in water level caused by tides. As these change with distance from the sea so RIPARIAN PLANTS does the species composition of the riparian vegetation. The mouth of the Clarence River is located between the towns of Yamba and Iluka with its estuarine reaches extending approximately 108 km upstream to Copmanhurst. The estuarine limit of Mangroves is noted at around Ulmarra (downstream of Grafton). Generally speaking, the Grey Mangrove occurs in the lowest part of the estuary where salt levels are highest e.g. around Yamba, Iluka, the lower estuary islands and channels. The River Mangrove A guide to selection for is more shrub - like than the taller Grey Mangrove and is usually revegetation projects ZONE S ZONE B Middle Bank - Continued Upper Bank Upper Bank - Continued Common Vines - Continued Callistemon viminalis Acacia disparrima subsp.disparrima Eucalyptus robusta Maclura cochinchinensis Small T T T V Zone S - Saline Zone B - Brackish Weeping Red Bottlebrush Ironbark Wattle Swamp Mahogany Cockspur Thorn Capparis arborea Acacia floribunda Eucalyptus grandis Pandorea pandorana Small T T T V Toe of Bank Toe of Bank Brush Caper Berry White Sallow Wattle Flooded Gum Wonga Wonga Vine Cryptocarya glaucescens Acacia irrorata Eucalyptus siderophloia Parsonsia straminea Avicennia marina Aegiceras corniculatum Small Small V T S T T Northern Grey Ironbark T Common Silkpod Grey Mangrove River Mangrove Jackwood Green Wattle Cryptocarya triplinervis Acacia melanoxylon Euroschinus falcata Stephania japonica Bruguiera gymnorhiza Avicennia marina Small T T V T Three-veined Laurel T Blackwood Ribbonwood Snake Vine Large-leaved Mangrove T Grey Mangrove Dianella caerulea. Acmena smithii Ficus virens var. sublanceolata (not common) Casuarina cunninghamiana T T T White Fig ZONE F Crinum pedunculatum River Oak Blue Flax Lily Lilly Pilly Dysoxylum mollissimum Alectryon tomentosus Ficus macrophylla River Lily Casuarina glauca T T T Moreton Bay Fig Zone F - Freshwater Rhizophora stylosa Swamp Oak subsp. molle (D. muelleri) T Hairy Alectryon Red Bean Allocasuarina littoralis Ficus obliqua Red or Stilted Mangrove (not T Crinum pedunculatum T T Ehretia acuminata Black She-Oak Small-leaved Fig Toe of Bank common) River Lily T Koda Alphitonia excelsa Ficus superb var. henneana Tetragona tetragonioides Hibiscus tiliaceus T T Acmena smithii (minor) HB T Elaeocarpus obovatus Red Ash Deciduous Fig Small T NZ Spinach, Warrigal Green Cottonwood Hibiscus T Creek Lilly Pilly Hard Quandong Angophora subvelutina Ficus rubignosa Lomandra hystrix T T Callistemon viminalis Middle Bank G Elaeodendron australis Broad-leaved Apple Rusty Fig T River Mat Rush T Weeping Red Bottlebrush Acrostichum speciosum Red Olive Plum Araucaria cunninghamii Flindersia australis Lomandra longifolia T T Casuarina cunninghamiana Mangrove Fern G Ficus coronata Hoop Pine Australian Teak T Spiny Mat Rush T River Oak Avicennia marina Phragmites autralis Sandpaper Fig Baeckea virgata Flindersia schottiana Ficus coronata T Small T T T Grey Mangrove Ficus fraseri Twiggy Baeckea Cudgerie Common Reed T Sandpaper Fig Casuarina glauca Sandpaper Fig exaltata Flindersia bennettiana Leptospermum brachyandrum T T T Swamp Oak ZONES B & F Glochidion ferdinandi Brush Ironbark Bennett’s Ash S T Thin-fruited Tea Tree Cheese Tree Crinum pedunculatum Backhousia sciadophora Gmelina leichardtii Lomandra hystrix T R River Lily Zones B & F - Brackish & Freshwater Guioa semiglauca T White Beech River Mat Rush T Shatterwood Excoecaria agallocha Guioa Grevillea robusta Lomandra longifolia T Callistemon salignus T R Milky Mangrove Toe of Bank Jagera pseudorhus T Silky Oak T White Bottlebrush Spiny Mat Rush Foambark Lophostemon confertus Juncus kraussii Carex gaudichaudiana australe T Phragmites autralis Sea Rush R Leptospermum brachyandrum T Brush Box Carex T Black Bean Common Reed Thin-fruited Tea Tree Syncarpia glomulifera Upper Bank: Landward of the toe Phylidrum lanuginosum Commersonia bartramia T Potamophila parviflora R Leptospermum polygalifolium T Turpentine GC Frogsmouth Brown Kurrajong Potamophila (instream sp.) subsp. cismontanum Alphitonia excelsa S Toona ciliata Tristaniopsis laurina T Schoenoplectus mucronatus Creek Tea Tree Corymbia intermedia T T Red Ash R Red Cedar Water Gum Club Rush Lophostemon suaveolens (Eucalyptus intermedia) T Casuarina glauca T Pink Bloodwood Waterhousea floribunda T Schoenoplectus validus Swamp Turpentine Zones B & F - Brackish & Freshwater T Swamp Oak R Weeping Myrtle River Club Rush Mallotus discolor Dysoxylum rufum Banksia integrifolia Small T T T Hairy Rosewood Common Vines Coast Banksia Middle Bank Yellow Kamala Eucalyptus tereticornis Cupaniopsis anacardiodes Mallotus philippensis T Derris involuta Acmena smithii (minor) Small T Forest Red Gum V T Small T Red Kamala Native Derris Tuckeroo Creek Lilly Pilly Melaleuca linariifolia Elaeocarpus grandis Eustrephus latifolius Elaeocarpus obovatus Alectryon subcinereus Small T T V T T Snow in Summer Blue Quandong Wombat Berry Hard Quandong Wild Quince Melaleuca stypheliodes Endiandra sieberi Flagelaria indica E. tereticornis Aphananthe philippinensis T T V T Small T Prickly Paperbark Hard Corkwood Whip Vine Forest Red Gum Rough Leaved Elm Mischocarpus pyriformis Glochidion ferdinandi Backhousia myrtifolia T T Small T Yellow Pear-fruit Cheese Tree Grey Myrtle Oplismenus aemulus & O.imbecillis Guioa semiglauca Baeckea virgata G T Small T Basket Grasses Websites Guioa Twiggy Baeckea References and Resources Notelaea longifolia PlantNET National Herbarium of NSW Flora Online at Hibiscus tiliaceus Breynia oblongifolia T T S Large Mock Olive http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/ Cottonwood Hibiscus Breynia Books Persoonia stradbrokiensis Melaleuca quinquenervia Cupaniopsis anacardiodes T Floyd, A.G. (2008) Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern CRC for Australian Weed Management at www.weedscrc.org.au T T Geebung Broad-leaved Paperbark Tuckeroo Australia, Terania Creek Publishing, Lismore Australia Pittosporum undulatum Weeds Australia at www.weeds.org.au Myoporum acuminatum Cupaniopsis parvifolia T T T Sweet Pittosporum Harden, G., McDonald, B. & Williams, W. (2006) Rainforest trees Mangrove Boobialla Small-leaved Tuckeroo Psychotria loniceroides and shrubs: A field guide to their identification, Gwen Harden Useful local contacts Hairy Psychotria T The plant species guide represents many of the known species occurring on the Mid - Lower Clarence Publishing Nambucca Heads. Clarence Landcare Inc. Myrsine variabilis T www.clarencelandcare.com.au River. These species do not occur exclusively in these zones but they occur most commonly there. Variable Muttonwood Harden, G., McDonald, B. & Williams, W. (2007) Rainforest Phone: 02 6643 5009 Rhodamnia rubescens climbing plants: A field guide to their identification, Gwen Harden Scrub Turpentine T Publishing Nambucca Heads. Clarence Valley Council LEGEND Streblus brunonianus Romanowski, N., (1998) Aquatic and wetland plants: a field www.clarence.nsw.gov.au T Whalebone Tree Phone: 02 6643 0200 (general enquiries) Zone S - Saline R Rush guide for non – tropical Australia published by UNSW, Sydney. Tabernaemontana pandacaqui S Northern Rivers Catchment Management Authority Zone B - Brackish LR Littoral Rainforest Banana Bush Van Son, J. (2nd Edition 2012), Nambucca Valley Vegetation & Planting Guide, Local Native Plants and Weeds, published www.northern.cma.nsw.gov.au Zone B & F V Vine by CFOC & Nambucca Valley landcare Inc. Community Action Phone: 02 6642 0622 Grant. Zone F - Freshwater GC Groundcover Acknowledgement Companion publications: T Tree G Grasses Plants listed in B and F may also be found along tidally influenced This publication was funded by an Australian Government freshwater creeks and rivers that flow into the Clarence. Clarence Coast & Estuary Resource Kit, The Northern Rivers Caring for Our Country Community Action Grant. S Shrub HB Herb Resource Kit for Rural Landholders, Clarence River Floodplain & Estuary Native Plant Species Guide & Clarence Coast Dune Publication Reference: Mousley, J.G. (2012). Mid – Lower Clarence River Riparian Plants – a guide to selection for revegetation projects. Plants. Published by Clarence Landcare Inc., Grafton NSW and the Australian Government CFOC-Community Action Grants.