The Whole Science of Gymnastics Journal Vol.2, Num.2, 2010

vol. 2, num. 2, year 2010 Published by Department of Gymnastics, Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana ISSN 1855-7171 Science of Gymnastics Journal (ScGYM®) Science of Gymnastics Journal (ScGYM®) is an international journal that provide a wide range of scientific information specific to gymnastics. The journal is publishing both empirical and theoretical contributions related to gymnastics from the natural, social and human sciences. It is aimed at enhancing gymnastics knowledge (theoretical and practical) based on research and scientific methodology. We welcome articles concerned with performance analysis, judges' analysis, biomechanical analysis of gymnastics elements, medical analysis in gymnastics, pedagogical analysis related to gymnastics, biographies of important gymnastics personalities and other historical analysis, social aspects of gymnastics, motor learning and motor control in gymnastics, methodology of learning gymnastics elements, etc. Manuscripts based on quality research and comprehensive research reviews will also be considered for publication. The journal welcomes papers from all types of research paradigms. Editor-in-Chief Ivan Čuk, Slovenia Responsible Editor Maja Bu čar Pajek, Slovenia Editorial and Scientific Board Science of Gymnastics Journal is indexed in Mikko Pehkonen, Finland EBSCOhost SPORTDiscus (USA),COBISS Nikolaj Georgievic Suchilin, Russia (IZUM) Slovenia), SIRC (Canada). Hardy Fink, Canada ScGYM ® (ISSN 1855-7171) is an international William Sands, USA online journal published three times a year Kamenka Živ čič Markovi ć, Croatia (February, June, October). ® Department of Ignacio Grande Rodríguez, Spain Gymnastics, Faculty of Sport, University of Warwick Forbes, Australia Ljubljana. All rights reserved. This journal and David McMinn, Scotland, UK the individual contributions contained in it Almir Atikovi ć, Bosnia and Herzegovina are protected under Copyright and Related Rights José Ferreirinha, Portugal Act of the Republic of Slovenia. Istvan Karacsony, Hungary Editorial Office Address Science of Gymnastics Journal Faculty of Sport, Department of Gymnastics Gortanova 22, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Telephone: +386 (0)1 520 7765 Fax: +386 (0)1 520 7750 E-mail: [email protected] Home page: http://www.scienceofgymnastics.com Science of Gymnastics Journal is supported by Foundation for financing sport organisations in Slovenia and Slovenian Book Agency. SCIENCE OF GYMNASTICS JOURNAL Vol. 2 Issue 2: 2010 CONTENTS Ivan Čuk EDITORIAL 3 Abie Grossfeld A HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS 5 QUALITY OF THE TECHING PROCESS AS AN EXPLANATORYY VARIABLE IN LEARNING GYMNASTICS Mikko Pehkonen IN SCHOOL PHYSICAL EDUCATION SKILLS 29 Gammon M. Earhart COORDINATION OF HANDWALKING IN GYMNASTS: Callie Mosiman A COMPARISION TO BIPEDAL WALKING 41 George Dallas JUDGES' EVALUATION OF ROUTINES Paschalis Kirialanis IN MEN'S ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS 49 BASIC LANDING CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR Miha Marinšek APPLICATION IN ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS 59 SLOVENSKI IZVLE ČKI / SLOVENE ABSTRACTS 68 1 SCIENCE OF GYMNASTICS JOURNAL Vol. 2 Issue 2: 2010 2 SCIENCE OF GYMNASTICS JOURNAL Vol. 2 Issue 2 2010 EDITORIAL Dear friends, It is already four months since the last issue of the Science of Gymnastics Journal. In the period from 1 February to 1 June, the previous issue received 4320 visits from 81 countries. For a scientific journal, this is quite a respectable number. In May/June, EBSCOhost list of Journals included the Science of Gymnastics Journal in the SPORTDiscus database. Hence, our Journal is now indexed in the largest sport journal databases. Additionally, Thomson Reuter promised to consider evaluating our Journal for the Impact Factor if we publish our next three issues on time (June and October 2010 and February 2011). As you have been very diligent sending your papers we are certain we can respond to the Thomson Reuter’s requests in good time and with high quality content. The gymnastics community (FIG) knows that more knowledge leads to a lift in the level of gymnastics. At the end of June, the second symposium on artistic and rhythmic gymnastics, organized by the Faculty of Physical Education, Campinas University, will be held in Sao Paolo, Brazil. You can visit their web site at http://www.fef.unicamp.br/sigarc2010/index.htm . We strongly support gymnastics conferences and would like to share information about all such scientifically orientated events. If you are planning to organize a scientific conference on gymnastics please let us know and we will publish the information on our pages. In the current issue, we present a History of the USA Artistic Gymnastics written by Abie Grossfield. I first met Abie in 1995 when he was video recording the World Championships in Sabae. Abie is a living legend and in his article I found interesting new pieces of information that only somebody who has lived the moment can provide. His article is the first historical article in our Journal and hopefully it will inspire others (for example, Antonin Gajdoš who will turn 70 this year) to write more such papers. Mikko Pehkonen from Finland conducted an interesting research study on the quality of teaching in schools. The physical education theme is another new topic in this Journal and, again, it will hopefully lead to many more stimulating papers on gymnastics in schools. Our third article comes from the United States; it was written by Earhart Gammon who researched and analyzed walking in handstand in comparison with normal walking. The next article is from Greece: George Dallas examined judges in men’s artistic gymnastics and how their knowledge and experience influence the quality of judging. The last article is from Slovenia. Miha Marinšek writes about landings in gymnastics. His review provides an overview of what has been done and suggestions on what should be done in the near future about landings. Wishing you inspiring reading, Ivan Čuk Editor-in-Chief 3 SCIENCE OF GYMNASTICS JOURNAL Vol. 2 Issue 2 2010 4 Grossfeld A. A HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARISTIC GYMNASTICS… Vol. 2 Issue 2: 5-28 A HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARTISTIC GYMNASTICS Abie Grossfeld Southern Connecticut State University , New Haven, USA Invited original research article Abstract “A History of United States Gymnastics,” by Abie Grossfeld, covers the development and accomplishments of U.S. gymnastics through the years, starting with the organizations and the individual pioneers who introduced and helped spread gymnastics across the U.S. The contributions, to U.S. gymnastics, of the various organizations – Turnvereins, Sokols, YMCAs, athletic clubs, colleges, and high schools - are explained. In addition are the roles that the NCAA and AAU had in U.S. gymnastics development. Presented are the nature of and the participation in the various past and present gymnastics events (apparatus). Listed are skills that were initially performed by U.S. gymnasts for each event, and the notable accomplishments of U.S. gymnastics luminaries. How American gymnasts fared in international competition, with special performances, through the years, starting with the 1904 Olympic Games up to the 2009 World Championships. Lists for U.S. gymnastics medal winners are provided for the U.S. Olympic Games, World Gymnastics Championships, World University Games and Pan American Games. Keywords: artistic gymnastics, USA, history. AMERICAN GYMNASTICS training. Beck was also active at Harvard PIONEERS University from 1832 to 1850. In 1826, Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut The history of gymnastics in the purchased gymnastics apparatus to be United States started with three followers of placed on the college campus. Friederich Ludwig Jahn, known as the Simultaneously, brothers named Devight father of German gymnastics. The three opened the New Haven Gymnasium where disciples that are credited with introducing gymnastics exercises were practiced. In gymnastics to the United States are Carl Amherst, Massachusetts, the Turnplatz “Charles” Beck, Carl “Charles” Follen, who (based on Jahn’s model) opened in 1828. came to the U.S. from Germany in 1824, Other schools and clubs soon followed and Francis Lieber who arrived in 1827. Beck’s and Follen’s example (Metzner, Beck first developed Jahn’s gymnastics 1989). system at the Round Hill School in Northampton, Massachusetts, where he AMERICAN TURNVEREINS spent five years. Beck had Jahn’s book, “Deutsche Turnkunst” (German Artistic About 20 years after Follen, Beck Gymnastics) translated into English. Then and Lieber had developed their programs, Follen, who was also a teacher at Round the Turnverein or Turngemeinde Hill School, became a member of Harvard (gymnastics societies) movement in University’s faculty in 1831, where he America took hold. Through the efforts of introduced Jahn’s system of physical German immigrant Fredrick Hecker, the 5 Grossfeld A. A HISTORY OF UNITED STATES ARISTIC GYMNASTICS… Vol. 2 Issue 2: 5-28 first Turnverein opened in Cincinnati in clubs in different areas of the country - like 1848. (U.S. President Howard Taft was a Chicago, Los Angeles, Baltimore, Buffalo, member of the Cincinnati Turnverein) (Old Omaha, Milwaukee and Madison caricature drawing in the archives of the (Wisconsin), New York and Newark,. Over New York Turnverein now at International the years and up until just a few years ago, Gymnastics Camp, Stroudsburg, PA). The the number of American Turnvereins have American Turnvereins were completely dwindled so that approximately 60 Turner independent and did not have ties to the clubs, divided

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