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Tese 2014 01 27 Tesis sobre la afectación de la tecnología a la concepción del espacio en la vivienda por el habitante. A través del análisis de diferentes elementos, se trata de generar un modelo de irrupción para determinar pautas evolutivas de tendencias futuras, atendiendo a diferentes modificaciones y circunstancias dentro del ámbito de estudio. Tesis doctoral de ANGEL RICO PAINCEIRAS Director: Eduard Bru Bistuer Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya Escola Técnica Superior d’Arquitectura de Barcelona Departamento de Proyectos Arquitectónicos Barcelona 2013 ADICADO A RAINHA indice INTRODUCCIÓN 01C A P I T U L O 04C A P I T U L O CONCLUSIONES 255 07 OBJETO DEL ESTUDIO VARIABLES DISRUPTIVAS 271 11 ÁMBITO TENDENCIAS DE FUTURO 279 DESMATERIALIZACIÓN 285 CONVERGENCIA TECNOLÓGICA 291 DISOLUCIÓN 293 ARQUITECTO Y ARQUITECTURA 295 C A P I T U L O VECTORES 02C A P I T U L O 05 REFERENCIAS 31 TIEMPO BIBLIOGRÁFICA 306 39 TECNOLOGÍA ARTÍCULOS 310 43 VELOCIDAD ETIMOLÓGICAS 312 51 ADAPTACIÓN PERSONALES 318 ANÁLISIS 03C A P I T U L O ANÁLISIS FUNCIONAL 83 MODELO 89 ILUMINACIÓN 115 ASCENSOR 127 TELÉFONO 135 RADIO 149 NEVERA 155 TELEVISIÓN 181 TELEFONÍA MÓVIL 189 C.P_LA RED ANÁLISIS ESPACIAL 203 DISTRIBUCIÓN 217 REALIDAD AUMENTADA 229 REALIDAD VIRTUAL 235 OCUPANTES Y USUARIOS 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1. OBJETIVO DEL ESTUDIO 1.2 ÁMBITO • GEOGRÁFICO • SOCIAL • TEMPORAL 1.3 PUNTO DE PARTIDA • ACOTACIÓN DEL ESTUDIO • INTRODUCCIÓN HISTÓRICA 1 INTRODUCCIÓN 1.1. OBJETIVO DEL ESTUDIO Con el presente estudio pretendo hacer una reflexión sobre la evolución del concepto de espacio en la vivienda influido por el cambio tecnológico. Para dicho estudio será preciso tener en cuenta otros elementos que en los últimos años han sufrido importantes cambios, como los factores sociológicos, tanto en las estructuras de las familias como en el estilo de vida. Estableciendo el supuesto de que una de las variables de mayor peso en este conjunto de transformaciones sea la tecnología (debido a su dinamismo), pretendo arrojar luz sobre la aceleración de los cambios que afectan el habitar del ser humano1. Muchos de los avances del desarrollo tecnológico en la historia de la evolución humana son asumidos paulatinamente a lo largo de un período de tiempo muy amplio y eso ha permitido que la adaptación de los comportamientos a dicha tecnología haya sido progresiva. Actualmente, sin embargo, estos cambios se precipitan a una velocidad tal que difícilmente pueden ser asimilados por los individuos que conforman la sociedad; en consecuencia, tampoco el hogar los puede asimilar afablemente. La evolución que estudiaremos analizará una invasión de elementos tecnológicos inducida por el consumismo que ha cambiado nuestras vidas y que ha influido en el propio concepto de vivienda. Se estudiará cómo usan y conciben el espacio de la vivienda los individuos a los que les sobrevino el cambio y a los que ya han nacido en él. No trato de hacer un análisis de las consecuencias, pues ya estamos inmersos en ellas. Abordo el estudio analizando un conjunto de hechos por separado pero con el objetivo de arrojar luz sobre el conjunto. Se trata de comprender las variables que ya se han introducido y han generado sustanciales cambios a través del estudio de los elementos asimilados en los hogares, clasificándolos y documentándolos para posteriormente desarrollar un modelo de entrada. Las sucesivas entradas se van modificando unas a otras y autoamplificando, dando como resultado modificaciones de más potencia. Un cambio que de partida parece insignificante en la vivienda, a 1 Existe un estudio de Blanca Lléo plasmado en el libro “El sueño de habitar” con el que se podría enlazar el presente estudio. medida que va pasando el tiempo puede ir cobrando importancia hasta hacerse un elemento vital; y podemos encontrarnos con el caso de un gran cambio que al pasar el tiempo pierda importancia y pase a ser un fenómeno insignificante. El conjunto de todas las variables tiene como consecuencia sobre el concepto de espacio una influencia mayor que la simple suma. La anterior reflexión tiene una relación directa con lo que en física se denomina “Efecto Mariposa”. Hablando de las variables de un sistema se podría resumir en: “Pequeños cambios pasados pueden dar como resultado grandes y profundos cambios futuros, y por el contrario grandes cambios en el pasado pueden tener leves secuelas en la actualidad”. Esto es aplicable a sistemas dinámicos y debe su nombre a la frase “El aleteo de una mariposa en Malasia puede producir huracanes en Florida”. Pretendo determinar las pautas de evolución de las tendencias. Como ya explicaré en capítulos sucesivos, es improbable acertar en las predicciones concretas en fenómenos en los que intervienen variables dinámicas2, dado que cualquier intento de predicción daría un resultado más erróneo a medida que nos fuéramos alejando del punto donde fue realizada la predicción. Esto sucedería no sólo por la incidencia de las variables dinámicas existentes que ya están inmersas en el sistema, sino por la influencia de las que se van introduciendo en el transcurso del tiempo y que influyen en las que ya conocíamos. Así, distorsionarían más la posible evolución, dotando de mayor imprecisión a la predicción. Un ejemplo de lo que intento explicar podría ser la entrada en el hogar del acceso a la Red a través del móvil. Esta tecnología entra en el hogar modificando las variables anteriores y produciendo un cambio drástico. Intentare arrojar luz sobre la influencia que ejerce sobre nosotros este dinamismo, así como poder intuir tendencias de futuro. 2 Gleick, James: “CAOS. La creación de una ciencia” Editorial Seix Barral_Bacelona 1988 ISBN 84-3229585-X GRÁFICO 1.1. GRÁFICO 1.2. 1.2 ÁMBITO DE APLICACIÓN Soy consciente de que este trabajo tiene como objeto de estudio un grupo muy reducido de población, pues no sería lógico desarrollar el tema de modo general sobre el conjunto del planeta debido al limitado acceso que la mayoría de las personas tiene a la “tecnología”. Por lo tanto, acotaremos el ámbito a tres campos: el geográfico, donde se desarrollará un sistema de zonificación global, ya que el presente estudio no puede tratar al conjunto de los asentamientos humanos. El social, donde se hará referencia al ámbito poblacional al que atañe, dado que dentro de la misma área geográfica este estudio no abarca a toda la población. Por último, el temporal, para concretar el período en el que el fenómeno que estudiamos ha cobrado una importancia relevante. ÁMBITO GEOGRÁFICO La disposición de un determinado asentamiento humano sobre el territorio es decisiva a la hora de determinar el acceso de sus individuos a la tecnología. El planeta Tierra ha sido dividido por los humanos en estados y actualmente es la riqueza de las empresas que en ellos se asientan la que determina su poder (debido al poder de los mercados en el sistema actual). Este poder es reflejo del peso político que tienen en el entramado de las relaciones internacionales y se apoya en el poder militar que es usado en todo momento para perpetuar dicho peso; de ahí la confabulación del poder político con las cúpulas de las corporaciones que operan en el estado para favorecer los intereses de estas últimas. Normalmente el poder militar y económico de los estados se traduce en una renta per capita alta y en un alto poder de consumo por parte de algunos de sus habitantes, que tiene como consecuencia el privilegio de poder disfrutar de la tecnología (refiriéndonos a los últimos modelos que han salido al mercado y sus posibilidades). La distribución del poder y acumulación de riqueza de los estados es muy diferente, como se puede observar en la representación del gráfico anamórfico [gráfico 1.1.] del producto nacional bruto de los países. Aunque el proceso de transformación de las multinacionales en corporaciones, no es objeto de este estudio, sí lo son sus consecuencias. Es importante mencionar que la deslocalización que esto ha implicado se traduce en una GRÁFICO CON LAS RELACIONES ENTRE GRANDES COORPORACIONES TRASNACIONALES. “The Network of Glogal Corporate Control”_2011. Estudio desarrollado por la Stefania Vitali, James B. Glattfelder y Stefano Battiston investigadores de la universidad de Zurich (Suiza). Denominan esta estructura “súper entidad”. Controlada por 147 grandes corporaciones (en su mayoría bancos) y donde todas poseen partes de todas, lo que la concierte en una estructura frágil. GRÁFICO 1.3. cierta desvinculación del Estado; no total, ya que todavía los necesitan para perpetuar su supremacía a través de su legitimidad militar. Teniendo en cuenta que dichas corporaciones representan cincuenta y una de las cien mayores economías del mundo3, junto con el libre movimiento de capital y la contratación por parte de estas empresas de compañías de seguridad privada (ejércitos privados) que superan a más de la mitad de los ejércitos estatales del mundo, comprobamos que se instaura un nuevo orden político que tiene consecuencias sobre el conjunto de las sociedades del planeta, y en consecuencia en los estilos de vida de sus ciudadanos y como resultado en el habitar. Tenemos por tanto un ámbito geográfico restringido a Norte América, Europa Occidental y Japón4, pudiendo incluir a China por el número absoluto y no relativo de personas con poder adquisitivo (los ricos suman un número elevado pero en porcentualmente no son significantes). ÁMBITO SOCIAL Centrándonos en las sociedades que ocupan los estados, la diferencia de P.N.B. tiene un reflejo inmediato en el consumo y en la adquisición de tecnología. Debemos tener en cuenta que más de un tercio de la población mundial no tiene acceso al fluido eléctrico, y que en los países en “desarrollo” se espera reducir este porcentaje al 25 % en 20301. El ámbito poblacional al que afecta este estudio se ve reducido, por lo tanto, a un 15 % del planeta, de los cuales la práctica totalidad reside en Europa, Norteamérica y ciertas zonas de Asia.
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