The V's Motivation of Being a Terrorist As Seen in Alan

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V’S MOTIVATION OF BEING A TERRORIST AS SEEN IN ALAN MOORE’S V FOR VENDETTA GRAPHIC NOVEL

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

Andreas Leo Kresnawan Putra

Student Number: 131214163

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018

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V’S MOTIVATION OF BEING A TERRORIST AS SEEN IN ALAN MOORE’S V FOR VENDETTA GRAPHIC NOVEL

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

Andreas Leo Kresnawan Putra

Student Number: 131214163

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018

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“It gives me strength to have somebody to fight for; I can never fight for myself, but, for others, I can kill.” Emilie Autumn, The Asylum for Wayward Victorian Girls

This thesis is dedicated to: My Parents

Cyprianus Louis Noviatno And Agnes Widyastuti

“Being deeply loved by someone gives you strength, while loving someone

deeply gives you courage.” Lao Tzu

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I have written, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, 15 December 2017

The writer

Andreas Leo Kresnawan Putra

131214163

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Andreas Leo Kresnawan Putra NIM : 131214163

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma, karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

V’S MOTIVATION OF BEING A TERRORIST AS SEEN IN ALAN MOORE’S V FOR VENDETTA GRAPHIC NOVEL

Beserta perangkat yang dipelukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk keperluan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis. Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.

Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 15 Desember 2017 Yang menyatakan

Andreas Leo Kresnawan Putra

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ABSTRACT

Putra, Andreas Leo Kresnawan. (2018). V’s Motivation of being a Terrorist as seen in Alan Moore’s V for Vendetta Graphic Novel. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Art Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

This study analyses a graphic novel written by Alan Moore, and illustrated by David Lloyd. The graphic novel’s title is V for Vendetta. The graphic novel tells the story of a masked terrorist codename V, who wants to deliver and apply his belief of self-freedom to England. This goal needs a free-suppressed situation, therefore, he has to take down the dictatorship government that rules England at that time, Norsefire. There are two problems analyzed in this study: (1) What are V’s characteristics as a terrorist as seen in V for Vendetta graphic novel? (2) What are V’s motivations of being a terrorist as seen in V for Vendetta graphic novel? The first question’s findings will support the findings of the second question. In order to answer the questions, a formalist approach is used because the study analyses the character of V as a terrorist. Psychological approach is also applied in this study to answer the second question about motivation. The psychological approach will be connected into terrorist’s psychology. Based on the analysis, V plays a role as a terrorist. His characters in the graphic novel are described as strong and brave, mysterious, vicious, and genius. He can jump into a moving train from the bridge, knocks out one train driver, two armed guards, and abducts the announcer of the ruled regime. Then, he makes the announcer insane and returns him to the Norsefire’s radio tower. The main motivation of V can be seen through the two theories applied. V’s motivation is his personal achievement. He wants to deliver his belief of self-freedom and make people of England apply it. The only obstacle is the dictatorship government that suppress England, Norsefire. Thus, he has to eliminate it. However, the complexity of motivation included his needs of safety. His need to still be alive until his goal achieved motivates him to kill all ex-employees of Larkhill camp, and get a secret safe house. After his safety need is fulfilled, he chases the goal of his belief. He persuades England people by spreading his message after hacking a television tower. After eliminating the vital branches of the government, he successfully makes a chaotic situation. Then, as the final part of his achievement, he decides to die and leave the belief of self-freedom to his successor, Evey, and people of England.

Keywords: motivation, terrorist, graphic novel

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ABSTRAK

Putra, Andreas Leo Kresnawan Putra. (2018). V’s Motivation of being a Terrorist as seen in Alan Moore’s V for Vendetta Graphic Novel. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Studi ini menganalisis sebuah novel grafis yang ditulis oleh Alan Moore dan diilustrasi oleh David Lloyd. Judul grafis novel tersebut adalah V for Vendetta. Novel grafis tersebut menceritakan tentang seorang teroris bertopeng dengan kode nama V yang ingin menyampaikan prinsipnya akan kemerdekaan individual dan membuat warga Inggris mengaplikasikannya. Tujuan ini membutuhkan situasi yang bebas tekanan, oleh karena itu, ia harus meruntuhkan pemerintahan diktator yang menguasai Inggris pada saat itu, Norsefire. Terdapat dua pokok permasalahan dalam studi ini: (1) Bagaimana karakteristik V sebagai teroris yang tampak dalam novel grafis V for Vendetta? (2) Apa saja motivasi V menjadi teroris yang tampak dalam novel grafis V for Vendetta? Analisis pada pertanyaan pertama akan mendukung analisis di pertanyaan kedua. Untuk menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan tersebut, pendekatan formalis digunakan untuk membahas karakter V sebagai teroris. Pendekatan psikologi juga diaplikasikan pada studi ini untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua tentang motivasi. Pendekatan psikologi akan dikaitkan dengan psikologi teroris. Berdasarkan analisis, V memainkan peran sebagai terroris. Karakter- karakternya dalam novel grafis digambarkan sebagai teroris yang kuat, berani, misterius, kejam, dan jenius. Ia mampu melompat dari sebuah jembatan ke atas kereta api yang bergerak, melumpuhkan seorang masinis, dua pengawal bersenjata, dan menculik seorang penyiar dari rezim yang berkuasa. Lalu, ia membuat sang penyiar gila dan mengembalikannya ke menara radio milik Norsefire. Motivasi utama dari V dapat diamati melalui dua teori yang telah diaplikasikan. Motivasi V adalah prestasi diri. Ia ingin menyampaikan prinsipnya akan kemerdekaan individual dan membuat warga Inggris menggunakannya. Satu-satunya penghalang yang ada adalah pemerintahan diktator yang menindas Inggris, Norsefire. Maka dari itu, ia harus menghilangkannya. Bagaimanapun, kompleksitas dari motivasi mencakup kebutuhannya akan keamanan. Kebutuhannya untuk tetap hidup hingga tujuannya terpenuhi memberikan motivasi untuk membunuh semua bekas karyawan Larkhill camp, serta memiliki sebuah markas rahasia. Setelah kebutuhan kemanannya terpenuhi, ia mengejar tujuan dari prinsipnya. Ia membujuk warga Inggris dengan menyebarkan pesannya setelah meretas sebuah menara televisi. Setelah membuat cabang-cabang vital pemerintahan lumpuh, ia sukses menciptakan kekacauan. Lalu sebagai bagian akhir dari pencapaiannya, ia memutuskan untuk mati dan meninggalkan prinsipnya akan kemerdekaan individual kepada penerusnya, Evey, dan kepada warga Inggris.

Kata Kunci: motivasi, teroris, novel grafis

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I would like to express my gratitude to Lord Jesus for the blessing. I also would to thank my guardian angel, Saint Andrew for keeping me safe from any danger. I believe that they always give their blessings during my struggle to finish this research. My deepest gratitude is dedicated to my parents,

Agnes Widyastuti S.Pd and Cyprianus Louis Noviatno S.Pd. I am so thankful for their support, love, and care to me during my study.

I am greatly indebted to my thesis advisor, Priyatno Ardi, S.Pd., M.Hum., for his patience and for keeping my spirit up by always reminding me to work on my thesis. I am so grateful to be able to talk with him, so that I can comfortably express things that comes up in my mind. I would also like to express my gratitude to Maria Vincentia Eka Mulatsih, S.S., M.A., for her effort to guide me and answer my questions patiently. She always finds a way to encourage me and bring enlightenment when I was in a hard situation. I would like to thank Markus

Budiraharjo, M.Ed., Ed.D., for his trust and help during my study in PBI. Then, I am so thankful to all PBI Lecturers for all the guidance and knowledge they share with me.

I would say that I am lucky to become the member of PBI F class batch

2013. I am so grateful for their togetherness, friendship, and warm support. I also thank PILLARS: Sari, Caca, Lintang, Tiwi, Rinda, and Vian. Without their help

I would not have finished this research. Then, my special gratitude is sent to Aji,

Jalu, Fatchur, and Sonny, for their support, experiences, laughter, and precious

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friendship. They always charge my spirit up whenever I need it. Lastly, I will say,

“thank you very much”, for all PBI students, lecturers, and staffs for being my family in these 4 years.

Andreas Leo Kresnawan Putra

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ...... i

APPROVAL PAGES ...... ii

DEDICATION PAGE ...... iv

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ...... v

PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ...... vi

ABSTRACT ...... vii

ABSTRAK ...... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... xi

LIST OF APPENDICES ...... xiii

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 A. Background of the Study ...... 1 B. Research Questions ...... 3 C. Significance of the Study...... 3 D. Definition of Terms ...... 4

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 7 A. Review of Related Studies ...... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ...... 9 1. Terrorist (Terrorism) ...... 9 2. Theory of Psychological Approach ...... 10 3. Character ...... 11 4. Characterization ...... 12 5. Motivation ...... 12

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C. Theoretical Framework ...... 17

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY ...... 18 A. Object of the Study ...... 18 B. Approach of the Study ...... 19 C. Data Analysis...... 20

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ...... 22 A. Characterization of V as a terrorist ...... 22 1. Strong ...... 23 2. Brave ...... 26 3. Mysterious ...... 29 4. Vicious ...... 32 5. Genius ...... 36 B. V’s Motivation for being a Terrorist ...... 39 1. Fulfilling V’s Esteem Needs ...... 40 2. Fulfilling V’s Safety Needs ...... 47

CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, SUGGESTIONS ...... 52 A. Conclusions ...... 52 B. Implications ...... 54 C. Suggestions ...... 55

REFERENCES ...... 57 APPENDICES ...... 59

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendices Page

Appendix I Biography of Alan Moore ...... 60

Appendix II Summary of V for Vendetta ...... 63

Appendix III Reflection ...... 71

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter contains four sub-chapters. They are background of the study, research questions, significance of the study, and definition of terms. The background of the study involves the issue that makes the researcher conducts the study. The research questions provide two main problems that need to be analyzed in this study. As the last, definition of terms mainly talks about some important definitions to avoid misinterpretation.

A. Background of the study

From the past until now, terrorism, which happens all around the world always becomes threats. Starting from 2000, there have been several terrorist attacks in Indonesia. Between those attacks, the bomb terror on 12th October 2002 in Bali was the worst. On that night, at the same time, there were bombs exploding at three different places. One at Paddy’s Club was a suicide bomb. A car bomb was exploded at Sari Club. At the U.S Consulate, six kilograms-remote bomb was blown. This attack killed 202 and injured over 209 people (BBC News, 2012).

Various cruel ways are implemented by terrorists in order to achieve their goals or to publish their existence. They can do so many ruthless ways in order to achieve their purposes, such as killing people by shooting them out or blowing public places with the bombs. These brutal actions indirectly trigger some questions about what are the motivations behind it.

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The interesting thing about terrorist is the motivation of doing brutal actions.

According to Wardlaw (1989), “the most commonly asked question about terrorism is ‘why do people become terrorists?’ (as cited in Silke, 2003, p. 3)”. This question makes many authors of novels put their thoughts about terrorism into some fictional stories such as; Black Sunday by Harris (1975), Terrorist by Updike (2006), A Most

Wanted Man by Carrie (2015). One of the famous terrorist fictional stories is V for

Vendetta by Alan Moore (1988).

The similarities between the real terrorism cases and events that happen inside V for Vendetta, are interesting for the researcher. As the example, from the first chapter of V for Vendetta Graphic Novel, it is told that V bombs the parliament building. The story is the succeeded version of terrorist’s attacked by Guido Fawkes in 1605 (V for Vendetta, n.d.). He planned to blow the parliament building, but failed because he was arrested on the night before the D-day. Another example comes from Indonesia, which recently happened on 24th May 2017. The accident was called Kampung Melayu Suicide Bomb Tragedy (Hutton, 2017). Those two attacks and the story of V as depicted in V for Vendetta use the same destructive way to achieve their goal. Therefore, the research on V’s characteristics and his motivations of becoming a terrorist becomes more interesting. Motivation itself is the reasons or circumstances which will produce an act, or some acts (Weinstein,

2014, p. 3). Typically, an act has more than one motivation. Thus, investigating the motivation of V for being a terrorist from the graphic novel entitled V for Vendetta by Alan Moore is worth to be done.

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B. Research Questions

In order to have a reliable and deep understanding in studying V for Vendetta graphic novel, the researcher has formulated two problems. They are:

1. What are V’s characteristics as a terrorist as seen in V for Vendetta graphic

novel?

2. What are V’s motivations of being a terrorist as seen in V for Vendetta

graphic novel?

C. Significance of The Study

The study of motivation which is applied here brings some significance to readers, teachers, and English Language Education Study Program. First, this study will enhance the understanding of terrorists’ motivation as depicted in the V for

Vendetta graphic novel. Thus, the readers can have a better perspective on terrorism, which still happens until now. This study will also guide the readers to get a better knowledge about the novel.

For the second, the study of motivation here will help teachers to understand more the reasons behind each of the students' acts. This study discusses about the motivation of being a terrorist who does some negative actions in order to fulfill his goal, therefore, the study can also help them to find the motivation behind students’ negative behaviors.

Furthermore, for English Language Education Program, the study can be one of the sources for literature review in writing other studies which use motivation theory. This study can also become a literary source of V for Vendetta graphic novel.

The researcher hopes that the study will help other researchers.

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D. Definition of terms

There are several terms that need to be explained to avoid misinterpretation.

The terms are V for Vendetta graphic novel, terrorist (terrorism), character, and motivation.

1. Graphic Novel

V for Vendetta is a graphic novel. Although the type of V for Vendetta is novel, Alan Moore serves it with using pictures as a medium for telling the story.

This kind of novel is called a graphic novel. Weiner (2010) notes that, even in a world that is sophisticated with digital content, graphic novels are one of the last varieties of the printed form that are gaining in popularity as each year goes by graphic novels are now recognized as part of the library and academic worlds (p.

7). It shows that the graphic novel’s existence is still worth to be seen until now.

There is a literary work which has the same medium with the graphic novel.

This literary work is using pictures as well. It is called comic book. Although they both using pictures, graphic novel and comic book have a difference. The difference comes from the content inside the story between both of the graphic novel and comic book. The graphic novel is considered as being explicit, and for mature readers.

Meanwhile, since the comic book is targeted to the children, the author put it in the wrong area and often share the feeling of guilty pleasure. Weiner (2010) writes that with reading the fact that early Batman and Captain America books depicted these superheroes either killing other characters directly, or allowing them to die. Early comics in newspapers were certainly targeted at adult audiences as

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5 well (p. 7). Daniels (1992) writes that, “Comics were originally not intended for kids” (as cited in Weiner, 2010, p. 225). Comics and graphic novels are different.

While the comic is targeting children with inappropriate for them, graphic novels clearly suggest its range, which is for mature readers.

2. Terrorist (Terrorism)

Terrorist and terrorism have some broad meanings which depend on many perspectives. If we find it in the basic U.S department of state (1998) the term is related to premeditated and motivated violence against noncombatant targets. But this is not an absolute definition. In some cases, or in another country, the type of violence that differentiates terrorism from other types of violence, such as ordinary crime or a wartime military action, can still be defined in terms that might qualify as reasonably objective (Hudson, 2005, p. 11).

According to social sciences researcher, “terrorism” is the surprising violence against noncombatants (off-duty military, civilians, clandestine agents) and other symbolic victims as to announce a political or religious cause. The act can also set some other goals like intimidation or threat to government(s) or civilian population to accept their demand” (Hudson, 2005, p. 11).

The explanation above indicates that terrorism can be caused by various factors. It can be triggered not only by psychological, but also economic, political, religious and sociological factors. Thus, it cannot be defined as a single-cause act

(Hudson, 2005, p. 15).

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3. Character

Character is the vital part of the novel. This part makes the story alive and gives a sense of feeling to it. In fact, character is the most important role to build the story. Abrams (1999) suggests that characters are: “The persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from what the persons say and their distinctive way of saying it—the dialogue—and from what they do—their action” (pp. 32-33).

Abrams believes that everything the characters do (dialogues and acts) inside the novel will help the readers to find the characters’ motives and the values from each of their acts. These acts represent character’s moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities. Thus, characters with their own unique build will support the story.

4. Motivation

Motivation, according to Weinstein (2014), is the process which is responsible for initiating and directing human activity. “It gives power to behavior, generate, increase task and management, and direct action to achieve certain ends and/or goals” (p. 3). Therefore, in this study, motivation is related to some reasons that make V does the acts of terrorism. The background story of V’s life contains some important parts which motivate him to kill the targeted people or blow a public place.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains three sub-chapters. Those sub-chapters are review of related studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. Review of related studies consist of two related studies of motivation of the main character.

Then, review of related theories that provide several theories, such as, theory of terrorism, theory of psychological approach, theory of character and characterization, and theory of motivation. Then, as the last, theoretical framework mainly talks about some important theories that will be used to analyze V’s motivation of being a terrorist.

A. Review of Related Studies

In this chapter, the writer uses the previous research about the main character’s motivation. Those researches are in a form of thesis. Both of them use motivation of the main character as their main topic.

The first study is from Pranata (2016), entitled The Main Character’s

Motivation of Being a Samurai in Eiji Yoshikawa’s Taiko. Surya uses theory of motivation to analyze the main character motivation of being a samurai. In his study, the researcher shows the influence of Hideyoshi’s family condition on the motivation of being a samurai. The study shows that Hideyoshi, as the main character, lives in distress and poverty. Hideyoshi lives with his parents. They are a farming family. His father was a samurai, but he got wounded and no longer can serve his master. With a samurai bloodline in his family, Hideyoshi also has a dream

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8 of becoming a samurai just like his father. Finally, he becomes one of Oda

Nobunaga top generals. This achievement is mainly motivated by his strong will to bring his family out of poverty and distress. The strength of this study is how the researcher combines the analysis of motivation between Maslow’s basic needs and

Laming’s theory of motivation. Laming’s theory which focuses on society and culture completes Maslow’s theory, which concentrates on individual’s basic needs.

However, there is a weakness of this study that is the amount of the proof from each sub-chapter. Although the researcher clearly explains each proof, two proofs in each point are not enough to strengthen the topic of sub-chapter.

Another research was conducted by Melindasari (2015), entitled Jane

Eyre’s Motivation in Defying Women Life’s Standards in The Victorian Era as Seen in Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre. The studies used the theory of motivation by

Maslow. Maslow (1981) developed a motivational theory that emphasizes the striving to reach one’s full potential as basic to human motivation and included additional motives besides self-actualizations. Thus, in her research Stefanie wrote that Jane Eyre cases another thing related to her struggle of defying women standards. Jane establish some additional motives behind her fight. The motives were found as safety needs, love, and self-esteem. As the contrary for the first study, this study has its strength in the number of proofs in each sub-chapter. The main topic of each sub-chapter is well supported by the proofs. However, the weakness of this study is the short explanation of the proof. One paragraph is not enough to describe the importance of particular proof.

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Those two studies have the implication on the analysis of V’s motivation in this study. This study has a similar topic, namely analyzing the reason behind the main character’s decision of being, or achieving something. Knowing someone’s motivation is important, because through motivation, people have reasons to do something or be what they want to be. In the first and second studies, both are explaining about the motivation. However, in this study, the researcher uses different step in analyzing the novel. Besides, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the researcher also uses Maslow’s five basic assumptions to analyze V’s motivation of being a terrorist. His motivation is interesting to be analyzed because it affects his decision of becoming a terrorist and fights to make England people apply his belief in their life.

B. Review of Related Theories

This part contains some applicable theories to be used as the theoretical framework for this research. Due to the objective of the study, the researcher uses the following theories: theory of terrorist and terrorism, theory of psychological approach, theory of character and characterization, and theory of motivation. Those theories are applied to analyze V’s motivation for being a terrorist.

1. Terrorist (Terrorism)

The terrorist attack is an action with a purpose. For the victims, it can occur anywhere, anytime, and to anyone. The target is usually unarmed. This is one of their plans to deliver the message to the audiences of attention. The randomness usually successfully makes an extra normal situation which produces a terrifying attention (Post, 2007, p. 3). Post also suggests that terrorism is a political violence.

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Terrorism then is a particular species of political violence. It is violence or the threat of violence against noncombatants or property in order to gain a political, ideological, or religious goal through fear and intimidation. Usually symbolic in nature, the act is designed to have an impact on an audience that differs from the immediate target of the violence. It will be noted that this definition is value free. It says nothing about the goodness or badness of the cause, in the name of which these acts are being committed (2007, p. 3).

He explains that the terrorist always does vicious actions to achieve their goals. The victims are always used to become the best show for the audience. It suggests that the goals are usually in a form of political, ideological, or religious goal through fear and intimidation.

2. Theory of Psychological Approach

A terrorist is a normal person with no psychopathology indication.

McCauley and Segal (1987) states that, “in a major review of the social psychology of terrorist groups, found that the best documented generalization is negative; terrorists do not show any striking psychopathology” (as cited in Post, 2007, pp.

231-256). Horgan (2005) has emphasized that there are no individual psychological traits that distinguish terrorists from the general population (as cited in Post, 2007, p. 4). It means terrorist in the society is an ordinary person. Silke (2003) suggests that, “though good research on the psychology of terrorist can hardly be described as plentiful, the more reliable studies have always concluded that terrorists are essentially ‘ordinary’ individuals” (p. 30).

Based on those theories, it can be concluded that terrorist is an ordinary person with a normal psychological state. Thus, V’s motivation of being a terrorist in V for Vendetta can be analyzed using a normal psychological approach.

Rohrberger and Woods (1971) suggest the meaning of psychological approach.

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Psychological approach leads to the exploration of the unconscious area of the human mind that led to the conclusion that it is an area that is wellspring of man’s rich imagination. Then, it will explain the capacity for creation and the complexity of his thought, behavior, and that the contents of this region of the mind found expression in symbolic words, thought and actions (p. 13).

He explains that psychological approach is used to discover the unaware area of the human mind. Inside there, it can be found a lot of imaginations. These things will uncover the real border for creation and the complexity of his thought, and behavior. Those things are expressed in symbolic words, thought and actions.

3. Character

Characters are the important roles inside the story. They will trigger our curiosity, fascination, affection, dislike, admiration and condemnation (Bennet &

Royle, 2004, p. 60). All of their actions in the story will determine the plot and emotion involved in the story. Rohrberger and Woods (1971) describe another theory about the character.

A narrative is a story and it always involves persons, they are called characters, who act out in a particular time and place, in some kind of conflict in a pattern or events. There is always a central character called protagonist. Protagonist is involved in a conflict with other character who is called antagonist. Character can be described as flat or round, means that readers should accept them as believable people, either from one-side or many-side (pp. 20-21).

The quotation above indicates that character is the soul of a narrative. It controls the plot and story itself. Character is divided into two main roles, namely protagonist and antagonist. Protagonist is the central character inside the story.

Protagonist always has a conflict with other characters, namely antagonists.

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4. Characterization

Rohrberger and Woods (1971) suggest that characters have particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other characters.

The process of creating a character is called characterization. There are two principal ways to characterize. They are direct means and dramatic means. Direct means is used to create the physical and moral attribute. Dramatic means, otherwise, is used to create the character is behaving or speaks (p. 20).

The explanation above concludes that characterization is the way to analyze the character. The analysis reveals character’s physical, moral attribute, and the way he or she is behaving or speaking. It can be done by considering some important points, such as, dialogue, action, and comments are important to the researcher as clues to determine the character.

5. Motivation

As the bridge to answer the second question, theory of motivation is needed.

Motivation itself is the reasons or circumstances which will produce an act, or some acts (Weinstein, 2014, p. 3). In this study, theory of motivation will reveal the true reasons behind the V’s decision of becoming a terrorist.

Maslow (1970), as cited in Feist & Feist (2008, pp 330-331), suggests five basic assumptions of motivation. They are; a. Holistic approach to motivation

It is the whole of a man. It means not just one part, or function is motivated.

Then, every time an action is motivated by one need, the other needs will be

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13 affected. For example, when people eat foods in an expensive restaurant, despite of hungry, they may have also motivated by the feeling of satisfaction, or pride. b. Motivation is usually complex

This assumption suggests that one’s act can emerge from each separated motivation. It means an action is not always motivated by one motivation. For example, when a man decides to take a bath, does not mean he just wants to be clean. He may also want to be fresh, handsome, or ready to go to the office. c. People are continually motivated by one need or another

When a need has been satisfied, it will become less motivated, and another needs are usually taking its place because of their stronger motivation to be fulfilled.

It means, the needs never stop changing one and another. For example, when a little girl has her needs of foods fulfilled, she will ask for a doll. Then after she gets a doll, she wants to invite her friends to play with her. The example indicates the continually needs. d. All people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs

People all around the world live in the various environments and condition, thus, their way to get food, home, or socialize may differ one another. In short, eat, have a safe place, or connect each other are the basic needs of all species. For an example, people around the world have their own unique type of house. The unique type of house is caused by different cultural and geographical factors, but their needs of a safe place to live is the same.

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14 e. Needs can be arranged in a hierarchy

This assumption suggests that some basic needs of motivation can be arranged in a hierarchy. It means before the first need is satisfied the next will not emerge. For example, when some people in the street are starving, the focus in their mind is about how they can get a food to keep them alive. They will never think about going to school or buying a car.

Based on those five assumptions, Maslow examines five basic needs which belong to theory of motivation, and they are arranged in a form of hierarchy. These basic needs are the important requirements to motivate an act. Therefore, the researcher chooses to use the theory of motivation by Maslow (1970) which is suggested in his book Motivation and Personality in its hierarchical order (pp. 35-

46). a. Physiological Needs

Physiological needs are the needs which come up or done in order to fulfill something needed. For example, when someone in a dangerous condition such as an extreme hunger, or the condition of the unsatisfied needs of hunger cannot be fulfilled, then that organism will be dominated by physiological needs. All other needs become simply disappear or pushed into the background. Then, the actions of the particular organism will focus on one purpose of satisfying hunger. On the other hand, if hunger is satisfied, it becomes unimportant in the current dynamics on the individual.

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15 b. Safety Needs

It is basically a need of human who always seeks something that can protect themselves from any kinds of danger or threat. The example of safety needs is security, stability, dependency, protection, freedom from fear, from anxiety and chaos, need for structure, order, law, limits, and strength in the protector. The need for safety is seen as an active and dominant mobilizer of the organism's resources only in real emergencies, e.g., war, disease, natural catastrophes, crime waves, societal disorganization, neurosis, brain injury, breakdown of authority, chronically bad situations. c. The Belongingness and Love Needs

Love needs is the sense of belongings. Shortly, we can say that it is a need for family, friends, neighbors, or to any people around the particular person. This need will emerge if both of the physiological and the safety needs are fairly well gratified.

He will hunger for affectionate relations with people in general, namely, for a place in his group or family, and he will strive with great intensity to achieve this goal. He will want to attain such a place more than anything else in the world and may even forget that once, when he was hungry, he sneered at love as unreal or unnecessary or unimportant. Now he will feel sharply the pangs of loneliness, of ostracism, of rejection, of friendliness, of rootlessness (p. 3).

The presence of wife, friends, family, and any other factors impact on the needs of affection or belongingness. Those feelings emerge with a person to people around him or her, place or group he or she exists. Therefore, the feeling of loneliness can emerge this kind of needs.

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16 d. Esteem Needs

Esteem needs is something that satisfy us. It can be anything related to achievement like a trophy, or respect like when your friends follow your decision.

Due to its final achievement, esteem needs is categorized into two subsidiary sets:

These needs may therefore be classified into two subsidiary sets. These are, first, the desire for strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for mastery and competence, for confidence in the face of the world, and for independence and freedom. Second, we have what we may call the desire for reputation or prestige (defining it as respect or esteem from other people), status, fame and glory, dominance, recognition, attention, importance, dignity, or appreciation (p. 45).

Esteem needs can be emerged in many form. The form is categorized into two points. The first are mostly the desire for achievement, adequacy, and independence. The second are mainly in a form of reputation or prestige. e. Self-Actualization Needs

Self-actualization needs are the final stage form Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. This stage cannot be reached if the other four needs are not fulfilled. This stage mainly suggests about achieving something for personal life. It means a musician must make music, a chef must cook a food, and a poet must write. This need is satisfied when the person finds the ultimate peace with what he/she is doing.

At this level, behavior is motivated by different conditions at the lower levels. The self-actualized person is no longer motivated by deficiencies, but, it is motivated to row and become all that he or she is capable of becoming a fully grown person. Therefore, these needs is become the highest on the hierarchy.

Those five terms are the main theories applied to observe the object. The analysis is supported by the assumptions. They will help the researcher to study

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17 about V’s motivation of being a terrorist to provide the answer for the second question.

C. Theoretical Framework

The theories are needed to analyze the object of the study, namely theory of character and characterization from Woods and Rohrberger (1971), and theory of terrorist by Post (2007). First, theory of character, characterization and terrorist are used to answer the first research question about the description of the main character. The writer needs those theories to analyze and explain the character of the V as a terrorist as seen in V for Vendetta graphic novel.

Then, to answer the second research question, the researcher uses the theory of motivation from Maslow and theory of psychological approach. It is applied to explain the relation between V’s characterization, psychology, and his motivation of being a terrorist. The analysis of motivation is based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. The needs are physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness and love needs, esteem needs, self-actualization needs.

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CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter contains three parts, namely the object of the study, the approach of the study, and data analysis. The first part discusses the object of the study. In the second part, the researcher presents the approach which is used to analyze the graphic novel. Then, in the last part, the procedure of the data analysis will be explained.

A. The Object of the Study

The object of the study is a graphic novel by Alan Moore entitled V for

Vendetta. This graphic novel has two color artists, they are David Lloyd and

Stobhand Dodd. Black and white V for Vendetta graphic novel was first published around 1982 in British by Quality Communications. However, the publisher canceled Warrior in 1985. Then in 1988, DC comic decided to support Alan Moore and David Lloyd to finish their work. After that, V for Vendetta was published in a book with three sequels and total 34 sub-chapters inside it. The writer decides to analyze this book.

V for Vendetta was also adopted into a movie with the same name in 2006.

The movie directed by James McTeigue. The movie achieved some awards, such as, Saturn Awards 2007, Golden Schomes Awards 2007, San Diego Film Critics

Society Awards 2006, Special Awards 2006, Scream Awards 2006, and SFX

Awards 2007 (“V for Vendetta,” 2005). Besides its famous adapted film, the mask which is used by V in V for Vendetta graphic novel also becomes the symbol of

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19 online vigilante network that usually called themselves Anonymous. Segall (2017) states that, “The 2006 classic comic book movie V for Vendetta will be remembered for two things. The first is for inspiring the online vigilante network Anonymous to use the famous Guy Fawkes mask as their symbol. The second is for generally being a really good movie, albeit one with drastic differences from its source material.”

This quotation means that the story of the masked terrorist which is depicted in V for Vendetta graphic novel is powerful enough to influence the real society.

B. Approach of the Study

In order to conduct a reliable research, the researcher uses two approaches to answer the formulated questions. Since the research is conducted to literary work the approaches should be related to literature. The second question about motivation as the main character of the novel has also become the important consideration.

Formalist approach is one among other five approaches which belong to critical approach. Rohrberger and Woods (1971) suggest that “a critical approach to literature necessitates an understanding of its nature, function, and positive values” (p. 19). Therefore, the use of critical approach is important to understand the literary work. They also suggest that there are five approaches that can be used to analyze a work of literature. Those are formalist approach, biographical approach, social-cultural approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach (pp. 6-15).

The writer uses one of the approaches, namely formalist. This approach was brought by a group called ‘New Critics’ who sought to put emphasis where they believe it belonged—on the literary object itself and its aesthetic meanings.

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Formalist analyzes the literary piece without considering another extrinsic element, such as, the author’s life, genre of the piece or to its place in the development of the genre or in literary history, and to its social milieu (Rohrberger and Woods, 1971).

It means the analysis will ignore other things outside the book itself.

Then, the next relevant approach to conduct the study is psychological approach. Rohrberger and Woods (1971) suggest that psychological approach is one of the five approaches that can identify any aspects of psychology in literary work. It also able to locate certain patterns; motivation, mind, imagination, thought, and behavior (p. 13).

C. Data Analysis

The researcher used document analysis to answer the formulated research questions. Bowen (2009) suggested that, “documents contain text (words) and images that have been recorded without a researcher’s intervention. Document analysis is a systematic procedure for reviewing or evaluating documents-both printed and electronic (computer-based and Internet-transmitted) material” (p. 27).

Corbin & Strauss (2008), suggested that similar with other methods of analysis in qualitative research, document analysis needs to examine and interpret the data in order to get the meaning, gain the understanding, and develop empirical knowledge (as cited in Bowen, 2009, p. 27). Therefore, in order to get all those points, the researcher applied multiple reading, deep comprehension, before finally clusters the data.

For the first, multiple reading was applied to get the meaning of the whole story inside the graphic novel. It was needed to catch the full idea that construct the

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21 whole story. Second, deep comprehension was enabled to gain more understanding from each important part of the story. From this process, the researcher got the possible data to answer the research questions. As the last step, the researcher clustered the data to get best points for the analysis.

Those steps were applied to gain the data written in the analysis. The researcher followed the steps to ensure the validation of the data. It means the data presented in analysis, were those which pass the procedure.

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CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS

This chapter consists of two parts based on the two questions in research of the study. The first part is the description of the main character that has an important role in the story and also in the analysis, V. It presents the description of his characterization such as his physical and his characteristics as a terrorist. The second part shows V’s motivation of becoming a terrorist based on his characterization. This part explains about V’s motivation based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

A. Characterization of V as a terrorist

In this study, the researcher focuses on V as the main character. V is a protagonist from V for Vendetta, because V has an important role and becomes the center of all the events which happens in the novel. As the center of the story, V takes unusual role, namely being a terrorist.

As the main character in the story, V awakens the readers’ curiosity, fascination, affection, dislike, admiration and condemnation (Bennet & Royle,

2004, p. 60). Those feelings are emerged by his particular personalities and physical attributes that distinguish them from other characters. Particular personalities and physical attributes are made in the process called characterization, therefore, the researcher uses Rohrberger and Woods’ theory of characterization. Along with the theory of characterization, the researcher also uses the theory of terrorist/terrorism

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23 to analyze V’s characteristics as a terrorist. These two theories are combined to reveal V’s true characteristics as a terrorist.

1. Strong

Post (2007) suggests that terrorists always do vicious actions to achieve their goals. Therefore, as a terrorist, V has a ‘ready for fight’ physical attribute. Based on Rohrberger and Woods’ (1971) theory of characterization as depicted in V for

Vendetta graphic novel, V has a strong body. The first proof is shown in the first chapter of the first book, The Villain, which tells about V’s action of saving Evey from five people of the law reinforcement of the regime, named The Finger, who are going to rape her.

The Finger : You’ve got it wrong Miss. You’ll do anything we want and then we will kill you. That’s our prerogative. (Pushing Evey to the wall) Evey : Oh please don’t, oh Jesus no please! V : The multiplying villains of nature do swarm upon him… The Finger : Who the hell? V : . . .and fortune on his damn quarrel smiling showed like a rebel’s whore… *** The Finger : What the hell happened? He just came out of nowhere… and just, what the hell happened? The Finger : Frank is dead, they are all dead! Oh Christ, what are we going to do? (p. 6-7)

As written in the dialogue, V has an outstanding body power because he saves Evey and kills three people from law reinforcement with their loaded gun on one versus five combat. V applies a trick using the false hand on his left hand. Then, the tear gas suddenly goes out when one of the Fingermen intuitively pulls it out.

In that chaotic situation, V burns one man and kills two others, then runs away with

Evey.

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The second evidence is described in the second chapter of the same book namely The Voice. This chapter shows the story of the abduction of Lewis Prothero, then, how Finch from Nose investigates the case. Lewis Prothero is the main announcer of Fate in the government’s radio channel. The proof comes up from

Finch’s opinions during the investigation.

Dominic : Me neither Mr. Finch. What exactly are we up against here? Who is the character? I mean all this business about boarding moving trains is like something out of the pictures. Normal people can’t do things like that. Finch : You’re right Dominic. Or knock out a thirteen stone train driver by touching him lightly on the neck. Normal people can’t do things like that. In fact, I don’t think it’s going too far to say the most normal people have never even considered blowing up the house of parliament. So what we’re up against is someone who isn’t normal people…either physically or mentally, it’s “the mentally” bit that bothers me (p. 20).

The conversation above shows that V is a very strong person. Finch and

Dominic agrees with the term ‘not a normal person’. They agree because to stop a moving train and abduct an important person, V is not just having to be physically strong, but also mentally.

Another indication of his strong characterization is revealed in the eleventh chapter of the first book entitled The Vortex. The indication is found inside Delia

Surridge’s diary. Delia was a doctor who helps Norsefire to do an experiment in the

Larkhill Camp. From her diary, Finch knows that V had lived in Larkhill Camp. He was the experiment subject from room number five. He was also the only survivor among other subjects who died or become crazy.

“June the ninth, of the original four dozen, over seventy-five percent are dead now. Out of the ten that are left, I doubt that three will survive the night. One of the blacks, Donald Crane, is in particularly bad condition. He is delirious all the time, and imagines he is in Trenchtown, Jamaica. He has

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started to develop four extra nipples, and his generative organs have arthophied. Strangely, there are no clear patterns emerging as to which group succumbs quickest. If anything, the women are slightly more resistant than the men, especially the black women. Rita Boyd, the lesbian, died at tea-time, during the autopsy we found four tiny vestigial fingers forming within the calf of her leg. June 18th, only five left now, two men and three women, which tends to contradict my entry of the 8th of June. We’ve housed them in individua;;l cubicles at the medical block. The man from room 5 is a really fascinating case. Physically, there doesn’t seem to be anything wrong with him. No cellular anomalies, nothing” (p. 24-25).

The quotation above shows that V’s body strength can be seen from Delia

Surridge’s diary. V could restrain the effect of the experiment, which made another subject died because of some weird effects. According to Delia, the experiment was about a hormonal research. She injected the hormone to all subjects and recorded each of their progress. Once she writes that one of the subjects started to develop four extra nipples and his generative organs have atrophied before he died. Those abnormalities did not happen to subject number 5, which was impossible if V has a weak body.

Based on those three evidences, V can be concluded as physically and mentally stronger than a normal person. First, he can kill three armed officers in the one versus five combat, and run away with Evey without any scratches on their body. Second, he can jump into the moving public train, knock down its driver, and abduct a person with two armed guards inside a little train cabin. And the last, he is the only survivor from four dozen experimental subjects at Larkhill Camp. Those actions and his body adaption to the hormonal experiment become proofs that V is strong both physically and mentally.

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2. Brave

V always puts his life in danger. He becomes fugitive after his first attack of blowing the parliament building. As a terrorist, V has his own goal. Post (2007) suggests that the terrorist always does vicious actions to achieve their goals. Thus, due to that fact, V does so many dangerous acts. Those actions need more than just plans to be executed perfectly, V also has to be brave enough to risk his life.

The first evidence of his bravery is when he decides to hack the Eyes. Eyes is Norsefire’s television tower, which has a responsibility to broadcast anything that

Norsefire ask. Eyes takes an important role in England’s government. It has function as one of propaganda tools for the regime. No one ever tries to breach the television tower because it has so many guards. With all those facts, V is still brave enough to breach the Eyes alone through the front door.

“Picture’s gone…” “See to it, father.” “Bloody picture’s gone…” “Dad, telly’s packed up!” “Is it the aerial?” “Mum? The Telly…” “Pay your bloody license money for?” “wait a minute…” “That’s a bit better…hold it there…” “ahhhh…” (p. 32).

The conversation above happens when finally, V can breach the main control room inside the tower. First, he knocks down all the armed guards. Then, he wears a belt bomb to threat the employees and asks them to go out of the building. After that, V turns off the film, and make people who watch their television confused. It happens for a moment before he hacks the broadcast tower, puts his recorded tape to the control panel, and plays it for the whole England.

The video itself is the symbol of V’s bravery. He persuades England people to move out from the suppressing regime. Through the video, he shows that V himself is the symbol of the rebellion. Then, it is strongly possible that he can be

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27 attacked or killed by the current regime. Surely, this will put his life in more danger than a normal fugitive.

V : Good evening London. I thought it’s time we had a little talk. Are you sitting comfortably? Then I’ll Begin… *** V : I understand that you are unable to get on with your spouse. I hear that you argue. I am told that you shout. Violence has been mentioned. I am reliably informed that you always hurt the one you love, the one you shouldn’t hurt at all. *** V : We’ve had a string of embezzlers, frauds, liars and lunatic making a string of catastrophic decisions. This is plain fact. But who elected them? It was you! You who appointed these people! You who gave them the power to make your decisions for you! While I’ll admit that anyone can make a mistake once, to go on making the same lethal errors century after century seems to me nothing short of deliberate (p. 32, 7-8).

In the show, V talks about all the feeling and life irony from the low-paid employees. He says the real condition of the society. The low payment of the employees which comes from the regulation of the government starts to stress them mentally. Due to the stress, they change and become angry easily to anyone they love. It is not just end with the destruction in their connection to others, but also their whole lifes. V convinces people so that they can change the situation. He makes them realize that society has more power than the government. Thus, as a terrorist, he explicitly persuades the society of England to fight against the government and fixes the remaining situation.

In order to achieve the goal, one of V’s plans is to conquer all media tools of government to make people of England free. Before hacking the Eyes, V also takes down The Mouth. Similar with The Eyes, The Mouth is a radio broadcaster station, which is used by Noresefire to spread a propaganda. This evidence shows

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28 up at the second chapter of the first book. This chapter mainly talks about the abduction of Lewis Prothero in the moving public train. Lewis is an important man to the government. People usually call him as The Voice of Fate. Fate here is the supercomputer controlled by Susan, the leader of Noresefire, which can surveillance all areas of England. Lewis’ responsibility is to spread a propaganda to the listeners.

Ted : Jesus Christ! What the hell’s that? George : What was what? Ted : Just before we went into the tunnel I thought I saw something up on the bridge. I dunno…it could have been rags caught on a fence or something, I suppose. Lewis : Hmmm, so anyway, we’d both had a few tactures by that time, and porky says to one of these local bints…the eldest gel, I think it was…he says… George : …excuse me Mr. Prothero…Ted, did you just hear something? A bang on the roof of the train? Lewis : I say! We’re stopping! Is everything all right, do you think? Ted : …I don’t…ay! What’s happened with the lights? Oh bloody hell… *** Lewis : Don’t take offence, George. It was just a naughty yarn. We’re all men of the world, eh, George? … George? George? Oh my god! Ted, it’s George, he is…Ted? Oh Lord! What’s the matter with pair of you? For Christ sake, somebody say something! V : Hello? *** Finch : I mean all this business about boarding moving train is like something out of the pictures. Normal people can’t do things like that (p. 16-17, 20).

The conversation shows a moment before the train goes into the tunnel below the bridge, Ted sees something like rags, which is caught in the fence on the bridge. Then, the rags turns out into V, who bravely jumps into the moving train from the bridge. After jumping, V begins to sneak in a public train. He knocks out the train driver by touching him in the neck, then stops the train. After that V turns

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29 all the lights off and goes to the Lewis’ cabin. He makes all people in the cabin unconscious before abducts Lewis. Those acts are very brave ones, because he jumps into a moving train and risks his own life to kidnap The Voice of Fate alone.

Those three acts are impossibly done if V is not a brave person. Breaching a full of guard television tower through the front door, then playing a propaganda film are not the easy jobs, even for a group of terrorists with their extraordinary weapons. V is also brave enough to jump from the bridge into a moving train, knocks down a train driver and two armed guards in the tiny cabin of a public train.

Those acts show that V is a brave terrorist.

3. Mysterious

V is a mysterious terrorist. Post (2007), suggests that the victim is always used to become the best show for the audience (p. 3). The target is usually unarmed.

This is one of their plans to deliver the message to the audiences of attention. The randomness usually succeeds to make an extra normal situation which produces a terrifying attention. In order to deliver the message, draw a terrifying attention, and make it as the best show V uses a smiling mask and full black costume. That costume makes V is known as a mysterious terrorist. The first evidence comes from the explanation from a train driver to Finch as an investigator on Lewis Prothero abduction’s crime scene, which is told in the second chapter of the first book.

Finch : Could you give us a description of your attacker? Height, dress, anything like that? Train driver : Well, it was just sort of black, know what I mean? Just this big, black shape comin’ at me from the side window of the cab…and it had a face, only not a proper face, see? An’ it was smiling. Finch : I see, and then what happened? Did it hit you, strike you in any way?

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Train driver : No, I mean that was the funny bit. It just sort of touched me up here on the neck. I felt this…it was like an electric shock, sort of, an’ then I just passed out (p. 19).

From the conversation, it can be said that the train driver sees V’s mask and his black costume for a moment before he passed out. The way V dressed shows that he is a mysterious terrorist. With his mask and action, he wants to deliver his messages with a terrifying attention to the government.

V is not identified as a mysterious terrorist just by his costume and mask. V ever tells his real name, even to Evey, the women who is saved by V from being killed and raped. Evey is the closest person to V. After saving her, V brings Evey into his safe house and takes care of her. Then, Evey wants to thank V for saving her and knows V further. However, her first and last question about V’s real name is written in the third chapter of the first book, Victims.

Evey : Last night…those men, they were going to…they said they’d kill me and you rescued me. You rescued me and brought me to this fantastic place, and it’s so beautiful and it makes me feel so safe and…and…and I don’t even know what your name is. V : I don’t have a name; you can call me “V”. What shall I call you? (p. 23).

Evey wants to express her gratitude to V and knows him better, however, V does not want to reveal his name to anyone, including Evey. When Evey asks his name, V answers that he has no name, thus, he asks Evey to call him V. This name becomes his true name because he always leaves a symbol, letter V, in every crime scene. In short, everyone, including the society and his enemies know him as a terrorist code-name “V”.

The mystery of V is not just for his enemy or society. As it has been told before, he also maintains his secret on his closest person, Evey. In every situation

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31 they both involve into a conversation, V often answers Evey’s questions with quotes and confusing words. The next evidence, from chapter five of the third book shows how V answers Evey’s questions and how Evey is angry with him because all his secrets. In fact, Evey as V’s closest person, never knows anything about V except his idea and way of thinking.

Evey : Are you going to do something, or just sit out the chaos down here? V : The chaos progresses splendidly without us, Evey. For my part, I think the time has come for putting certain things in order. Evey : Well, what does that mean? Are we going to do something or not? V : Do what thou wilt, Evey? That shall be the whole of the law. Evey : Uh-uh, quoting Aleister Crowley isn’t good enough. I want to know what thou wilt, V. I want to know what your wilt is. *** Evey : You always kept things mysterious; yourself, this place, your plans…If knowledge is like air, you’ve been suffocating me (p. 11- 12).

The dialogue above is mentioned in chapter five in the third book. It takes place inside V’s safe house. V never puts off his costume and mask even in his own safe house. He always answers Evey’s questions with mysterious words from the beginning until the end of the story. This situation makes Evey frustrated and mad.

V keeps his consistency with the mystery he has until the story is ended. He does it by not just covering his face with a mask, but also using some puzzling words in every dialogue. These facts make the researcher consider V as a mysterious terrorist, because his identity still becomes a mystery even when the story reaches its end.

4. Vicious

As a terrorist who uses anarchy, V does not hesitate to use violence to torture or even kill his victim. Post (2007) suggests that, “the act is designed to have an

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32 impact on an audience that differs from the immediate target of the violence” (p.

3). Thus, V can do anything to his victims. V does anything necessary to implicitly show people the message.

V’s second attack after bombing a parliament building is the abduction of

Lewis Prothero, The Voice of Fate. The act happens in the fourth chapter from the first book, Vaudeville. The abduction of Lewis Prothero shows that V treats his victim vicious enough. Lewis is abducted from a moving train. V makes the train driver unconscious by touching him on the neck, then stop the train. After that, he sneaks out to Lewis’ cabin, kills his guards and kidnaps Lewis.

V brings Lewis into a place with a Larkhill camp set in it. On the set, V guides Lewis to remember of what he did in the Larkhill camp. In that time, V also tells Lewis that he is the man from room number five. After the tour, Lewis is returned alive, but insane.

V : Look smart commander, we’ve got to make the tour of inspection now, you remember the way you used to make it every evening back in the good old days. Lewis : Oh God… *** V : …And they were there… Lewis : My dolls, that’s part of my doll collection, how did you, they were all safely locked away when I left for work yesterday…What are you doing with my dolls? Lewis : Oh no, my dolls, please…you can’t…please I’m begging to you please. Dolls : Ma…Ma…Ma…Ma…Ma…Ma Lewis : Not my dolls! Dolls : Ma…Ma…Ma…Ma…Ma…Ma Lewis : Nooooooooooo! *** Almond : Oh on the contrary Roger, old boy, we’ve found him. Roger : You’ve? I don’t believe it. Almond : Wheel him in boys. Oh we’ve found him all right, or at least…we found what’s left on him

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Roger : Lewis? Lewis : Ma…Ma…Ma…Ma Almond : That’s all he’s said for the past three hours. Good luck with tonight’s broadcast Roger, old boy (p. 30-34).

The evidence above explains that V has done something vicious before returning Lewis to Mouth. In the story. Lewis himself is a doll collector, and the second dialogue tells about how V burns all Lewis’ doll collection into ashes. His dolls produce a sound that is the same with the words Lewis says when he is returned insane.

V is not only tortured his enemy, but also his own friend, Evey. The story begins in the first chapter of the second book, Vanishing. The story tells how V leaves Evey in the middle of the street. With her eyes are closed, Evey follows V to nowhere. Then, V vanishes without saying anything to her. Evey gets confused because she is alone and abandoned.

Evey is able to survive by staying in the house of a gangster. Shortly, the gangster finally dies and Evey wants to take revenge on his death. With a loaded gun in her arms, she walks down the valley, and waits someone to be killed. When

Evey is walking, V ambushes her from behind, makes her unconscious. Suddenly,

Evey wakes up inside the jail. Regularly someone drags her out, tortures, and interrogates her. Then, as the last interrogation, Evey is asked to give her sign on the paper of statement that V is a terrorist who kills many people and Evey helps him. Evey refuses it and decides to put her life in danger, the man says that she will be shot to death behind the chemical sheds.

Evey : “Blind, stumbling, someone’s hand on my wrists, tight enough to hurt…We go somewhere. They push me down. I scream, expecting

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to fall…But there’s a chair. Someone grabs hold of my chair. What are they doing? I feel them cutting at it (p. 24). *** … I, the undersigned, swear that the above statement is genuine, and that it was not signed by means of intimidation… ? : We’d like you to sign that for us Miss Hammond. Where we put the little cross. Evey : No. ? : As you wish. Escort Miss Hammond back to her cell, Rossitee, where she will wait while you arrange a wet detail of six men…Then take her out behind the chemical sheds and shoot her. *** ? : You are free (p. 3-4). *** V : Welcome home. Evey : You. You did this. To me. You did this to me. You, oh God, you hit me and, and you cut off my hair…It was you. It was just you all this time…You tortured me…Oh, you tortured me (p. 20).

Post (2007) suggests that the goals are usually in a form of political, ideological, or religious goal through fear and intimidation. From the story above, we can see that V is a vicious terrorist. Between so many ways to explain or persuade, he chooses to torture Evey to make her understand and believe his ideology. He even does not hesitate to cut all her hair, kick, and also suffocate her head into a bowl of water. Then, when his goal is fulfilled, V sets Evey back to freedom.

The third evidence comes from chapter seven of the first book, virtue victorious. This chapter tells how V cooperates with Evey to breach Padre Tony

Lilliman’s house to kill him. Padre Tony Lilliman, who also worked in Larkhill camp is an indecent person. He likes to enjoy young woman in his room, therefore,

V uses Evey as a distraction. Evey, with her beauty, tries to bring down Lilliman’s vigilance, while V knocks down the guard to breach in.

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After Padre Tony Lilliman has been killed, Finch arrives at the crime scene and finds a recorder tape as one of the evidences. Then, Finch plays and analysis it.

Finch : There’s something that sounds like “kill me sentiment”… just gibberish…and then they talk about communion and the communion wafer…there’s the word “Transubstantiation”, that’s the miracle of transubstantiation when the wafer transforms into the body of Christ, catholic concept originally. There, now listen to this… “…and at the moment this enters your mouth it becomes the flesh of the savior?” “Yes, yes, look, please…” “And whatever it is made of now it will become the body of Christ?” “Yes, whatever it is now. Whatever.” “I want you to swallow it Finch : And then there’s a funny little noise, human noise. And then there’s just Beethoven’s fifth. End of tape (p. 32-33).

The cruelty of V is represented in the way he kills Tony Lilliman. As we know, as a Padre, one of Lilliman’s duties is to deliver a communion wafer to the people in the mass. V uses the same method to kill Lilliman. V gives Lilliman a poisoned communion wafer. Post (2007) suggests that terrorists always do vicious actions to achieve their goals. In this case, V does not torture Lilliman physically, but he does it mentally, because he kills Lilliman like the way Lilliman saves people in the church with the communion wafer.

Those three acts above are done by V with no hesitation. His actions of killing, torturing, and brainwashing are the proof of the viciousness of V as a terrorist. In order to achieve the goal, he is ready to do anything necessary.

5. Genius

Rohrberger and Woods (1971) divide characterization into two main principals, namely direct means and dramatic means. Dramatic means, as one of the

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36 main principals, are responsible for how the character is behaving and speaking. V as the main character shows his cleverness through his behavior since he becomes an experimental subject in Larkhill Camp.

As an experiment subject and among other subjects, V is a genius. He is the only subject who can attract so much attention. He is able to attract the acknowledged’s influence to give him an opportunity to have more activities outside his cell. The opportunity comes from commander Lewis Prothero, who gives him a gardening project, which turns out into his smart runaway plan. This is the beginning of his career as a terrorist.

“His personality has become totally magnetic. He says very little…but there’s something about the way he looks at you. He looked at me as if I were some sort of insect. He looked at me as if he felt sorry for me.” *** “I’m glad we let him have a go at the gardening project. Prothero was reluctant at first. I suppose it’s because with the food shortage, these places have to be self-supporting. He’s delighted now, the fat toad. Room five’s turned out to be a genius at gardening”(p. 26). *** “September 16th, garden doesn’t require much work this time of year. Room five wants to help with the decorating in the staff quarters. Prothero will take some persuading. He’s still a little disturbed by what five did with the ammonia-based fertiliser that he ordered. It’s arranged in piles around his cell. It makes a kind of geometric shape. He sits motionless for hours in the centre of it. The ammonia stench is terrible”(p. 26-27) *** “I was in the mess. It was about half past ten when we heard the first explosion. We ran to the door to see. Luckily, I was right at the back. The ones at the front ran straight into the gas. It was horrible.” *** “It was the man in room five who had go out, who had got away, he blew it up.” *** “I couldn’t have known the ammonia, the grease solvent and all the other stuff. He’d been making things with them…mustard gas and napalm”(p. 27- 28).

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The story in Dr. Surridge’s diary shows that V is a genius in making his escaping plan from Larkhill Camp. He uses his chance to order ammonia fertilizer and makes a poisoned bomb with mustard gas and napalm inside it. When people hear the sound of the explosion, they run into the sound and then suddenly get suffocated and burnt.

After successfully escaping from Larkhill Camp, V lives in a safe place namely shadow gallery. He lives with Evey there. Rohrberger and Woods (1971) suggest about how characterize a character using dramatic means, which consists of character’s behavior and speak. Many meaningful words which are coming from

V when he talks with Evey shows how smart V is. The second evidence shows V’s cleverness through the words and topic he uses to speak and people of England opinion about his acts as a terrorist.

“…terrorist what done it, evil man, but very clever. What they call an evil genius. Oughtta ‘ave a proper name: The Panther, The Fox, The Ripper. Those were proper names, not ‘effin initials! (p. 11) *** “It does not to do to rely much on silent majorities Evey, for silence is a fragile thing…One loud noise and it’s gone. But the people are so cowed and disorganised. A few might take the opportunity to protest, but it’ll just be a voice crying in the wilderness. Noise is relative to the silence preceding it. The more absolute the hush, the more shocking the thunderclap. Our masters have not heard the people’s voice for generations, Evey, and it is much, much louder than they care to remember” (p. 16).

The first evidence tells how the people of England commenting on V’s action and call him as an evil genius. The second, is one of his smart conversations with Evey when V talks about society and authority on the chapter one in the third book, Vox Populi. V’s explanation above indicates how far V’s understanding about the society. It is also a proof that V’s plan is a very smart plan. Not just focusing on

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38 how to make his enemy suffer, but he also thinks about the post-effect of his action in society. He thinks about it carefully because almost all of his targets are the people in higher authority.

Another evidence of V’s behavior is found in the fifth chapter of the third book. From the first book, a super-computer named Fate is introduced. Fate has eyes everywhere in a form of camera monitor. Fate is used by the leader of

Norsefire, Susan, to surveillance England. In this chapter V shows Evey the result of his ability to hack all monitors in England and beats Fate.

V : But come…here’s something that you’ve never seen…indeed, few men have had the chance to study their own optic nerves. Evey : V… all these TV’s…They’re working. I thought you’d blacked all the televisions out? V : Oh no, the monitor cameras are still functioning, but our adversaries’ broadcasting and receiving apparatus isn’t. My apparatus, by contrast, works perfectly. Of course with all state broadcasting blanked out, the only things I seem to get are all these riot-zone soap operas and bad disaster movies. Sometimes I miss storm saxon, the dialogue was better. Evey : But, I can see all London from here…(p. 13-14)

The conversation above happens in the secret area of shadow gallery.

Hacking all cameras and have eyes to the whole England is one of V’s plans to beat his enemy. V does that because as a terrorist, he needs plans to execute his target, and these plans itself should be powerful and clever enough to be successfully done.

Those evidences categorize V as a genius terrorist. He does all his own plans successfully. At first, he can escape from Larkhill with tricking the employees, including the commander, to help him collect the ingredients to make a bomb.

Second, his words also symbolize his genius way of thinking, because he smartly

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39 arranges the words to support his characteristic as a genius terrorist. He is also clever enough to hack the supercomputer and steal all cameras on the street.

B. V’s Motivation for being a Terrorist

V as a terrorist, is a normal person, because he does not show any tendency of psychopathology. According to McCauley and Segal (1987), “in a major review of the social psychology of terrorist groups, found that the best documented generalization is negative; terrorists do not show any striking psychopathology” (as cited in Post, 2007, pp. 231-256). Thus, the analysis of V’s motivation of being a terrorist can be carried out using psychological approach.

As depicted in the novel, V does many vicious actions. Those acts lead society and the story itself to indicate him as a terrorist. As a terrorist, V has his own goal from each action. Post (2007) suggests that, “it is violence or the threat of violence against noncombatants or property in order to gain a political, ideological, or religious goal through fear and intimidation” (p. 3).

There is no direct explanation about V’s motivations for being a terrorist. In order to find the motivations behind his decision to act as a terrorist, the theory of motivation is needed. Motivation itself is the reasons or circumstances which produces an act, or some acts (Weinstein, 2014, p. 3). The reasons and circumstances are the needs which have to be fulfilled which motivates someone to do an act or some acts. Thus, the researcher uses Maslow’s five basic assumptions and hierarchy of needs to analyze V’s motivation for being a terrorist.

According to Maslow’s five basic assumptions of hierarchy of needs, when a need has been satisfied, it will become less motivated, and another needs are

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40 usually taking its place because of their stronger motivation to be fulfilled. As depicted in the graphic novel, physiological needs and love or belongingness needs are already fulfilled. First, physiological needs are considered fulfilled, because there is no explanation about it. Second, V fulfills his love and belongingness with the presence of Evey. Those two earlier levels of hierarchy needs are considered fulfilled and will not be discussed further, because they have no connection with

V’s motivation for being a terrorist.

1. Fulfilling V’s Esteem Needs

V becomes a terrorist because the main motivation of fulfilling his esteem needs. Maslow (1970) suggests that esteem needs are related to something we hope to have to satisfy us, such as, the desire for strength, for achievement, for adequacy, for mastery and competence, for confidence in the face of the world, independence and freedom (p. 45). As described in the story, the only obstacle to fulfil V’s esteem needs is the presence of dictatorship in England called Norsefire.

V’s esteem needs are especially the motivation to achieve freedom for

England people. Freedom for V is not about releasing England from the dithctator.

He beliefs that every person should have their own freedom without any disturbance from the government. According to V’s belief, freedom is when everyone can become what they want to be, and do what they want to do, or it can be said as the self-freedom. V’s motivation of fulfilling his esteem needs is described in how he manages to get people to know about his belief and apply it in their lives. By making people of England know and use his belief, he gets satisfied and fulfilled his esteem

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41 needs. V cannot fulfill his goal because England is ruled by a dictatorship regime called Norsefire.

Norsefire has a leader named Adam Susan. Susan has an office called The

Head. He has a control of the internal intelligence departments known as The Eye and The Ear, the criminal-investigation department namely The Nose, a military police called The Finger, and a propaganda department called The Mouth. Susan also has a supercomputer known as Fate, which can surveillance all areas of

England.

Those departments are implemented to suppress people of England. They have duties to watch and surveil England. The presence of those departments becomes a barrier to people of England in achieving their self-freedom, which also becomes the obstacle to fulfill V’s esteem needs. Thus, those departments are included in V’s plan to collapse Norsefire. Then, due to his strong and brave characterization, he decides to breach Eyes by himself, Norsefire’s television tower, and hack it to deliver his message before destroys it.

In his message, V describes the condition of England people, mainly the employees under the government of Norsefire. He also states some critiques for the government. Implicitly, along with those topics, he tries to deliver his belief to

England.

“But…well, to be frank, we’ve had our problems, too. There’s no getting away from it. Do you know what I think a lot of it stems from? I’ll tell you…It’s your basic unwillingness to get on within the company. You don’t seem to want to face up to any real responsibility, or to be your own boss. Lord knows you’ve been given plenty of opportunities…we’ve offered you promotion time and time again, and each time you’ve turned us down (p. 6). ***

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“And it’s no good blaming the drop in work standards upon bad management either…though to be sure, the management is very bad. In fact, let us not mince words…the management is terrible! We’ve had a string of embezzlers, frauds, liars and lunatic making a string of catastrophic decisions. This is plain fact. But who elected them? It was you! You who appointed these people! You who gave them the power to make your decisions for you! While I’ll admit that anyone can make a mistake once, to go on making the same lethal errors century after century seems to me nothing short of deliberate (p. 8).

The message is written in chapter four from the second book, Advocational

Point. Through the message, V tries to make people of England realize that they cannot feel self-freedom except they decide to be their own boss. By his critique of the management, V symbolizes the suppressing government, Norsefire. He makes people aware that their choice of their leader affects their life in the future. The message persuades people to follow V’s way of thinking and considers Norsefire as a barrier to achieve their own self-freedom. V needs people to understand the situation of England after Norsfire rules them. He does this action in order to bring

Norsefire down, make people of England know his belief, and apply it later.

According to V’s belief, every person should get their own self-freedom. Therefore,

V has to take the regime down. This action will open the locked door and erase the border of someone’s mind, thus, each person can be their true image. This situation is V’s requirement to fulfill his esteem needs, therefore as a genius and brave terrorist, V fights to bring Norsefire down with all his brilliant plans.

V’s first plan is to take down the Mouth, Norsefire’s radio tower by abducting its announcer and making him insane. After silencing the mouth, V takes down The Eyes by breaching and hacking it. Then, he spreads the message to

England. Dascombe, the head of The Eyes is killed in this attack. Following his

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43 plans, he detonates bomb at the Jordan Tower (The Mouth), and the Post Office

(The Eye). This bomb kills Etheridge, the head of the audio surveillance branch,

The Ear. Thus, The Head becomes blind without The Eye, deaf without The Ear, and mute without The Mouth. Then, without any surveillance and society control from each branch, England becomes a chaotic area.

Mrs. Almond : Uugh, Conrad, what’s going on? You just ran off and left me! Conrad : Th-there’s been a bomb. The tower…The Eye and The Ear are both crippled! I’ve got to get in touch with the leader straight away…Half London heard that bang. The mouth will have to issue a statement…at a time like this anything’s better than silence… *** The Mouth : Leader…It’s Jordan Tower. He’s blown it up. And the Old Post Office Tower as well. The Eye and The Ear are out of action. Blind and deaf and unable to speak…(p. 6-7). *** V : “It does not to do to rely much on silent majorities Evey, for silence is a fragile thing…One loud noise and it’s gone. But the people are so cowed and disorganised. A few might take the opportunity to protest, but it’ll just be a voice crying in the wilderness. Noise is relative to the silence preceding it. The more absolute the hush, the more shocking the thunderclap. Our masters have not heard the people’s voice for generations, Evey, and it is much, much louder than they care to remember (p. 16).

As one of V’s genius plans, the chaotic situation finally finishes what he started. Peter Creedy, the head of The Finger after Almond, has a plan to execute the leader of Norsefire and take his position. He cooperates with Mrs. Almond to kill Adam Susan. Due to the chaotic situation, Susan has to get down on the road to give a speech and calm down the society. He has no choice because Fate is hacked by V and no longer work properly. Finally, in the crowd, Susan is shot by Mrs.

Almond and died. After that, as the deal says, Creedy takes the position as a leader

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44 of Norsefire. Unfortunately, he is killed by his own man, Ally. Ally takes the deal with Mrs. Almond because she can pay higher than Creedy. Ally has a job to make

Conrad, Mrs. Almond’s lover, become the leader of Norsefire. Before his death, V had arranged a plan for Conrad. Conrad receives a video of Mrs. Hammond, his lover having sex with Harper. Conrad is mad. Then, he attacks Ally, and both men are mortally wounded. Mrs. Hammond then returns to her home and see her lover bleeding to death. Disgusted, she leaves him to die.

Finally, the regime is fully collapsed with no one wants to become the leader.

Conrad does not want to be the leader because he is disappointed after seeing Mrs.

Almond’s porn video with Ally when it is broadcasted by V. Then, finally, V can eliminate all his targets with just seeing it from his monitors. The chaos, which also belongs to his plan, finishes all the rest of his duty.

Making people of England know and apply V’s belief is how he fulfills his esteem needs. This is also one of his motivations of being a terrorist. By bringing down the only obstacle to achieve people of England’s self-freedom, V successfully creates a free-surveillance situation in England. After successfully removing the only barrier, the people of England finally can get their own self-freedom.V considers that his job is done after successfully showing people about his belief by bringing the regime down and spreading his message. Above the rubble, he succeeds in preparing a foundation to the creators to make the better world. The collapse of the regime is also the indication that V’s esteem needs is already fulfilled. Without any surveillance or suppress, people of England can do what they

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45 want and be what they want to be. In short, finally, they can decide to take their self-freedom.

In order to transform his belief into something useful, V chooses anarchy as the method. V thinks that his belief cannot be applied in England if there is a suppressing regime which always puts people in its surveillance. Thus, using anarchy’s way, he decides to set England free from dictatorship by being a terrorist.

Along with it, in order to achieve the self-freedom, V also transfers his belief to

England through his actions. The following evidence shows how V explains to

Evey, that anarchy is a method to fulfill his need of esteem. Thus, how he decides to follow it consistently by deciding to die.

Evey : Oh, are these rooms connected? V : Everything is connected. You must understand that knowledge is not all your heritage. It includes also courage and belief, like hers that we commemorate herein and romance (Chap 5, p. 12). *** Evey : Gelignite? Oh Jesus…V, I’m not helping with any killing. What are you planning to do with it? V : Dispose of it. After all, as you point out, you won’t be needing it. Anarchy wears two faces, both creator and destroyer. Thus, destroyers topple empires, make a canvas of clean rubble where creators can then build a better world. Rubble, once achieved makes further ruins’ means irrelevant. Away with our explosives then! Away with our destroyers! They have no place within our better world. But let us raise a toast to all our bastards, most unlovely and most unforgivable. Let’s drink their health, then meet with them no more (Chap 5, p. 15). *** V : There, did you think to kill me? There’s no flesh or blood within this cloak to kill. There’s only an idea. Ideas are bulletproof, farewell Finch : Oough…Blood. Flesh and blood after all…I killed you, you Monster…I KILLED YOU! (Chap 7, p. 33) *** V : Eve, listen carefully. The one I waited for has called, and now I have not long… Evey : V! Oh, God! Don’t talk. I’ll get bandages…

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V : No…I’d be dead before you returned, and there are things that you must know…This country is not saved…do not think that…but all its old beliefs have come to rubble, and from rubble may we build…that’s their task: to rule themselves, their lives and loves and land…with this achieved then let them talk of salvation, without it, they are surely carrion. Evey : Oh no, oh please… V : By turn of century they’ll know their fate: either a rose midst rubble blooms, or else has bloomed too late. But what of you, child, now I’m dead? Evey : You’re not! You’re not going to die! V : Hush, first, you must discover whose face lies behind this mask. But you must never know my face, is that quite clear? (Chap 8, p. 9- 11).

Anarchy has two faces which are destroyers and creators. V lets Finch kill him because, V’s job as a destroyer is done. He considers that the world after the regime’s collapse is not his home anymore. Therefore, V decides to follow his method, anarchy, until the end, by killing himself. He leaves the beginning of the new world to Evey, his successor who is also a creator. Thus, as the last act to fulfill the esteem needs, he asks Evey to open his mask before he dies. Synchronized with

V’s last words to Finch, V tells her not to recognize him from his bare face, but what lies beyond it, namely his belief.

The evidence above indicates that his needs of esteem motivate V for being a terrorist. He tries to make people understand his belief and fights to eliminate the only barrier of achieving the self-freedom, Norsefire. The first, is when V tries to make Evey understand what he is believed in and what he does to England. He says that Evey must think that the country is not saved by him. He brings the regime down to set people free of choosing their own path using their own self-freedom.

The last is how V asks Evey to open his mask and not identify him by his face, but what lies beyond it before he dies. Those are the evidences showing that esteem

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47 needs of achieving the self-freedom for all people is V’s motivation for being a terrorist.

2. Fulfilling V’s Safety Needs

One of Maslow’s (1970) assumptions suggests that motivation is usually complex (as cited in Feist & Feist, 2008, pp. 330-331). This assumption suggests that one’s act can emerge from each separated motivation. As depicted in V for

Vendetta graphic novel, V uses two motivations to become a terrorist. Those motivations are safety needs and esteem needs. V’s main motivation is esteem needs, while, the other one plays its role to motivate him to guarantee his security by not being killed before he achieves the esteem needs.

Based on the story, V needs to take down Norsefire to achieve his goal and fulfil his esteem needs. This situation puts his life in consistent danger. Thus, his needs of safety emerge to overcome the situation. As a terrorist, V also has his own ways to guarantee his safety needs. All his motivation of being a terrorist emerges in the experimental camp called Larkhill. At first, he was treated like a prisoner. He spent his time in a jail. Regularly, the doctor gave him an injection of experimental hormone. Due to his strong body, he could adapt with the hormone perfectly, and showed no negative effects. Finally, he could escape from the camp by blowing it. He became the only survivor from four dozen subjects.

After V’s runaway accident, Larkhill is closed by the government. Then, as one of his plans to guarantee his safety and bring down Norsefire, he decides to eliminate all the employees of Larkhill Camp. As told in the story, the decision

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48 will lead his enemy to consider his presence as a vicious terrorist. The evidence shows in the chapter ten, of the first book, when Finch, the detective, reads Dr.

Surridge’s diary and discusses it with Susan, the leader of Norsefire.

Finch : “He’s gone. The camp is being closed. Nobody is talking about it. Nobody knows where he’s gone.” That’s the last entry until six months later when Dr. Surridge is rested and back in England. End of story. Except that it wasn’t, was it? What happened to the man in room five? What did he do in the four years following his escape from Larkhill? How did he become codename V? Some of that four years was perhaps spent in laying the elaborate groundwork for his current manoeuvres. Maybe in preparing a base of operations of himself…We have evidence that is not all he did, however, stunning, horrifying evidence. Between 1993 and 1997, over forty people who were previously at Larkhill met with what we were believed to be accidental deaths, eventually, only three remained. The three he’d been saving until last. *** Prothero is now incurably insane. He visited bishop Lilliman and made him swallow a poisoned communion wafer. That’s a dreadful, degrading way for a man like that to die. *** Finally, there is Dr. Delia Surridge who codename ‘V’ visited this morning, four years to the day after escaping Larkhill. She was a good woman, a humane woman, but then I read this diary and…I don’t know, I don’t know, she’s dead now (p. 29).

The quotation above tells how V kills all people who worked at Larkhill to fulfil his safety needs. Lewis Prothero is the commander of Larkhill Camp. His responsibility is to manage the camp. On the other hand, Bishop Lilliman and Dr.

Surridge also work for the camp. Bishop Lilliman’s responsibility is to lend spiritual support to the subjects. Even though he has a title as a padre, Lilliman is an indecent person. On the other side, as a doctor, Dr. Surridge has a duty to do the experiment.

She has to give the experimental hormone injection and observe the subject.

As described in the evidence, those people are all died because of V. His needs of safety before taking down the regime urges him to kill all ex-employees

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49 of Larkhill. He has to guarantee his own protection by eliminating people who know his identity and may become threats for him. He decides to fulfil his needs for safety first, as a plan to fulfil his needs of esteem. In short, he is motivated to kill those people to keep him alive until his goal is achieved.

As described in the graphic novel, V has enemies called Norsefire, who also becomes his target. V becomes a fugitive after doing some terrorist actions, like bombing the parliament building and killing people. He can be attacked or killed by those people. Therefore, V needs a safe house to hide him from his enemies.

V has a safe house to fulfill his safety needs. Safety needs are basically the need of human who always seeks something that can protect them from any kinds of danger or threat (Maslow, 1970, p. 39). In order to guarantee his safety, V maintains the secrecy of his safe house. The secret itself leads people’s opinion to consider him as a mysterious terrorist.

In V’s safe house namely Shadow Gallery, V lives with Evey, a woman whom he saved from being raped and killed by The Finger, a government’s police.

In the second and third chapter of the first book, it is told that Evey wonders where

V takes her after saving her. Evey tries to ask more information about the place to

Evey : Look, I don’t want to sound ungrateful, I mean, after you rescued me? But I don’t understand any of this, who you are, or what you want or anything. I mean, I know you must have had a reason for blindfolding me when you brought me here, but couldn’t you just tell me where we are? Are we still in England? V : We are in the shadow gallery. This is my home (Chap 2, p. 14). *** Evey : Last night…those men, they were going to…they said they’d kill me and you rescued me. You rescued me and brought me to this fantastic

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place, and it’s so beautiful and it makes me feel so safe and…and (Chap 3, p. 23).

The quotation explains that Shadow Gallery is the safe place where V can hide and fulfills his safety needs. As described in the novel, V’s safety is threatened by the presence of Noresefire. Thus, V’s has to hide in his safe house, because he wants to keep himself alive until his goal as a terrorist is achieved.

Those two needs are V’s motivations of being a terrorist. Due to the fulfilment of his safety needs to achieve esteem needs, he prepares some plan before attacking Norsefire directly. Those plans are divided into two actions. First, he decides to kill all ex-employees of Larkhill. Then, as a terrorist, V tries to hide himself from public. Therefore, he maintains to have a secret safe house namely the

Shadow Gallery

After ensuring his own safety, V begins to fight for his belief. The actions which are involved in this fight is considered as his effort to achieve the esteem needs. The actions are broadcasting a message, creating a chaos, and deciding to die by letting Finch shot him. Those actions finally can bring him to his final achievement. The achievement is how he can never really die, because his belief of self-freedom will still be alive inside his successor, Evey, and people of England.

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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter contains three sub-chapters to be discussed, namely conclusions, implications, and suggestions. The first part suggests the conclusions of the analysis in the chapter four. The second part presents the implications that give the readers some alternative ideas on how the result of the study can be applied in education. The last part is suggestions that discuss about some advices for future researchers who will conduct a study.

A. Conclusions

V for Vendetta, is a graphic novel written by Alan Moore and designed by

David Lloyd. This graphic novel tells about V’s fight to make people of England understand and apply his belief of self-freedom in their lives. He does it by eliminating the only barrier, Norsefire, a dictator regime in England. V himself, is the only survivor among four dozen hormone experimental subjects from Larkhill, a Norsefire’s experimental camp. He decides to escape from the camp and takes revenge by eliminating all employees that ever worked there. After that, he fights to take the regime down and bring freedom to each individual.

This graphic novel also tells about the motivation of V, the main character, for being a terrorist. There are two main problems in this study. The first is about

V’s characteristics as a terrorist. The second is about V’s motivation for being a terrorist.

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In discussing the character, V is described as a strong and brave terrorist. He is the only survivor from four dozen experimental subjects on Larkhill Camp. After escaping from Larkhill, he decides to take a revenge and bring Norsefire down. He abducts Lewis Prothero, one of regime’s important men of the regime by jumping from the bridge into the moving train. He stops the train by knocking out the train driver and killing two armed guards before taking Lewis. He is also described as a mysterious and vicious terrorist. He never puts off his mask and costume even in his own safe house. He is also a vicious terrorist, because in order to achieve the goal he will do anything necessary. His viciousness is seen on how he decides to torture Evey to make her understand his belief. V is also a genius terrorist, because he successfully set a chaotic situation in England as one of his plans to make

Norsefire collapse by itself. He is also clever enough hack Fate, a supercomputer of Norsefire which can surveillance England.

After finding the answer for the first question, the researcher uses the theory of psychology, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, and its assumptions to answer the second problem about V’s motivation for being a terrorist. As a brave and smart terrorist, V fights to fulfil his needs of security to reach his needs of esteem. He eliminates all the ex-employees from Larkhill Camp. He also manages to get his own safe house, and maintaining its secrecy. V does it because he wants to be alive until his goal is achieved. Then, as a genius, vicious, and mysterious terrorist, V tries to fulfill his needs of esteem by letting people know and apply his belief. He wants people of England understand his belief and use it as their belief, therefore,

V has to remove the dictatorship which rules England.

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V tries to show to England his belief by hacking the Eyes. After taking down some vital parts of the regime, he succeeds in making the chaotic situation. The chaotic situation helps V finishes his job, because it triggers a rebellion and makes the leader of Norsefire die. After the regime’s collapse, V’s dutties is done. He successfully transfers his belief to Evey and people of England. Finally, V considers that his job is done. Then, V let himself to be killed.

In short, V’s character as a terrorist supported his motivation for being a terrorist. His strength, bravery, mystery, viciousness, and genius mind affect his decision to act as a terrorist and achieve his goal through ruthless ways. These characters support her to fulfill his safety needs and esteem needs. His needs can be fulfilled only when he fights as a terrorist.

B. Implications

The study of motivation also can be applied in education environment, mainly in English Education Study Program of Sanata Dharma University.

Motivation itself is the reason behind every action. Thus, teachers and English

Language Education Study Program’s students are able to use it inside the class, especially to observe student’s negative behaviour. After analysing the negative behaviour, teachers can find the needs behind it. Then, teacher can do several things to fulfil it. Otherwise, some alternative ways can be applied to overcome the situation.

Furthermore, reading V for Vendetta graphic novel also give new knowledge about the importance of being brave and tough to reach a goal. As we know,

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54 students are prepared to face the working world. Thus, they have to become a brave and tough person to overcome the difficulties and challenges of the working world.

C. Suggestions

V for Vendetta is one of the famous graphic novels written by Alan Moore.

Besides its popularity, this graphic novel is interesting to be analysed. The analysis of this study is divided into two main parts; the description of V’s character and his motivation of being a terrorist.

There are some points that can be analysed by future researchers. The future researchers would able to analyse the connection between the history of gunpowder plot and V for Vendetta graphic novel. The theory of terrorist and terrorism can be applied to support the analysis. Furthermore, it would be beneficial to analyse the implication of the history of gunpowder plot to the story inside V for Vendetta graphic novel.

The next suggestion is for English teachers and lecturers. Novel is a useful tool in teaching. Involving novel in learning process can enrich student’s vocabularies and moral values. As a tool, novel can be used to teach reading, writing, speaking, and other subjects. In reading and writing activities, student can read some dialogues, and summaries it into one paragraph. Then, for speaking practise, student can do a short role play using some part of the dialogues from the graphic novel complete with its expressions. After that, for listening section, student can do the fill in the blank exercise in the prepared handout while the teacher or lecturer read some dialogues. The part that contains many interesting conversation is in the third book, namely Land of Do-as-You-Please. This third book consist of interesting

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55 dialogues between Evey and V, which using many difficult words and some idioms.

Finally, I hope this study will give advantages to other people who want to study literature, especially those Alan Moore’s works.

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REFFERENCES

Abrams, M. H. (1999). A glossary of literary terms (7th ed.). Boston: Thomson Learning, Inc.

Bali Bombing. (2012). The 12 october 2002 bali bombing plot. Retrieved on November 29, 2017, from http://www.bbc.com.

Bennet, A. & Royle, N. (2004). An introduction to literature, criticism and theory (3rd ed.). London: Pearson Education Limited.

Bowen, G. (2009). Document analysis as a qualitative research method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27-40.

Feist, J., & Feist, G. J. (2006). Theories of personality (7th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Hudson, R. A. (1999). The sociology and psychology of terrorism: Who becomes a terrorist and why? Washington, D.C.: Federal research Division Library of Congress.

Hutton, J. (2017). Suicide bombers strike jakarta, killing 3 police officers. New York Times. Retrieved on November 29, 2017, from http://www.nytimes.com.

Maslow, A. H. (1954). Motivation and personality. Manhattan: Harper and Row, Publisher, Inc.

Melindasari, S. (2015). Jane eyre’s motivation in defying women life’s standards in the victorian era as seen in charlotte bronte’s jane eyre. (Undergraduate Thesis, Sanata Dharma University, 2015). Retrieved on September 3, 2017, from http://www.library.usd.ac.id.

Moore, A. & Lloyd, D. (1989). V for vendetta (vols. 1-3). New York: DC Comics, Inc.

Pranata, S. (2016). The main character’s motivation of being a samurai in eiji yoshikawa’s taiko. Undergraduate Thesis, Sanata Dharma University, 2016). Retrieved on September 3, 2017, from http://www.library.usd.ac.id.

Post, M. J. (2005). The mind of the terrorist. Hamisphere: Palgrave Macmillan.

Rohrberger, M. & Woods, S. H. (1972). Reading and writing about literature. New York: Random House.

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Segall, M. (2017). Remember, remember: 15 mind-blowing facts you never knew about the v for vendetta movie. Retrieved on December 3, 2017, from https://www.cbr.com/v-for-vendetta-movie-facts/.

Silke, A. (Ed.). (2003). Terrorist, victims and society: Psychological perspectives on terrorism and its consequences. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Stanton, R. (1965). An introduction to fiction. New York: Holf, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.

V for Vendetta (n, d). V for vendetta. Retrieved on December 3, 2017, from http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0434409/awards.

V for Vendetta (n, d). V for vendetta. Retrieved on November 29, 2017, from http://www.shadowgalaxy.net.

Weinstein, N. (Ed.). (2014). Human motivation and interpersonal relationships: Theory, research, and applications. New York: Springer.

Weiner, G. R. (Ed.). (2010). Graphic novels and comics in libraries and archives. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc.

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APPENDICES

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APPENDIX I

BIOGRAPHY OF ALAN MOORE

Alan Moore is the name behind the famous book V for Vendetta, which was also adapted to screen in a successful Hollywood movie in 2005. Other significant works of Alan Moore include Watchmen and From Hell. He is best known for writing comics and graphic novels.

Born on November 18, 1953 in Northampton, England, Alan Oswald Moore led a marred childhood growing up in poverty and a neighborhood lacking basic facilities. His father, Ernest Moore, was a brewery worker and mother, Sylvia

Doreen, a printer. The greatest childhood influence that cast a lasting impression on

Alan Moore was his highly religious and superstitious maternal grandmother who lived with them. Alan loved reading and began borrowing books from the local library at the age of five. Moore attended Spring Lane Primary School and was later accepted to Northampton Primary School. Here, he was introduced to middle class

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60 and better educated people. Not able to cope with the change, Moore went from being a top class student to a low grading one, and as a result he lost interest in academic studies.

Moore began publishing his poetry and essays in various fanzines during the late 1960s and eventually set up his own fanzine named Embryo. He continued to live with his parents for some time and worked on different jobs, including cleaning toilets. In 1971, Moore met Phyllis, whom he married some time later and had two daughters, Amber and Leah. Also, during the 1970s, Moore became a cartoonist.

His work began appearing in publications such as Sounds and NME under the pseudonym Curt Vile, Jill De Ray, and Translucia Baboon. He moved on to contribute to more significant publications including Doctor Who Weekly and 2000

AD. Also during this time Moore began creating several popular series such as The

Ballad of Halo Jones and D.R. & Quinch.

Alan gained life changing recognition when he started writing for the British anthology magazine, Warrior. He worked on his most important series, Miracleman and V for Vendetta. He was awarded the British Eagle for Best

Comics Writer awards for both these works in 1982 and 1983. His first American series was Saga of the Swamp Thing. Moore’s writing set new styles and standards in the comic writing genre. This influence can still be seen in the works of many comic writers. His 1986 work, Watchmen redefined the comic book medium, changing the tone of comics to date. Many readers and critics consider Watchmen to be the best comic ever produced.

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By the end of the 1980s, Alan Moore was publishing his own graphic novels while also contributing to Batman and Superman stories. Despite disagreements with mainstream comic publishers, Moore still continues to sell a lot and remain on the top. Also towards the late 1980s, Moore set up his own publishing imprint called Mad Love Publishing. More recently, Alan Moore has produced another imprint called America’s Best Comics and series including The League of

Extraordinary Gentlemen, Promethea, Tom Strong’s Terrific Tales, Tomorrow

Stories and Top Ten.

Adopted from: http://www.famousauthors.org/alan-moore

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APPENDIX II

SUMMARY OF V FOR VENDETTA

It is November 5, 1997, and England is ruled by a tyrannical regime called

Norsefire. The head of the government is Adam Susan, known as the Leader. The

Leader resides at the Head (government offices) and rules England with an iron fist, making use of his government’s institutions: the Finger (law enforcement), the Nose (counter-terrorism), the Ear (phone surveillance), the Eye (video surveillance), and Jordan Tower (propaganda). The Leader controls England using an advanced computer called Fate.

A sixteen-year-old girl, Evey Hammond, goes out into the night to begin her career as a prostitute. She’s apprehended by a group of Fingermen—police

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63 officers—and arrested. The Fingermen say that they’re going to rape and then kill her. Before they can touch her, however, a cloaked figure wearing a Guy Fawkes mask attacks the men and rescues Evey. The figure takes Evey to a roof, and points out the Houses of Parliament. Parliament then explodes, and the figure acknowledges that it was he who blew it up.

In the aftermath of the explosion, the Leader speaks with the leaders of each branch of Norsefire: Eric Finch (the Nose), Derek Almond (the Finger), Brian

Etheridge (Ear), and Conrad Heyer (Eye). The Leader demands that Finch track down the terrorist responsible for the bombing and kill him. At Jordan

Tower, Lewis Prothero prepares to broadcast information. His programmer, Roger

Dascombe, explains to Derek Almond that Prothero is the “Voice of Fate.” Prothero reads information gathered and predicted by the Fate Computer.

The “terrorist” blindfolds Evey and takes her to his home, the mysterious

“Shadow Gallery.” There, he introduces himself as V, and shows Evey his home, full of books, music, and art, all of which the Norsefire government has banned for being “subversive.” V asks Evey to tell him about herself. She explains that there was a nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union, resulting in the destruction of most of the world. In the following years, the brutal Norsefire regime rose to power. It rounded up blacks, homosexuals, and radicals, and sent them to camps to die. Evey’s mother died when Evey was young, and Evey’s father was taken to a camp afterwards.

The next day, V kidnaps Prothero. In the Shadow Gallery, V reminds

Prothero of his past: Prothero used to be a sadistic guard at the Larkhill Prison, a

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64 place that was in actuality a concentration camp. V tells Prothero that V was “the man in Room V,” an admission which terrifies Prothero. V then burns Prothero’s prized doll collection, an act that leaves Prothero insane. A new broadcaster takes over as the Voice of Fate, but England begins to lose its trust in the media.

The Leader thinks about his relationship with the England people. He admits to being a fascist, and dismisses all talk of liberty and rights. His only love, he thinks privately, is the Fate Computer itself. Shortly afterwards, V goes to the Old Bailey

(a famous London landmark) and has a conversation with the statue of Lady

Justice outside. He accuses Lady Justice of betraying him. Afterwards, he blows up the Old Bailey.

Evey, still at the Shadow Gallery, tells V that she wants to help him to thank him for saving her life. V dresses Evey as a prostitute and sends him to his next victim: Bishop Anthony Lilliman. Lilliman regularly has sex with child prostitutes—a fact which many government officials are aware of, and condone.

Alone with Evey, Lilliman attempts to seduce her. Evey opens the window, and V jumps inside. He forces Lilliman to take Holy Communion—Lilliman, terrified, does so, only to learn that the communion wafer is laced with cyanide. Evey is upset by V’s actions, and protests that killing is immoral. Meanwhile, investigating

Lilliman’s murder, Finch discovers that Lilliman was a chaplain at Larkhill Prison, and worked alongside Prothero.

V accomplishes his next murder alone. He goes to the house of Delia

Surridge, an aging doctor who is secretly in a relationship with Eric Finch. Delia worked at Larkhill Prison as a researcher. One prisoner, she remembers, was held

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65 in Room V. He became super-strong, and underwent a mental transformation as a result of the drugs she gave him. The prisoner used fertilizers to escape from

Larkhill. One night, Delia wakes up and finds V standing over her. Delia explains that she regrets her involvement in Larkhill—V nods, and says he’s killed in her sleep, with a painless injection. Derek Almond, detecting trouble at Delia’s home, goes to investigate. There, V kills him easily. Finch, investigating the killings, finds

Delia’s diary, including descriptions of a “Man from Room V.” He realizes that V has been killing off Larkhill workers for the last four years.

Evey continues to live with V in the Shadow Gallery. She tries to kiss him one night, and V suggests that she thinks he’s her father. Evey is shocked, but she realizes that V is right. V leads Evey, blindfolded, away from the Shadow Galley, and slips away from her—Eve is now completely alone in London.

Meanwhile, Rosemary Almond, Derek Almond’s widow, is denied a pension by the government. Impoverished, she’s forced to turn to men like Roger

Dascombe for help, even though they only seem to be interested in having sex with her.

V hijacks Jordan Tower and broadcasts a message in which he urges the people of England to rise up against their tyrannical leaders and be their own masters. In the aftermath of the incident, Mr. Finch quarrels with the new head of the Finger, Peter Creedy, who mocks Finch for loving Delia Surridge. The Leader sends Finch on a short vacation to clear his head.

Meanwhile, Evey has begun living with a middle-aged gangster named Gordon. Evey seems to be attracted to Gordon. They spend time at the Kitty

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Kat Hiller Club, which is also frequented by Rosemary Almond, who eventually is forced to work as a showgirl. Gordon feuds with the gangster Alistair Harper. One day, Harper kills Gordon by stabbing him with a sword, and Evey vows revenge on

Harper. One night, she waits outside the Kitty Kat Killer club and prepares to shoot

Harper. Before she can, however, she is knocked out and dragged to a prison.

When Evey wakes up, she finds herself in a mysterious cell. A guard drags her to a room, where she’s tortured and ordered to give up information about V.

Evey refuses. In her cell, she finds a letter written by a woman namely Valerie.

Valerie, Evey reads, was an actress who was arrested by the Norsefire government for being gay. Valerie is imprisoned at Larkhill Prison, but she never gives up her integrity or her dignity. Valerie’s message inspires Evey to withstand her own torture.

One day, after many weeks of torture, the guard takes Evey to a shadowy room, where a figure tells her to sign a statement saying that V kidnapped her, or else she’ll be shot. Evey bravely refuses to sign the statement. Afterwards, she realizes that she’s been held in a “fake” prison. The guard is a plastic dummy, and the shadowy figure is a dummy with a tape recorder imbedded in its head. Evey walks out of her prison, and finds that she’s been in the Shadow Gallery the entire time: V has been the one torturing her day after day. Evey is furious with V for torturing her. V explains, very calmly, that he did so to free Evey from the prison of her own happiness, and show her the power of courage and integrity. Evey is at first furious with V, but eventually she screams into the rain, and seems to embrace her new identity. She kisses V’s mask and thanks him for setting her free.

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The Leader begins to lose his mind when he sees a message on the Fate

Computer that says, “I love you.” The strength of the Norsefire regime is further compromised when V blows up the Ear and Eye headquarters. V makes a broadcast on his own broadcasting network in which he tells the people of England to “do as they please.” As a result of V’s actions, riots break out throughout England. In the

Shadow Gallery, V offers to kill Alistair Harper on behalf of Evey, but Evey insists that V do no such thing.

In the days following V’s bombings, Rosemary Almond buys a gun from

Alistair Harper. Peter Creedy, recognizing that the Leader is becoming weak and unstable, pays Harper to organize a private army, which Creedy will shortly use to overthrow the Leader. At the same time, Helen Heyer, an ambitious, cold-hearted woman, plans to use Harper to overthrow Creedy and install her husband, Conrad

Heyer, as the new Leader of England.

Meanwhile, V reveals to Evey that he has had access to the Fate Computer for the past four years, and he was the one responsible for the “I love you” message that drove the Leader insane. V shows Evey other parts of the Shadow Gallery, including his collection of explosives, and a subway train that connects to the tracks of the London underground.

Eric Finch has been on vacation for some time now—his loyal number two, Dominic Stone, is now the head of the Nose. While Finch is away, he decides to take LSD in order to think as V thinks. He goes to Larkhill Prison and has an acid trip. At the end of his trip, he is reborn with a new, intuitive mind. He walks away from Larkhill, back to London. On his way, he sees the Victoria train station,

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68 and realizes that it’s V’s lair. He goes into the station and finds V. In the ensuing fight, Finch shoots V.

In order to restore confidence in the government, the Leader goes out in public to make a speech. While he’s in public, Rosemary Almond kills him in vengeance of his indifference to her pain. At the hospital, Finch appears and tells the remaining government officials—including Conrad and Helen Heyer—that he shot V.

V, still alive but bleeding heavily, crawls back to the Shadow Gallery, where

Evey is waiting. V explains to Evey that she must never remove his mask, even after he dies. He also tells her that there is a block in the subway lines, and begs

Evey to give him a “Viking funeral.” Evey is enormously moved by V’s death, and puzzled by his requests. She contemplates removing V’s mask. Eventually, she realizes that she must not diminish V by reducing him to “one man.” She leaves V’s mask on, recognizing that V is more powerful as a symbol than as a man. She decides to take V’s place as an anarchist revolutionary.

In the aftermath of the Leader’s assassination, Peter Creedy takes over

Norsefire. He announces that if V doesn’t appear that night, he should be presumed dead. Harper betrays Creedy and slits his throat, saying that he’s had a “better offer” from Helen Heyer. Before his death, V had arranged for Conrad Heyer to be sent a video of Helen Heyer having sex with Harper. Conrad is infuriated: he attacks

Harper, and in the ensuing fight, both men are mortally wounded. Helen Heyer returns to her home to the sight of her own husband bleeding to death. Disgusted, she leaves him to die.

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Massive riots break out throughout London. On the night of November 9,

“V” (in actuality, Evey, wearing a cloak and Guy Fawkes mask) appears before a huge crowd. V explains that she is immortal, and will use her boundless power to blow up the Norsefire government’s headquarters at Downing Street. Following this speech, “V” sends the subway car, filled with both explosives and V’s dead body, toward St. James, realizing that V was giving her directions for how to blow up Downing Street.

Evey as “V” then saves a young man from the riots in London, and takes him to the Shadow Gallery. When the man wakes up, he finds a cloaked figure wearing a Guy Fawkes mask standing over him. The cycle of apprenticeship has continued, with Evey as the teacher instead of the student. It is unclear what will become of England, now that there is no government to lead it. Outside London,

Eric Finch walks by himself, calmly smoking a pipe.

Adapted from: https://www.litcharts.com/lit/v-for-vendetta/summary

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APPENDIX III

REFLECTION

Literature is one of my favorite subjects in studying English. It brings so many advantages in learning process. As a teacher, we can use this topic to make several interesting activities for our students. Those activities will certainly improve their English language skills. On the other hand, reading is one of my favorite activities. Exploring unknown world through reading is really enjoyable for me. For a while, I can imagine having a lot of new experiences in “the new world” by being anything related to the story. Those sensations are the reason why literature has become the option for my thesis topic.

As a matter of fact, one of my favorite books is comic in the first place. It is interesting because through its images, I can imagine the situation accurately.

Unfortunately, its content has made me bored lately. Then, I began to search another

“kind of book with pictures”. Eventually, I came across V for Vendetta in the form of a graphic novel. In my opinion, Alan Moore has successfully persuaded the readers to enjoy reading his masterpiece. The content of graphic novel is different from that of comic books which are usually childish. Graphic novel harbors serious content and the readers need to think deeply in order to fully understand the story.

Thus, I could learn many things from V for Vendetta rather than the comic books I have read before.

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V for Vendetta graphic novel contains several values which are applicable in my life. I learn about perseverance, bravery, and being smart. Perseverance means that I cannot get everything I want instantly. Sometimes I have to give my best efforts to get it. In addition, this value also reminds me of what my Lecturer in

Service Program Design class said that we should achieve our goals with our blood, sweat, and tears. Her words are always on my mind since then. So, after reading V for Vendetta graphic novel and remembering those words, I come to my realization that I have to put all my efforts to get what I want.

In addition, I learn about bravery through V’s actions in the novel. Bravery, in my understanding, means that I have to be ready to face the real world later on when I am immersed to get a job. I heard so many stories of how terrifying the so- called “working world” is. Once, I heard that as a new comer in the working environment, we will be treated like an office boy or girl, even though that is not our job. If we are not brave enough to change the situation and to stay put, then, surely we will withdraw ourselves from that place and deliver our resignation letter to the HRD manager. On the other hand, being brave is also how I overcome my own fear of something. For example, I am nervous about public speaking, or being a person who talks in front of many people. Reading V for Vendetta gives me more spirit to overcome this situation. I realize that without defeating my own fear of something, I will have been stuck in there forever.

Moreover, the graphic novel of V for Vendetta has taught me how to be smart in any situation. By doing this, I can avoid unnecessary problems that might occur.

In other words, V taught me to always be prepared for the right plans to face any

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72 situation. This means I should always be aware of danger or threats anywhere and anytime. Furthermore, this lesson, I think, is applicable in the working world. Once, my uncle told me that I have to prioritize the kerja cerdas (smartly-work) rather than kerja keras (hard-work) style of attitude when working. It means I have to work hard based on my smart decision. It means so much for me, because from the facts that I found around me, I realize that construction workers will work harder rather than being a project manager.

Finally, in doing this research, I was motivated by my SPD class lecturer’s sayings. As mentioned before, she said that we should get our achievement through blood, sweat, and tears. In my opinion, it means we should go all out to get what we want in our lives. It gives me more spirit to finish my thesis. I learn how to be persistent in doing my thesis. Moreover, the words we decide to keep in our mind is really an important thing to do. By doing so, unconsciously, we have chosen the motivation that will come up in our mind every time we face any problem or obstacle. The negative or positive decision will come out as the result of those words.