DER VIETNAMESISCHE BUDDHISMUS in DEN USA — Der

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DER VIETNAMESISCHE BUDDHISMUS in DEN USA — Der DER VIETNAMESISCHE BUDDHISMUS IN DEN USA — Der Stellenwert des Glaubens in der neuen Heimat — Von der Gemeinsamen Fakultät für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Hannover zur Erlangung des Grades eines Doktors der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) genehmigte Dissertation von Loc Ho geboren am 1. Januar 1971, in Saigon 2003 Referent: Prof. Dr. Dr. Peter Antes Korreferent: Prof. Dr. Martin Baumann Tag der Promotion: 3. Juli 2003 3 Abstract Gab es vor 1975 in den USA nur wenige Vietnamesen - vorwiegend Studenten an den Universitäten -, so begann ihre Zahl dort mit dem Ende des Vietnamkrieges und dem gleichzeitigen Beginn der Vorherrschaft der kommunistischen Machthabern in ganz Vietnam plötzlich sprunghaft anzusteigen, denn viele Menschen flohen nun aus ihrem Heimatland. Das Schicksal der Boat People bewegte die Weltöffentlichkeit. Viele der Flüchtlinge gelangten in die Vereinigten Staaten, wo sie mit größtenteils ungewohnten Lebensumständen zurecht kommen mussten. Der hektische und konsumorientierte „American Way of Life“ unterschied sich sehr von der zum großen Teil buddhistisch geprägten gelassenen Lebensweise in Vietnam. Innerhalb eines Vierteljahrhunderts haben die vietnamesischen Buddhisten, die seit 1975 mit Hilfe verschiedener humanitärer Hilfsprogramme in die USA gelangten und dort die überwiegende Mehrheit der Flüchtlinge aus ihrer Heimat stellten, mehr als 250 buddhistische Institutionen - Klöster, Pagoden und Tempel - errichtet sowie viele buddhistische Gemeinden und Organisationen gegründet. Der vietnamesische Buddhismus ist in den Vereinigten Staaten nur eine der vielen Glaubensrichtungen, welche von Einwanderern und Flüchtlingen in den vergangenen Jahrhunderten mitgebracht worden sind. Der Frage, welche Rolle der Buddhismus im Leben seiner Anhänger unter den früheren Gegebenheiten in Vietnam hatte und - im Vergleich dazu - unter den neuen Umständen in den USA hat, wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit ein breiter Raum eingeräumt, da sie für die Zukunft des vietnamesischen Buddhismus in den USA von immenser Bedeutung ist. Die Pagoden und Tempel sind nämlich für viele vietnamesischen Buddhisten inzwischen nicht nur eine religiös, sondern auch eine kulturell bedeutsame Stätte geworden - so eines der Ergebnisse der Nachforschungen des Verfassers - vor allem für die Zukunft der nachkommenden Generationen. Die vorliegende Arbeit öffnet tiefe Einblicke in das Leben und Denken einer ethnisch- religiösen Minderheit in den USA. Sie geht auf den von dieser in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart praktizierten Glauben ebenso ein wie auf den Wandel des alltäglichen Lebens als Folge der Flucht. Wie buddhistische Ordensleute und Laien jeweils auf ihre ganz eigene Art und Weise mit den Veränderungen zurecht zu kommen versuchen, schildert die Studie sehr eindringlich mit Hilfe einzelner Beispiele, welche deutlich machen, wie die Menschen zwischen Erhaltung der eigenen Tradition und Religion einerseits und Anpassung an den erwähnten „American Way of Life“ andererseits schwanken. Neben der Auswertung der entsprechenden Literaturquellen sind zwecks Erlangung eines authentischen Bildes des Lebens in den Andachtsstätten wie auch in den Privathaushalten der vietnamesisch-buddhistischen Gemeinden vor Ort Feldstudien unerlässlich. Letztere waren als Basis der vorliegenden Arbeit nicht zuletzt deshalb besonders ergiebig, da der Verfasser als gebürtiger Vietnamese mit entsprechenden Sprachkenntnissen und gleichzeitig als buddhistischer Mönch einen sehr guten Zugang zu den Flüchtlingen bekam. So erhielt er viele Informationen, welche z. B. US-amerikanischen und europäischen Wissenschaftlern bei derartigen Untersuchungen in diesem Umfeld unbekannt geblieben wären. vietnamesisch Buddhismus USA 4 Abstract While there were only few Vietnamese in the USA before 1975 – mainly students at universities – their number arises suddenly at the end of the Vietnam War and at the same time the beginning of the reign of communist rulers in entire Vietnam because many people escaped from their home land. The fate of the boat people touched the public. Many refugees came to the USA where they had to get settled in a new country with new living conditions. The hectic and consume-oriented “American Way of Life” differs very much from the mostly Buddhist characterized relaxed life in Vietnam. Within a quarter of a century the Vietnamese Buddhists, who have come to the USA through different humanitarian programs since 1975 and who make up the majority of the Vietnamese refugees, have established more than 250 Buddhist institutions – monasteries, pagodas and temples – as well as many Buddhist communities and organizations. Vietnamese Buddhism in the USA is only one of the many faiths which were brought in by immigrants and refugees in the last decades. The question of what role the Vietnamese Buddhism play in the daily life of its followers in their home land compared to the new environment in the USA will be especially focused in this study, because it plays an immense importance for the future of Vietnamese Buddhism in the USA. According to one of the results found by the author of this study, pagodas and temples have meanwhile not become only religious but also important cultural institutions for many Vietnamese Buddhists, especially for the future of the coming generation. The study opens deep view into the life and thought of an ethnic-religious minority in the USA. It looks into the past and the present of the practicing faith, as well as into the changing of daily life because of the result of the flight. The way ordained and lay Buddhists deal with the changing of life on their individual special art and manner is deeply analyzed in the study with many examples, which show that the people waver on the one hand to preserve their tradition and religion and on the other adjust to the already mentioned “American Way of Life”. In addition to the analysis of corresponding literature field research was essential to achieve a picture of the spiritual life in the temples as well as in the private homes of the local Vietnamese Buddhist community. Field research made the major part of this study and it was particularly productive because the author is a Vietnamese and also a Buddhist monk who could gain access to the refugees. He obtained a great deal of information which would have remained unknown by US-American and European scientists who work on such studies of the same field. Vietnamese Buddhism USA 5 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS Seite Inhaltsverzeichnis ..................................................................................................................... 5 Verzeichnis der Karten, Tabellen und Abbildungen............................................................... 8 Abkürzungsverzeichnis............................................................................................................. 9 Danksagung ............................................................................................................................ 11 Einleitung................................................................................................................................12 1 Hintergründe der vorliegenden Untersuchung ................................................................ 12 2 Wissenschaftliche Ausgangsbasis ................................................................................... 13 3 Ziele und Aufbau der Studie .......................................................................................... 15 4 Methoden der Datenerhebung........................................................................................ 18 Kapitel 1 Der Buddhismus in Vietnam............................................................................................... 24 1 Der Stellenwert des Glaubens für die Vietnamesen......................................................... 24 1.1 Glaube an eine höhere Macht ............................................................................. 25 1.2 Schutz durch Ahnen und verstorbene Verwandte................................................ 26 2 Einführung und Verbreitung des Buddhismus in Vietnam............................................... 29 2.1 Buddhistische Einflüsse aus Indien und China..................................................... 30 2.2 Gründungsphase und Blütezeit ........................................................................... 35 2.3 Zeitweiser Rückgang des Buddhismus und seine anschließende Wiederbelebung ................................................................................................. 37 2.4 Der Buddhismus in Vietnam nach 1975 .............................................................. 46 3 Der Einfluss des Buddhismus auf die Kultur und das Leben der Vietnamesen................. 49 3.1 Das buddhistische Glaubenssystem..................................................................... 50 3.2 Der Buddhismus im Alltag ................................................................................. 55 3.3 Der Tod im vietnamesischen Buddhismus........................................................... 57 3.4 Mönchsgemeinde und Klosterleben .................................................................... 59 Kapitel 2 Flucht aus Vietnam und Ankunft in den USA.................................................................. 64 1 Vietnam nach dem Kriegsende....................................................................................... 64 1.1 Die Politik der neuen Regierung......................................................................... 65 1.2 Auswirkungen
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