Research Themes for Tourism This page intentionally left blank Research Themes for Tourism Edited by Peter Robinson University of Wolverhampton, UK Sine Heitmann University of Wolverhampton, UK and Dr Peter Dieke George Mason University, USA CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce CABI North American Offi ce Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © CAB International 2011. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Research themes for tourism / [edited by] Peter Robinson, Sine Heitmann, Dr. Peter Dieke. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-684-6 (alk. paper) 1. Tourism--Research. 2. Heritage tourism--Research. I. Robinson, Peter, 1979- II. Heitmann, Sine. III. Dieke, Peter U.C. IV. Title. G155.A1R474 2010 338.4’791072--dc22 2010020954 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 684 6 Commissioning editor: Sarah Hulbert Production editor: Kate Hill Typeset by Columns Design, Reading, UK Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Books Group Contents Contributors vii Introduction xi 1 From Mass Tourism to Niche Tourism 1 Duncan Marson 2 Aspects of Tourism Development 16 Dr Peter U.C. Dieke 3 Tourist Behaviour and Tourism Motivation 31 Sine Heitmann 4 Authenticity in Tourism 45 Sine Heitmann 5 The Semiotics of Tourism 59 Dr Richard Tresidder 6 Sustainable and Alternative Tourism 69 Ade Oriade and Mike Evans 7 Community Tourism 87 Peter Robinson and Peter Wiltshier 8 Rural Tourism 100 Dr Helen Farrell and Sheila Russell 9 Slow Food, Slow Cities and Slow Tourism 114 Sine Heitmann, Peter Robinson and Ghislaine Povey 10 Events, Festivals and the Arts 128 Gemma Gelder and Peter Robinson 11 Sport and Adventure Tourism 146 Christine Roberts v vi Contents 12 Cultural Tourism and Accessibility 160 Geoff Shirt 13 Heritage Tourism 176 Carol Southall and Peter Robinson 14 Tourism and Film 188 Dr Glen Croy and Sine Heitmann 15 Dark Tourism 205 Dr Crispin Dale and Neil Robinson 16 LGBT Tourism 218 Carol Southall and Dr Paul Fallon 17 Gastronomy and Tourism 233 Ghislaine Povey 18 Religious Tourism 249 Peter Wiltshier 19 Health and Medical Tourism 266 Dr Richard Tresidder 20 Cruise Tourism and the Cruise Industry 276 Patsy Morgan and Lisa Power Conclusion 289 Index 293 Contributors The Editors Peter Robinson is a senior lecturer at the University of Wolverhampton and a member of the Tourism Society, the Tourism Management Institute, the Institute of Travel and Tourism and the British Academy of Management. His previous experience includes senior management positions in the public, private and voluntary sectors, as well as working as a consultant. Peter is involved in the UK-based 14–19 Travel and Tourism Diploma and has previously published books including Operations Management in the Travel Industry and Events Management. His research interests include community-based tourism, sociology within events and tourism and the application of new tech- nologies to these industry sectors. Sine Heitmann, following her postgraduate studies, has been teaching tourism and leisure students at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. Her previous experience includes working with organizations within the public and private tourism and hospitality industries, from which her inter- est in human resource management derives. Current research areas include the sustainability of tourism and events, the relationship between tourism and media, and festival tourism. Sine has published chapters and journal articles on human resource management in tourism, sustainable tourism and fi lm tourism and has presented papers on authenticity in festivals. Dr Peter U.C. Dieke is Associate Professor of Tourism and Events Management at George Mason University, USA. A leading scholar in international tourism development, he has written extensively on the developmental aspects of tourism in less developed countries, focusing on policy, planning and implementation issues, including regional interests in sub-Saharan Africa. Dr Dieke is the Africa regional editor for Tourism Review International and also serves on the editorial boards of many other scholarly tourism journals . The Contributors Dr Glen Croy is a senior lecturer and a member of the Tourism Research Unit at Monash University, Australia. Glen’s teaching and research interests are in tourism. His special areas of research interest are in the role of media in tourism and in tourism education. He also has an active research interest in vii viii Contributors tourism in natural and protected areas. Glen completed his PhD on the role of fi lm in destination deci- sion making and has been a co-convener of the International Tourism and Media conference since 2004. Crispin Dale is a senior lecturer at the University of Wolverhampton and has taught tourism at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels for a number of years. Crispin has published widely on tour- ism in peer-reviewed journals. His research has focused upon strategic management and business development in the tourism, hospitality, sport and events industries. Crispin is also involved in dark tourism research and more specifi cally the mobility of the dark tourism experience. Mike Evans is a lecturer in hospitality and tourism management at Salford Business School, University of Salford. He has worked in the hotel and catering industry for a considerable number of years, during which he has acquired a valuable wealth of experience in hospitality management. Michael’s interests are in service systems management, business enterprise development and tour- ism industry operations. Currently, he is undertaking a research project on internal quality service delivery in small- to medium-size enterprises within the hospitality and tourism industry. Dr Paul Fallon is a senior lecturer in the School of Sport, Performing Arts and Leisure at the University of Wolverhampton. Having worked for a variety of service organizations since the 1980s, he returned to academia in 1996 where he progressed from a BA(Hons) in Hospitality Management to completing his PhD in 2006. He is especially interested in customer satisfaction-related issues. His work has been presented at a variety of national and international conferences and published in a number of books and journals. His research has also been used by a variety of organizations, includ- ing the British Educational Travel Association and the organizing committee of the One Earth Festival. Dr Helen Farrell is a lecturer at the University of Lincoln. She teaches at the undergraduate and postgraduate levels, specializing in the fi elds of rural tourism, sustainability and geographical aspects of tourism. Before moving to the University of Lincoln, she worked as a part-time lecturer in GIS and environmental management while also studying at the Dublin Institute of Technology, Republic of Ireland. Her research interests lie in the fi elds of GIS, community participation in planning, rural and outdoor tourism and recreation. Gemma Gelder is a visiting lecturer in event and venue management at the University of Wolverhampton and a visiting teacher at the City of Wolverhampton College. She is involved in the organization of numerous charity events and facilitates student-led event projects. Her most recent and pioneering research activity focuses on new perspectives in event and festival motivation, research that has been published in the Event Management Journal and presented at major industr y conferences. Duncan Marson is a lecturer in adventure tourism at the University of Derby. His ongoing doctoral research focuses on the ideological uses of destination advertising. His research interests include issues surrounding the cultures of adventure and recreation incorporating confl ict and attitudes of recreational user groups. Patsy Morgan worked for many years in the hospitality industry, including managing hotels and restaurants, private enterprise, the licensed trade and hospitals. For over 11 years she was a chef lecturer in further education, and also taught food service and restaurant training. Patsy now works full time in higher education and her main focus is on the development of cruise education. She is currently studying for her PhD, which is based on experiences in the cruise industry. Patsy is working closely with cruise organizations as well as with senior lecturers within the tourism team at Southampton Solent University who are currently developing the BA(Hons) Cruise Industry Management degree, commencing 2010. Contributors ix Ade Oriade is a senior lecturer in tourism and a postgraduate programmes course leader at the University of Wolverhampton. Having worked in the industry in diff erent capacities, Ade brought these experiences to bear in delivering customer service, quality management and operations modules. Ade specializes in quality management in tourism, and also has a special interest in tour- ism/hospitality education and career analysis and transportation for tourism. Ade’s interest in the travel industry was fuelled by his research fi ndings when he was studying for his postgraduate diploma in transport studies. His current research works focus on quality perception and career development in travel and tourism. Ghislaine Povey has worked in and researched tourism and hospitality for a number of years, following a career in industry that included managing restaurants and working as a consultant worldwide. She has been based at University of Wolverhampton since 1992 and has been involved in a range of food-related projects, from supervising a knowledge transfer project at an award-winning sandwich factory to delivering taste workshops for Slow Food. She has written a number of articles and book chapters in the areas of culture, heritage and gastronomy.