DOCSLIB.ORG

Combined Use of the Hydraulic and Hydrological Methods to Calculate the Environmental Flow: Wisloka River, Poland: Case Study

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Combined Use of the Hydraulic and Hydrological Methods to Calculate the Environmental Flow: Wisloka River, Poland: Case Study Environ Monit Assess (2019) 191: 254 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-019-7402-7 Combined use of the hydraulic and hydrological methods to calculate the environmental flow: Wisloka river, Poland: case study Leszek Książek & Agnieszka Woś & Jacek Florek & Maciej Wyrębek & Dariusz Młyński & Andrzej Wałęga Received: 11 November 2018 /Accepted: 18 March 2019 /Published online: 28 March 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract The scarcity of water can result in a di- hydraulic methods and determine the scientifically rect conflict between the protection of aquatic re- acceptable and cost-effective way to environmental sources and water use. For many agencies, environ- flow within a section of a mountain river with high mental flow (EF) methods are essential in environ- naturalness, on the example of the Wisłoka. In this mental impact assessments and in the protection of paper, environmental flow was calculated using important fisheries resources. The objective of this conventional hydrological methods: Tennant’s, paper is to compare selected hydrological and Tessman’s, flow duration curve and hydraulic methods, wetted perimeter method (WPM) and method based directly on ichthyofauna habitat re- : : : quirements (spawn and migration). The novelty is L. Książek A. Woś J. Florek M. Wyrębek the combined use of the hydraulic and hydrological Department of Hydraulics Engineering and Geotechnics, methods which relates to flow hydraulics based University of Agriculture in Krakow, St. Mickiewicza 24–28, 30– 059 Krakow, Poland directly on ichthyofauna habitat conditions. The hydraulic methods provide lower values of environ- mental flow in comparison with the hydrological ąż L. Ksi ek methods. The key issue in the use of the hydraulic e-mail: [email protected] methods is the choice of criteria. The development A. Woś of the required set of parameters while taking into e-mail: [email protected] account their seasonal nature shifts the method to- ward habitat modeling methods. However, the J. Florek e-mail: [email protected] scope of habitat requirements of ecosystems must be defined, including the set of aquatic organisms M. Wyrębek and watercourse type before a hydraulic method e-mail: [email protected] maybewidelyused.Beinggenerallylow-costand D. Młyński : A. Wałęga (*) simple, the methods presented in this paper can be Department of Sanitary Engineering and Water Management, applied in the water management legislative University of Agriculture in Krakow, St. Mickiewicza 24–28, 30– process. 059 Krakow, Poland e-mail: [email protected] Keywords Tessman method . Tennant method . Wetted D. Młyński perimeter method . Ichthyofauna habitat requirements . e-mail: [email protected] River morphology 254 Page 2 of 17 Environ Monit Assess (2019) 191: 254 Introduction serious limitation because it ignores the requirements of water-dependent ecosystems such as small water bodies, According to the ecosystem services concept, what man wetlands, and swamplands. They are an important part benefits from natural environment is defined as a set of of the hydrographic network and affect water circulation the products and functions of the ecosystem which is processes in a given area (Leibowitz et al. 2008; Lytle used by the community, namely provision, regulation, and Poff 2004). support, and cultural services (Costanza et al. 1997). More than 200 methods to determine environmental When applied to water resources, this relates to the flow have been developed. According to Tharme following: (i) fresh waters, generation of electric energy (2003), methods for the determination of EF can be (Operacz 2017), and inland navigation, (ii) flooded classified in four (out of six) principal groups: hydro- areas that reduce the risk of flood and also the cost of logical, hydraulic, habitat simulation, and holistic its prevention; vegetation (trees, shrubs) prevention of methods, and two secondary groups: combined and soil losses due to the effect of wind and water (Michalec other ones. Other methods are stochastic models based et al. 2017); marshes that eliminate harmful contami- on hybrid spectral and time domain approach for the nants, (iii) rivers and estuaries that provide a place for calibration of shot noise models for daily streamflow fish reproduction (Strużyński et al. 2015), transfer of generation (Morlando et al. 2016). water from the soil into plants, (iv) birdwatching, diving Hydrological methods are regarded as the simplest and snorkeling, spiritual fulfillment in rivers (Hanson and most easily used ones to calculate EF. They com- et al. 2008) and in the contact of man with water in a prise some 30% of all those used. In the hydrological wide sense. methods, the value of EF depends on the given charac- Ecological safety is also connected with the avail- teristic flow (Caissie et al. 2014). These methods are ability of water resources and the threats involved in based on monthly or daily hydrological records and are water deficiency or flood protection. As regards water recommended as suitable for EF pre-assessment in the management, a utilitarian approach is predominant, be- water management planning phase. The flow character- ing deep-rooted in human consciousness; the economic istics are relatively easy to determine if time series of aspect must not be the only criterion of water manage- daily average flows are available. In their determination, ment (Their 2016). the issues of the naturalization of flows should be con- The key points of water policy by the year 2030, sidered, i.e., the possibility of not taking into account the which is intended to prevent water deficiency and use of water, affecting the distortion of the natural drought, comprise the improvement of the retaining hydrological regime of the analyzed watercourse. The capacity of catchments, reconstruction of river continu- environmental flow should specify the requirements for ity and communication with flooded areas, development the functioning of ecosystems in relation to the natural of flood/drought prevention systems (same actions), hydrological regime. Naturalization of flows is the first water demand management forecasts in drought pe- problem that applies to hydrological methods that use riods, and water management strategies. flow characteristics. The current strong pressure on sur- A flow which satisfies water demand both in ecosys- face water and groundwater affects disruption of flows tems and water-dependent ecosystems is termed (especially low flows). The retention reservoirs, lakes, Benvironmental flow^ (EF). It is defined as the part of surface and underground water intakes, sewage dis- natural flows which should be left in a watercourse and charges (including mine water), as well as morpholog- in flooded areas in order to keep high natural values of ical transformations, i.e., maintenance and water ecosystems and water-dependent ecosystems hydrotechnical works will affect the natural hydrologi- (Tharme 2003). It is calculated as the difference between cal regime of watercourses. In connection with this, the the observed flow (Q) and what is termed instream flow question arises whether the hydrological methods for (Qn). The instream flow is defined as the amount of assessment of environmental flow could get proper flow water which should be kept in the river at its cross- in regard to habitat requirements. There is also the sectional minimum for biological and communal needs problem of the accuracy of determining low flows from (Młyńskietal.2015,ascitedinKostrzewa1980; the stage-discharge curve. Measurements of flow for Operacz et al. 2018). The parameter relates to the flow low stage can be as affected by errors. In the low-state in the riverbed only, which is deemed to be its most zone, the flow rate curve is often extrapolated due to Environ Monit Assess (2019) 191: 254 Page 3 of 17 254 lack of measurements. This is the second problem with of vertical systems. Above all, the hydraulic methods practical use of hydrological methods. How to assess are recommended for use in catchments where hydro- flows in uncontrolled catchments is the third problem. metric observations are not carried out, or for controlled Regional equations are commonly used on the world to cross sections (Efstratiadis et al. 2014)]. The wetted asses flow characteristics. On the other hand, the perimeter or maximum depth has been widely used in methods give results that can have high error. An exam- environmental flow evaluations but there is no conven- ple are results presented by Wałęga et al. (2014), where tional, objective method for selecting the critical the calculations showed significant differences between breakpoint on the curve. As described Gippel and the values of LAF (low annual flow) and MAF (mean Stewardson (1998), the point is usually chosen solely annual flow) calculated with use empirical formulas and on a subjective basis, and recommendations can vary determined on the basis of measurement data. The de- between investigators. This was the main reason carried viation of the results obtained from empirical equations out by the study that was presented in this work. was between 34 to 67% compare with observed LAF In Poland, the first attempts to determine the water and MAF. A solution in the form of regionalization volume that is required by the aquatic environment were methods was proposed in Cupak (2017) and Cupak made by Kostrzewa (1977), the author of the formula to et al. (2017). Therefore, there is a need to introduce calculate instream flow, Qn. The instream flow is a methods for calculating the environmental flow, which function of mean annual flow, MLF, and the k coeffi- will not be burdened with errors resulting from flow cient which depends on the hydrological catchment type errors. Of course, in ungauged catchments, conceptual and size: Qn = k × MLF. In Poland, calculations of envi- rainfall-runoff models can be used for determinations ronmental flow were carried out for catchment areas discharges. Chang et al. (2019) used Neuro-Fuzzy Rain- ranging from 3.62 to 28,000 km2 (Młyński et al. 2015; fall-Runoff Models for simulation of daily runoff.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Case of the Vistula River in Warsaw
    Vol. 14/2010 pp. 203-212 Joanna Angiel University of Warsaw Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies Department of Geographical Education e-mail: [email protected] RESTORING THE SOCIAL VALUE OF RIVERS THROUGH EDUCATION: THE CASE OF THE VISTULA RIVER IN WARSAW Abstract: The article discusses the values of the Vistula River in Poland’s capital city, Warsaw. The author presents the results of studies identifying residents’ perceptions of the river and outlines local community processes that aim to restore the river’s social value, notably through education. Key words: public awareness, Vistula River, river value, perception, geography education. INTRODUCTION People’s relationship with rivers, and more broadly speaking with nature, has changed over time. That relationship is dependent on attitudes towards the natural environment, the cultural sphere in which an individual grows up and develops, as well as individuals’ worldviews, social awareness, and the system of received values, among other factors. (Ostrowska, 1994; Pulinowa, 1996). For many pre-agrarian societies rivers held religious, or spiritual values. They provided water, food, and protection. With the rise of agrarian societies, people remained closely tied to rivers, but the relation began to include the intensified use of waterways, chiefly for agriculture. The industrial period saw the beginnings of large-scale “industrial transfor- mations of nature,” including rivers. Deprived of their sacred status and, even, of common respect, rivers often served as channels of industrial waste disposal and recipients of urban sewage. In the present period of socio-eco- nomic development, increasingly more attention is given to the state of the environment, including rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • Improved Tools for River Flood Preparedness Under Changing Risk - Poland
    7th Study Conference on BALTEX, Borgholm, Sweden, 10-14 June 2013 Improved tools for river flood preparedness under changing risk - Poland Zbigniew W. Kundzewicz Institute of Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland and Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany - Changing flood risk in Poland - Improved tools for river flood preparedness - Changing flood risk in Poland - Improved tools for river flood preparedness River flooding in Poland River flooding is the most destructive natural peril in the Baltic Sea Basin in general and in Poland in particular. Flood risk and preparedness became matters of broad concern, following the dramatic floods in Poland in 1997 and 2010, when dozens of people were killed, national flood losses reached the level of billions of Euros and the topic made it to cover stories. Floods in PL, May-June 2013 IAHS Special Publication 10 (April 2012) ISBN ISBN 978-1- 907161-28-5 (Paperback); 516 + xvi pages 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Source: et al. (2012) Kundzewicz Dartmouth Flood Observatory. Increasing number of large floods, according tothedata in 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 y = 0.3123x + 2.46 y = 0.2608x + 0.33 R R 2 2 = 0.4339 = 0.6012 Magnitude=>5 Severity=>1.5 Trend in number of days with precipitation in excess of 30 mm, and (b) trend in maximum 5-day precipitation, 1971–2002 (after Lorenc & Olecka, 2006). Catastrophic floods of regional extent in Poland: from 1946 to 1970; from 1971 to 1990; from 1991 to 2010; from 1946 to 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • Generate PDF of This Page
    Institute of National Remembrance https://ipn.gov.pl/en/digital-resources/articles/7371,Under-the-red-boot.html 2021-09-29, 04:21 10.02.2021 Under the red boot It wasn’t an “ordinary” attack, because even assuming that every aggression is unique on its own, it’s hard not to notice some unprecedented aspects of the soviet invasion of Poland on September 17th, 1939. For the first time ever, one country invaded another claiming that the invaded one… didn’t exist. Narrative: abolishing of a country This was the Soviet stance on Poland on the 17th day of the German occupation, in an infamous note handed to Wacław Grzybowski, the Polish ambassador in the Soviet Union, on September 17th 1939. The note said, that Warsaw was no longer the capital of Poland and that the Polish government was disbanded. All this was supposed to mean that the Polish state “factually” ceased to exist. The Soviets went even further in creating an excuse for their aggression, claiming in a shocking document, that Poland left for itself was a place where different kinds of initiatives that could be a threat to the Soviet Union could sprout from. The “final nail in the coffin” were the note’s closing words stating that the Soviet government, unable to remain indifferent to the situation of the defenceless, “brotherly” Ukrainian and Belarusian people, ordered the Red Army to cross the Polish border and take these people under its protection. Why did Kremlin portray itself in the document as a party which wasn’t involved in the war? After all, it didn’t make a pact with Germany on the 23rd of August, 1939 to then remain neutral in the face of the German occupation of Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • Floods in Poland from 1946 to 2001 — Origin, Territorial Extent and Frequency
    Polish Geological Institute Special Papers, 15 (2004): 69–76 Proceedings of the Conference “Risks caused by the geodynamic phenomena in Europe” FLOODS IN POLAND FROM 1946 TO 2001 — ORIGIN, TERRITORIAL EXTENT AND FREQUENCY Andrzej DOBROWOLSKI1, Halina CZARNECKA1, Janusz OSTROWSKI1, Monika ZANIEWSKA1 Abstract. Based on the data concerning floods on the territory of Poland during the period 1946–2001, the reasons generating floods, the number of regional floods in the rivers catchment systems, and sites of local floods occurrence, were defined. Both types of floods: caused by riverbank overflows, and land flooding by rain or snow-melt water, were considered. In the most cases, the floods were caused by rainfall. They were connected with changes in the rainfall structure within Po- land. In each season of the year floods of various origin were observed. When the flood initiating factors appeared simulta- neously, the flood grew into a catastrophic size. In present analysis, for the first time in Poland, a large group of local floods has been distinguished. A special attention has been paid to floods caused by sudden flooding of the land (flash flood), including floods in the urban areas — more and more frequent during the recent years. The results of the analyses have provided important data for the assessment of the flood hazard in Poland, and for the creation of a complex flood control strategy for the whole country and/or for selected regions. Key words: flood, classification of floods, floods territorial extent, frequency of floods occurrence, torrential and rapid rain- fall, threat of life, material losses. Abstrakt. Na podstawie zbioru danych z lat 1946–2001 okreœlono przyczyny wystêpowania powodzi w Polsce, liczbê powodzi re- gionalnych w uk³adzie zlewni rzecznych oraz miejsca wyst¹pieñ powodzi lokalnych.
    [Show full text]
  • Program Ochrony Środowiska Dla Gminy Juchnowiec Kościelny Do 2022 R
    GMINA JUCHNOWIEC KOŚCIELNY Program Ochrony Środowiska dla Gminy Juchnowiec Kościelny do 2022 r. z perspektywą do 2026 r. 2019 r. 1 | S t r o n a Opracowanie wykonane na zlecenie: Urząd Juchnowiec Kościelny ul. Lipowa 10 16-061 Juchnowiec Kościelny www.juchnowiec.gmina.pl Wykonawca: Idenea Consulting sp. z o.o. ul. Skłodowskiej – Curie 3 lok. 63 15-094 Białystok www.idenea.pl [email protected] 2 | S t r o n a Spis treści Wykaz skrótów i symboli ......................................................................................................................... 4 1. Wstęp .............................................................................................................................................. 6 2. Streszczenie ................................................................................................................................... 10 3. Podstawowe informacje o gminie ................................................................................................. 12 3.1. Położenie i podział administracyjny .......................................................................................... 12 3.2. Budowa geologiczna, krajobraz ................................................................................................. 12 3.3. Ludność i struktura osadnicza ................................................................................................... 13 3.4. Gospodarka i rynek pracy .......................................................................................................... 14 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Instytut Meteorologii I Gospodarki Wodnej
    INSTYTUT METEOROLOGII I GOSPODARKI WODNEJ PAŃSTWOWY INSTYTUT BADAWCZY Biuro Prognoz Hydrologicznych w Krakowie Wydział Prognoz i Opracowań Hydrologicznych w Warszawie ul. Podleśna 61, 01-673 Warszawa tel.: 22-56-94-144 fax.: 22-834-48-97 e-mail: [email protected] www.pogodynka.pl www.imgw.pl INSTYTUT METEOROLOGII I GOSPODARKI WODNEJ PAŃSTWOWY INSTYTUT BADAWCZY BIURO PROGNOZ HYDROLOGICZNYCH W KRAKOWIE Wydział Prognoz i Opracowań Hydrologicznych w Warszawie podaje KOMUNIKAT HYDROLOGICZNY z dnia 03.10.2019 godz. 12 UTC UTC - ang. Universal Time Coordinated - czas uniwersalny; w okresie letnim czas urzedowy w Polsce UTC+2h, a w okresie zimowym UTC+1h. Stan wody Stan wody Stan wody Stan wody Stan wody Stan Stan 6 UTC 9 UTC 12 UTC 15 UTC 18 UTC Stacja ostrze- alar- Rzeka gawczy mowy obser- obser- obser- obser- obser- wodowskazowa wator czujnik wator czujnik wator czujnik wator czujnik wator czujnik [cm] A B C D E F G H I J K L M N województwo śląskie W ĄSOSZ Pilica 250 300 167 168 168 województwo świętokrzyskie Czarna JANUSZEW ICE (W łoszczowska) 320 400 274 273 274 274 województwo podlaskie SIEMIANÓW KA Narew 148 148 148 BONDARY Narew 177 177 177 NAREW Narew 170 200 46 46 46 46 PLOSKI Narew 330 370 214 213 213 SURAŻ Narew 320 340 125 125 124 124 BABINO Narew 540 570 324 324 324 STRĘKOW A GÓRA Narew 420 440 156 156 156 156 W IZNA Narew 440 470 176 176 177 177 PIĄTNICA-ŁOMŻA Narew 410 460 98 98 98 99 NOW OGRÓD Narew 360 400 48 48 49 49 BIAŁOW IEŻA - PARK Narewka 180 200 69 69 69 NAREW KA Narewka 260 290 98 98 98 CHRABOŁY Orlanka 310 350 113
    [Show full text]
  • BIULETYN CODZIENNY.Pdf
    INSTYTUT METEOROLOGII I GOSPODARKI WODNEJ PAŃSTWOWY INSTYTUT BADAWCZY Centralne Biuro Hydrologii Operacyjnej w Warszawie ul. Podleśna 61, 01-673 Warszawa tel.: (22) 56-94-140 e-mail: [email protected] www.imgw.pl www.meteo.imgw.pl www.stopsuszy.imgw.pl CODZIENNY BIULETYN HYDROLOGICZNY - AKTUALIZACJA* STANY WODY NA WYBRANYCH STACJACH WODOWSKAZOWYCH W DORZECZU WISŁY 27.09.2021 r. na godz. 08:00 Prognoza stanu na dzień Stan alarmowy Stan ostrzegawczy Przepływ Stan wody Dobowa zmiana Rzeka Stacja wodowskazowa Strefa stanu [cm] [cm] [cm] [m3/s] [cm] [cm] 28.09.2021 29.09.2021 30.09.2021 Wisła USTROŃ-OBŁAZIEC dolna średnich 230 180 1,83 116 -2 Wisła SKOCZÓW dolna średnich 260 210 3,26 152 -1 Wisła BIERUŃ NOWY górna średnich 330 220 25,9 109 -2 Wisła KRAKÓW-BIELANY dolna średnich 520 370 166 7 Wisła KARSY górna średnich 750 550 213 226 5 Wisła SZCZUCIN górna średnich 660 460 253 195 -2 Wisła SANDOMIERZ górna średnich 610 420 353 218 -15 Wisła ZAWICHOST dolna średnich 620 480 441 302 -16 295 280 275 Wisła PUŁAWY-AZOTY górna średnich 550 450 549 237 -14 225 220 205 Wisła WARSZAWA-NADWILANÓWKAgórna średnich 800 750 742 265 -12 Wisła WARSZAWA-BULWARY dolna średnich 650 600 740 178 -9 165 154 148 Wisła WYSZOGRÓD górna średnich 550 500 1010 376 -7 Wisła KĘPA POLSKA górna średnich 500 450 1090 311 -13 302 294 285 Wisła WŁOCŁAWEK górna średnich 650 600 1040 250 6 Wisła TORUŃ dolna średnich 650 530 1020 285 -22 Wisła FORDON dolna średnich 650 530 1060 278 -32 Wisła CHEŁMNO górna średnich 630 510 1170 331 -42 Wisła GRUDZIĄDZ górna średnich 650 540
    [Show full text]
  • Transformation of the Flow Regime of a Large Allochthonous River in Central Europe—An Example of the Vistula River in Poland
    water Article Transformation of the Flow Regime of a Large Allochthonous River in Central Europe—An Example of the Vistula River in Poland Dariusz Wrzesi ´nski and Leszek Sobkowiak * Department of Hydrology and Water Management, Institute of Physical Geography and Environmental Planning, Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences, Adam Mickiewicz University, Krygowskiego str. 10, 61-712 Pozna´n,Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 December 2019; Accepted: 10 February 2020; Published: 12 February 2020 Abstract: Identification of river flow regime and its possible changes caused by natural factors or human activity is one of major issues in modern hydrology. In such studies different approaches and different indicators can be used. The aim of this study is to determine changes in flow regime of the largest river in Poland—the Vistula, using new, more objectified coefficients and indices, based on data recorded in 22 gauges on the Vistula mainstream and 38 gauges on its tributaries in the multi-year period 1971–2010. The paper consists of three main parts: in the first part, in order to recognize changes in the flow regime characteristics along the Vistula, data from gauges located on the river mainstream were analyzed with the help of the theory of entropy. In the second part gauging stations on the Vistula mainstream and its tributaries were grouped; values of the newly introduced pentadic Pardé’s coefficient of flow (discharge) (PPC) were taken as the grouping criterion. In the third part of the study a novel method of determining river regime characteristics was applied: through the recognition of the temporal structure of hydrological phenomena and their changes in the annual cycle sequences of hydrological periods (characteristic phases of the hydrological cycle) on the Vistula River mainstream and its tributaries were identified and their occurrence in the yearly cycle was discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Zmiany I Wieloletnia Zmienność Sezonowości Przepływu Wybranych Rzek Polski
    PrACe GeOGrAfiCzne, zeszyt 144 instytut Geografii i Gospodarki Przestrzennej UJ Kraków 2016, 9 – 33 doi: 10.4467/20833113PG.16.001.5126 ZMIANY I WIELOLETNIA ZMIENNOŚĆ SEZONOWOŚCI PRZEPŁYWU WYBRANYCH RZEK POLSKI Paweł Jokiel, Beata Stanisławczyk Long-term changes and variability in the seasonality of river discharge for selected Polish rivers Abstract: The aim of the paper is to carry out a multi-faceted analysis of the changes and the multiannual variability of the seasonal structure of river runoff in Poland. The research study is focused on river catchments situated in various regions of Poland. The seasonality index (Markham 1970) is employed to provide an assessment of river discharge seasonality for a multi-year period using data obtained from 40 water gauges. The collected data include the daily discharge of the analyzed rivers in the period 1951–2010. Average seasonality indices of the discharge of the investigated rivers were computed. On the basis of average seasonality indices (8%–37%) and their variability levels in the studied multiannual period, it is possible to compute small differences in the magnitude and dynamics of the changes in the seasonal structure of river runoff and precipitation in the studied multiannual period (Kożuchowski, Wibig 1988) and the total outflow from river catchments in the central Poland (Bartnik, Jokiel 2001), respectively. At the same time, the seasonal structure of river runoff, it is conjectured, continually constitutes a stable part of the river regime in Poland over the years as well as across geographic space. However, statistically significant trends (α=0.05) for the obtained seasonality indices of river discharge in the multiannual period was identified only for seven rivers.
    [Show full text]
  • DRAINAGE BASIN of the BALTIC SEA Chapter 8
    216 DRAINAGE BASIN OF THE BALTIC SEA Chapter 8 BALTIC SEA 217 219 TORNE RIVER BASIN 221 KEMIJOKI RIVER BASIN 222 OULUJOKI RIVER BASIN 223 JÄNISJOKI RIVER BASIN 224 KITEENJOKI-TOHMAJOKI RIVER BASINS 224 HIITOLANJOKI RIVER BASIN 226 VUOKSI RIVER BASIN 228 LAKE PYHÄJÄRVI 230 LAKE SAIMAA 232 JUUSTILANJOKI RIVER BASIN 232 LAKE NUIJAMAANJÄRVI 233 RAKKOLANJOKI RIVER BASIN 235 URPALANJOKI RIVER BASIN 235 NARVA RIVER BASIN 237 NARVA RESERVOIR 237 LAKE PEIPSI 238 GAUJA/KOIVA RIVER BASIN 239 DAUGAVA RIVER BASIN 241 LAKE DRISVYATY/ DRUKSHIAI 242 LIELUPE RIVER BASIN 245 VENTA, BARTA/BARTUVA AND SVENTOJI RIVER BASINS 248 NEMAN RIVER BASIN 251 LAKE GALADUS 251 PREGEL RIVER BASIN 254 VISTULA RIVER BASIN 260 ODER RIVER BASIN Chapter 8 218 BALTIC SEA This chapter deals with major transboundary rivers discharging into the Baltic Sea and some of their transboundary tributaries. It also includes lakes located within the basin of the Baltic Sea. TRANSBOUNDARY WATERS IN THE BASIN OF THE BALTIC SEA1 Basin/sub-basin(s) Total area (km²) Recipient Riparian countries Lakes in the basin Torne 40,157 Baltic Sea FI, NO, SE Kemijoki 51,127 Baltic Sea FI, NO, RU Oulujoki 22,841 Baltic Sea FI, RU Jänisjoki 3,861 Lake Ladoga FI, RU Kiteenjoki-Tohmajoki 1,595 Lake Ladoga FI, RU Hiitolanjoki 1,415 Lake Ladoga FI, RU Lake Pyhäjärvi and Vuoksi 68,501 Lake Ladoga FI, RU Lake Saimaa Juustilanjoki 296 Baltic Sea FI, RU Lake Nuijamaanjärvi Rakkonlanjoki 215 Baltic Sea FI, RU Urpanlanjoki 557 Baltic Sea FI, RU Saimaa Canal including 174 Baltic Sea FI, RU Soskuanjoki Tervajoki 204
    [Show full text]
  • Potamonyms of the Vistula River Basin As a Part of Cultural Heritage
    Potamonyms of the Vistula River Basin as a Part of Cultural Heritage Urszula BIJAK* There are many ways in which cultural heritage can be defined, depending on the branch of science that is dealing with this term. With no doubt, a language, including proper names, is a medium of the non-material cultural heritage. The aim of my article is to present a “hydronymic map” of the Vistula basin from the linguistic point of view. I will focus on: 1/the cultural heritage reflected by the river names, which are chronologically and genetically differentiated and represent several layers: archaic Pre- Slavic names, so-called “Old-European”, Polish, other Slavic (Czech, Slovak, Boyko, Lemko, Ukrainian, Belarusian) and non-Slavic (Baltic, German, Vlach, Latin); 2/ the image of the lingual reality constructed by the river names, the creation of names which is a result of action of a number of different motives, incentives, ways of thinking and experiencing the reality; 3/the changes of hydronyms, variability (so called polyonymy) characteristic for this onimic category coming from the lack of naming memory, collapse of naming tradition through the centuries. 1. Introduction There are many ways in which cultural heritage can be defined, depending on the branch of science that is dealing with this term. The conceptual and territorial range of the term can also differ (Lewandowska 2007). With no doubt, a language, including proper names, is a medium of the non-material cultural heritage. Hydronymy occupies a significant position within the realm of geographical names and from the beginning of the 20th century it played an important role as a research topic for linguists.
    [Show full text]
  • Statystyczne Vademecum Samorządowca
    Kontrast: Akontrast domyślny Akontrast biały tekst na czarnym Akontrast żółty tekst na czarnym Akontrast czarny tekst na żółtym Statystyczne Vademecum Samorządowca ● Województwo podlaskie ● Portret województwa ● Portret ZIT ● Portrety powiatów ● powiat augustowski ● powiat białostocki ● powiat bielski ● powiat grajewski ● powiat hajnowski ● powiat kolneński ● powiat łomżyński ● powiat moniecki ● powiat sejneński ● powiat siemiatycki ● powiat sokólski ● powiat suwalski ● powiat wysokomazowiecki ● powiat zambrowski ● Portrety miast (miasta na prawach powiatu) ● Białystok ● Łomża ● Suwałki ● Portrety gmin ● Powiat augustowski ● Augustów (gmina miejska) ● Augustów (gmina wiejska) ● Bargłów Kościelny (gmina wiejska) ● Lipsk (gmina miejsko-wiejska) ● Nowinka (gmina wiejska) ● Płaska (gmina wiejska) ● Sztabin (gmina wiejska) ● Powiat białostocki ● Choroszcz (gmina miejsko-wiejska) ● Czarna Białostocka (gmina miejsko-wiejska) ● Dobrzyniewo Duże (gmina wiejska) ● Gródek (gmina wiejska) ● Juchnowiec Kościelny (gmina wiejska) ● Łapy (gmina miejsko-wiejska) ● Michałowo (gmina miejsko-wiejska) ● Poświętne (gmina wiejska) ● Supraśl (gmina miejsko-wiejska) ● Suraż (gmina miejsko-wiejska) ● Turośń Kościelna (gmina wiejska) ● Tykocin (gmina miejsko-wiejska) ● Wasilków (gmina miejsko-wiejska) ● Zabłudów (gmina miejsko-wiejska) ● Zawady (gmina wiejska) ● Powiat bielski ● Bielsk Podlaski (gmina miejska) ● Bielsk Podlaski (gmina wiejska) ● Boćki (gmina wiejska) ● Brańsk (gmina miejska) ● Brańsk (gmina wiejska) ● Orla (gmina wiejska) ● Rudka (gmina wiejska)
    [Show full text]